No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir26","usgsCitation":"James, H.L., and Wier, K.L., 1948, Magnetic survey and geology of the eastern and southeastern parts of the Iron River district, Iron County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 26, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir26.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":272578,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0026/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":406347,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23900.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Iron County","otherGeospatial":"Iron River district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.641,\n 46.041\n ],\n [\n -88.569,\n 46.041\n ],\n [\n -88.569,\n 46.122\n ],\n [\n -88.641,\n 46.122\n ],\n [\n -88.641,\n 46.041\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648e52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, Harold Lloyd","contributorId":64631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"Lloyd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wier, K. L.","contributorId":106864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wier","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1060,"text":"wsp1046 - 1948 - Texas floods of 1940","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:32:14","indexId":"wsp1046","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1046","title":"Texas floods of 1940","docAbstract":"Floods occurred in Texas during, June, July, and November 1940 that exceeded known stages on many small streams and at a few places on the larger streams. Stages at several stream-gaging stations exceeded the maximum known at those places since the collection of daily records began. A storm, haying its axis generally on a north-south line from Cameron to Victoria and extending across the Brazos, Colorado, Lavaca, and Guadalupe River Basins, caused heavy rainfall over a large part of south-central Texas. The maximum recorded rain of 22.7 inches for the 2-day period June 29-30 occurred at Engle. Of this amount, 17.5 inches fell in the 12-hour period between 8 p.m. June 29, and 8 a.m. June 30. Light rains fell at a number of places on June 28, and additional light rains fell at many places within the area from July 1 to 4. During the period June 28 to July 4 more than 20 inches of rain fell over an area of 300 square miles, more than 15 inches over 1,920 square miles, and more than 10 inches over 5,100 square miles. The average annual rainfall for the area experiencing the heaviest rainfall during this storm is about 35 inches. Farming is largely confined to the fertile flood plains in much of the area subjected to the record-breaking floods in June and July. Therefore these floods, coming at the height of the growing season, caused severe losses to crops. Much damage was done also to highways and railways. The city of Hallettsville suffered the greatest damage of any urban area. The Lavaca River at that place reached a stage 8 feet higher than ever known before, drowned several people, destroyed many homes, and submerged almost the entire business district. The maximum discharge there was 93,100 second-feet from a drainage area of 101 square miles. Dry Creek near Smithville produced a maximum discharge of 1,879 second-feet from an area of 1.48 square miles and a runoff of 11.3 inches in a 2-day period from a rainfall of 19.5 inches. The area in the Colorado River Basin between Smithville and La Grange, amounting to 550 square miles, had an average rainfall of 19.3 inches, of which 11.5 inches appeared as runoff. The maximum discharge at La Grange was 182,000 second-feet, with much the greater part coming from below Smithville. This is probably a record-breaking flood for the area between Smithville and La Grange, but stages as much as 16 feet higher have occurred at La Grange. Heavy rainfall over the east half of Texas November 21-26 caused large floods in all streams in Texas east of the Guadalupe River. The maximum recorded rainfall for the 2-day period November 24-25 was 20.46 inches at Hempstead, of which 16.00 inches fell in 24 hours or less. The storm occurred during the period November 20-26, with the greater part of the rain falling November 23-25. During the period November 20-26, rainfall in Texas amounted to more than 15 inches over an area of 3,380 square miles, and 'to more than 10 inches over an area of 17,570 square miles. The average annual rainfall for the area in Texas experiencing more than 10 inches of rain during this storm ranges from 501 inches on the east border of the State to 35 inches near the west edge of the area. The study of this storm for the purposes of this report is limited to the San Jacinto River Basin, which had an average rainfall of 13.6 inches. This basin has an area of 2,791 square miles above the gaging station near Huffman and is typical in topographic and hydrologic features of much of eastern Texas. The stage reached at the gage near Huffman was about 1 foot higher than known before, the maximum discharge was 253,000 second-feet, and the runoff from the storm amounted to 8.8 inches. The November flood came after crops had been harvested, and its damage was mainly the destruction of highways and railways and the drowning of livestock. The storage reservoirs on the Colorado River located well upstream from the storm areas herein studied had very little effect on
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1046","usgsCitation":"Breeding, S., 1948, Texas floods of 1940: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1046, iv, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1046.","productDescription":"iv, 91 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25735,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246967,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1046/plate-5.pdf","size":"2899","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246968,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1046/plate-6.pdf","size":"2988","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68374f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breeding, Seth D.","contributorId":89505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breeding","given":"Seth D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215753,"text":"70215753 - 1948 - Age of the Kingsbury conglomerate is Eocene ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-29T12:35:26.313699","indexId":"70215753","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-28T12:56:46","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of the Kingsbury conglomerate is Eocene ","docAbstract":"The Kingsbury conglomerate and immediately overlying gravels on the east side of the Bighorn Mountains in Wyoming interfinger eastward with “Wasatch” strata. The latter contain Eocene vertebrates, species of which have been found in the Kingsbury conglomerate. In addition, the “Wasatch” strata contain an Eocene flora that includes the floating fern, Salvinia preauriculata Berry, which, because it is not found in earlier beds, permits recognition of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Rocky Mountains and Plains region.
During the summer of 1946 the writer studied the ground‐water resources of Schoharie County, New York, as a part of the program of ground‐water investigation being carried on in cooperation between the United States Geological Survey and the New York State Water Power and Control Commission. Because the outcrop belt of Devonian and Upper Silurian carbonate rocks is wider in Schoharie County than in other parts of the State, the effects of solution on these formations is better displayed here than elsewhere. The conditions described below probably apply on a smaller scale to the areas to the west, where the upper formations are cut out by an unconformity, and to the east in the Helderberg area, where similar effects have been described by Goldring [see “References” at end of paper, 1935]. However, it is probable that solution in the limestones in the Hudson Valley is not comparable because of the folded condition of the rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR029i002p00251","usgsCitation":"Berdan, J.M., 1948, Hydrology of limestone terrane in Schoharie County, New York: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 29, no. 2, p. 251-253, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR029i002p00251.