The early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup consists of continental sedimentary rocks and basalt flows that occupy a NE-trending belt of elongate basins exposed in eastern North America. The basins were filled over a period of 30–40 m.y. spanning the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, prior to the opening of the north Atlantic Ocean. The sedimentary rocks are here divided into four principal lithofacies. The alluvial-fan facies includes deposits dominated by: (1) debris flows; (2) shallow braided streams; (3) deeper braided streams (with trough crossbeds); or (4) intense bioturbation or hyperconcentrated flows (tabular, unstratified muddy sandstone). The fluvial facies include deposits of: (1) shallow, ephemeral braided streams; (2) deeper, flashflooding, braided streams (with poor sorting and crossbeds); (3) perennial braided rivers; (4) meandering rivers; (5) meandering streams (with high suspended loads); (6) overbank areas or local flood-plain lakes; or (7) local streams and/or colluvium. The lacustrine facies includes deposits of: (1) deep perennial lakes; (2) shallow perennial lakes; (3) shallow ephemeral lakes; (4) playa dry mudflats; (5) salt-encrusted saline mudflats; or (6) vegetated mudflats. The lake margin clastic facies includes deposits of: (1) birdfoot deltas; (2) stacked Gilbert-type deltas; (3) sheet deltas; (4) wave-reworked alluvial fans; or (5) wave-sorted sand sheets.
Coal deposits are present in the lake margin clastic and the lacustrine facies of Carnian age (Late Triassic) only in basins of south-central Virginia and North and South Carolina. Eolian deposits are known only from the basins in Nova Scotia and Connecticut. Evaporites (and their pseudomorphs) occur mainly in the northern basins as deposits of saline soils and less commonly of saline lakes, and some evaporite and alkaline minerals present in the Mesozoic rocks may be a result of later diagenesis. These relationships suggest climatic variations across paleolatitudes, more humid to the south where coal beds are preserved, and more arid in the north where evaporites and eolian deposits are common. Fluctuations in paleoclimate that caused lake levels to rise and fall in hydrologically closed basins are preserved as lacustrine cycles of various scales, including major shifts in the Late Triassic from a wet Carnian to an arid Norian. In contrast, fluvial deposits were mainly formed in response to the tectonic evolution of the basins, but to some extent also reflect climatic changes.
The Newark Supergroup illustrates the complexity of rift-basin sedimentation and the problems that may arise from using a single modern analog for sedimentary deposition spanning millions of years. It also shows that a tremendous wealth of depositional, climatic, and tectonic information is preserved in ancient rift-basin deposits which can be recovered if the depositional processes of modern rift-basin deposits are understood.
In 1984, a 12-m sediment core (WLC84-8) was taken from the deepest part of Walker Lake. Samples of the core were analysed for diatoms, pollen, carbonate mineralogy, magnesium content, δ18O and δ13C values of the total inorganic fractin, δ18O and δ13C values of Limnocythere ceriotuberosa, δ13C values of the total organic fraction, grain size, and magnetic susceptibility. The data indicate that Walker Lake became shallow and probably desiccated between ⩾5300-4800 and 2700-2100 yr B.P.. Each of the organic and inorganic proxy indicators of lake size discussed in this paper was useful in determining the presence of the shallow-lake intervals. However, none of the indicators was useful in determining the cause of the shallow-lake intervals. Instead, the types of fish living in Walker Lake prior to 1940 were used to demonstrate that shallow-lake intervals resulted from diversion of the Walker River and not from climatic aridity. Major changes in mineralogy and magnesium content of carbonates and major changes in diatom populations with time were found to be a function of the chemical evolution of Walker Lake combined with changing lake size. The stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon were found to be good indicators of lake volume changes. A lake-level record for Walker Lake constructed from stable-isotope data was found to be similar to a lake-level record constructed using tufa and tree-stump data. Both records indicate relatively high lake levels between 4800−2700 yr B.P., at 1250 yr B.P., and within the last 300 yr. Substantial declines in lake level occurred ∼2000 and ∼1000 yr B.P.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(91)90147-J","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Benson, L.V., Meyers, P., and Spencer, R.J., 1991, Change in the size of Walker Lake during the past 5000 years: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 81, no. 3-4, p. 189-214, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90147-J.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490174,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90147-j","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222916,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Walker Lake subbasin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.5455801195848,\n 42.3124532107974\n ],\n [\n -120.5455801195848,\n 37.27148807011754\n ],\n [\n -114.89209555746675,\n 37.27148807011754\n ],\n [\n -114.89209555746675,\n 42.3124532107974\n ],\n [\n -120.5455801195848,\n 42.3124532107974\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f402e4b0c8380cd4baaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyers, P.A.","contributorId":53527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spencer, R. J.","contributorId":56664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016668,"text":"70016668 - 1991 - Effect of phosphorus deficiency on spectral reflectance and morphology of soybean plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:21:43.196748","indexId":"70016668","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of phosphorus deficiency on spectral reflectance and morphology of soybean plants","docAbstract":"Soybean plants were grown in hydroponic solutions having three concentration levels of phosphorus. Spectral reflectance changes included higher reflectance in the green and yellow portions of the electromagnetic spectrum in phosphorus-deficient plants and a difference in position of the long wavelength edge (the red edge) of the chlorophyll absorption band centered near 0.68 ??m. Plants having the least phosphorus in the growing medium did not show the normal shift of the red edge to longer wavelength which occurs as leaves mature. Shoot and root biomass were significantly lower in the phosphorus-deficient plants. These results are consistent with those obtained when soybean plants are dosed with elevated concentrations of metallic elements. We hypothesize that nutrient imbalances or anomalous metal concentrations in the soil set up physiological conditions at the soil/root interface that are responsible for the reflectance differences observed in laboratory and field studies of plants growing in substrates enriched in metallic elements.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(91)90034-4","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Milton, N., Eiswerth, B.A., and Ager, C.M., 1991, Effect of phosphorus deficiency on spectral reflectance and morphology of soybean plants: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 36, no. 2, p. 121-127, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(91)90034-4.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"127","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224935,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05f9e4b0c8380cd51065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milton, N.M.","contributorId":29415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eiswerth, B. A.","contributorId":55851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eiswerth","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ager, C. M.","contributorId":15974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016440,"text":"70016440 - 1991 - Middle to late Cenozoic magmatism of the southeastern Colorado Plateau and central Rio Grande rift (New Mexico and Arizona, U.S.A.): A model for continental rifting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T15:31:07.973517","indexId":"70016440","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle to late Cenozoic magmatism of the southeastern Colorado Plateau and central Rio Grande rift (New Mexico and Arizona, U.S.A.): A model for continental rifting","docAbstract":"The region of the present Rio Grande rift and southeastern Colorado Plateau underwent lithospheric extension during middle to late Cenozoic deformation affecting the entire southwestern U.S. Lithospheric mantle was disrupted, and in many regions displaced or replaced by asthenospheric mantle at depths from which basaltic magmas were derived and erupted to the surface. Study of the igneous rocks erupted or intruded during this deformation yields insights into processes of magmatism associated with extension of continental lithosphere.
