The yellow-shouldered blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, endemic to Puerto Rico and Mona Island, is endangered, mainly because of brood parasitism by the shiny cowbird Molothrus bonariensis, which reached Puerto Rico at least 30 years ago. The yellow-shouldered blackbird populations have since declined, about 770–1200 remaining (470–900 on Mona Island) by 1982–1986 compared to a population of about 2400 in 1975. Nearly all nests of blackbirds in most of its habitats are parasitized by cowbirds. This significantly reduces nesting success, but blackbirds have evolved no defenses against brood parasitism. Removal of cowbirds from the yellow-shouldered blackbird nesting grounds, modeled after similar programmes for the brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater on Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii nesting areas, significantly increased blackbird production. Blackbirds readily accept nest boxes, and breeding populations can be established in otherwise unusable sites and can be concentrated in mangrove habitats, were they are more easily protected by cowbird removal. Furthermore, yellow-shouldered blackbird pairs using cavities, including nest boxes, fledged more young per nest than pairs using open nests.
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W.","contributorId":51399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, W.","contributorId":6155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cruz, A.","contributorId":89993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223422,"text":"5223422 - 1991 - Values and science: white-tailed deer management in eastern national parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:42","indexId":"5223422","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3638,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Values and science: white-tailed deer management in eastern national parks","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Underwood, H., and Porter, W., 1991, Values and science: white-tailed deer management in eastern national parks: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 56, p. 67-73.","productDescription":"67-73","startPage":"67","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Underwood, H.B. 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":90849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porter, W.F.","contributorId":81597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223764,"text":"5223764 - 1991 - Acadia National Park studies coyote-deer interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:41","indexId":"5223764","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":969,"text":"Bar Harbor Times","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acadia National Park studies coyote-deer interactions","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bar Harbor Times","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"O'Connell, A., 1991, Acadia National Park studies coyote-deer interactions: Bar Harbor Times, v. 79, no. 48.","productDescription":"B9","startPage":"B9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3671","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Connell, A.F. Jr. 0000-0001-7032-7023","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7032-7023","contributorId":24055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connell","given":"A.F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222959,"text":"5222959 - 1991 - Ethyl parathion in wetlands following aerial application to sunflowers in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"5222959","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ethyl parathion in wetlands following aerial application to sunflowers in North Dakota","docAbstract":"An operational aerial application of parathion to sunflower fields resulted in greater or equal spray deposit in wetlands adjacent to or surrounded by sunflower fields than in the sunflower fields. In another application, when the applicator attempted to avoid contamination of the wetlands, parathion still drifted into wetlands in detectable amounts; in 2 of 4 comparisons, spray deposit in wetlands and sunflower fields did not differ. Weather during both spray operations was ideal for North Dakota, Le., wind speeds <16 km/ hour, excellent visibility, and temperature <24 C. We review how spray droplet size, weather, terrain, and type of application equipment interact to determine the amount of drift from any application of pesticide. With this information, wildlife managers should be able to make decisions pertaining to insecticide applications that will minimize drift and reduce negative impacts to nontarget organisms","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Tome, M., Grue, C., and DeWeese, L., 1991, Ethyl parathion in wetlands following aerial application to sunflowers in North Dakota: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 19, no. 4, p. 450-457.","productDescription":"450-457","startPage":"450","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16356,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782157","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":198071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb13d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tome, M.W.","contributorId":13923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tome","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeWeese, L.R.","contributorId":65116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWeese","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221090,"text":"5221090 - 1991 - Acute toxicity of four anticholinesterase insecticides to American kestrels, eastern screech-owls and northern bobwhites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T17:58:14.41895","indexId":"5221090","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of four