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"253","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379822,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Schoharie County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-74.264,42.7981],[-74.2622,42.7963],[-74.2579,42.7949],[-74.2548,42.793],[-74.2529,42.7898],[-74.2511,42.7857],[-74.2506,42.7825],[-74.2525,42.7798],[-74.2545,42.7707],[-74.2572,42.7621],[-74.261,42.7585],[-74.266,42.7572],[-74.2729,42.7573],[-74.2848,42.7569],[-74.2941,42.7566],[-74.2998,42.7552],[-74.3035,42.7535],[-74.3042,42.7521],[-74.3067,42.7485],[-74.2779,42.7196],[-74.2711,42.7195],[-74.2687,42.714],[-74.2424,42.7174],[-74.2393,42.7178],[-74.2026,42.7107],[-74.1838,42.7123],[-74.1773,42.73],[-74.1619,42.7166],[-74.168,42.6912],[-74.1684,42.674],[-74.1697,42.6672],[-74.1718,42.6595],[-74.1757,42.6499],[-74.1833,42.64],[-74.1878,42.6342],[-74.1903,42.6324],[-74.1949,42.6201],[-74.1963,42.6165],[-74.2197,42.5927],[-74.2198,42.5899],[-74.2218,42.5845],[-74.2237,42.5813],[-74.23,42.5764],[-74.2338,42.5737],[-74.2357,42.5705],[-74.2392,42.5488],[-74.2321,42.5323],[-74.2298,42.521],[-74.2263,42.5046],[-74.227,42.5014],[-74.2354,42.4837],[-74.2425,42.4688],[-74.2457,42.4648],[-74.2509,42.4516],[-74.2652,42.4177],[-74.2636,42.4063],[-74.253,42.4071],[-74.246,42.3839],[-74.246,42.3816],[-74.2472,42.3807],[-74.2497,42.3807],[-74.2547,42.3812],[-74.2591,42.3795],[-74.2666,42.3732],[-74.2748,42.3673],[-74.2804,42.3647],[-74.2861,42.3629],[-74.2954,42.363],[-74.2997,42.363],[-74.306,42.3599],[-74.3078,42.359],[-74.3141,42.3595],[-74.3227,42.3605],[-74.3314,42.3601],[-74.3389,42.3602],[-74.3426,42.3584],[-74.3469,42.3594],[-74.3513,42.3617],[-74.358,42.3676],[-74.3617,42.3699],[-74.3685,42.3704],[-74.3778,42.3701],[-74.389,42.3697],[-74.3977,42.3675],[-74.4432,42.3547],[-74.6168,42.4219],[-74.7145,42.5175],[-74.671,42.5654],[-74.652,42.5926],[-74.6317,42.6242],[-74.6382,42.6511],[-74.6501,42.6935],[-74.6621,42.7322],[-74.6681,42.7513],[-74.668,42.764],[-74.6645,42.7917],[-74.6504,42.828],[-74.5619,42.8092],[-74.4562,42.7716],[-74.3311,42.7828],[-74.2893,42.7838],[-74.264,42.7981]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Schoharie\",\"state\":\"NY\"}}]}","volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berdan, Jean Milton","contributorId":86758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berdan","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"Milton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215633,"text":"70215633 - 1948 - Heavy metals in altered rock over blind ore bodies, East Tintic District, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T19:50:31.861646","indexId":"70215633","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T14:29:21","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metals in altered rock over blind ore bodies, East Tintic District, Utah","docAbstract":"Standard chemical tests and spectroscopic analyses of altered Tertiary lavas that occur above blind ore bodies in the East Tintic district, Utah, have failed to show any evidence of the mineralization in the underlying dolomites. A new technique involving dithizone was used in the field to test ammonium acetate extracts of crushed samples of the lava for soluble heavy metals, with significant results. Concentrations of heavy metals, believed to be chiefly zinc, with some lead and rarely copper (?), were found in pyritized rhyolite above and up-rake from known blind ore bodies, and were lacking in similarly altered rhyolite underlain by barren rocks. An incompletely prospected area of pyritic alteration shows a definite pattern of positive tests and seems worthy of further exploration. The theory and practice of the dithizone method as used in the field is described briefly.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.5.384","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T.S., Sokoloff, V., and Morris, H., 1948, Heavy metals in altered rock over blind ore bodies, East Tintic District, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 5, p. 384-399, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.5.384.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"399","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"East Tintic District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 40.58475654701271\n ],\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.58475654701271\n ],\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, Thomas Seward","contributorId":17227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"Seward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sokoloff, V.P.","contributorId":7346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokoloff","given":"V.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, Hal T.","contributorId":71960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Hal T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70220009,"text":"70220009 - 1948 - Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T18:00:29.823768","indexId":"70220009","displayToPublicDate":"1948-06-01T12:56:33","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1726,"text":"GSA Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California","docAbstract":"The batholith of Southern and Lower California is exposed continuously from near Riverside, California, southward for a distance of about 350 miles. In central Lower California it is covered in part by younger rocks, but discontinuous bodies extend to the southern end of Lower California, and hence the batholith is probably over 1000 miles long. Its width is about 60 miles. A strip across the northern part of the batholith about 70 miles wide has been studied; the western half was mapped in detail, and the eastern half was covered in rapid reconnaissance.
In the area studied the batholith intrudes Triassic sediments and Jurassic(?) volcanic rocks along its western border and Paleozoic sediments along its eastern border. Screens and roof pendants are common within the batholith. The Triassic rocks are mildly metamorphosed in the western part of the area but become progressively more coarsely crystalline toward the east. The Paleozoic rocks are rather coarsely crystalline. The metamorphism in large part preceded the intrusion of the batholith, and only locally was there appreciable contact metamorphism. The batholith and older rocks are overlain by Upper Cretaceous and younger sediments. Small bodies of andesite and basalt are associated with the Tertiary sediments, and small bodies of nepheline basalt of Quaternary age are present in the area. The batholith was intruded in early Upper Cretaceous time.
The batholith in the area studied was emplaced by over 20 separate injections. Most of the resulting rock types are found in only one or a few small bodies which are confined to a small area. In the area studied in detail (Pl. 1) five types are present in many large, widely separated bodies, making up about 88 per cent of the area underlain by the batholith. In the eastern half of the batholith three more widespread types are present. In the western half of the body the rocks range fro a gabbro to granite, but in the eastern half several tonalites constitute nearly the whole of the mass. The gabbro is composed of many related rocks. Some have hornblende, some pyroxene; in some the plagioclase is anorthite, in others it is as sodic as andesine-Iabradorite. Some of the tonalites contain abundant inclusions that have been almost completely reworked by the magma and have been softened and stretched into thin discs. These inclusions are well oriented and near the contacts with older rocks they parallel the contacts, but elsewhere they strike about N. 30° W. and dip steeply to the east. One tonalite, whose feldspar is andesine, has scattered crystals with cores of bytownite, and has well-crystallized hornblende with cores of pale uralitic hornblende and remnants of augite. Hornblende and biotite are the predominant mafic minerals of the tonalites and granodiorites. The iron content of the mafic minerals of the gabbros is moderate, and it increases as the rocks become richer in silica. The norms and the modes are shown on a variation diagram (Figs. 11, 12). The chemical analyses of the rocks fall near smooth variation curves (Fig. 4).
The general strike of the structures of the area have been about N. 30° W. from Paleozoic to the present time. The Paleozoic and Triassic sediments, the orientation of the inclusions and other structures of the batholith, the elongation of the batholith and the mountain ranges, and the strike of the major faults are in about the same direction. In the batholith and the older sediments the dips are steep to the east.
The batholith must have been emplaced by stoping and not by forceful injection. Calculations show that the cooling of a large batholith is chiefly through the roof and not through the walls. Crystallization to a depth of 3 kilometers takes place in about half a million years. The different rocks of the batholith were formed from the intermediate gabbro by crystal differentiation and assimilation in depth.
In early Upper Cretaceous time diastrophism folded the older rocks and formed, in depth, a strip of gabbroic magma about 1000 miles long. A small amount of this magma was intruded nearly to the surface. The deep magma differentiated quietly until its upper part attained the composition of a tonalite. Earth movements then occurred at least five times in rapid succession and caused the injection of the different tonalites. Some of these carry abundant inclusions, indicating a widespread shattering of the wall rock shortly before final emplacement. From time to time local movements caused the injections of the different granodiorites. When the deep-seated magma reached the composition of a light-colored granodiorite, widespread diastrophism moved the main granodiorite upward. Further local movement caused the emplacement of the many local granodiorites and granites.
","language":"English","publisher":"1948","doi":"10.1130/MEM29-p1","usgsCitation":"Larsen, E.S., 1948, Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California: GSA Memoirs, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM29-p1.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385170,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 32.62087018318113\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Esper S. Jr.","contributorId":39029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Esper","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57078,"text":"ofr4811 - 1948 - Preliminary report on the geology along the route of a proposed tunnel to develop hydroelectric power from Eklutna Lake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-14T13:31:08","indexId":"ofr4811","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-11","title":"Preliminary report on the geology along the route of a proposed tunnel to develop hydroelectric power from Eklutna Lake, Alaska","docAbstract":"A preliminary investigation of the geology of the ridge north-\nwest of the lower end of Eklutna Lake was made in the period\nJune 11-18, 1947, by the writer, assisted by L. A. Hale. The\npurpose of this study was to obtain geological information bearing\non the feasibility of constructing a tunnel through this ridge as\npart of a hydroelectric power development under consideration by\nthe city of Anchorage.