Magmatic rocks associated with an early (late Oligocene-early Miocene) ductile phase of extension are dominantly basaltic andesites and related, calc-alkaline intermediate to silicic derivative rocks. Mafic magmas were probably derived from isotopically “enriched” lithospheric mantle. Igneous rocks associated with a later (middle Miocene-Holocene), more brittle phase of extension include widespread basaltic rocks and localized central volcanoes of intermediate to silicic composition. Isotopic compositions of mafic rocks, which include both tholeiitic and alkalic basalts, correlate strongly with tectonic setting and lithospheric structure. Basalts erupted in areas of greatest crustal extension, such as the central and southern rift and Basin and Range province, were derived from isotopically “depleted” (correlated with “asthenospheric”) mantle. Also, isotopic compositions of Pliocene to Holocene basalts are slightly more depleted than those of Miocene basalts, suggesting that subcrustal lithospheric mantle was thinned during late Miocene extension. Intermediate rocks of the central volcanoes formed by a complex combination of processes, probably dominated by fractional crystallization and by assimilation of upper and lower crust in isolated, small magma chambers.
The petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic data are compatible with a model, derived first from geophysical data, whereby lithosphere is thinned beneath the central rift and southeastern Colorado Plateau, with greatest thinning centered beneath the axis of the rift. A lithospheric model involving uniform-sense simple shear does not appear compatible with the data as presently understood.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(91)90049-X","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Baldridge, W., Perry, F., Vaniman, D.T., Nealey, L., Leavy, B.D., Laughlin, A., Kyle, P., Bartov, Y., Steinitz, G., and Gladney, E., 1991, Middle to late Cenozoic magmatism of the southeastern Colorado Plateau and central Rio Grande rift (New Mexico and Arizona, U.S.A.): A model for continental rifting: Tectonophysics, v. 197, no. 2-4, p. 327-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90049-X.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"354","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.64691914160494,\n 37.03119481832189\n ],\n [\n -114.64691914160494,\n 31.329500785035236\n ],\n [\n -103.01886856533555,\n 31.329500785035236\n ],\n [\n -103.01886856533555,\n 37.03119481832189\n ],\n [\n -114.64691914160494,\n 37.03119481832189\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"197","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56ece4b0c8380cd6d90f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldridge, W.S.","contributorId":63956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldridge","given":"W.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, F.V.","contributorId":57211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"F.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaniman, D. T.","contributorId":22911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaniman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nealey, L.D.","contributorId":97921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nealey","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leavy, B. D.","contributorId":38991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Laughlin, A.W.","contributorId":87298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laughlin","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kyle, P.","contributorId":15763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyle","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bartov, Y.","contributorId":65230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartov","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Steinitz, G.","contributorId":16985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinitz","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gladney, E.S.","contributorId":58780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gladney","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70016777,"text":"70016777 - 1991 - Fold patterns, lateral ramps and seismicity in central Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T17:03:39.472844","indexId":"70016777","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fold patterns, lateral ramps and seismicity in central Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Susquehanna lateral ramp crosses the entire length of Pennsylvania in a NNE direction and extends into southern New York State. Its presence was first suspected because of a dramatic change in fold wavelength across the Susquehanna River, seen on both side-looking airborne radar (SLAR *) data and the geologic map of Pennsylvania. Seismic reflection profiles confirm the presence of a ramp and show the detailed nature of structures associated with it. These structures include antiformal stacks, juxtaposed anticlines and synclines, and folds beheaded by thrust faults. The change in the fold pattern, which led to recognizing the lateral ramp, occurs above a rapid dropoff in depth to the basement suggesting that the ramp and the basement configuration may somehow be related.
In plain view, eleven earthquakes are spatially related to the Susquehanna lateral ramp, although they are in the basement rocks rather than in the cover rocks which contain the lateral ramp itself. The earthquakes are, therefore, not likely directly associated with the ramp, though they may be affiliated with strike-slip faulting in the basement which, itself, appears to be partly responsible for the formation of the ramp.
The initial age of the faulting along, and in the vicinity of, the Susquehanna lateral ramp is presumably Early to Middle Paleozoic. However, the presence of a surficially-exposed Mesozoic dike along the ramp and modern seismicity suggest that the Susquehanna lateral ramp may be a zone of protracted, and perhaps repeated, tectonism which is currently being reactivated.
