Clonal lines of the submersed aquatic angiospermPotamogeton pectinatus were grown in three culture systems. The first, which used sucrose as a carbon source in a liquid medium, supported vigorous vegetative growth and can be used to propagate large numbers of plants in axenic conditions. In this culture system, plants were responsive to increasings photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) photon flux density (PFD) and were photosynthetically competent. However, their growth was heterotrophic and root development was poor. When these plants were transferred to a second nonaxenic culture system, which used 16-1 buckets containing artificial sediments and tap water, growth was autotrophic and plants were morphologically identical to field-harvestedP. pectinatus. The last culture system which consisted of a sand substrate and inorganic nutrient bathing solution aerated with 135 ml min−1 ambient air enhanced to 3.0% CO2 was axenic and supported autotrophic growth by plants that were also morphologically normal.
We conducted a mark–recapture study in which drag-collected ticks were removed from some park trails weekly from April to July. Weekly survival rates (probability of surviving and remaining on the trails) were significantly lower on trails used heavily by hikers, horses, and pets than on trails used less frequently. Although usage was the only obvious difference among these trails, differences in weekly survival rate estimates may be attributable to differential success in acquiring hosts. The estimated probability of capturing a host-seeking tick located along a trail on a single drag was 0.20 on the drag alone, and 0.25 including the person dragging. When routes parallel to the trails and of equal lengths were dragged immediately after sampling the trails, only ≍5% as many ticks (including ticks on the person dragging) were found off the trails as on them. We found no evidence of reduced tick numbers on removal trails, but this result should be considered inconclusive because the power of the discerning test was low. However, the data reported here provide insights into turnover rates of the adult Dermacentor variabilis population and effectiveness of the drag as a sampling device.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/ee/20.3.922","usgsCitation":"Carroll, J.F., Russek-Cohen, E., Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 1991, Population dynamics of American dog ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) along park trails: Environmental Entomology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 922-929, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/20.3.922.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"922","endPage":"929","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194128,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carroll, J. F.","contributorId":90404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carroll","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russek-Cohen, E.","contributorId":11717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russek-Cohen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221101,"text":"5221101 - 1991 - Bats, cyanide, and gold mining","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T16:30:19","indexId":"5221101","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":974,"text":"BATS Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bats, cyanide, and gold mining","docAbstract":"Although the boom days of prospectors and gold nuggets are long gone, modern technology enables gold to continue to be extracted from ore. Unfortunately, the extraction method has often been disastrous for bats and other wildlife, an issue I first became aware of in early 1989. Phone calls from Drs. Merlin Tuttle and Elizabeth Pierson, a BCI member and bat researcher from Berkeley, California, alerted me that bats were dying from apparent cyanide poisoning at gold mines in the western United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bat Conservation International","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., 1991, Bats, cyanide, and gold mining: BATS Magazine, v. 9, no. 3, p. 17-18.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16518,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.batcon.org/resources/media-education/bats-magazine/bat_article/494","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":197408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Donald R. Jr.","contributorId":118204,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222851,"text":"5222851 - 1991 - Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:09","indexId":"5222851","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:11","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs","docAbstract":"Bald Eagle eggs (1968-84) were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and mercury. DDE declined in WI, ME and the Chesapeake Bay. DDE was most closely related to shell thickness and reproduction at sampled breeding areas. Sixteen ppm DDE (wet weight) was associated with 15% shell thinning. Reproduction was normal when eggs at sampled breeding areas contained <3.6 ppm DDE; success was nearly halved between 3.6 and 6.3 ppm and halved again when concentrations exceeded 6.3 ppm. Other contaminants were associated with poor reproduction and eggshell thinning; however, their impact appeared secondary to that of DDE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Abstracts of presentations made at the annual meeting of the Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., held at Tulsa, Oklahoma, on 6-10 November 1991","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., Bunck, C., and Stafford, C.J., 1991, Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 25, no. 4.","productDescription":"162 (abstract)","startPage":"162 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16504,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v025n04/p00151-p00164.