\nSeveral traverses were made up each side of the ridge in a\nbelt judged to include the most logical routes for the proposed\ntunnel. For the purpose of localizing the study two tentative\nroutes were selected, of which one would require the shortest possible\nlength of tunnel, and tho other would be somewhat longer but would\nplace the lower portal of the tunnel at a location considered to\nbe the most favorable for the construction of the penstock and\npower plant. The first route extends northwestward from tho most\nwesterly embayment on the north shore of the lake to the canyon\nabout half a wile east of Pioneer Creek (see map) . The second\nroute extends from tho same point in the lake to the nearest\npoint on the steep slope southwest of the mouth of Goat Creek.\nThe distance along the first route from the lake shore (elevation\n862 feet) to the 800-foot contour on the north side of the ridge is 4.3 miles. The distance between corresponding points along the\nsecond route is 4.5 miles. The length of the tunnel would exceed\nthese distances by amounts depending on the elevation and grade at\nwhich the tunnel is constructed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4811","usgsCitation":"Barnes, F., 1948, Preliminary report on the geology along the route of a proposed tunnel to develop hydroelectric power from Eklutna Lake, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-11, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4811.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287143,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0011/report.pdf"},{"id":287144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0011/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eklutna Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -149.333333,61.416667 ], [ -149.333333,61.583333 ], [ -149.166667,61.583333 ], [ -149.166667,61.416667 ], [ -149.333333,61.416667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53749073e4b0870f4d23cfd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, F.F.","contributorId":87198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55539,"text":"ofr4712 - 1947 - Geologic features of dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins, Oregon, 1935-37","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T11:04:03","indexId":"ofr4712","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-12","title":"Geologic features of dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins, Oregon, 1935-37","docAbstract":"The present report comprises brief descriptions of geologic features at 19 potential dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins in western Oregon. The topography of these site and of the corresponding reservoir site was mapped in 1934-36 under an allocation of funds, by the Public Works Administration for river-utilization surveys by the Conservation Branch of the United States Geological Survey. The field program in Oregon has been under the immediate charge of R. O. Helland.
\nThe 19 dam sites are distributed as follows: three on the Nehalem River, on the west or Pacific slope of the Oregon Coast range; four on Little Butte Creek and two on Evans Creek, tributaries of the Rogue River in the eastern part of the Klamath Mountains; four on the South and Middle Santiam Rivers, tributaries of the Willamette River from the west slope of the Cascade mountains; and six on tributaries of the Willamette River from the east slope of the Coast Range.
\nExcept in the Evans Creek basin, all the rocks in the districts that were studied are of comparatively late geological age. They include volcanic rocks, crystalline rocks of several types, marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks, and recent stream deposits.
\nThe study of geologic features has sought to estimate the bearing power and water-tightness of the rocks at each dam site, also to place rather broad limits on the type of dam for which the respective sites seem best suited. It was not considered necessary to study the corresponding reservoir sites in detail for excessive leakage appears to be unlikely. Except at three of the four site in the Santiam River basin, no test pits have been dug nor exploratory holes drilled, so that geologic features have been interpreted wholly from natural outcrops and from highway and railroad cuts. Because these outcrops and cuts are few, many problems related to the construction and maintenance of dams can not be answered at the this time and all critical features of the sites should be thoroughly explored by test pits and drilled holes before any dam is designed. This applied especially to sites in the Nehalem and Willamette River basins where commonly the cover of timber and brush is dense and the rocks are rather deeply weathered.
\nOn the Middle Santiam and South Santiam Rivers, the Cascadia, Greenpeter, and Sweet Home sits have been studies intensively by the United States Engineer Department, whose work included exploration by diamond-drill holes and test pits. Their conclusions as to geologic features are given in a report by McKitrick and have been reviewed by the writer. Data from this source have been used freely in the discussion of the respective sites in this report.
\nThe probability of destructive earthquakes in the region appears to be small but is not negligible. Prudence suggests that any high dam should embody features to assure stability against moderately strong earth motions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4712","usgsCitation":"Piper, A.M., 1947, Geologic features of dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins, Oregon, 1935-37: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-12, Report: 111 p.; 10 plates: 10.24 x 7.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4712.","productDescription":"Report: 111 p.; 10 plates: 10.24 x 7.98 inches","numberOfPages":"124","temporalStart":"1935-01-01","temporalEnd":"1937-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289620,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289609,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-1.pdf"},{"id":289611,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-3.pdf"},{"id":289613,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-4.pdf"},{"id":289614,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-5.pdf"},{"id":289615,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-b-1.pdf"},{"id":289608,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/report.pdf"},{"id":289612,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-2.pdf"},{"id":289616,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-c-1.pdf"},{"id":289617,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-c-2.pdf"},{"id":289618,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-d.pdf"},{"id":289619,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-unnumbered.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.261389,44.48366 ], [ -123.261389,44.754742 ], [ -123.071457,44.754742 ], [ -123.071457,44.48366 ], [ -123.261389,44.48366 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, A. M.","contributorId":102865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57076,"text":"ofr481 - 1947 - Cobalt-copper deposits of the Blackbird district, Lemhi County, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":57076,"text":"ofr481 - 1947 - Cobalt-copper deposits of the Blackbird district, Lemhi County, Idaho","indexId":"ofr481","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"Cobalt-copper deposits of the Blackbird district, Lemhi County, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046714,"text":"70046714 - 1948 - Cobalt-copper deposits in the Blackbird district, Lemhi County, Idaho","indexId":"70046714","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"title":"Cobalt-copper deposits in the Blackbird district, Lemhi County, Idaho"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70046714,"text":"70046714 - 1948 - Cobalt-copper deposits in the Blackbird district, Lemhi County, Idaho","indexId":"70046714","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"title":"Cobalt-copper deposits in the Blackbird district, Lemhi County, Idaho"},"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-13T12:35:21","indexId":"ofr481","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-1","title":"Cobalt-copper deposits of the Blackbird district, Lemhi County, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Blackbird district is in east-central Idaho, about 20 miles west-southwest of Salmon. The area is one of deeply weathered, flat-topped upland surfaces cut by several steep-walled valleys, which are tributary to the canyon of Panther Creek. Most of the area has a heavy vegetative cover and outcrops are relatively scarce except in the walls of the steeper valleys. The rocks of the district consist mostly of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of the pre-Cambrian Yellowjacket formation (Belt series); a part of the Cretaceous Idaho batholith cuts across the northern part of the district, and acid porphyry dikes and metamorphosed basic rocks cut the Yellowjacket rocks.
\nStructurally, the sedimentary rocks are divided by faults into three, roughly north-south blocks. The center one (Blackbird structural block) appears to have been more tightly squeezed than the others into relatively tight folds, with the development of widespread schistosity (flow cleavage). The rocks of the two outside blocks are in more open folds. In general they are nonschistose, except for the north end of the western block, where there are schistose rocks cut by several north-dipping thrust faults. The northern parts of the central and western blocks contain considerable garnet, chloritoid, and cordierite.
\nThe Blackbird structural block is cut by a number of mineralized shear zones. Those dipping moderately northeast and striking northwest, and those dipping steeply and striking north and northeast; appear to be most important. The mineralized rock contains chalcopyrite, cobaltite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite into a gangue of quartz, biotite, tourmaline, ankerite, and muscovite; the deposits were formed mostly by replacement of the shear zones. In addition, the block is cut by north-dipping thrust faults of west to northwest strike, and a number of high-angle faults.
\nThe district was first prospected about 1893; considerable developmont was done at the Brown Bear mine in 1899-1902, at the Haynes-Stellite in l917-1920, and at the Uncle Sam mine in 1938-1941, During World War II, the U.S. Bureau of Mines explored in the district with bulldozer and diamond drill., and the U.S. Geological Survey mapped the district and logged the drill cores. The Howe Sound Co. also did some diamond drilling in the district, and in 1945 the Calera Mining Co., Blackbird Division (subsidiary of Howe Sound Co.), started underground development at the Calera adit. Although the district has had very little production to the present, it is believed that a large tonnage of copper-cobalt ore exists in the district which should permit mining to be continued over a long period.
