{"pageNumber":"4277","pageRowStart":"106900","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":5223734,"text":"5223734 - 1991 - Predation by the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, on poultry and other domesticated animals in Guam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:42","indexId":"5223734","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3399,"text":"Snake","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predation by the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, on poultry and other domesticated animals in Guam","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Snake","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Fritts, T.H., and McCoid, M.J., 1991, Predation by the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, on poultry and other domesticated animals in Guam: Snake, v. 23, p. 75-80.","productDescription":"75-80","startPage":"75","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6805ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritts, T. H.","contributorId":40147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"T.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCoid, M. J.","contributorId":49077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoid","given":"M.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222783,"text":"5222783 - 1991 - Contaminant accumulation in marine birds wintering in Puget Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:38","indexId":"5222783","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3206,"text":"Puget Sound Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminant accumulation in marine birds wintering in Puget Sound","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Puget Sound Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Seattle, WA : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Blus, L.J., and Grove, R.A., 1991, Contaminant accumulation in marine birds wintering in Puget Sound: Puget Sound Notes, v. No. 26, p. 1-8.","productDescription":"1-8","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"No. 26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699dca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grove, R. A.","contributorId":6546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grove","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222894,"text":"5222894 - 1991 - Resting metabolic rate of golden eagles, bald eagles, and barred owls harnessed with a tracking transmitter or an equivalent load","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:53","indexId":"5222894","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resting metabolic rate of golden eagles, bald eagles, and barred owls harnessed with a tracking transmitter or an equivalent load","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gessaman, J., Fuller, M., Pekins, P., and Duke, G., 1991, Resting metabolic rate of golden eagles, bald eagles, and barred owls harnessed with a tracking transmitter or an equivalent load: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 103, no. 2, p. 261-265.","productDescription":"261-265","startPage":"261","endPage":"265","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16534,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v103n02/p0261-p0265.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":199239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db62733b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gessaman, J.A.","contributorId":14910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gessaman","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pekins, P.J.","contributorId":26788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pekins","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duke, G.E.","contributorId":72884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duke","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5222764,"text":"5222764 - 1991 - Toxicity of trimethyltin and triethyltin to mallard ducklings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T17:54:00.31749","indexId":"5222764","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of trimethyltin and triethyltin to mallard ducklings","docAbstract":"<p><span>Trimethyltin chloride (TMTC) and triethyltin chloride (TETC) were fed to mallard (</span><i>Anas platyrhynchos</i><span>) ducklings for 73 to 75 d, beginning when ducklings were 3 to 4 d old. Diets were mixed to contain 0, 0.5, 5 or 50 ppm Sn as either TMTC or TETC. Mortality occurred only in the 5 ppm (2/5 ducklings) and 50 ppm (5/5 ducklings, all dying within 5 d) TMTC groups. Death was preceded by cephalic tremors, lethargy and ataxia; these clinical signs also were observed in surviving ducklings from the 5 ppm TMTC group, but not the 0.5 ppm TMTC group. Ducklings fed 5 and 50 ppm Sn as TMTC exhibited degeneration of the large neurons of the pons, medulla oblongata, gray matter of the spinal cord and pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex. TETC-fed ducklings showed few signs of clinical toxicosis. Ducklings fed 50 ppm Sn as TETC exhibited mild to severe vacuolization of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord; these lesions were not present in ducklings fed 5 ppm Sn as TETC. Liver, spleen, kidney, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and skeletal muscle presented no abnormal histopathology for either organotin compound. Hematocrit, hemoglobin and plasma aspartate aminotransferase; alanine aminotransferase; lactate dehydrogenase; alkaline phosphatase; and cholinesterase values were determined for the 5- and 50- ppm TMTC and TETC groups, and were not different from those of controls (</span><i>p</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.05). Lesions and clinical signs of toxicosis in ducklings were consistent with those described for mammals exposed to TMTC and TETC. The effect threshold for TMTC in ducklings appears to exceed current environmental concentrations. Environmental concentrations of TETC have not been reported.</span></p>","conferenceLocation":"10.1002/etc.5620100215","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","usgsCitation":"Fleming, W.J., Hill, E.F., Momot, J., and Pang, V., 1991, Toxicity of trimethyltin and triethyltin to mallard ducklings: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 10, no. 2, p. 255-260.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201588,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2e1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Momot, J.J.","contributorId":44255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Momot","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pang, V.F.","contributorId":71671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pang","given":"V.