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6024aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunck, C.M.","contributorId":72337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stafford, C. J.","contributorId":65429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stafford","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223663,"text":"5223663 - 1991 - Comparative sensitivity of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) to acute dosages of sodium cyanide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5223663","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:11","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":973,"text":"Bat Research News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative sensitivity of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) to acute dosages of sodium cyanide","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bat Research News","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., Hill, E.F., and Henry, P., 1991, Comparative sensitivity of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) to acute dosages of sodium cyanide: Bat Research News, v. 32, no. 4.","productDescription":"68 (abstract)","startPage":"68 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D. R. Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, P.F.P.","contributorId":14531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"P.F.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223303,"text":"5223303 - 1991 - The amateur birdbander: The Bird Banding Laboratory perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:34","indexId":"5223303","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1050,"text":"Bird Observer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The amateur birdbander: The Bird Banding Laboratory perspective","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Observer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Tautin, J., 1991, The amateur birdbander: The Bird Banding Laboratory perspective: Bird Observer, v. 19, no. 2, p. 88-93.","productDescription":"88-93","startPage":"88","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6697d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tautin, J.","contributorId":95168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tautin","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220979,"text":"5220979 - 1991 - Conservation of the yellow-shouldered blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, an endagered West Indian species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-14T16:35:11.383697","indexId":"5220979","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Conservation of the yellow-shouldered blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, an endagered West Indian species","title":"Conservation of the yellow-shouldered blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, an endagered West Indian species","docAbstract":"The yellow-shouldered blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, endemic to Puerto Rico and Mona Island, is endangered, mainly because of brood parasitism by the shiny cowbird Molothrus bonariensis, which reached Puerto Rico at least 30 years ago. The yellow-shouldered blackbird populations have since declined, about 770–1200 remaining (470–900 on Mona Island) by 1982–1986 compared to a population of about 2400 in 1975. Nearly all nests of blackbirds in most of its habitats are parasitized by cowbirds. This significantly reduces nesting success, but blackbirds have evolved no defenses against brood parasitism. Removal of cowbirds from the yellow-shouldered blackbird nesting grounds, modeled after similar programmes for the brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater on Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii nesting areas, significantly increased blackbird production. Blackbirds readily accept nest boxes, and breeding populations can be established in otherwise unusable sites and can be concentrated in mangrove habitats, were they are more easily protected by cowbird removal. Furthermore, yellow-shouldered blackbird pairs using cavities, including nest boxes, fledged more young per nest than pairs using open nests.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(91)90052-B","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J.W., Post, W., and Cruz, A., 1991, Conservation of the yellow-shouldered blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, an endagered West Indian species: Biological Conservation, v. 55, no. 2, p. 119-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(91)90052-B.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196702,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Boquerón Commonwealth Forest, Roosevelt Roads Naval Station","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.16732673730743,\n 18.018285385548936\n ],\n [\n -67.16648430589105,\n 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W.","contributorId":51399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, W.","contributorId":6155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cruz, A.","contributorId":89993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223029,"text":"5223029 - 1991 - Ecology and behavior of the zenaida dove","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:11","indexId":"5223029","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2967,"text":"Ornitologia Neotropical","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecology and behavior of the zenaida dove","docAbstract":"Data are summarized from a 10 year study of the Zenaida Dove (Zenaida aurita) in Puerto Rico and its offshore islands. The dove displays sexual size dimorphism, with males generally larger than females: Most activities (feeding, courtship, fighting) occurred in mornings and afternoons, whereas loafing and maintenance activities were more prevalent at mid-day. I recorded 77 plant species used as food by Zenaida Doves in Puerto Rico. Major food species uncluded Scleria lithosperma, Argemone mexicana, Croton rigidus, Phyllanthus amarus, Cordia angustifolia, Zanthoxylum martinicense, Euphorbia heterophylla, and several species of legumes. Zenaida Doves have two major vocalizations: the 'Coo', or Advertisement Call, given in assertive and sexual contexts, and the Nest Call, primarily used at or near the nest. Doves nested in a wide variety of habitats, including forest edge, mangrove forest, dry scrub, and mixed agriculture-urban areas. Nests were generally placed in trees, but doves nested on the ground where certain terrestrial predators were absent. Nests were found in all months of the year, although a breeding peak occurred from March through Mayor July. Doves replaced clutches when nests were destroyed, and recycled up to four times in a season. Males selected nest sites and initiated building. Eggs (2) were laid on alternate days, beginning about two days after the nest was completed. Incubation and nestling stages averaged 13.9 :t 0.5 [SE] and 14.3 :t 0.6 days. The male attended the nest from mid-morning (X = 08:59 hr) through mid-afternoon (x = 16:53), then the female took over incubation and brooding duties for the night. Nests were continuously covered from the laying of the first egg through day seven of the nestling stage. Thereafter, adult attendance dropped steadily until day 14, when they carne to the nest only for chick feedings. Chicks (days 0-15) showed a mean daily weight gain of 18.3% and attained a fledging weight of about 120g (81% of adult weight). The mean daily growth (culmen, tarsometatarsus, ulna) was 6.8% (range = 4.0-9.8% daily). Dove productivity varied among and within study areas over the 10 years. Mean number of chicks hatched per nest that held eggs ranged from 0.3 to 1.6 for 3 study areas. Mean number fledged per nest ranged from 0.3 to 1.4. Productivity was lowest in the dry southwestern Puerto Rico study area (Susua and Guanica forests; x = 0.7 chicks fledged per nest) and was highest for the lower montane mixed agriculture/urban area (Cidra; 1.2). Populations nesting in scrub and mangrove forests (Roosevelt Roads Naval Station) fledged an average of 0.9 chicks/nest. Nest success followed a similar geographic pattern: southwestern Puerto Rico -40.9% of nests with eggs were successful, Cidra -62.6%, and Roosevelt Roads -52.0%. The most important sources of dove egg and chick loss were Pearly-eyed Thrashers (Margarops fuscatus -49% of losses) and roof rats (Rattus rattus -16%).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ornitologia Neotropical","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"4179_Wiley.pdf 2.5 MB","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J.W., 1991, Ecology and behavior of the zenaida dove: Ornitologia Neotropical, v. 2, no. 2, p. 49-75.","productDescription":"49-75","startPage":"49","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16360,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/ON/v002n02/p0049-p0075.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627b88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J. W.","contributorId":51399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223422,"text":"5223422 - 1991 - Values and science: white-tailed deer management in eastern national parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:42","indexId":"5223422","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3638,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Values and science: white-tailed deer management in eastern national parks","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Underwood, H., and Porter, W., 1991, Values and science: white-tailed deer management in eastern national parks: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 56, p. 67-73.","productDescription":"67-73","startPage":"67","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Underwood, H.B. 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":90849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porter, W.F.","contributorId":81597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222746,"text":"5222746 - 1991 - [Book review] The Black Skimmer: Social Dynamics of a Colonial Species by Joanna Burger and Michael Gochfeld. Columbia university Press, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:48","indexId":"5222746","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3214,"text":"The Quarterly Review of Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] The Black Skimmer: Social Dynamics of a Colonial Species by Joanna Burger and Michael Gochfeld. Columbia university Press, 1990","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quarterly Review of Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., 1991, [Book review] The Black Skimmer: Social Dynamics of a Colonial Species by Joanna Burger and Michael Gochfeld. Columbia university Press, 1990: The Quarterly Review of Biology, v. 66, no. 4.","productDescription":"502","startPage":"502","numberOfPages":"502","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16366,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2831374","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4798e4b07f02db48f412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223848,"text":"5223848 - 1991 - Point counts from clustered populations: Lessons from an experiment with Hawaiian crows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T22:21:08.864064","indexId":"5223848","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Point counts from clustered populations: Lessons from an experiment with Hawaiian crows","docAbstract":"We designed an experiment to identify factors contributing most to error in counts of Hawaiian Crow or Alala (Corvus hawaiiensis) groups that are detected aurally. Seven observers failed to detect calling Alala on 197 of 361 3-min point counts on four transects extending from cages with captive Alala. A detection curve describing the relation between frequency of flock detection and distance typified the distribution expected in transect or point counts. Failure to detect calling Alala was affected most by distance, observer, and Alala calling frequency. The number of individual Alala calling was not important in detection rate. Estimates of the number of Alala calling (flock size) were biased and imprecise: average difference between number of Alala calling and number heard was 3.24 (.+-. 0.277). Distance, observer, number of Alala calling, and Alala calling frequency all contributed to errors in estimates of group size (P < 0.0001). Multiple regression suggested that number of Alala calling contributed most to errors. These results suggest that well-designed point counts may be used to estimate the number of Alala flocks but cast doubt on attempts to estimate flock size when individuals are counted aurally.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368199","usgsCitation":"Hayward, G., Kepler, C.B., and Scott, J.M., 1991, Point counts from clustered populations: Lessons from an experiment with Hawaiian crows: Condor, v. 93, no. 3, p. 676-682, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368199.