\nThe report contains brief descriptions of all the accessible workings in the district, of which the most important are Calera, Brown Bear, Uncle Sam, and Hawkeye mines. In the Calera adit, about 1,700 feet of the mineralized zone, ranging in width from 3 feet to 40 feet and averaging about 15 feet; have been explored (August 1946); the zone lies on a wide northwest-striking shear zone dipping moderately ( 60° ±) northeast. The Brown Bear adit is in a wide, mineralized, north-south shear zone in which are higher-grade pods plunging 25° to 35° north. The Uncle Sam mine explores a relatively narrow north-south shear zone in which are two or three north-plunging ore shoots. The Hawkeye mine is in a broad zone of mineralized schist in which are several north-plunging lenses of ore.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr481","usgsCitation":"Vhay, J.S., 1947, Cobalt-copper deposits of the Blackbird district, Lemhi County, Idaho (Superseded by: Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Map 3-219): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-1, ii, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr481.","productDescription":"ii, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297131,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0001/"},{"id":297132,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0001/downloads/ofr48-1.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Lemhi County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.01586914062499,\n 44.1151978766043\n ],\n [\n -115.01586914062499,\n 45.729191061299936\n ],\n [\n -112.78564453124999,\n 45.729191061299936\n ],\n [\n -112.78564453124999,\n 44.1151978766043\n ],\n [\n -115.01586914062499,\n 44.1151978766043\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Superseded by: Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Map 3-219","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vhay, J. S.","contributorId":78752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vhay","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55592,"text":"ofr4717 - 1947 - Mining districts in the Carson Sink region, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-30T15:59:14","indexId":"ofr4717","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-17","title":"Mining districts in the Carson Sink region, Nevada","docAbstract":"The region lies in an area of primarily sedimentary rocks which are principally Mesozoic and are tilted, folded, and faulted and cut by granular intrusives, and flooded by Tertiary lavas as shown on Figure 4. The Mesozoic sediments were strongly folded and invaded by granular intrusives at or about the time of the intrusion of the great Sierra Nevada batholith. The rocks are exposed chiefly in the mountain ranges and hills.
The mountain ranges are mostly fault ranges with much of their structure monoclinical. Faulting in many instances has been prominent since the deposition of the Tertiary lavas and continues down to the present, as shown by fresh scarps and recent earthquake disturbances in the Stillwater and Augusta ranges and in general along the flaks of the various ranges by the tilted attitude of the lava flows and lake beds, and by the older lavas in general being tilted at steeper angles than the overlying lake beds. The faulting may be normal or overthrust.
The faulting shown in the various mining districts as Fairview and Wonder may be regarded as indicating that of the region in general.
In some parts of the region faulting is so young that it is still shown in the topographic forms as by trunctated gulches in the east base of the Stillwater range in Dixie Valley.
As the writer in the present work had but small opportunity to examine the rocks excepting in the various mining districts many of which are located far apart, the accompanying geologic map (Fig. 4) is largely compiled from earlier reports of various authors in order to here present a geologic picture of the region. The portion to the north of Latitude 39°30’ is largely adapted from the 40th Parallel Survey and that to the south of the 39th parallel form the papers and reports by Buwalda, Clark, Merriam, Hill, Spurr, and the unpublished work of H. G. Ferguson of the U. S. Geological Survey on the Hawthorne and Tonopah quadrangles.
In 1946 U. S. Geological Survey Party 2 was assigned the task of carrying out detailed structural and stratigraphic investigations in the area of Maybe Creek*. Field studies indicated the presence of a large anticlinal structure whose axis lies just south of Wolf Creek. Later structural data compiled from aerial photographic studies indicated that the anticline is a closed structure 8-9 miles long, and as much as 6 miles wide. The evidence for a closure on the east end of the structure appears very strong, but not enough evidence was obtained to prove closure on the west end. In 1947 U. S. Geological Survey Party 1 spent two weeks at Wolf Creek, mapping bedding traces on the west end of the structure with plane table and alidade, in an attempt to prove or disprove west closure on the anticline. Party 1, consisting of 3 geologists, cook, and a \"weasel\" mechanic, left Umiat on July 21, and returned on August 5. Two \"weasels\" were used for the transportation of the party and equipment, and were also used extensively in mapping the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222220","usgsCitation":"Stefansson, K., Thurrell, R.F., and Zumberge, J.H., 1947, Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the Wolf Creek anticline, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 14, Report: 2 p.; 1 Figure: 32.79 x 20.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222220.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; 1 Figure: 32.79 x 20.40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74568.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396838,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222220/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401399,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222220/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401400,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222220/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Wolf Creek anticline","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.8333,\n 69.3333\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69.3333\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -153.8333,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -153.8333,\n 69.3333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stefansson, Karl","contributorId":61296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stefansson","given":"Karl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurrell, R. F. Jr.","contributorId":43024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurrell","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zumberge, J. H.","contributorId":22021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zumberge","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70222084,"text":"70222084 - 1947 - Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of Kigalik and Awuna Rivers, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:25:08.009678","indexId":"70222084","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T17:15:22","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"11","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of Kigalik and Awuna Rivers, Alaska","docAbstract":"During the summer of. 1947, U. S. Geological Survey Party No. 2 made a reconnaissance survey of the area between Awuna River and the divide north of the Kigalik River. The westernmost observations were made along the Awuna anticline to longitude about 157°30' W. and along the Kigalik anticline to longitude about 156°55'W. The easternmost work was done along the Knife Blade Ridge anticline at a longitude of about 154°30'W. Not all of this area was traversed, but a general idea of the area studied may be had by noting the distribution of dip and strike symbols on Figure 1.
Parts of this area had been previously visited by Smith 1/ in 1927 as a part of his traverse from Allakaket to the Arctic Coast. In the period from about July 10 to August 5 his party ascended the Awuna River and Birthday Creek, portaged over the Kigalik-Awuna divide at Birthday Pass, and descended the Kigalik River to its mouth.
Various parties in the field season of 1946 worked in areas not far distant. Webber 2/ began his field work near the headwaters of the Meade River and measured a section across the Kigalik anticline about 25 miles beyond the westernmost observations made on that structure by Party No. 2. Work by Chapman and Thurrell 3/ along the Colville River parallels at a distance of three or four miles work by Party No. 2 in the vicinity of Knife Blade Ridge. The easternmost observations by Party No. 2 in the vicinity of Knife Blade Ridge are about 11 miles west of the area south of Maybe Creek mapped by Ray and Fischer.4/
Of the 1947 work of other field parties that of Thurrell 5/ along the Colville River is most closely related to this report. His thickness from the base of Zone A to his Trace No. 5 is included in Column 1 of Figure 3. Webber's work 6/ along the Ikpikpuk and Titaluk Rivers is also in a closely related area.
Party No. 2 moved through this area by weasel, the weasels being used extensively on the daily traverses. The party assembled at Umiat late in May and was flown out to a lake about one mile west of the Ikpikpuk River at latitude 69°40' N. where the weasels and initial supplies had been previously cached. Early in June the party moved south into the area in which it was to begin work. For the next several weeks the party worked in the area north of the Kigalik River, moving westward along the divide north of that river. At this time considerable work was done south of the Kigalik River, west of longitude 154°40'W. No closure was detected along the Kigalik anticline. Shortly after the middle of July the party moved southwestward to the vicinity of the Awuna anticline where a westerly plunge had been suggested from the study of aerial photographs. The general route of the party from then on was eastward along the divide between the Awuna and Kigalik Rivers. Due to the need to reach a food cache further east very little data was gathered in the area between Birthday and Section Creeks. It was intended to work this area by one or two spike trips from the camp at the head of Section Creek. However, after constructing a cross-section from data gathered by the party along Section Creek and by Thurreli in the area between the Colville and Awuna Rivers it became apparent that the strata exposed along the axis of the Awuna anticline were stratigraphically below the base of Zone A. It thus appeared that there would be little point in attempting to gather additional data in the area between Birthday and Section Creeks. The party continued eastward, working along the south flank of the Kigalik anticline. On September 1, the party camped about one mile west of the summit of Knife Blade Ridge. Because of unfavorable weather at this time only a small amount of field work was accomplished in the next week. Enough data was gathered to give a general picture of the structure here, but the data on stratigraphy and structure is far from exhaustive. On September 9 the party moved eastward, camping that night about 3 miles northeast of :Wolf Creek, and arriving at Umiat on the afternoon of September 10.