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5222566,"text":"5222566 - 1991 - Satellite monitors cranes migrating from Siberia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:34","indexId":"5222566","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1937,"text":"ICF Bugle","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite monitors cranes migrating from Siberia","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ICF Bugle","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"International Crane Foundation Quarterly Newsletter.  Title is identical and text is similar to article in Journal of Ecological Society.","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., and Markin, Y., 1991, Satellite monitors cranes migrating from Siberia: ICF Bugle, v. 17, no. 1, p. 1, 4-5.","productDescription":"1, 4-5","startPage":"1, 4","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdc11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markin, Y.","contributorId":6168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markin","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222676,"text":"5222676 - 1991 - Dispersal of wolves (Canis lupus) in northeastern Minnesota, 1969-1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T00:52:56.913904","indexId":"5222676","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dispersal of wolves (Canis lupus) in northeastern Minnesota, 1969-1989","docAbstract":"We examined the dispersal patterns of radio-collared wolves (Canis lupus) from 21 packs in the Superior National Forest, Minnesota, from 1969 to 1989.  A total of 316 wolves (542 wolf-years) were captured, radio-collared, and followed during 21 years of radio-tracking; 75 were identified as dispersers.  Both sexes dispersed equally.  Of the adults, yearlings, and pups, 8, 75, and 16%, respectively, dispersed.  Most dispersers left when they were 11-12 months old, only a few wolves dispersing as adults.  Dispersal occurred mainly in February-April and October-November.  Adults dispersed short distances into nearby territories, but yearlings and pups dispersed both short and long distances.  Yearling and pup dispersal rates were highest when the wolf population was increasing or decreasing and low when the population was stable.  Adults had the highest pairing and denning success, yearlings had moderate pairing and low denning success, and pups had low pairing and denning success.  Yearlings and pups that dispersed a short distance had a higher success of settling in a new territory, likely reflecting available vacancies in nearby territories.  Thirty-five percent of the known-age wolves remained in their natal territory for >2 years; two wolves  were known to have remained for >7 years.  The relative weight of pups at capture apparently did not affect their age or success of dispersal or the tendency to disperse.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","usgsCitation":"Gese, E., and Mech, L., 1991, Dispersal of wolves (Canis lupus) in northeastern Minnesota, 1969-1989: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 69, no. 12, p. 2946-2955.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2946","endPage":"2955","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689c52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gese, E.M.","contributorId":94757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gese","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222875,"text":"5222875 - 1991 - Flight performance, energetics and water turnover of tippler pigeons with a harness and dorsal load","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T22:16:14.204477","indexId":"5222875","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flight performance, energetics and water turnover of tippler pigeons with a harness and dorsal load","docAbstract":"We measured carbon dioxide production and water efflux of 12 tippler pigeons (Columba spp.) during seven experimental flights using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. Prior to the experiment birds were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group flew as controls (no load or harness) on all seven flights. The other group wore a harness on two flights, a dorsal load/harness package (weighing about 5% of a bird's mass) on two flights, and they were without a load in three flights. Flight duration of pigeons with only a harness and with a dorsal load/harness package was 21 and 26% less, respectively, than the controls. Pigeons wearing a harness, or wearing a dorsal load/harness package lost water 50-90%, and 57-100% faster, respectively, than control pigeons. The mean CO2 production of pigeons wearing a harness or a load/harness package was not significantly different than pigeons without a harness or load. The small sample sizes and large variability in DLW measuremets precluded a good test of the energetic cost of flying with a harness and dorsal load.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368186","usgsCitation":"Gessaman, J., Workman, G., and Fuller, M., 1991, Flight performance, energetics and water turnover of tippler pigeons with a harness and dorsal load: Condor, v. 93, no. 3, p. 546-554, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368186.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"546","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503120,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol93/iss3/8","text":"External Repository"},{"id":194101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696ea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gessaman, J.A.","contributorId":14910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gessaman","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Workman, G.W.","contributorId":29529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Workman","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221211,"text":"5221211 - 1991 - Contaminants in American alligator eggs from Lake Apopka, Lake Griffin, and Lake Okeechobee, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T10:54:13","indexId":"5221211","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in American alligator eggs from Lake Apopka, Lake Griffin, and Lake Okeechobee, Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>Residues of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 16 elements were measured in American alligator (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Alligator mississippiensis</i><span>) eggs collected in 1984 from Lakes Apopka, Griffin, and Okeechobee in central and south Florida. Organochlorine pesticides were highest in eggs from Lake Apopka. None of the elements appeared to be present at harmful concentrations in eggs from any of the lakes. A larger sample of eggs was collected in 1985, but only from Lakes Griffin, a lake where eggs were relatively clean, and Apopka, where eggs were most contaminated. In 1985, hatching success of artificially incubated eggs was lower for Lake Apopka, and several organochlorine pesticides were higher than in eggs from Lake Griffin. However, within Lake Apopka, higher levels of pesticides in chemically analyzed eggs were not associated with reduced hatching success of the remaining eggs in the clutch. Therefore, it did not appear that any of the pesticides we measured were responsible for the reduced hatching success of Lake Apopka eggs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00397615","usgsCitation":"Heinz, G.H., Percival, H.F., and Jennings, M.L., 1991, Contaminants in American alligator eggs from Lake Apopka, Lake Griffin, and Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 16, no. 3, p. 277-285, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00397615.