anticholinesterase insecticides to American kestrels, eastern screech-owls and northern bobwhites","docAbstract":"American kestrels (Falco sparverius), eastern screech-owls (Otus asio), and northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) were given single acute oral doses of four widely diverse anticholinesterase pesticides: EPN, fenthion, carbofuran, and monocrotophos. LD50s, based on birds that died within 5 d of dosage, were computed for each chemical in each species. Sex differences in the sensitivity of northern bobwhites in reproductive condition were examined. American kestrels were highly sensitive to all chemicals tested (LD50s 0.6--4.0 mg/kg). Eastern screech-owls were highly tolerant to EPN (LD50 274 mg/kg) but sensitive to the remaining chemicals (LD50s 1.5-3.9 mg/kg). Northern bobwhites were highly sensitive to monocrotophos (LD50 0.8 mg/kg) and less sensitive to the remaining chemicals (LD50s 4.6--31 mg/kg). Female bobwhites (LD50 3.1 mg/kg) were more sensitive to fenthion than males (LD50 7.0 mg/kg). Mean percent depression of brain cho[inesterase (ChE) of birds that died on the day of dosing exceeded 65% for all chemicals in all species. The response of one species to a given pesticide should not be used to predict the sensitivity of other species to the same pesticide. The need for research on several topics is discussed","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620100905","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., and Sparling, D.W., 1991, Acute toxicity of four anticholinesterase insecticides to American kestrels, eastern screech-owls and northern bobwhites: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 10, no. 9, p. 1139-1148, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620100905.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1148","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193521,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221096,"text":"5221096 - 1991 - Eggshell modifications in captive American kestrels resulting from Aroclor 1248 in the diet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-06T16:30:06.127686","indexId":"5221096","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Eggshell modifications in captive American kestrels resulting from Aroclor® 1248 in the diet","title":"Eggshell modifications in captive American kestrels resulting from Aroclor 1248 in the diet","docAbstract":"American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were fed diets containing 3 μg/g Aroclor® 1 1248 or control diets from mid-January until July. Eggs were removed from first clutches 2 to 4 days after laying ceased and shell thickness and shell dimensions were measured. Contents of the third egg of each clutch, the carcasses of all adults that received Aroclor® 1248 and of three males and three females that received the control diet were analyzed for DDE, Aroclors® 1248, 1254 and 1260, and dieldrin. Concentrations of PCBs, DDE and dieldrin were significantly higher (P < 0.03) in eggs and carcasses from treated adults than in controls. Shell thickness and shell thickness index of eggs from treated adults were reduced 5.0% (P < 0.0001) and 4.8% (P < 0.0001), respectively, from those of controls.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01065842","usgsCitation":"Lowe, T.P., and Stendell, R.C., 1991, Eggshell modifications in captive American kestrels resulting from Aroclor 1248 in the diet: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 20, no. 4, p. 519-522, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065842.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"519","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197652,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60efda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowe, T. Peter plowe@usgs.gov","contributorId":172500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"T.","email":"plowe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Peter","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":333026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stendell, Rey C.","contributorId":8913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stendell","given":"Rey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222948,"text":"5222948 - 1991 - Wolf predation risk associated with white-tailed deer movements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T00:54:28.561454","indexId":"5222948","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wolf predation risk associated with white-tailed deer movements","docAbstract":"The survival of 159 yearling and adult deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was monitored by telemetry during 282 spring and 219 fall individual migrations to winter deeryards in northeastern Minnesota. A disproportionate number of deer were killed by wolves (Canis lupus) during fall migration relative to the short time they spent migrating, but not during spring migration. Predation was also significantly greater for male and female yearlings and adult females outside deeryards during winter. Survival of 79 yearlings dispersing from natal ranges was high (1.00). It appears that changing climatic conditions combined with unfamiliar terrain and undetermined factors predispose migratory deer to wolf predation during fall. These findings support an earlier hypothesis that winter yarding is an antipredator strategy.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","usgsCitation":"Nelson, M., and Mech, L., 1991, Wolf predation risk associated with white-tailed deer movements: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 69, no. 10, p. 2696-2699.