Aerial photographs were carried in the field and used to record the points at which observations were made. A considerable amount of data was recorded on the photographs. Approximate elevations were obtained, at first by aneroid barometers, and later by more sensitive airplane altimeters. Plane table and alidade were used in local traverses in the area north of the Kigalik River to obtain dips and strikes by the 'three-point method. Nearly all other dips and strikes recorded were measured by Brunton compass. Dips of 5° or less in the area south of the Kigalik River should, in general, be considered as dip components with only the approximate strike shown. These low dips were taken on bedding traces* where it was usually impossible to observe an accurate strike with the Brunton.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222084","usgsCitation":"Whittington, C.L., and Troyer, M.L., 1947, Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of Kigalik and Awuna Rivers, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 11, Report: 9 p.; 3 Plates: 54.47 x 24.76 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222084.","productDescription":"Report: 9 p.; 3 Plates: 54.47 x 24.76 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401385,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401386,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401387,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401388,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":387247,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74566.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"area of the Kigalik and Awuna Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.5,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -154.3333,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -154.3333,\n 69.4167\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 69.4167\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 69\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whittington, C. L.","contributorId":33310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittington","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troyer, M. L.","contributorId":13672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210448,"text":"70210448 - 1947 - Stratigraphy and structure of the area of Maybe Creek","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:13:22.94605","indexId":"70210448","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T15:46:03","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the area of Maybe Creek","docAbstract":"During the summer of 1946 the United States Geological Survey continued its program of stratigraphic and structural investigations in Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, northern Alaska. This report summarizes the results of work in the area of Maybe Creek (see inset, fig. 1). The area studied is southwest of Umiat and includes about 500 square miles lying generally between the headwaters and mouth of Maybe Creek. Structural data covering approximately 250 square miles of this area has been compiled from aerial photographic studies. The area is bordered generally on the north by the lake country and on the west by the Ikpikpuk River. Most of the area is north of Maybe Creek except for that part extending for 6 miles south of Maybe Creek between longitudes 153° 30' W. and 154° 20' W. The latitude of Maybe Creek is about 69° 15' N. The stream flows generally westward and at longitude 154° 40' W. unites with the eastward-flowing Kigalik River to form the Ikpikpuk River, which has a northerly course across the Arctic Slope to the ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210448","usgsCitation":"Ray, R.G., and Fischer, W., 1947, Stratigraphy and structure of the area of Maybe Creek: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 4, Report: 10 p.; 4 Figures: 36.61 x 24.22 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210448.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 4 Figures: 36.61 x 24.22 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401190,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401189,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401188,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401187,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401186,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":375318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74595.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Maybe Creek area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.8333,\n 69.150\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69.150\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -154.8333,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -154.8333,\n 69.150\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ray, Richard G.","contributorId":29802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, William A.","contributorId":47787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"William A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":836510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70222264,"text":"70222264 - 1947 - Preliminary report on the general geology and engineering geology of Noonan quadrangle, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-01T21:21:30.213546","indexId":"70222264","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T15:15:29","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Preliminary report on the general geology and engineering geology of Noonan quadrangle, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The Noonan quadrangle is in northwestern North Dakota adjacent to the Dominion of Canada and approximately 35 miles east of Montana. The small coal-mining, farm, and railroad town of Noonan is located near the eastern edge of this sparsely populated area. The east-west State Highway 5 bisects the quadrangle.
Cultural development in this area depends largely on agricultural exploitation of the glacial deposits that mantle the bedrock. For this reason, emphasis in this report is on the description, classification, and analysis of the surficial deposits.
The geologic map is the base of the report. The map explanation includes a description of the material found in the various deposits along with the distinctive topographic and lithologic characteristics. Most of the text and the analyses of samples are written in tabular form so that specific information may be easily found. Depth relations may be determined from the cross section attached and the data on the map page.
Most of the subsurface data in this report are inferred from drill-hole logs and water-well information provided by the North Dakota State Geological Survey, the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, and the Ground Water Division of the U. S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222264","usgsCitation":"Townsend, R., 1947, Preliminary report on the general geology and engineering geology of Noonan quadrangle, North Dakota: Open-File Report, Report: 7 p.; 5 Plates: 32.52 x 55.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222264.","productDescription":"Report: 7 p.; 5 Plates: 32.52 x 55.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401626,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401625,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401624,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401627,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401623,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401622,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":387365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8841.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222264/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Noonan quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.25,\n 48.75\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 48.75\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -103.25,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -103.25,\n 48.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Townsend, R. C.","contributorId":6524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townsend","given":"R. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210457,"text":"70210457 - 1947 - Stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Kurupa, Oolamnagavik, Killik, and Colville Rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:16:40.088704","indexId":"70210457","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T14:41:21","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"5","title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Kurupa, Oolamnagavik, Killik, and Colville Rivers","docAbstract":"The area between 68° 3C' and 69° 08 N. latitude and between 154° and 155° 20 W. longitude was covered by U. S. Geological Survey party 4 during the period May 18 to September 2. Traverses were confined mainly to the valleys of the Kurupa, Oolamnagavik, and Colville Rivers inasmuch as very little rock is exposed in the interstream areas. This report is a compilation of the field data and of the results of office and laboratory work on rock specimens, fossils, and aerial photographs of the area. An interpretation of the structure and stratigraphy of this area is presented, and possible correlations with the Killik River area to the east are suggested. Some revisions of the conclusions in this report may become necessary in the light of further field work in adjacent areas and heavy mineral studies, but it is believed that any changes will not materially alter the geologic picture of the area.
Umnak Island is a dumbbell-shaped island in the eastern part of the Aleutian Islands. The island is 70 miles long and trends northeast-southwest. During 1946 volcano investigations were begun on the island and geologic mapping of most of northeastern Umnak Island was completed.
Okmok Volcano, a large, broad volcanic mountain rising to altitudes of 3,000 to 3,500 feet, occupies the central portion of northeastern Umnak Island. Fort Glenn, and Army airbase, is situated on the eastern end of the island, approximately 9 miles east of Okmok Volcano.
The central part of Okmok Volcano is indented by Okmok caldera, a large cliff-rimmed volcanic depression, 7%, miles in maximum diameter. The floor of the caldera is 1,500 to 2,500 feet below the caldera rim. Nine large cinder cones and many small ones lie on the caldera floor, chiefly along two arcuate zones. The caldera is drained by Crater Creek, which flows through a deep gorge cut in the northeastern wall of the caldera, and into Bering Sea.
Mount Tulik (4,111 feet altitude) and Mount Idak (1,918 feet altitude) arc important centers of ancient volcanism on the flanks of Okmok Volcano.
The geologic history of Okmok Volcano falls into three stages: The first includes the upbuilding of an ancient cone—Mount Okmok—to an altitude of at least 6;500 feet on the site of the present caldera; the second encompasses the destruction in a castastrophic eruption of the summit cone and the formation of the caldera; the third comprises events since the great eruption.
The earliest activity at Mount Okmok probably dates hack to the late Tertiary period. A composite cone, concave-sided in profile, was built by the alternate eruption of ash, coarse pyroclastics, and basalt flows. During the late Pleistocene, volcanic activity at Mount Okmok was greatly reduced and a topography of late youth was carved on the lower slopes by streams and valley glaciers. The summit of Mount Okmok was upwarped and dikes and necks were injected into the resulting fractures.
A large volcano at the site of Mount Idak was active during part of the period of upbuilding at Mount Okmok but became extinct during the middle Pleistocene. A parasitic vent, Mount Tulik, became active during the late Pleistocene and built a steep-sided cone before it became extinct, shortly before the formation of Okmok caldera.