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"285","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Apopka, Lake Griffin, Lake Okeechobee","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b07e4b07f02db69af8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinz, Gary H.","contributorId":85698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Percival, H. Franklin percivalf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.","email":"percivalf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":333301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jennings, Michael L.","contributorId":78031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5223033,"text":"5223033 - 1991 - The characterization of axenic culture systems suitable for plant propagation and experimental studies of the submersed aquatic angiosperm Potamogeton pectinatus (Sago pondweed)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-13T15:13:39.008246","indexId":"5223033","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The characterization of axenic culture systems suitable for plant propagation and experimental studies of the submersed aquatic angiosperm <i>Potamogeton pectinatus</i> (Sago pondweed)","title":"The characterization of axenic culture systems suitable for plant propagation and experimental studies of the submersed aquatic angiosperm Potamogeton pectinatus (Sago pondweed)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Clonal lines of the submersed aquatic angiosperm</span><i>Potamogeton pectinatus</i><span>&nbsp;were grown in three culture systems. The first, which used sucrose as a carbon source in a liquid medium, supported vigorous vegetative growth and can be used to propagate large numbers of plants in axenic conditions. In this culture system, plants were responsive to increasings photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) photon flux density (PFD) and were photosynthetically competent. However, their growth was heterotrophic and root development was poor. When these plants were transferred to a second nonaxenic culture system, which used 16-1 buckets containing artificial sediments and tap water, growth was autotrophic and plants were morphologically identical to field-harvested</span><i>P. pectinatus</i><span>. The last culture system which consisted of a sand substrate and inorganic nutrient bathing solution aerated with 135 ml min</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;ambient air enhanced to 3.0% CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;was axenic and supported autotrophic growth by plants that were also morphologically normal.</span><br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1351982","usgsCitation":"Ailstock, M., Fleming, W.J., and Cooke, T., 1991, The characterization of axenic culture systems suitable for plant propagation and experimental studies of the submersed aquatic angiosperm Potamogeton pectinatus (Sago pondweed): Estuaries, v. 14, no. 1, p. 57-64, https://doi.org/10.2307/1351982.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198053,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669407","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ailstock, M.S.","contributorId":71288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ailstock","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooke, T.J.","contributorId":38251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooke","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5223528,"text":"5223528 - 1991 - The identity of Pennant's 'Wapacuthu owl' and the subspecific name for the population of Bubo virginianus from the western Hudson Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:42","indexId":"5223528","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The identity of Pennant's 'Wapacuthu owl' and the subspecific name for the population of Bubo virginianus from the western Hudson Bay","docAbstract":"The name Strix wapacuthu Gmelin, often used for the subspecies of Bubo virginianus west of Hudson Bay, cannot be associated with certainty with either B. virginianus or Nyctea scandiaca.  The subspecific name of  the population of B. virginianus from Mackenzie to central-eastern British Columbia and northern Ontario should be B. v. subarcticus Hoy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Browning, M., and Banks, R., 1991, The identity of Pennant's 'Wapacuthu owl' and the subspecific name for the population of Bubo virginianus from the western Hudson Bay: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 24, no. 4, p. 80-83.","productDescription":"80-83","startPage":"80","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16514,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v024n04/p00080-p00083.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":199954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627198","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browning, M.R.","contributorId":16542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browning","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5223527,"text":"5223527 - 1991 - Taxonomic review of the mangrove cuckoo, Coccyzus minor (Gmelin)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:41","indexId":"5223527","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1185,"text":"Caribbean Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Taxonomic review of the mangrove cuckoo, Coccyzus minor (Gmelin)","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Caribbean Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"4022_Banks.pdf","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., and Hole, R., 1991, Taxonomic review of the mangrove cuckoo, Coccyzus minor (Gmelin): Caribbean Journal of Science, v. 27, no. 1-2, p. 54-62.","productDescription":"54-62","startPage":"54","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16508,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL27/P054-062.PDF","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"27","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hole, R. Jr.","contributorId":107825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5223571,"text":"5223571 - 1991 - Alder flycatcher in summer in the northern Virginia Piedmont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:34","indexId":"5223571","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3236,"text":"Raven","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alder flycatcher in summer in the northern Virginia Piedmont","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raven","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Clapp, R.B., 1991, Alder flycatcher in summer in the northern Virginia Piedmont: Raven, v. 62, no. 2, p. 66-67.","productDescription":"66-67","startPage":"66","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6882b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5222725,"text":"5222725 - 1991 - Breeding Bird Census, 1990: 49. Mixed oak-Virginia pine forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:42","indexId":"5222725","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding Bird Census, 1990: 49. Mixed oak-Virginia pine forest","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dawson, D., and Dowell, B., 1991, Breeding Bird Census, 1990: 49. Mixed oak-Virginia pine forest: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 62, no. 1 Supplement, p. 60-61.","productDescription":"60-61","startPage":"60","endPage":"61","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16524,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v062s01/p0027-p0088.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":196676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1 Supplement","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcb4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowell, B.","contributorId":50993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowell","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222580,"text":"5222580 - 1991 - Indicators of severe undernutrition in urine of free-ranging elk during winter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:08","indexId":"5222580","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Indicators of severe undernutrition in urine of free-ranging elk during winter","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"DelGiudice, G., Seal, U., and Mech, L., 1991, Indicators of severe undernutrition in urine of free-ranging elk during winter: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 19, no. 1, p. 106-110.","productDescription":"106-110","startPage":"106","endPage":"110","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16527,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782424","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f23be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DelGiudice, G. D.","contributorId":33415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DelGiudice","given":"G. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222570,"text":"5222570 - 1991 - Approaches to the conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T15:44:35","indexId":"5222570","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approaches to the conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere","docAbstract":"<p>Coastal wetlands rank among the most productive and ecologically valuable natural ecosystems on Earth. Unfortunately, they are also some of the most disturbed. Because they are productive and can serve as transportation arteries, coastal wetlands have long attracted human settlement. More than half of the U.S. population currently lives within 80 km of its coasts, and one estimate places 70% of all humanity in the coastal zone. Human impacts to coastal wetlands include physical alteration of hydrological processes; the introduction of toxic materials, nutrients, heat, and exotic species; and the unsustainable harvest of native species. Between 1950 and 1970, coastal wetland losses in the U.S. averaged 8 100 ha/year. In Central and South America, development pressures along the coastal zone rank among the most serious natural resource problems in the region..... Here, we (1) briefly describe coastal wetland avifauna, (2) discuss the threat of global warming on coastal wetlands, (3) use several Western Hemisphere wetlands as site-specific examples of development pressures facing these habitats, and (4) provide synopses of nongovernmental and governmental approaches to wetland conservation. Overall, we provide a socio-economic context for conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere. We suggest that efforts aimed at conserving sites of particular importance for their biological diversity should be pursued within a framework of wise use that addresses the broader issues of human population growth and economic development.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Bildstein, K., Bancroft, G., Dugan, P., Gordon, D., Erwin, R., Nol, E., Payne, L., and Senner, S.E., 1991, Approaches to the conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 103, no. 2, p. 218-254.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"254","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16510,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wilsonsociety.org/pubs/","text":"Journal Website","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"103","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bildstein, K.L.","contributorId":90836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bildstein","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bancroft, G.T.","contributorId":41096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bancroft","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dugan, P.J.","contributorId":92365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gordon, D.H.","contributorId":98826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nol, E.","contributorId":45791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nol","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Payne, L.X.","contributorId":66365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"L.X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Senner, Stanley E.","contributorId":184110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senner","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":5222569,"text":"5222569 - 1991 - Multifragment alleles in DNA fingerprints of the parrot, Amazona ventralis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T13:52:52.566266","indexId":"5222569","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2333,"text":"Journal of Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multifragment alleles in DNA fingerprints of the parrot, Amazona ventralis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Human DNA probes that identify variable numbers of tandem repeat loci are being used to generate DNA fingerprints in many animal and plant species. In most