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2696","endPage":"2699","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197619,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e3ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, M.E.","contributorId":102021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222866,"text":"5222866 - 1991 - Extensive monitoring programmes viewed as long-term population studies: The case of North American waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:30:41.155686","indexId":"5222866","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extensive monitoring programmes viewed as long-term population studies: The case of North American waterfowl","docAbstract":"Several long-running and geographically extensive survey programmes provide information used to make annual management decisions for North American waterfowl populations. Data from these programmes can also be viewed as resulting from long-term population studies and have formed the basis for a number of retrospective analyses. Short-term studies have been used to investigate mechanisms underlying results of the retrospective analyses. Results of the long-term and short-term studies complement each other nicely and have led to many useful inferences about North American waterfowl population dynamics. However, important questions remain unanswered, and it is suggested that many of these could best be addressed using an experimental approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1991.tb07672.x","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., 1991, Extensive monitoring programmes viewed as long-term population studies: The case of North American waterfowl: Ibis, v. 133, no. Supplement 1, p. 89-98, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1991.tb07672.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","issue":"Supplement 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220988,"text":"5220988 - 1991 - In memoriam: Floy Cooper Burford","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:46","indexId":"5220988","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3236,"text":"Raven","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In memoriam: Floy Cooper Burford","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raven","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sykes, P., 1991, In memoriam: Floy Cooper Burford: Raven, v. 62, no. 2.","productDescription":"74","startPage":"74","numberOfPages":"74","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f42b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220973,"text":"5220973 - 1991 - In memoriam: Frank C. Richardson","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:43","indexId":"5220973","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3236,"text":"Raven","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In memoriam: Frank C. Richardson","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raven","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sykes, P., 1991, In memoriam: Frank C. Richardson: Raven, v. 62, no. 2, p. 73-74.","productDescription":"73-74","startPage":"73","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4599","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224523,"text":"5224523 - 1991 - The Bodie-Pea Island Christmas bird count: A 25-year summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:08","indexId":"5224523","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1207,"text":"Chat","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Bodie-Pea Island Christmas bird count: A 25-year summary","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chat","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1991, The Bodie-Pea Island Christmas bird count: A 25-year summary: Chat, v. 54, no. 4, p. 212-213.","productDescription":"41-52","startPage":"212","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db6820f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222701,"text":"5222701 - 1991 - The ninety-first Christmas Bird Count: OC MD Ocean City, MD","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:42","indexId":"5222701","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":708,"text":"American Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ninety-first Christmas Bird Count: OC MD Ocean City, MD","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1991, The ninety-first Christmas Bird Count: OC MD Ocean City, MD: American Birds, v. 45, no. 4.","productDescription":"686","startPage":"686","numberOfPages":"686","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6498d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223017,"text":"5223017 - 1991 - Effects of pesticides on songbird productivity in conjunction with pecan cultivation in southern Georgia: A multiple-exposure experimental design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T15:27:03.403026","indexId":"5223017","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of pesticides on songbird productivity in conjunction with pecan cultivation in southern Georgia: A multiple-exposure experimental design","docAbstract":"A prototypic experimental design was used to assess sublethal effects of multiple and varied organophosphates and carbamates on reproduction in birds. The design allowed for classification of pesticide exposure according to toxicity of applied compounds and type and frequency of applications. Daily survival rates (DSRs) of nests, eggs, and nestlings were determined for northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos), brown thrashers (Toxostoma rufum), and northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) nesting along edges of pecan orchards and row crops in southern Georgia. Egg and nestling DSRs for all species combined varied inversely (P < 0.05) with exposure. Nestling weight gain was reduced (P < 0.05) with increasing exposure levels in northern mockingbirds and brown thrashers. Parenting behavior in northern cardinal and northern mockingbird did not differ (P > 0.05) among three exposure levels. Brain cholinesterase activities were age-dependent and substantiated adult, but not nestling, exposure. Results suggest that increasing exposure to pesticides may reduce songbird productivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620101113","usgsCitation":"Patnode, K., and White, D.H., 1991, Effects of pesticides on songbird productivity in conjunction with pecan cultivation in southern Georgia: A multiple-exposure experimental design: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 10, no. 11, p. 1479-1486, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620101113.