A preliminary evaluation of the distribution of modern earthquakes in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge and Appalachian Plateau shows that nearly half of the earthquakes are located under lateral ramps. If this observation is true, the presence of ramps may be a useful geological indicator of areas susceptible to seismicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(91)90389-A","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Pohn, H., and Coleman, J., 1991, Fold patterns, lateral ramps and seismicity in central Pennsylvania: Tectonophysics, v. 186, no. 1-2, p. 133-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90389-A.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"149","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"central Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.46613287704162,\n 40.943621812219845\n ],\n [\n -77.46613287704162,\n 39.92274238668335\n ],\n [\n -75.90063171681362,\n 39.92274238668335\n ],\n [\n -75.90063171681362,\n 40.943621812219845\n ],\n [\n -77.46613287704162,\n 40.943621812219845\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"186","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12aee4b0c8380cd543d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pohn, H. A.","contributorId":6912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohn","given":"H. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, J.L. Jr.","contributorId":107035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"J.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016646,"text":"70016646 - 1991 - Generation of trondhjemite from partial melting of dacite under granulite facies conditions: An example from the New Jersey Highlands, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-27T13:18:07.377783","indexId":"70016646","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation of trondhjemite from partial melting of dacite under granulite facies conditions: An example from the New Jersey Highlands, USA","docAbstract":"New field and geochemical data place the Losee Metamorphic Suite (a tonalite/trondhjemite complex) of northern New Jersey into the context of a major Proterozoic continental are represented by a discontinuous belt of northern Appalachian metadacite. Samples of Losee rock range from extremely leucocratic trondhjemite locally associated with amphibolite, to banded biotite, hornblende, pyroxene, and garnet-bearing tonalites. The major element and REE composition of the tonalite closely resembles dacite from continental are settings and model melts extracted from an eclogite residue by partial melting at 15 kbar. The REE composition of most Losee trondhjemite is enriched in REE, particularly HREE, compared with Losee tonalite, and is interpreted as the product of local anatectic melting of Losee tonalite (metadacite) that occurred in a granulite facies environment during the Grenville orogeny.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-9268(91)90096-S","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Puffer, J., and Volkert, R., 1991, Generation of trondhjemite from partial melting of dacite under granulite facies conditions: An example from the New Jersey Highlands, USA: Precambrian Research, v. 51, no. 1-4, p. 115-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(91)90096-S.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"125","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"northern New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.76337278232924,\n 41.33066313643303\n ],\n [\n -74.76337278232924,\n 40.35319251497154\n ],\n [\n -73.99308133757697,\n 40.35319251497154\n ],\n [\n -73.99308133757697,\n 41.33066313643303\n ],\n [\n -74.76337278232924,\n 41.33066313643303\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1555e4b0c8380cd54d77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puffer, J.H.","contributorId":6918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puffer","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016425,"text":"70016425 - 1991 - Concordant paleolatitudes from ophiolite sequences in the northern California Coast Ranges, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T15:40:32.421558","indexId":"70016425","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concordant paleolatitudes from ophiolite sequences in the northern California Coast Ranges, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Paleomagnetic data have been obtained from two ophiolite sequences in the northern California Coast Ranges: from Mount Diablo in the San Francisco Bay area and from Potter Valley, north of Clear Lake. The ophiolite exposed at Mount Diablo is part of the late Middle to Late Jurassic Coast Range ophiolite, and that exposed near Potter Valley is Late Jurassic to perhaps Early Cretaceous in age and occurs within the Franciscan assemblage. Data from the sheeted-dike complex at Mount Diablo show these rocks to be strongly overprinted, probably following uplift and erosion of the ophiolite. Samples whose primary remanent magnetization seems to be recovered yield a mean paleomagnetic pole at 30.7°N, 159.5°E with α95 = 5.6°. A comparison of this pole with the Jurassic apparent polar wander path for North America indicates that the ophiolite has rotated 45° ± 7° counterclockwise relative to the craton and has not been latitudinally displaced. The diabase and pillow basalt in Potter Valley have not been strongly overprinted and data from those rocks yield a paleomagnetic pole at 79.0°N, 61.5°E with α95 = 6.4°. This result indicates that the ophiolite at Potter Valley has rotated approximately 29° ± 8° clockwise, and has undergone little or no latitudinal displacement. Because of the predominantly northeastward transport of oceanic plates converging with the western margin of North America since middle Mesozoic time, the absence of appreciable northward displacement of either ophiolite fragment indicates that both formed close to the continental margin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(91)90127-E","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., Gromme, C.S., and Williams, K.M., 1991, Concordant paleolatitudes from ophiolite sequences in the northern California Coast Ranges, U.S.A.: Tectonophysics, v. 198, no. 1, p. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90127-E.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223569,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"northern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.5382478452467,\n 42.03405277288067\n ],\n [\n -124.43044926257699,\n 39.188935062143265\n ],\n [\n -120.49768627300239,\n 34.10219241371006\n ],\n [\n -118.84570045633055,\n 34.324442075408285\n ],\n [\n -119.94668795299253,\n 39.20427507698486\n ],\n [\n -119.98695554018275,\n 42.019603599793356\n ],\n [\n -124.5382478452467,\n 42.03405277288067\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"198","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9b1e4b0c8380cd4d725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gromme, C. Sherman","contributorId":22236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sherman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Kathleen M.","contributorId":37821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Kathleen","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016415,"text":"70016415 - 1991 - Crustal extension in the Baikal rift zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T15:49:14.074238","indexId":"70016415","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal extension in the Baikal rift zone","docAbstract":"Crustal extension is evaluated based on the idea of mass and volume balance of material introduced into and removed from the initial volume of the crust. Extension in the Baikal rift increases southwestward from 0.9 km in the Chara depression to 19.3 km in the South Baikal depression. These values generally agree with the position of the Euler pole determined from seismic data (fault plane solutions). Average rotation velocity for the lithospheric plates separated by the rift zone is estimated to be 5.93 × 10-4 rad/m.y. over about 30 m.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(91)90137-H","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Zorin, Y., and Cordell, L., 1991, Crustal extension in the Baikal rift zone: Tectonophysics, v. 198, no. 1, p. 117-121, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90137-H.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"121","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223368,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"198","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdfe4b0c8380cd4e49a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zorin, Yu","contributorId":101017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zorin","given":"Yu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cordell, L.","contributorId":84901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordell","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016480,"text":"70016480 - 1991 - 40Ar/39Ar systematics and argon diffusion in amber: Implications for ancient earth atmospheres","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-06T13:36:28.317303","indexId":"70016480","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"40Ar/39Ar systematics and argon diffusion in amber: Implications for ancient earth atmospheres","title":"40Ar/39Ar systematics and argon diffusion in amber: Implications for ancient earth atmospheres","docAbstract":"Argon isotope data indicate retained argon in bulk amber (matrix gas) is radiogenic [40Ar/39Ar ≃32o] than the much more abundant surface absorbed argon [40Ar/39Ar ≃295.5]. Neutron-induced 39Ar is retained in amber during heating experiments to 150° -250°C, with no evidence of recoiled 39Ar found after irradiation. A maximum permissible volume diffusion coefficient of argon in amber (at ambient temperature) D≤1.5 x 10−17 cm2S−1 is calculated from 39Ar retention. 