species the majority of the sc rable autoradiographic bands of the DNA fingerprint represent alleles from numerous unlinked loci. This study was initiated to use DNA fingerprints to determine the amount of band-sharing among captive Hispaniolan parrots (</span><i>Amazona ventralis</i><span>) with known genetic relationships. This would form the data base to examine DNA fingerprints of the closely related and endangered Puerto Rican parrot (</span><i>A. vittata</i><span>) and to estimate the degree of inbreeding in the relic population. We found by segregation analysis of the bands scored in the DNA fingerprints of the Hispaniolan parrots that there may be as few as two to five loci identified by the human 33.15 probe. Furthermore, at one locus we identified seven alleles, one of which is represented by as many as 19 cosegregating bands. It is unknown how common multiband alleles might be in natural populations, and their existence will cause problems in the assessment of relatedness by band-sharing analysis. We believe, therefore, that a pedigree analysis should be included in all DNA fingerprinting studies, where possible, in order to estimate the number of loci identified by a minisatellite DNA probe and to examine the nature of their alleles.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111067","usgsCitation":"Brock, M., and White, B., 1991, Multifragment alleles in DNA fingerprints of the parrot, Amazona ventralis: Journal of Heredity, v. 82, no. 3, p. 209-212, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111067.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brock, M.K.","contributorId":51400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, B.N.","contributorId":68419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"B.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222587,"text":"5222587 - 1991 - Raptor responses to low-level jet aircraft and sonic booms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-01T11:22:29","indexId":"5222587","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raptor responses to low-level jet aircraft and sonic booms","docAbstract":"<div>We estimated effects of low-level military jet aircraft and mid- to high-altitude sonic booms (actual and simulated) on nesting peregrine falcons (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>) and seven other raptors by observing their responses to test stimuli, determining nesting success for the test year, and evaluating site reoccupancy rates for the year following the tests. Frequent and nearby jet aircraft passes: (1) sometimes noticeably alarmed birds, (2) occasionally caused birds to fly from perches or eyries, (3) most often evoked only minimal responses, and (4) were never associated with reproductive failure. Similarly, responses to real and simulated mid- to high-altitude sonic booms were often minimal and never appeared productivity limiting. Eighteen (95%) of 19 nest sites subjected to low-level jet flights and/or simulated sonic booms in 1980 fledged young during that year. Eighteen (95%) of 19 sites disturbed in 1980 were reoccupied by pairs or lone birds of the same species in 1981.</div><div><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div><div>We subjected four pairs of prairie falcons (<i>Falco mexicanus</i>) to low-level aircraft at <i>ad libitum</i> levels during the courtship and incubation phases when adults were most likely to abandon: all four eyries fledged young. From heart rate (HR) data taken via a telemetering egg at another prairie falcon eyrie, we determined that stimulus-induced HR alterations were comparable to rate changes for birds settling to incubate following flight.</div><div><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div><div>While encouraging, our findings cannot be taken as conclusive evidence that jet flights and/or sonic booms will have no long-term negative effects for other raptor species or for other areas. In addition, we did not experiment with totally naive wild adults, rotary-winged aircraft, or low-level sonic booms.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(91)90026-S","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Ellis, C.H., and Mindell, D.P., 1991, Raptor responses to low-level jet aircraft and sonic booms: Environmental Pollution, v. 74, no. 1, p. 53-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(91)90026-S.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6492c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, David H.","contributorId":70901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, Catherine H.","contributorId":83222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mindell, David P.","contributorId":16762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mindell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222592,"text":"5222592 - 1991 - Gray wolf density and its association with weights and hematology of pups from 1970 to 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T11:59:59","indexId":"5222592","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gray wolf density and its association with weights and hematology of pups from 1970 to 1988","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examined weights and hematologic profiles of gray wolf (</span><i>Canis lupus</i><span>) pups and the associated wolf density in the east-central Superior National Forest of northeastern Minnesota (USA) during 1970 to 1988. We collected weight and hematologic data from 117 pups (57 females, 60 males) during 1 September to 22 November each year. The wolf density (wolves/800 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) trend was divided into three phases: high (72 ± 7), 1970 to 1975; medium (44 ± 2), 1976 to 1983; and low (27 ± 2), 1984 to 1988. Wolf numbers declined (</span><i>P</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.0001) 39 and 63% from 1970 to 1975 to 1976 to 1983 and from 1970 to 1975 to 1984 to 1988, respectively. Weight was similar between male and female pups and did not vary as wolf density changed. Mean hemoglobin (</span><i>P</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.04), red (</span><i>P</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.0001) and white blood cells (</span><i>P</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.002), mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (</span><i>P</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.0001) did differ among the multi-annual phases of changing wolf density. Weight and hematologic data also were compared to values from captive wolf pups. The high, but declining wolf density was associated with macrocytic, normochromic anemia in wolf pups, whereas the lowest density coincided with a hypochromic anemia. Although hematologic values show promise for assessing wolf pup condition and wolf population status, they must be used cautiously until data are available from other populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-27.4.630","usgsCitation":"DelGiudice, G.D., Mech, L.D., and Seal, U., 1991, Gray wolf density and its association with weights and hematology of pups from 1970 to 1988: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 27, no. 4, p. 630-636, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-27.4.630.