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1479","endPage":"1486","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479661,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620101113","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":193369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patnode, K.A.","contributorId":99242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patnode","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Donald H.","contributorId":97868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223420,"text":"5223420 - 1991 - Social organization in deer: Implications for localized management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:51:14.004407","indexId":"5223420","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Social organization in deer: Implications for localized management","docAbstract":"Populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) inhabiting many state and national parks and suburban areas have grown to the point that they conflict with human activities. Conflicts range from destruction of vegetation through browsing to public perception that diseases carried by deer pose threats to human health. Traditional modes of hunting to control populations are inappropriate in many of these areas because of intense human development and activity. This article explores an alternative approach for population reduction based on deer social organization. Female white-tailed deer are highly philopatric and female offspring remain near their dams for life. This suggests that a population expands slowly as a series of overlapping home ranges in a form analogous to the petals on a rose. Incorporating the rose petal concept into a model of population growth shows that removal of deer by family unit can potentially alleviate conflicts in localized areas for as many as 10–15 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02394818","usgsCitation":"Porter, W., Mathews, N., Underwood, H., Sage, R., and Behrend, D., 1991, Social organization in deer: Implications for localized management: Environmental Management, v. 15, no. 6, p. 809-814, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02394818.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"809","endPage":"814","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5edd88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, W.F.","contributorId":81597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mathews, N.E.","contributorId":45807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathews","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Underwood, H.B. 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":90849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sage, R.W. Jr.","contributorId":43896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sage","given":"R.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Behrend, D.F.","contributorId":31498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrend","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223270,"text":"5223270 - 1991 - Summer oxygen depletion in a diked New England estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-13T15:22:31.505459","indexId":"5223270","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summer oxygen depletion in a diked New England estuary","docAbstract":"The diked and freshened Herring River estuary (Wellfleet, Massachusetts) experiences regular summer hypoxia and one- to three-week periods of main stream anoxia, often accompanied by fish kills. Stream hypoxia results from the temperature-dependent increase in oxygen demand of organic matter released by diked salt marsh deposits; periods of total anoxial are induced by heavy rains which increase the runoff of wetland organic matter. Historic reductions in tidal flushing have extended the low salinity region of the estuary normally characterized by high organic loads and minimal flushing. Recurrent main stream anoxia has depressed both migratory and resident aquatic fauna.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1351685","usgsCitation":"Portnoy, J.W., 1991, Summer oxygen depletion in a diked New England estuary: Estuaries, v. 14, no. 2, p. 122-129, https://doi.org/10.2307/1351685.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Wellfleet","otherGeospatial":"Herring River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.07193466988572,\n 41.92362848978584\n ],\n [\n -70.069950277282,\n 41.92221912634545\n ],\n [\n -70.06706388804035,\n 41.922756030374586\n ],\n [\n -70.06589129241097,\n 41.921950672636996\n ],\n [\n -70.06264410451357,\n 41.92268891761819\n ],\n [\n -70.05822432098749,\n 41.9199372338216\n ],\n [\n -70.05533793174584,\n 41.92080973177519\n ],\n [\n -70.05127894687479,\n 41.93047352653306\n ],\n [\n -70.05966751560833,\n 41.92752085565829\n ],\n [\n -70.0628245038414,\n 41.9294669495431\n ],\n [\n -70.06020871359124,\n 41.9303393171858\n ],\n [\n -70.05849491997893,\n 41.932084016679624\n ],\n [\n -70.05912631762541,\n 41.935506173231005\n ],\n [\n -70.05669092670239,\n 41.93617716278834\n ],\n [\n -70.05750272367673,\n 41.937586217880664\n ],\n [\n -70.05651052737521,\n 41.93798879933121\n ],\n [\n -70.05326333947781,\n 41.9389952418403\n ],\n [\n -70.0528123411592,\n 41.93966619468847\n ],\n [\n -70.05380453746069,\n 41.94053842283722\n ],\n [\n -70.05470653409935,\n 41.939867479166395\n ],\n [\n -70.05705172535811,\n 