A cataclysmic eruption terminated the period of dissection at Mount Okmok, 10,000 or more years ago. Part of the summit was blown away by the explosive violence of this eruption. Nuees ardentes (glowing clouds) and mudflows deposited tuff-breccia and agglomerate in the glacial valleys; later phases of the eruption blanketed the landscape with ash. Near the end of the eruption, the remaining upper part of the volcano collapsed along arcuate fractures: large blocks subsided several thousand feet and are now concealed in the caldera Poor beneath later deposits. A large arcuate fault block which subsided less than other blocks stands above the floor in the northeastern part of the caldera.
After the eruption, water collected in the caldera, forming a lake. Small but frequently active cones built islands in the lake and covered its bottom with pyroclastic debris. The lake eventually overflowed the lowest point in the rim of the caldera, and Crater Creek Gorge was carved, draining the lake and dissecting its deposits. Renewed movement along faults at the head of Crater Creek Gorge later raised a harrier which temporarily dammed the drainage and formed a second caldera lake.
Readjustments among subsided blocks in the caldera floor resulted in the folding of postcaldera deposits at several localities.
Much of the caldera floor has been covered by lava flows extruded from several cones since the draining of the first caldera lake. In general, however, volcanic activity seems to have declined since the great caldera-forming eruption. Seven eruptions from cones on the caldera floor have been recorded since 1817; the latest occurred in 1945.
As part of the geochemical program for the study of Okmok Volcano, temperatures of fumaroles were measured and samples of the products of the volcanic activity were analyzed. Average temperatures of fumaroles at one source of the 1945 lava low dropped from 320° C. on July 19 to 90° C. on September 5. The temperatures of fumaroles associated with the crater vents on both Cones A and C ranged from 95° C. to 97\" C., which is slightly below the condensation point of steam, indicating the presence of minor quantities of gases other than steam. The magmatic gases of fumaroles on Cone A consisted of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide in about equal amounts. The lack of halogen acid gases in the fumaroles and the steadily dropping temperatures arc interpreted as indicating that the present quiescence of Cone A will continue for many months. Solid reaction products from areas of fumarolic activity on Cone A are sulfates of sodium, calcium, and iron. The presence of hydrogen sulfide as the dominant sulfur gas at Cone C is interpreted as indicating the dying stages of the present cycle of activity of Cone C.
Thermal springs along the north base of Cone D have a total discharge of 115 cubic feet per second. Their average temperature is approximately 7° C. above the annual mean. From these figures it is calculated that about 21,000 kilogram calories per second are being given off by Cone D. The spring waters contain minute quantities of boron which is indicative of a magmatic source for a small part of the water. Hence, Cone D though quiescent is not extinct. Evidence is presented to show that most of the spring water from Cone D is meteoric in origin.
Thermal waters in the southwestern part of Umnak Island at Hot Springs Cove and south of Geyser Bight contain lithium, boron, arsenic, and antimony in solution. These elements are regarded as derived from underlying magmas that are in an advanced state of crystallization and hence not likely to give rise in the near future to large-scale volcanic activity.
Three portable seismographs were placed on the flanks of Okmok Volcano and were in operation during most of the period from June 1 to October 1. During this period several slight tremors and one moderate tremor, all of distant origin, were registered, but no tremors attributable to Okmok Volcano were recorded. The lack of tremor records, however, may have been due more to the insensitivity of the instruments than to the absence of tremors.
Earth-current investigations were carried on during August and September by comparison of records obtained from a base station at Fort Glenn with those from a station 1 V2 miles southwest of Mount Tulik. The records obtained indicate that no difference in magnitude or direction of earth currents existed between the Fort Glenn and Mount Tulik areas. The similarity of record obtained is indicative of the absence of a disturbing factor such as a large body of live magma beneath Okmok Volcano.
Future eruptions of Okmok Volcano are expected to he of mild to moderate intensity, and will he chiefly in the form of ash falls from vents inside the caldera. There would be a great menace—in the form of lava flows, nuees ardentes, and mudflows—to installations at Fort Glenn if a new center of volcanism came into existence on the east slope of Okmok Volcano. Small postcaldera cones now exposed there indicate that extra-caldera eruptions have occurred in the recent past and can be expected in the future. The possibility of another catastrophic eruption of the caldera-forming type, however, is remote.
Okmok Volcano should be kept under close observation, partly because of its possible threat to Fort Glenn and partly because it is a readily accessible locale for accumulating information on details of volcanic processes, applicable to other volcanoes in the Aleutian arc and elsewhere.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaskan Volcano Investigations Report No. 2","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/70210288","usgsCitation":"Byers, F., Hopkins, D., Wier, K.L., and Fisher, B., 1947, Part 3: Volcano investigations on Umnak Island, 1946, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70210288.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401002,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210288/report.pdf"},{"id":396452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93423.htm"},{"id":396453,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210288/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Umnak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.84063720703125,\n 52.855864177853974\n ],\n [\n -167.81341552734375,\n 53.38824275010831\n ],\n [\n -167.772216796875,\n 53.533778184257805\n ],\n [\n -167.98095703125,\n 53.571307377413326\n ],\n [\n -168.4039306640625,\n 53.48477702972815\n ],\n [\n -168.4423828125,\n 53.31282653094477\n ],\n [\n -168.60992431640625,\n 53.28984728016674\n ],\n [\n -168.82415771484375,\n 53.15665305315798\n ],\n [\n -168.85162353515625,\n 53.04616682440388\n ],\n [\n -169.04937744140625,\n 52.908902047770255\n ],\n [\n -169.11529541015625,\n 52.82434224121616\n ],\n [\n -168.84063720703125,\n 52.855864177853974\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byers, F. M. Jr.","contributorId":270390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byers","given":"F. M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, D.M.","contributorId":103646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wier, K. L.","contributorId":106864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wier","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, Bernard","contributorId":280071,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Bernard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70222224,"text":"70222224 - 1947 - Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the Titaluk and upper Ikpikpuk Rivers, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:29:27.363676","indexId":"70222224","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T14:19:07","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"18","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the Titaluk and upper Ikpikpuk Rivers, Alaska","docAbstract":"Geological Survey Party No. 4 was assigned an investigation of the Ikpikpuk and Titaluk Rivers and East Fork of the Ikpikpuk River mainly for the purpose of obtaining stratigraphic information which would be of use in determining the parts of the Upper Cretaceous sequence that underlie the areas investigated by United Geophysical Company parties 43 and 46.
A total of five days were spent in geological investigations of the Titaluk River with a Cub plane equipped with pontoons. The party was composed of the geologist and Don Hulshizer, pilot of Wien Alaska Airlines. The geologist and Ronald K. Sorem, field assistant, traversed the Ikpikpuk River by boat from the junction of Maybe Creek and the Kigalik River to near the junction of the East Fork. From the northernmost point reached by boat traverse, the river was examined by plane to north of latitude 70° N., but no outcrops or rubble indicating bedrock were seen. The East Fork was also examined from the air but no outcrops or rubble were observed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222224","usgsCitation":"Webber, E.J., 1947, Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the Titaluk and upper Ikpikpuk Rivers, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 18, Report: 4 p.; 1 Plate: 28.58 x 21.19 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222224.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; 1 Plate: 28.58 x 21.19 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401411,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222224/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401410,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":387335,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74570.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396871,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222224/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Titaluk and upper Ikpikpuk rivers area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158,\n 69.6333\n ],\n [\n -154.3333,\n 69.6333\n ],\n [\n -154.3333,\n 70\n ],\n [\n -158,\n 70\n ],\n [\n -158,\n 69.6333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webber, Edward J.","contributorId":25583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webber","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70222223,"text":"70222223 - 1947 - Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Utukok River with notes on the Corwin-Cape Beaufort region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:28:56.795851","indexId":"70222223","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T14:05:52","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"17","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Utukok River with notes on the Corwin-Cape Beaufort region, Alaska","docAbstract":"U.S. Geological Survey Party 3 studied the geology of the Utukok River area and conducted a short reconnaissance of the Corwin-Cape Beaufort Region during the period May 12 to August 31, 1947. The upper part of the Utukok River was examined for several miles on either side while the lower, or Coastal Plain-portion, was necessarily limited to the few outcrops along the river.