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"630","endPage":"636","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Superior National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.04394531249999,\n              47.824220149350246\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.0604248046875,\n              48.085418575511966\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.736083984375,\n              48.100094697973795\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.90087890624999,\n              48.246625590713826\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.318359375,\n              48.07807894349862\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.549072265625,\n              48.05605376398125\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.746826171875,\n              48.19538740833338\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.054443359375,\n              48.330691283387175\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.296142578125,\n              48.35989909002194\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.296142578125,\n              48.23565029755308\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.3675537109375,\n              48.228332127214934\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.493896484375,\n              48.43284538647477\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7191162109375,\n              48.46563710044979\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.61474609375,\n              48.5275192374508\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.9498291015625,\n              48.60748989475176\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              48.1367666796927\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.68615722656249,\n              47.868459093342956\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.4002685546875,\n              47.468949677672484\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.49938964843749,\n              47.17477833929903\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.0711669921875,\n              47.431803338643334\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.47241210937499,\n              47.73193447949174\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.04394531249999,\n              47.824220149350246\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DelGiudice, Glenn D.","contributorId":64582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DelGiudice","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222704,"text":"5222704 - 1991 - Green coloration of recently laid black-crowned night-heron eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-18T15:51:22.645037","indexId":"5222704","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Green coloration of recently laid black-crowned night-heron eggs","docAbstract":"Color of Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) eggs of known laying order was quantified in a Wisconsin (USA) colony. Eggs  were of greener intensity on the day of laying and one day thereafter than earlier laid eggs within a clutch. Egg color can be used to identify clutches  within one day after clutch completion and to assign laying order within clutches during this period.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521510","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., 1991, Green coloration of recently laid black-crowned night-heron eggs: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 14, no. 2, p. 184-185, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521510.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"184","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197706,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671fc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5222755,"text":"5222755 - 1991 - Population dynamics of American dog ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) along park trails","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-20T16:48:09.360796","indexId":"5222755","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1536,"text":"Environmental Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics of American dog ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) along park trails","docAbstract":"<p><span>We conducted a mark–recapture study in which drag-collected ticks were removed from some park trails weekly from April to July. Weekly survival rates (probability of surviving and remaining on the trails) were significantly lower on trails used heavily by hikers, horses, and pets than on trails used less frequently. Although usage was the only obvious difference among these trails, differences in weekly survival rate estimates may be attributable to differential success in acquiring hosts. The estimated probability of capturing a host-seeking tick located along a trail on a single drag was 0.20 on the drag alone, and 0.25 including the person dragging. When routes parallel to the trails and of equal lengths were dragged immediately after sampling the trails, only ≍5% as many ticks (including ticks on the person dragging) were found off the trails as on them. We found no evidence of reduced tick numbers on removal trails, but this result should be considered inconclusive because the power of the discerning test was low. However, the data reported here provide insights into turnover rates of the adult&nbsp;</span><i>Dermacentor variabilis</i><span>&nbsp;population and effectiveness of the drag as a sampling device.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/ee/20.3.922","usgsCitation":"Carroll, J.F., Russek-Cohen, E., Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 1991, Population dynamics of American dog ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) along park trails: Environmental Entomology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 922-929, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/20.3.922.