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"676","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503078,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol93/iss3/21","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202001,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684cc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayward, G.D.","contributorId":91970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayward","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kepler, C. B.","contributorId":62548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kepler","given":"C.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222549,"text":"5222549 - 1991 - [Book review] Current Ornithology, Volume 7, edited by Dennis M. Power","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5222549","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3214,"text":"The Quarterly Review of Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Current Ornithology, Volume 7, edited by Dennis M. Power","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quarterly Review of Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1991, [Book review] Current Ornithology, Volume 7, edited by Dennis M. Power: The Quarterly Review of Biology, v. 66, no. 1.","productDescription":"92","startPage":"92","numberOfPages":"92","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16368,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2830376","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b6e4b07f02db53433a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222823,"text":"5222823 - 1991 - [Book review] A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, by Herbert A. Raffaele","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5222823","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1079,"text":"British Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, by Herbert A. Raffaele","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"British Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kepler, C.B., 1991, [Book review] A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, by Herbert A. Raffaele: British Birds, v. 84, no. 12, p. 586-587.","productDescription":"586-587","startPage":"586","endPage":"587","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dd8dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kepler, C. B.","contributorId":62548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kepler","given":"C.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222582,"text":"5222582 - 1991 - Conservation genetics of the endangered Isle Royale gray wolf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T11:55:13.59561","indexId":"5222582","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation genetics of the endangered Isle Royale gray wolf","docAbstract":"The small group of wolves on Isle Royale has been studied for over three decades as a model of the relationship between large carnivores and their prey. During the last ten years the population declined from 50 individuals to as few as 12 individuals. The causes of this decline may be food shortages, disease, or reduced genetic variability. We address the issues of genetic variability and relationships of Isle Royale wolves using allozyme electrophoresis, mtDNA restriction-site analysis, and multilocus hypervariable minisatellite DNA analysis (genetic fingerprinting). Our results indicate that approximately 50% of the allozyme heterozygosity has been lost in the island population, a decline similar to that expected if no immigration had occurred from the mainland. The genetic fingerprinting data indicate that the seven sampled Isle Royale wolves are as similar as captive populations of siblings. Surprisingly, the Isle Royale wolves have an mDNA genotype that is very rare on the mainland, being found in only one of 144 mainland wolves ThFF suggests that the remaining Isle Royale wolves areprobably derived from a single female founder.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00386.x","usgsCitation":"Wayne, R., Lehman, N., Girman, D., Gogan, P., Gilbert, D., Hansen, K., Peterson, R.O., Seal, U., Eisenhawer, A., Mech, L., and Krumenaker, R., 1991, Conservation genetics of the endangered Isle Royale gray wolf: Conservation Biology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 41-51, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00386.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Isle Royale National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.67745377865694,\n 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O.","contributorId":62175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Eisenhawer, Andrew","contributorId":102589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisenhawer","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Krumenaker, R.J.","contributorId":32267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krumenaker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":5222670,"text":"5222670 - 1991 - [Obituary] Francis Morley Uhler, 1902-1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"5222670","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Obituary] Francis Morley Uhler, 1902-1990","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"4145_Perry.pdf","usgsCitation":"Perry, M., 1991, [Obituary] Francis Morley Uhler, 1902-1990: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 19, no. 3, p. 375-377.","productDescription":"375-377","startPage":"375","endPage":"377","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16369,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782532","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4794e4b07f02db48cf91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221090,"text":"5221090 - 1991 - Acute toxicity of four anticholinesterase insecticides to American kestrels, eastern screech-owls and northern bobwhites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T17:58:14.41895","indexId":"5221090","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of four anticholinesterase insecticides to American kestrels, eastern screech-owls and northern bobwhites","docAbstract":"American kestrels (Falco sparverius), eastern screech-owls (Otus asio), and northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) were given single acute oral doses of four widely diverse anticholinesterase pesticides: EPN, fenthion, carbofuran, and monocrotophos. LD50s, based on birds that died within 5 d of dosage, were computed for each chemical in each species. Sex differences in the sensitivity of