40Ar/39Ar age calculations indicate Dominican Republic amber is ≃ 45 Ma and North Dakota amber is ≃ 89 Ma, both at least reasonable ages for the amber based upon stratigraphic and paleontological constraints and upon the small amount of radiogenic 40Ar. To date, over 300 gas analyses of ambers and resins of Cretaceous to Recent age that are geographically distributed among fifteen noted world locations identify mixtures of gases in different sites within amber (Berner and Landis, 1988). The presence of multiple mixing trends between compositionally distinct end-members gases within the same sample and evidence for retained radiogenic argon within the amber argue persuasivley against rapid exchange by diffusion of amber-contained gases with moder air. Only gas in primary bubbles entrapped between successive flows of tree resin has been interpreted as original “ancient air”, which is an O2-rich end-member gas with air-like N2/Ar ratios. Gas analyses of these primary bubbles indicate atmospheric O2 levels in the Late Cretaceous of ≃ 35%, and that atmospheric O2 dropped by early Tertiary time to near a present atmospheric level of 21% O2. A very low argon diffusion coefficient in amber persuasively argues for a gas in primary bubbles trapped in amber being ancient air (possibly modified only by O2 reaction with amber).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0921-8181(91)90127-I","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Landis, G.P., and Snee, L., 1991, 40Ar/39Ar systematics and argon diffusion in amber: Implications for ancient earth atmospheres: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 97, no. 1-2, p. 63-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(91)90127-I.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"67","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.98194923330249,\n 49.07882631344967\n ],\n [\n -103.98194923330249,\n 45.937016312200285\n ],\n [\n -96.71095583940723,\n 45.937016312200285\n ],\n [\n -96.71095583940723,\n 49.07882631344967\n ],\n [\n -103.98194923330249,\n 49.07882631344967\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e267e4b0c8380cd45b5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016413,"text":"70016413 - 1991 - Age and petrology of the Tertiary As Sarat volcanic field, southwestern Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T16:03:09.567663","indexId":"70016413","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and petrology of the Tertiary As Sarat volcanic field, southwestern Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"Harrat As Sarat forms the second smallest and southernmost of the basalt fields of western Saudi Arabia and is part of a voluminous Red Sea rift-related continental alkali basalt province. The rocks of the As Sarat were emplaced during the first stage of Red Sea rifting and represent the northernmost extension of the Tertiary Trap Series volcanics that occur mainly in the Yemen Arab Republic and Ethiopia. The field consists of up to 580 m of basalt flows, that are intruded by basaltic plugs, necks, minor dikes, and highly evolved peralkaline trachyte intrusions. K-Ar ages indicate that the As Sarat field formed between 31 and 22 Ma and contains an eruption hiatus of one million years that began about 25 Ma ago. Pre-hiatus flows are primarily hypersthene normative intersertal subalkaline basalt, whereas the majority of post-hiatus flows are nepheline normative alkali basalt and hawaiite with trachytic textures. Normative compositions of the basalts are consistent with their genesis by partial melting at varying depths. Trace element abundances in the basalt indicate that varying degrees of partial melting and fractional crystallization (or crystal accumulation) had major and minor roles, respectively, in development of compositional variation in these rocks. Modeling indicates that the pre-hiatus subalkaline basalts represent 8–10 percent mantle melting at depths of about 70 km and the post-hiatus alkali basalts represent 4–9 percent mantle melting at depths greater than 70 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(91)90149-M","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"du Bray, E.A., Stoeser, D.B., and McKee, E.D., 1991, Age and petrology of the Tertiary As Sarat volcanic field, southwestern Saudi Arabia: Tectonophysics, v. 198, no. 2-4, p. 155-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90149-M.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223321,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"southwestern Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 41.0158436987893,\n 19.081977061614097\n ],\n [\n 41.0158436987893,\n 16.580940353147597\n ],\n [\n 43.408785827154475,\n 16.580940353147597\n ],\n [\n 43.408785827154475,\n 19.081977061614097\n ],\n [\n 41.0158436987893,\n 19.081977061614097\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"198","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e1e4b0c8380cd47f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"du Bray, Edward A. 0000-0002-4383-8394 edubray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-8394","contributorId":755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"du Bray","given":"Edward","email":"edubray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoeser, Douglas B. dstoeser@usgs.gov","contributorId":1821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeser","given":"Douglas","email":"dstoeser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKee, Edwin D.","contributorId":60207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016414,"text":"70016414 - 1991 - Tectonic development of passive continental margins of the southern and central Red Sea with a comparison to Wilkes Land, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T15:54:28.169293","indexId":"70016414","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic development of passive continental margins of the southern and central Red Sea with a comparison to Wilkes Land, Antarctica","docAbstract":"The continental margins of the southern and central Red Sea and most of Wilkes Land, Antarctica have bulk crustal configurations and detailed structures that are best explained by a prolonged history of magmatic expansion that followed a brief, but intense period of mechanical extension. Extension on the Red Sea margins was spatially confined to a rift that was 20–30 km in width. The rifting phase along the Arabian margin of the central and southern Red Sea occurred 25–32 Ma ago, primarily by detachment faulting at upper crustal levels and ductile uniform stretching at depth. Rifting was followed by an early magmatic phase during which the margin was invaded by dikes and plutons, primarily of gabbro and diorite, at 20–24 Ma, after the crust was mechanically thinned from 40 km to ≈ 20 km. We infer continued spreading after that in which broad shelves were formed by a process of magmatic expansion, because the offshore crust is only 8–15 km thick, including sediment, and seismic reflection data do not depict horst and graben or half graben structures from which mechanical extension might be inferred. The Wilkes Land margin is similar to the Arabian example. The margin is about 150 km in width, the amount of upper crustal extension is too low to explain the change in sub-sediment crustal thickness from ≈ 35 km on the mainland to < 10 km beneath the margin and reflectors in the deepest seismic sequence are nearly flat lying. Our model requires large volumes of melt in the early stages of continental rifting. The voluminous melt might be partly a product of nearby hot spots, such as Afar and partly the result of an initial period of partial fusion in the deep continental lithosphere under lower temperatures than ordinarily required by dry solidus conditions.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(91)90148-L","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Bohannon, R.G., and Eittreim, S., 1991, Tectonic development of passive continental margins of the southern and central Red Sea with a comparison to Wilkes Land, Antarctica: Tectonophysics, v. 198, no. 2-4, p. 129-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90148-L.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"154","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"198","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba45be4b08c986b3202a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eittreim, S.L.","contributorId":98730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016428,"text":"70016428 - 1991 - Late Proterozoic transpression on the Nabitah fault system-implications for the assembly of the Arabian Shield","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-26T15:44:03.580883","indexId":"70016428","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Proterozoic transpression on the Nabitah fault system-implications for the assembly of the Arabian Shield","docAbstract":"The longest proposed suture zone in Saudi Arabia, the Nabitah suture, can be traced as a string of ophiolite complexes for 1200 km along the north-south axis of the Arabian Shield. Results of a field study in the north-central shield between 23° and 26°N indicate that the Nabitah suture is indeed a major crustal discontinuity across which hundreds of kilometers of displacement may have occurred on north-south trending, subvertical faults of the Nabitah fault system. Although not a unique solution, many structures within and near these faults can be reconciled with transpression, i.e., convergent strike-slip, and syntectonic emplacement of calc-alkaline plutonic rocks. Transcurrent motion on the Nabitah fault system appears to have began prior to 710 Ma, was active circa 680 Ma, and terminated prior to significant left-lateral, strike slip on the Najd fault system, which began sometime after 650 Ma. Northwest-directed subduction in the eastern shield could have produced the observed association of calc-alkaline magmatism and left-lateral transpressive strike slip, and is consistent with interpretation of the Abt schist and sedimentary rocks of the Murdama group as relics of the associated accretionary wedge and fore-arc basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-9268(91)90008-X","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Quick, J.E., 1991, Late Proterozoic transpression on the Nabitah fault system-implications for the assembly of the Arabian Shield: Precambrian Research, v. 53, no. 1-2, p. 119-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(91)90008-X.