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"922","endPage":"929","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194128,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carroll, J. F.","contributorId":90404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carroll","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russek-Cohen, E.","contributorId":11717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russek-Cohen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5223629,"text":"5223629 - 1991 - Effects of submersed macrophytes on dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature under different conditions of wind, tide and bed structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T11:09:22.333042","indexId":"5223629","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of submersed macrophytes on dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature under different conditions of wind, tide and bed structure","docAbstract":"<p>Seasonal data on diurnal dissolved-oxygen concentration (DO), pH, temperature and chlorophyll-a were collected and species composition and vertical structure of macrophyte beds were analyzed in the tidal Potomac River during the 1987 growing season. The relationships among these variables and physical and climatic factors were analyzed. Elevated surface temperatures, DO and pH were found in macrophyte beds in June and August; surface temperatures were also elevated in the dense<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Hydrilla verticillata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>dominated bed in October-November after senescence had begun. Bottom DO, pH and temperature were lower than surface values. Bottom temperatures in vegetated sites were highly variable compared with bottom temperatures in unvegetated sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1991.9665286","usgsCitation":"Carter, V., Rybicki, N.B., and Hammerschlag, R., 1991, Effects of submersed macrophytes on dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature under different conditions of wind, tide and bed structure: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 6, no. 2, p. 121-133, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1991.9665286.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200089,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610b03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, V.","contributorId":61115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rybicki, N. B.","contributorId":97504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybicki","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammerschlag, R.S.","contributorId":78050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammerschlag","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5223576,"text":"5223576 - 1991 - A new tern (Sterna) breeding record for Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:34","indexId":"5223576","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2990,"text":"Pacific Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new tern (Sterna) breeding record for Hawaii","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pacific Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Conant, S., Clapp, R.B., Hiruki, L., and Choy, B., 1991, A new tern (Sterna) breeding record for Hawaii: Pacific Science, v. 45, no. 4, p. 348-354.","productDescription":"348-354","startPage":"348","endPage":"354","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6aba1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conant, S.","contributorId":77628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conant","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hiruki, L.","contributorId":70519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiruki","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Choy, B.","contributorId":27980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5223572,"text":"5223572 - 1991 - Apparent predation on white-throated sparrow by blue jay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5223572","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3236,"text":"Raven","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Apparent predation on white-throated sparrow by blue jay","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raven","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Clapp, R.B., 1991, Apparent predation on white-throated sparrow by blue jay: Raven, v. 62, no. 2, p. 63-64.","productDescription":"63-64","startPage":"63","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5223524,"text":"5223524 - 1991 - Comments on the proposed conservation of the specific name Coccyzus euleri Cabanis, 1873 (Aves, Cuculiformes)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-10T00:41:17.024972","indexId":"5223524","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1110,"text":"Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comments on the proposed conservation of the specific name Coccyzus euleri Cabanis, 1873 (Aves, Cuculiformes)","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., 1991, Comments on the proposed conservation of the specific name Coccyzus euleri Cabanis, 1873 (Aves, Cuculiformes): Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, v. 48, no. 3, p. 254-255.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"254","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae682","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5223336,"text":"5223336 - 1991 - Bird population and habitat surveys in urban areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-29T15:56:25.145158","indexId":"5223336","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bird population and habitat surveys in urban areas","docAbstract":"Breeding bird populations in six habitats in Columbia. MD, were studied to develop procedures suitable for measuring bird use of residential areas and to identify habitat characteristics that define the distribution of various common bird species.  A procedure to measure bird use based on 4-min transect counts on plots measuring 91 m ? 91 m proved better than point counts.  Transect counts reduced many of the problems associated with counting birds in urban areas, such as varying noise and visibility.  Eighty percent of observations were recorded in the first 4 min. Habitat measurement procedures were examined also. It was found that a subsample of woody tree and shrub crown volumes made on 0.2 ha was highly correlated with similar measures made on 0.8-ha plots.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"/10.1016/0169-2046(91)90017-G","usgsCitation":"DeGraaf, R., Geis, A.D., and Healy, P., 1991, Bird population and habitat surveys in urban areas: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 21, p. 181-188, https://doi.org//10.1016/0169-2046(91)90017-G.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201749,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db61214c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeGraaf, R.M.","contributorId":75116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGraaf","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geis, A. D.","contributorId":72885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healy, P.A.","contributorId":67195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}