41.93892814616737\n ],\n [\n -70.05912631762541,\n 41.938793954609224\n ],\n [\n -70.05912631762541,\n 41.93738492620207\n ],\n [\n -70.06020871359124,\n 41.93772041197974\n ],\n [\n -70.06174210787562,\n 41.93537197447219\n ],\n [\n -70.06336570182432,\n 41.934499675658316\n ],\n [\n -70.06273430417784,\n 41.93302345048704\n ],\n [\n -70.06967967829056,\n 41.93154719114855\n ],\n [\n -70.07220526887718,\n 41.92919852633011\n ],\n [\n -70.07193466988572,\n 41.92362848978584\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6986c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Portnoy, J. W.","contributorId":31492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Portnoy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222960,"text":"5222960 - 1991 - Trace elements and organochlorines in surf scoters from San Francisco Bay, 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-16T17:50:32.732668","indexId":"5222960","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace elements and organochlorines in surf scoters from San Francisco Bay, 1985","docAbstract":"Surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) were collected from 6 locations in San Francisco Bay during January and March 1985. Overall, mean concentrations of cadmium and zinc were higher in livers of scoters from the southern region of the Bay, whereas mean iron and lead were higher in those from the northern Bay region. Mean concentrations of arsenic, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum (January only) and iron (January) also differed among individual locations. Mean concentrations of copper and zinc increased, arsenic decreased, and cadmium remained the same between January and March. Selenium and mercury concentrations in scoter livers were not significantly correlated (P>0.05), but cadmium concentrations in livers and kidneys were positively correlated (P<0.0001), and body weight was negatively related to mercury concentration in the liver (P<0.05). Body weight differed among locations but not between January and March. Body weight was correlated with lipid content (P<0.0001). DDE and PCBs were each detected in 34 of 36 scoter carcasses. DDE increased significantly between January and March at Richmond Harbor, but BCBs did not differ between January and March at the 3 locations that could be tested.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00394973","usgsCitation":"Ohlendorf, H.M., Marois, K.C., Lowe, R.W., Harvey, T.E., and Kelly, P., 1991, Trace elements and organochlorines in surf scoters from San Francisco Bay, 1985: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 18, no. 2, p. 105-122, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00394973.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627e9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ohlendorf, H. 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Isolated oak-tuliptree-pine upland forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:48","indexId":"5222750","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding bird census, 1990: 48. Isolated oak-tuliptree-pine upland forest","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1991, Breeding bird census, 1990: 48. 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An analysis of the recapture data of the natal-site recruits resulted in an estimated average survival-and-return rate of 14.7% for the 3-yr period from fledging to first breeding. Assuming a 10% 'permanent' emigration rate of surviving young to other colony sites, the overall prebreeding survival or maturation rate to age 3 of all fledglings raised at Falkner Island from 1978-1985 was estimated to be about 16%. The 1636 chicks banded at Falkner Island comprised only 19.7% of the total of 8540 chicks banded in the three-state area, but the 166 adults that returned to their natal colony site accounted for 71.4% of the 234 known-age survivors from the 1978-1985 cohorts that had nested at Falkner Island through 1990. The recapture as adults of birds first banded as chicks provides an estimate of the maximum degree to which the breeding population at this site was sustained by natal-site recruitment. 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Mass of single male fawns produced by 2-year-old females, and survival of yearlings to 2 years of age were related directly to the nutrition of their grandmothers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1381989","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., Nelson, M., and McRoberts, R., 1991, Effects of maternal and grandmaternal nutrition on deer mass and vulnerability to wolf predation: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 72, no. 1, p. 146-151, https://doi.org/10.2307/1381989.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"146","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611b48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, M.E.","contributorId":102021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McRoberts, R.E.","contributorId":56749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McRoberts","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223705,"text":"5223705 - 1991 - Tantilla bocourti","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5223705","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1196,"text":"Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tantilla bocourti","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"McDiarmid, R., and Folke, S., 1991, Tantilla bocourti: Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, v. 526, p. 1-3.","productDescription":"1-3","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"526","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686461","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Folke, S.H.","contributorId":79587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folke","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}