northern bobwhites in reproductive condition were examined. American kestrels were highly sensitive to all chemicals tested (LD50s 0.6--4.0 mg/kg). Eastern screech-owls were highly tolerant to EPN (LD50 274 mg/kg) but sensitive to the remaining chemicals (LD50s 1.5-3.9 mg/kg). Northern bobwhites were highly sensitive to monocrotophos (LD50 0.8 mg/kg) and less sensitive to the remaining chemicals (LD50s 4.6--31 mg/kg). Female bobwhites (LD50 3.1 mg/kg) were more sensitive to fenthion than males (LD50 7.0 mg/kg). Mean percent depression of brain cho[inesterase (ChE) of birds that died on the day of dosing exceeded 65% for all chemicals in all species. The response of one species to a given pesticide should not be used to predict the sensitivity of other species to the same pesticide. The need for research on several topics is discussed","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620100905","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., and Sparling, D.W., 1991, Acute toxicity of four anticholinesterase insecticides to American kestrels, eastern screech-owls and northern bobwhites: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 10, no. 9, p. 1139-1148, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620100905.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1148","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193521,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222774,"text":"5222774 - 1991 - Effects of dietary boron and arsenic on the behavior of mallard ducklings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T17:56:37.388549","indexId":"5222774","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dietary boron and arsenic on the behavior of mallard ducklings","docAbstract":"High concentrations of boron and arsenic have been associated with irrigation drain water and aquatic plants consumed by waterfowl. Both compounds affect the central nervous system and cause generalized physiological distress in mammals and waterfowl. We examined sublethal effects of boron and arsenic on the behavior of developing mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos). Day-old ducklings received an untreated diet (control) or a diet containing 100, 400, or 1,600 ppm boron, added as boric acid, or 30, 100, or 300 ppm arsenic, added as sodium arsenate. Activity schedules and behavior durations were analyzed for effects at the various treatment levels. Both boron and arsenic at the highest levels had significant effects on the activity schedules of developing ducklings, including increased time at rest and under the provided heat lamp. We also observed decreases in the amount of time treated ducklings spent in alert behaviors and in the water in comparison to control ducklings. High levels of boron (1,600 ppm) increased feeding time overall but did not increase the amount of food consumed. Arsenic had no effect on feeding behavior. There were no differences found in the durations of behaviors as a result of treatment. These findings, in combination with reported effects on the growth and physiology of ducklings under identical treatments, suggest that reported concentrations of these compounds in aquatic plants in the Central Valley of California could adversely affect normal duckling development and survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620100707","usgsCitation":"Whitworth, M., Pendleton, G., Hoffman, D.J., and Camardese, M., 1991, Effects of dietary boron and arsenic on the behavior of mallard ducklings: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 10, no. 7, p. 911-916, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620100707.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"911","endPage":"916","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697dbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitworth, M.R.","contributorId":63119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitworth","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pendleton, G.W.","contributorId":51688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendleton","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Camardese, M.B.","contributorId":106591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camardese","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222959,"text":"5222959 - 1991 - Ethyl parathion in wetlands following aerial application to sunflowers in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"5222959","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ethyl parathion in wetlands following aerial application to sunflowers in North Dakota","docAbstract":"An operational aerial application of parathion to sunflower fields resulted in greater or equal spray deposit in wetlands adjacent to or surrounded by sunflower fields than in the sunflower fields. In another application, when the applicator attempted to avoid contamination of the wetlands, parathion still drifted into wetlands in detectable amounts; in 2 of 4 comparisons, spray deposit in wetlands and sunflower fields did not differ. Weather during both spray operations was ideal for North Dakota, Le., wind speeds <16 km/ hour, excellent visibility, and temperature <24 C. We review how spray droplet size, weather, terrain, and type of application equipment interact to determine the amount of drift from any application of pesticide. With this information, wildlife managers should be able to make decisions pertaining to insecticide applications that will minimize drift and reduce negative impacts to nontarget organisms","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Tome, M., Grue, C., and DeWeese, L., 1991, Ethyl parathion in wetlands following aerial application to sunflowers in North Dakota: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 19, no. 4, p. 450-457.","productDescription":"450-457","startPage":"450","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16356,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782157","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":198071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb13d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tome, M.W.","contributorId":13923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tome","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeWeese, L.R.","contributorId":65116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWeese","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}