During this study, the major emphasis was placed upon rocks of Upper Cretaceous age and their relationships to the underlying Lower Cretaceous rocks. All macrofossils, and numerous samples for porosity, heavy mineral, and microfossil determinations were collected.
A triangulation net was established by theodolite from Camp. 1 near the headwaters of the river to the mouth of Carbon Creek. The survey started and ended on measured base lines, and stations were determined by intersection and resection. Stations were selected, insofar as possible, on points that could be pin pricked on aerial photographs where adequate coverage was available, Horizontal control was computed for cartographic purposes. Vertical differences were computed from an elevation at Camp 1 assumed at 2,000 feet above sea level based upon two different airplane altimeter readings.
Most of the country is too rough for wheel landings with the exception of several gravel bars in the river between Camp 6 and the coast. Pontoon landings with a Cub plane can be made at most places on the river.
Driftwood, Adventure, Disappointment, Carbon, and Elusive Creeks are the main tributaries to the Utukok. At various localities, terrace gravels are common on divides of these streams. A terrace north of Driftwood Creek and about ten miles east of Camp 2 is covered with a deposit of gravel which is apparently, thick and is spread over an irregular area about two miles long and a half mile wide. A thin tundra cover obscures what is probably a much larger continuation of the gravel deposit. With favorable conditions plane landings could be made, but with a little construction work a commercial size airfield could be made.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222223","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.M., and Barksdale, W.L., 1947, Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Utukok River with notes on the Corwin-Cape Beaufort region, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 17, Report: 8 p.; 2 Figures: 33.40 x 43.70 inches and 35.96 x 23.49 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222223.","productDescription":"Report: 8 p.; 2 Figures: 33.40 x 43.70 inches and 35.96 x 23.49 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401407,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401408,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222223/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401409,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222223/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":387334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74569.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222223/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Corwin-Cape Beaufort region, Utukok River area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -159.3333,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -159.3333,\n 70\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 70\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 68\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Raymond M.","contributorId":82760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barksdale, W. L.","contributorId":14052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barksdale","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70214503,"text":"70214503 - 1947 - Geology of the Borah Peak quadrangle, Idaho ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-16T14:51:55.897612","indexId":"70214503","displayToPublicDate":"1947-09-28T13:00:33","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the Borah Peak quadrangle, Idaho ","docAbstract":"This report is on result of a long program of geologic investigation in south-central Idaho, undertaken as an aid in the development of the mineral resources of the region. This quadrangle was examined because of the exceptional opportunities for the study of stratigraphy and structure afforded by the Lost River Range, which is the highest in Idaho and contains comparatively few intrusive igneous rocks.
The Borah Peak quadrangle differs from the region to the west and northwest in that it contains parts of two sharply defined, narrow ranges elongated in a north-westerly direction, instead of broad, irregular mountain masses, in which the trends of most local topographic units are ill-defined. These ranges, the Lost River and the Lemhi, are flanked by intermontane valleys sparsely populated by stock ranchers.
The Lemhi and Swauger quartzites, regarded as of Belt (pre-Cambrian) age, are named. The two Cambrian (?) formations of the Bayhorse region are not recognized in this quadrangle. The Ramshorn slate (Lower Ordovician), widespread and thick there, does not appear to be exposed anywhere in the Borah Peak quadrangle with the possible exception of small areas east of the Elkhorn Ranch, where relations are obscure. The higher Paleozoic formations, named in order of decreasing age, are the Kinnikinic quartzite, Saturday Mountain formation, Laketown dolomite, Jefferson dolomite, Grand View dolomite, Three Forks limestone, Milligen formation, Brazer limestone, and Wood River formation. The Three Forks limestone, nowhere much over 250 feet thick, is the only one of these not recognized farther west. It provides substantial aid in the interpretation of upper Paleozoic stratigraphy. Equivalent beds to the west are presumably grouped with the Milligen. The grit that introduced uncertainties into the correlation of the Wood River and Milligen formations in the southeastern part of the Bayhorse quadrangle is absent here, and both formations have close lithologic resemblances to those in the type localities in the Wood River region. Wood River strata (Pennsylvanian) crop out only in the southwest corner of the quadrangle, and the Brazer may have been the last Paleozoic unit to be deposited over most of the area. Certainly it can have had comparatively little cover over it throughout the Mesozoic. The Brazer is regarded as Mississippian, but some of the fossils in it have Pennsylvania affinities. The carbonate rocks in the Three Forks and later formations are dominantly calcareous, while those in earlier units are dolomitic. Carbonaceous matter is present in most of the formations but is abundant only in the Milligen.
The Challis volcanics (Oligocene or Miocene) constitute the first stratified unit to be laid down after Paleozoic deposition ceased, although there was a little intrusive activity late in the Mesozoic. The volcanics were once widely distributed on the flanks of the mountains and are still plentiful in the northwestern corner of the quadrangle, near the head of the valley of the Pahsimeroi, and in smaller areas. They are neither so abundant nor so diversified as they are farther west. They are locally succeeded by an alluvial formation, here termed the Donkey fanglomerate, of possible Pliocene age. Abundant Quaternary glacial and alluvial deposits are present in the larger valleys.
The Lemhi and Swauger quartzites were broadly folded before Paleozoic sedimentation began. Apparently the later deformation affected them only enough to render the more impure beds somewhat schistose. The Paleozoic rocks have been folded into closely spaced, asymmetric anticlines, locally broken by thrusts at and near their crests. These folds approximately parallel the trends of the present range, whereas those in the old rocks strike more nearly north. Later deformation twisted some of the folds and produced thrusts of lower dip and greater extent. The folded rocks in the Lost River Range have been arched into an anticlinorium. The original, tight folds may have preceded the emplacement of the Idaho batholith farther west, while the anticlinorium and the late twists and low thrusts result from deformation during the long period in which the batholith came to place and adjusted itself. Local intricately contorted beds in the Brazer limestone are interpreted as the effects of flowage in calcareous material subjected to tangential pressure under comparatively light supercumbent load.
The quadrangle contains numerous normal faults of diverse trends. Most of those that can be conclusively demonstrated strike transverse to the trends of the ranges, but especially along parts of the southwest front of the Lemhi Range normal faults along the range fronts may have helped locally to guide erosion of the mountains. Some of the faults have displacements of thousands of feet and are thought to have originated in connection with the low-angle thrusts. Most of these, as well as minor breaks of diverse trends, affect also the Challis volcanics, which shows that renewed movement occurred in Tertiary time.