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"147","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 34.53381976317553,\n 29.844806244493924\n ],\n [\n 34.53381976317553,\n 17.232039827369746\n ],\n [\n 44.4727706393204,\n 17.232039827369746\n ],\n [\n 44.4727706393204,\n 29.844806244493924\n ],\n [\n 34.53381976317553,\n 29.844806244493924\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4521e4b0c8380cd6706a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quick, J. E.","contributorId":48563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015034,"text":"70015034 - 1991 - Remote estimation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in a moderately turbid estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:25:06.941279","indexId":"70015034","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote estimation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in a moderately turbid estuary","docAbstract":"Solutions of the radiative transfer equation are used to derive relationships of water reflectance to the diffuse attenuation coefficient (K) in moderately turbid water (K > 0.5 m−1). Data sets collected from the NOAA AVHRR and in situ observations from five different dates confirm the appropriateness of these relationships, in particular the logistic equation. Values of K calculated from the reflectance data agree to within 60% of the observed values, although the reflectance derived using a more comprehensive aerosol correction is sensitive to chlorophyll concentrations greater than 50 μg L−1. Agreement between in situ and remote observations improves as the time interval between samples is narrowed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(91)90088-N","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Stumpf, R.P., and Pennock, J., 1991, Remote estimation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in a moderately turbid estuary: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 38, no. 3, p. 183-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(91)90088-N.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"191","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223799,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6eae4b0c8380cd850f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stumpf, R. P.","contributorId":30649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pennock, J.R.","contributorId":92433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pennock","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016482,"text":"70016482 - 1991 - Pliocene-Pleistocene coastal events and history along the western margin of Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:35:16.076486","indexId":"70016482","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene-Pleistocene coastal events and history along the western margin of Australia","docAbstract":"Coastal deposits along the western coastal margin of Australia, a region of relative tectonic stability, record Plio-Pleistocene events and processes affecting the inner shelf and adjacent hinterland. Tectonic deformation of these deposits is more apparent in the Carnarvon Basin, and rather less so in the Perth Basin. The most complete record comes from the Perth Basin, where units of Pliocene and Pleistocene ages are well represented. In the Perth Basin, the predominantly siliciclastic Yoganup Formation, Ascot Formation and Bassendean Sand represent a complex of shoreline, inner shelf and regressive-dune facies equivalents, the deposition of which began at an undetermined stage of the Pliocene, through to the Early Pleistocene. The deposition of this sequence closed with a major regression and significant faunal extinction. Bioclastic carbonates characterize the Middle and Late Pleistocene of the Perth and Carnarvon basins. Fossil assemblages include a distinct subtropical element, unknown from the Ascot Formation and suggesting a strengthening of the Leeuwin Current. The estuarine arcoid bivalve Anadara trapezia characterizes assemblages of Oxygen Isotope Stages 5 and 7 in the Perth and Carnarvon basins, where it is now extinct. Deposits of Substage 5e (Perth Basin) also record a southerly expansion of warm-water corals and other fauna consistent with shelf temperatures warmer than present. New uranium-series ages on corals from marine sequences of the Tantabiddi Member, of the Bundera Calcarenite of the western Cape Range are consistent with the ‘double peak’ hypothesis for levels of Substage 5e but the evidence remains less than conclusive. Initial uranium-series dates from the Bibra and Dampier formations of Shark Bay indicate that both derive from the Late Pleistocene. These numerical ages contradict previous interpretations of relative ages obtained from field studies. The age relationship of the units requires further investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90005-F","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Kendrick, G., Wyrwoll, K., and Szabo, B.J., 1991, Pliocene-Pleistocene coastal events and history along the western margin of Australia: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 5, p. 419-439, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90005-F.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"439","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223322,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 112.54916381403763,\n -21.52574114049912\n ],\n [\n 112.54916381403763,\n -27.70568117374588\n ],\n [\n 118.38505899393272,\n -27.70568117374588\n ],\n [\n 118.38505899393272,\n -21.52574114049912\n ],\n [\n 112.54916381403763,\n -21.52574114049912\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c83e4b0c8380cd79a14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendrick, G.W.","contributorId":53240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wyrwoll, K.-H.","contributorId":6725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyrwoll","given":"K.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016451,"text":"70016451 - 1991 - Geohydrologic, geochemical, and geologic controls on the occurrence of radon in ground water near Conifer, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:51:38.032857","indexId":"70016451","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geohydrologic, geochemical, and geologic controls on the occurrence of radon in ground water near Conifer, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"Integrated studies of geohydrology, geochemistry, and geology of crystalline rocks in the vicinity of Conifer, Colorado, reveal that radon concentrations do not correlate with variations in concentrations of other dissolved species. Concentrations of major ions show systematic variations along selected groundwater flowpaths, whereas radon concentrations are dependent on local geochemical and geologic phenomena (such as localized uranium concentration in the rock or the presence of faults or folds). When radon enters the flow system, concentrations do not increase along flowpaths because its decay rate is fast relative to groundwater flow rates. Radon-222 is not in secular equilibrium with 238U and 226Ra in the water. Therefore, most of the 238U and 226Ra necessary to support the waterborne 222Rn must be present locally in the rock. High concentrations of dissolved radon are not found in zones of high transmissivity, and transmissivity is not correlated with rock type in the study area. A higher transmissivity can be indicative of higher water-volume to rock-surface-area ratios, which could effectively dilute 222Rn entering the water and/or may indicate that emanated radon is carried away more rapidly. Water samples collected from individual wells over periods of several months showed significant fluctuations in the dissolved 222Rn content. This fluctuation may be controlled by changes in the contributions of water-producing zones within the well resulting from seasonal fluctuations of the water table and/or pumping stresses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90123-Y","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, E., Poeter, E., and Wanty, R., 1991, Geohydrologic, geochemical, and geologic controls on the occurrence of radon in ground water near Conifer, Colorado, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 367-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90123-Y.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"386","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Conifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.33132774321649,\n 39.53934781770843\n ],\n [\n -105.33132774321649,\n 39.51702083170514\n ],\n [\n -105.29488025665746,\n 39.51702083170514\n ],\n [\n -105.29488025665746,\n 39.53934781770843\n ],\n [\n -105.33132774321649,\n 39.53934781770843\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a17c8e4b0c8380cd555d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, E.","contributorId":80425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poeter, E.","contributorId":48708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wanty, R. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":99300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016390,"text":"70016390 - 1991 - Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:46:31.681606","indexId":"70016390","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow","docAbstract":"Changes in groundwater flow were observed near four Experimental Wetland Areas (EWAs) constructed along a reach of the Des Plaines River in northeastern Illinois. These changes were observed during monthly monitoring of groundwater elevation in nested piezometers and shallow observation wells before and after the wetlands were filled with water. A numerical model was calibrated with observed data and used to estimate seepage from the wetlands into the Des Plaines River.