The present mountain masses and broad intermontane valleys are in about the positions occupied by similar features in the early Tertiary. Several incomplete erosion cycles since then have greatly modified the topography but have not obliterated the influence of these ancient land forms. The results of early episodes in the development of the topography are much obscured by the rugged forms that result from active Pleistocene glaciation and later vigorous stream erosion, but modified remnants of the post-Challis and Donkey Hills surfaces can be clearly distinguished. Several less widespread remnants mark intermediate steps in the process. Exceptionally abundant and permeable, coarse alluvial and glacial deposits floor intermontane valleys and choke the larger mountain gorges to such an extent as to interfere with normal erosion and make the surface-water supplies even scantier than might be expected from the climate of the region, which is moderately humid in the mountains and semiarid in the valleys. Active erosion in the high mountains and comparatively static conditions on fans at the range borders result in striking contrasts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[1085:GOTBPQ]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.P., 1947, Geology of the Borah Peak quadrangle, Idaho : GSA Bulletin, v. 58, no. 12, p. 1085-1160, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[1085:GOTBPQ]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"76 p.","startPage":"1085","endPage":"1160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Borah Peak","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.98291015625,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -112.994384765625,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -112.994384765625,\n 45.359865333959746\n ],\n [\n -114.98291015625,\n 45.359865333959746\n ],\n [\n -114.98291015625,\n 43.54854811091286\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, C. P.","contributorId":91545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206576,"text":"70206576 - 1947 - Geology and ground-water resources of Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-24T18:39:51.739246","indexId":"70206576","displayToPublicDate":"1947-09-01T09:29:09","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Puerto Rico, the easternmost and smallest of the Greater Antilles, has an axis of deformed and metamorphosed volcanic rocks of Upper Cretaceous age, intruded by dioritic rocks during the Antillean revolution. The hard-rock core is flanked on the north and south by limestones and clastic rocks of late Oligocene and early Miocene age, which have been gently arched and uplifted. Similar rocks were deposited in late Miocene or early Pliocene time along the west coast. During the Quaternary the island has been separated from the other major Antillean islands by faulting and has been arched, uplifted, and tilted to the northeast. Alluvium and littoral deposits have partially filled the valleys and have formed coastal plains on the north and south. The Upper Cretaceous volcanic and associated rocks yield small supplies of water to wells in most places. The Tertiary limestones yield large supplies in some places on the north, south, and west coasts. The Quaternary sands and gravels are the most important aquifers. They yield about 200 million gallons a day to wells in the main south coastal plain alone. The water is used largely for irrigation. A total of perhaps 250 to 300 million gallons a day is pumped from wells in the island, and moderate to large additional supplies are available in some places.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScience World","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.42.6.563","usgsCitation":"McGuinness, C.L., 1947, Geology and ground-water resources of Puerto Rico: Economic Geology, v. 42, no. 6, p. 563-571, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.42.6.563.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"571","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto 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Rico\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1947-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuinness, Charles Lee","contributorId":101249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuinness","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161795,"text":"70161795 - 1947 - Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Niihau, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T10:43:35","indexId":"70161795","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"12","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Niihau, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Niihau lies 171/2 miles southwest of Kauai. Its area is 72 square miles, and its highest point has an altitude of 1,281 feet. The population is about 180, chiefly Hawaiians. The annual rainfall at Kiekie, the ranch headquarters, generally ranges between 18 and 26 inches. The chief industries are the raising of sheep and cattle and production of honey. The island is privately owned.
The main mass of the island is composed of a deeply weathered remnant of a basalt dome of Tertiary age, cut by a dike complex trending NE-SW. These Tertiary rocks are herein named the Paniau volcanic series. The central vent lay about 2 miles out to sea to the east of the present island. The dome, after deep gulches were cut into it by stream erosion and it was cliffed all around by the sea, was partly submerged. During Pleistocene time a broad wave-cut platform on the north, west, and south sides was built above sea level and widened by the eruption of lavas and tuffs, from 9 vents now visible and other vents now buried, to form a low coastal plain. These Pleistocene volcanic rocks are named the Kiekie volcanic series. Ash from Lehua Island, a Pleistocene tuff cone, has been drifted into duties on the north end of Niihau. Lithified dunes that extend below sea level, and the small outcrops of emerged fossiliferous limestone above sea level, indicate the plus 100-foot, minus 60-foot, plus 25-foot, and plus 5-foot eustatic stands of the sea correlative with changes in the volume of the polar ice caps and concurrent changes in the configuration of ocean basins.
Calcareous dune and beach deposits, short stretches of nullipore reef and beach rock, and playa and alluvial deposits constitute the Recent rocks.
No perennial streams exist on the island but about a dozen playa lakes, fresh or brackish during rainy weather, lie on the plain. The domestic water supply is rain caught from roofs. Only three wells on the island yield water with less than 25 grains of salt per gallon (260 parts per million of chloride). Typically, water holes for stock are about 15 feet across, 5 feet deep, and 8 feet wide. They have been dug in the lowlands where the depth to water is usually less than 5 feet. Forty-six dug wells and water holes exist, the water of some of which has become too salty for stock. Two or three deep wells were drilled 500 to 1,000 feet below sea level, but they encountered salty water. Three wells, not yet used, have been excavated in the Tertiary basalts. One of them has an infiltration tunnel at the bottom. Two seeps perched on vitric tuff beds more than 500 feet above sea level carry large quantities of salt leached from spray that falls on their recharge areas. Several sites are recommended for developing additional water for stock. The island, however, will always be short of domestic water because of aridity, unfavorable geologic structures, continuous deposition of salt spray, and abundant authigenic salts in the lake beds.
Among the lavas of the Paniau volcanic series, of Tertiary age, olivine basalts probably predominate but ordinary basalts are abundant. Picrite-basalt of the primitive type, containing abundant olivine phenocrysts, also occurs. Andesites are probably present but are rare. Most of the lavas of the Kiekie volcanic series, of Pleistocene age, are olivine basalt, but one is transitional between olivine basalt and picrite-basalt. In many of the Pleistocene lavas the late-crystallized augite is titanian. A single occurrence of melilite-nepheline basalt has been reported. Chemical analyses of five rocks are listed.
The island of Molokai is the fifth largest of the Hawaiian Islands, with an area of 250 square miles. It lies 25 miles southeast of Oahu, and 8.5 miles northwest of Maui. It consists of two principal parts, each a major volcanic mountain. East Molokai rises to 4,970 feet altitude. It is built largely of basaltic lavas, with a thin cap of andesites and a little trachyte. The volcanic rocks of East Molokai are named the East Molokai volcanic series, the basaltic part being separated as the lower member of the series, and the andesites and trachytes as the upper member. Large cinder cones and bulbous domes are associated with the lavas of the upper member. Thin beds of ash are present locally in both members. The lavas of the lower member are cut by innumerable dikes lying in two major rift zones trending eastward and northwestward. A large caldera, more than 4 miles long, and a smaller pit 0.8 mile across existed near the summit of the volcano. The rocks formed in and under the caldera are separated on plate 1 as the caldera complex. Stream erosion has cut large amphitheater-headed valleys into the northern coast of East Molokai, exposing the dikes and the caldera complex.
West Molokai is lower than East Molokai, rising to 1,380 feet altitude. It was built by basaltic lavas erupted along rift zones trending southwestward and northwestward. Many of the flows were unusually fluid. The volcanic rocks of West Molokai Volcano are named the West Molokai volcanic series. Along its eastern side, the mountain is broken by a series of faults along which its eastern edge has been dropped downward. West Molokai Volcano became extinct earlier than East Molokai Volcano, and its flank is partly buried beneath lavas of East Molokai.
Both volcanic mountains were built upward from the sea floor probably during Tertiary time. Following the close of volcanic activity stream erosion cut large canyons on East Molokai, but accomplished much less on drier West Molokai. Marine erosion attacked both parts of the island, producing high sea-cliffs on the windward coast. In late Tertiary or early Pleistocene time the island was submerged to a level at least 560 feet above the present shore line, then reemerged. Later shifts of sea level, probably partly resulting from Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation, ranged from 300 feet below to 100 feet or more above present sea level. Marine deposits on the southern slope extend to an altitude of at least 200 feet. Eruption of the Kalaupapa basalt built a small lava cone at the foot of the northern cliff, forming Kalaupapa peninsula; and a small submarine eruption off the eastern end of Molokai built the Mokuhooniki tuff cone, the fragments of which now form Hooniki and Kanaha Islands. Deposition of marine and fluviatile sediments has built a series of narrow flats close to sea-level along the southern coast.
Nearly the entire island is underlain, close to sea level, by ground water of the basal zone of saturation. Beneath West Molokai, the Hoolehua Plain between West and East Molokai, and the southern coastal area of East Molokai, the basal water is brackish. Beneath much of East Molokai, fresh basal water is obtainable. Small amounts of fresh water are perched at high levels in East Molokai by thin poorly permeable ash beds. Fresh water is confined at high levels in permeable compartments between poorly permeable dikes in the rift zones of East Molokai, and can be developed by tunnels. Projects to bring the abundant surface and ground water of the large wind ward valleys to the Hoolehua Plain are described. Future developments are suggested. All wells and water-development tunnels are described in tables.