After the wetlands became operational, groundwater levels in adjacent wells increased by about 0.5m, while water levels in wells distant from the wetlands decreased. The increase in groundwater levels near the wetlands is a result of seepage from the wetlands. Numerical predictions of seepage from the wetlands are 60–150 m3 day−1 for two wetlands situated over sand and gravel and less than 1 m3 day−1 for two wetlands situated over clayey till. The difference in seepage rates is attributed to two factors. First, the hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel unit is greater than that of the till, and thus there is less mounding and a greater capacity for transmitting water beneath the wetlands overlying this deposit. Secondly, the wetlands located over till are groundwater flow-through ponds, whereas the wetlands over the sand and gravel are primarily groundwater recharge areas.
The model was used to estimate that seepage from the wetlands will double groundwater discharge into the Des Plaines River and a tributary relative to pre-operational discharge from the study area. Overall, the wetlands have acted as a constant head boundary, stabilizing groundwater flow patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90161-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hensel, B., and Miller, M., 1991, Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow: Journal of Hydrology, v. 126, no. 3-4, p. 293-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90161-A.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"314","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Des Plaines River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.40451297304003,\n 41.655774271771435\n ],\n [\n -88.40451297304003,\n 41.286983415428296\n ],\n [\n -88.03797076571307,\n 41.286983415428296\n ],\n [\n -88.03797076571307,\n 41.655774271771435\n ],\n [\n -88.40451297304003,\n 41.655774271771435\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0841e4b0c8380cd51a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hensel, B.R.","contributorId":83669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M.V.","contributorId":78474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016830,"text":"70016830 - 1991 - Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:25:38.892387","indexId":"70016830","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"The Amargosa Desert of southern Nevada, in the Basin and Range province, is hydraulically downgradient from Yucca Mountain, the potential site of a repository for high-level nuclear waste. Groundwater flow paths and flow rates beneath the Amargosa Desert are controlled in part by the total saturated thickness and the hydraulic properties of basin-fill alluvial sediments. Drillers' logs of water wells completed in alluvium were analyzed to help characterize the hydrogeologic framework underlying the Amargosa Desert. Fractions of coarse-grained sediments, calculated from each of these logs, were contoured using a universal-kriging routine to interpolate values. Results from a previous electrical sounding survey also were contoured, including the estimated depth to Paleozoic (?) basement rocks. The vertical electric sounding results were obtained from individual depth-to-resistivity profiles, from which the average resistivity of the total profile and the resistivity of the upper 75 m were calculated. The distribution and variations in average resistivity of the total depth correlated reasonably well with the distribution of variations in regional gravity. Patterns of contours of the resistivity of the upper 75 m of alluvium were similar to patterns of regional contours of the predominant cation (sodium) in ground water. Gravity lows correspond in some places to the presence of lacustrine, eolian, or marsh surface deposits, which may function as barriers to groundwater flow. Gravity lows also correspond to areas with thick basin-fill sediments, which was corroborated by depth-to-basement data determined from vertical electric soundings. Depths to Paleozoic (?) basement rocks may be as much as 1600 m based on data from the resistivity survey, which were corroborated in part by seismic-refraction survey data. Small variations exist in the percentage of the basin fill that is saturated. The unsaturated zone is always < 15% of the alluvial column. Analysis of depth-to-water and hydrochemical data, in conjunction with average resistivity data for the upper 75 m of alluvium, suggest a hydrologic barrier near the center of the Amargosa Desert.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90010-F","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Oatfield, W.J., and Czarnecki, J., 1991, Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada: Journal of Hydrology, v. 124, no. 1-2, p. 131-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90010-F.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.66677406563883,\n 36.77913498918501\n ],\n [\n -116.66677406563883,\n 36.35692916698059\n ],\n [\n -116.19501460556401,\n 36.35692916698059\n ],\n [\n -116.19501460556401,\n 36.77913498918501\n ],\n [\n -116.66677406563883,\n 36.77913498918501\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a33e8e4b0c8380cd5f376","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oatfield, W. J.","contributorId":34531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oatfield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czarnecki, J.B.","contributorId":51768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czarnecki","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016561,"text":"70016561 - 1991 - Channel evolution and hydrologic variations in the Colorado River basin: Factors influencing sediment and salt loads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:32:42.793409","indexId":"70016561","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Channel evolution and hydrologic variations in the Colorado River basin: Factors influencing sediment and salt loads","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment and dissolved-solid (salt) loads decreased after the early 1940s in the Colorado Plateau portion of the Colorado River basin, although discharge of major rivers - the Colorado, Green and San Juan - did not change significantly. This decline followed a period of high sediment yield caused by arroyo cutting. Reduced sediment loads have previously been explained by a change in sediment sampling procedures or changes in climate, land-use and conservation practices. More recent work has revealed that both decreased sediment production and sediment storage in channels of tributary basins produced the decline of sediment and salt loads. Sediment production and sediment storage are important components of incised-channel evolution, which involves sequential channel deepening, widening and finally floodplain formation. Accordingly, the widespread arroyo incision of the late nineteenth century resulted initially in high sediment loads. Since then, loads have decreased as incised channels (arroyos) have stabilized and begun to aggrade. However, during the 1940s, a period of low peak discharges permitted vegetational colonization of the valley floors, which further reduced sediment loads and promoted channel stabilization. This explanation is supported by experimental studies and field observations. Both geomorphic and hydrologic factors contributed to sediment storage and decreased sediment and salt loads in the upper Colorado River basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90022-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Gellis, A., Hereford, R., Schumm, S.A., and Hayes, B., 1991, Channel evolution and hydrologic variations in the Colorado River basin: Factors influencing sediment and salt loads: Journal of Hydrology, v. 124, no. 3-4, p. 317-344, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90022-A.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.06212946619769,\n 42.48159064949746\n ],\n [\n -111.23900509430709,\n 39.019325258325075\n ],\n [\n -115.92525921027271,\n 37.42221817263926\n ],\n [\n -115.10301851202337,\n 34.49307855417464\n ],\n [\n -110.8774357237487,\n 31.929937911024723\n ],\n [\n -108.13739661570591,\n 31.929937911024723\n ],\n [\n -107.0771193081043,\n 34.849228742263904\n ],\n [\n -106.19385101309899,\n 38.93390298939673\n ],\n [\n -108.34430480924303,\n 42.255482453387316\n ],\n [\n -110.06212946619769,\n 42.48159064949746\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f452e4b0c8380cd4bc7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gellis, A.","contributorId":32680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellis","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hereford, R.","contributorId":84437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schumm, S. A.","contributorId":71957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumm","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayes, B.R.","contributorId":32300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016790,"text":"70016790 - 1991 - Detectability of the effects of a hypothetical temperature increase on the Thornthwaite moisture index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:40:26.33029","indexId":"70016790","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detectability of the effects of a hypothetical temperature increase on the Thornthwaite moisture index","docAbstract":"Climatic changes that result from increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide may affect the availability of water for vegetation, groundwater recharge, runoff, and human consumption. Most studies of the effects of climatic change on water resources focus on changes in mean characteristics of hydrologic variables and do not consider the effects of these changes amid natural climatic variability. In this study, the Thornthwaite moisture index, an index of the supply of water in an area (precipitation) relative to the climatic demand for water (potential evapotranspiration), was used to examine the effects of a hypothetical increase in air temperature on moisture conditions in the United States. The effects of a gradual increase in air temperature at the rate of 4°C per 100 years, with no accompanying change in precipitation, was used to induce a change in Thornthwaite moisture index values for the United States in order to: (i) determine the relation between natural variability in climate and the time needed for significant trends in the moisture index to occur in response to hypothetical warming; (ii) identify the characteristics of areas (e.g. wet/cool, hot/dry etc.) that are most likely to be the first to experience significant changes in the moisture index given the hypothetical temperature increase.
The increased temperature resulted in increased potential evapotranspiration and a decrease in the moisture index across the United States. Decreases in the moisture index were greatest in cool/wet regions and least in hot/dry regions. The time required to detect significant trends in the moisture index was a function of both the magnitude of change in the moisture index and the natural year-to-year variability of the moisture index. In general, when the ratio of the magnitude of change in the moisture index to the magnitude of variability was large, the time required to detect significant trends was short. This ratio was largest in cool/wet regions resulting in the shortest detection times.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90081-R","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., and Wolock, D., 1991, Detectability of the effects of a hypothetical temperature increase on the Thornthwaite moisture index: Journal of Hydrology, v. 125, no. 1-2, p. 25-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90081-R.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n 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-95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff5de4b0c8380cd4f147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015047,"text":"70015047 - 1991 - Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:47:36.553583","indexId":"70015047","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2","docAbstract":"Two contrasting hypotheses have recently been proposed for the past long-term relation between atmospheric CO2 and the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle. One approach (Berner, 1990) suggests that CO2 levels have varied in a manner that has maintained chemical weathering and carbonate sedimentation at a steady state with respect to tectonically controlled decarbonation reactions. A second approach (Raymo et al., 1988), applied specificlly to the late Cenozoic, suggests a decrease in CO2 caused by an uplift-induced increase in chemical weathering, without regard to the rate of decarbonation. According to the steady-state (first) hypothesis, increased weathering and carbonate sedimentation are generally associated with increasing atmospheric CO2, whereas the uplift (second) hypothesis implies decreasing CO2 under the same conditions.
An ocean-atmosphere-sediment model has been used to assess the response of atmospheric CO2 and carbonate sedimentation to global perturbations in chemical weathering and decarbonation reactions. Although this assessment is theoretical and cannot yet be related to the geologic record, the model simulations compare steady-state and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate cycle response. The e-fold response time of the ‘CO2-weathering’ feedback mechanism is between 300 and 400 ka. The response of carbonate sedimentation is much more rapid. These response times provide a measure of the strength of steady-state assumptions, and imply that certain systematic relations are sustained throughout steady-state and non-steady-state scenarios for the carbonate-silicate cycle. The simulations suggest that feedbacks can maintain the system near a steady state, but that non-steady-state effects may contribute to long-term trends. The steady-state and uplift hypotheses are not necessarily incompatible over time scales of a few million years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90026-Q","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Sundquist, E., 1991, Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 283-296, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90026-Q.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"296","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b981ce4b08c986b31be2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sundquist, E.T.","contributorId":13990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015016,"text":"70015016 - 1991 - Pliocene paleoclimatic reconstruction using dinoflagellate cysts: Comparison of methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:51:32.589164","indexId":"70015016","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene paleoclimatic reconstruction using dinoflagellate cysts: Comparison of methods","docAbstract":"The application of quantitative and semiquantitative methods to assemblage data from dinoflagellate cysts shows potential for interpreting past environments, both in terms of paleotemperature estimates and in recognizing water masses and circulation patterns.
Estimates of winter sea-surface temperature (WSST) were produced by using the Impagidinium Index (II) method, and by applying a winter-temperature transfer function (TFw). Estimates of summer sea-surface temperature (SSST) were produced by using a summer-temperature transfer function (TFs), two methods based on a temperature-distribution chart (ACT and ACTpo), and a method based on the ratio of gonyaulacoid:protoperidinioid specimens (G:P).
WSST estimates from the II and TFw methods are in close agreement except where Impagidinium species are sparse. SSST estimates from TFs are more variable. The value of the G:P ratio for the Pliocene data in this paper is limited by the apparent sparsity of protoperidinioids, which results in monotonous SSST estimates of 14–26°C. The ACT methods show two biases for the Pliocene data set: taxonomic substitution may force ‘matches’ yielding incorrect temperature estimates, and the method is highly sensitive to the end-points of species distributions.
Dinocyst assemblage data were applied to reconstruct Pliocene sea-surface temperatures between 3.5−2.5 Ma from DSDP Hole 552A, and ODP Holes 646B and 642B, which are presently located beneath cold and cool-temperate waters north of 56°N.
Our initial results suggest that at 3.0 Ma, WSSTs were a few degrees C warmer than the present and that there was a somewhat reduced north-south temperature gradient. For all three sites, it is likely that SSSTs were also warmer, but by an unknown, perhaps large, amount. Past oceanic circulation in the North Atlantic was probably different from the present.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90024-O","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., Mudie, P., and de Vernal, A., 1991, Pliocene paleoclimatic reconstruction using dinoflagellate cysts: Comparison of methods: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 259-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90024-O.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"274","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223578,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c72e4b0c8380cd799b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mudie, P.J.","contributorId":101815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mudie","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Vernal, A.","contributorId":70116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Vernal","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016523,"text":"70016523 - 1991 - Stratigraphy and paleoceanography of Pliocene deposits of Karaginsky Island, eastern Kamchatka, U.S.S.R.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:29:06.157176","indexId":"70016523","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and paleoceanography of Pliocene deposits of Karaginsky Island, eastern Kamchatka, U.S.S.R.","docAbstract":"The lithology and paleontology of Pliocene deposits from Karaginsky Island, off eastern Kamchatka Peninsula, U.S.S.R., are described in order to provide a paleoceanographic reconstruction of this region of the eastern North Pacific Ocean. The stratigraphic sequence is divided into three suites — the Limimtevayamian, the Ust-Limimtevayamian, and the Tusatuvayamian, which correspond to three standard Pacific diatom zones — the Thalassiosira oestrupii, Neodenticula koizumi-N. kamtschatica, and N. koizumi. The entire sequence is further subdivided into six members and 18 distinct beds on the basis of molluscan assemblages and three members and seven beds on the basis of benthic foraminiferal assemblages. Marine ostracodes are described from the Limimtevayamian suite.
The marine invertebrate assemblages from Karaginsky Island provide evidence that: (1) ocean water temperatures were warmer than today about 4 Ma and again about 3.5-3.0 Ma; (2) several Arctic-Atlantic species of molluscs and ostracodes migrated to the eastern North Pacific between 4.2−3.0 Ma, presumably through the proto-Bering Strait; (3) many species found in the Karaginsky Island Pliocene represent Pacific taxa which migrated through the Arctic into the North Atlantic during the late Pliocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90022-M","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Gladenkov, Y.B., Barinov, K., Basilian, A., and Cronin, T.M., 1991, Stratigraphy and paleoceanography of Pliocene deposits of Karaginsky Island, eastern Kamchatka, U.S.S.R.: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 239-245, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90022-M.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"245","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"eastern Kamchatka, Karaginsky Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 163.33566512832124,\n 59.41468623521689\n ],\n [\n 163.33566512832124,\n 58.39901776965269\n ],\n [\n 165.16166989627948,\n 58.39901776965269\n ],\n [\n 165.16166989627948,\n 59.41468623521689\n ],\n [\n 163.33566512832124,\n 59.41468623521689\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b99ade4b08c986b31c548","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gladenkov, Yu. B.","contributorId":8619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gladenkov","given":"Yu.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barinov, K.B.","contributorId":39527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barinov","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Basilian, A.E.","contributorId":55967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basilian","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":373804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014990,"text":"70014990 - 1991 - Pliocene environments and climates in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T14:56:41.494539","indexId":"70014990","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene environments and climates in the western United States","docAbstract":"The available evidence from the western United States suggests that the climate of the Early and Middle Pliocene (prior to ∼2.4 Ma) was less seasonal (more equable) and generally more humid than now. Along the Pacific coast, summer drought was less pronounced than today. In the interior of the Pacific Northwest rainfall was more abundant and mild winter temperatures prevailed across much of the High Plains. In the Northwestern interior, a trend toward drier conditions began after ∼4 Ma, although there may have been short periods of relatively humid conditions after this time. The period between 2.5 or 2.4-2.0 Ma was drier than earlier in the Pliocene throughout the American West, and apparently colder in many regions, although the occurrence of land tortoises as far north as Kansas may indicate intermittent frost-free conditions during this interval. After ∼2.0 Ma conditions became warmer and more humid.
The general climatic trends in the terrestrial data parallel fluctuations seen in North Pacific and in Oxygen Isotopic records of global glacial fluctuations. Global Climate Model (GCM) simulations of the regional effects of Late Cenozoic uplift and mountain-building are generally in accord with the nature, direction, and amplitude of differences between Pliocene and modern climates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90013-K","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., 1991, Pliocene environments and climates in the western United States: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 115-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90013-K.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.29546398038738,\n 48.91838410077392\n ],\n [\n -124.72027632879114,\n 47.89695948250414\n ],\n [\n -124.93720318972439,\n 40.67477664049575\n ],\n [\n -119.90591569158656,\n 32.47010596136208\n ],\n [\n -109.50329630573381,\n 31.4822705216175\n ],\n [\n -97.92193240615329,\n 31.710826532858746\n ],\n [\n -97.92193240615329,\n 49.034548956921896\n ],\n [\n -123.29546398038738,\n 48.91838410077392\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c6ae4b0c8380cd79992","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015130,"text":"70015130 - 1991 - Palynological evidence for late miocene, pliocene and early pleistocene climate changes in the middle U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:43:36.897698","indexId":"70015130","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynological evidence for late miocene, pliocene and early pleistocene climate changes in the middle U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"Palynomorph assemblages from eight geologic formations in the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, ranging in age from latest Miocene to Early Pleistocene, have been interpreted in terms of terrestrial paleoclimates. The data suggest that a warm-temperate to subtropical climate, warmer than at present, prevailed at the close of the Miocene and the beginning of the Pliocene. At that time, there was little or no temperature gradient within the study area (36°30′ to 39°N). This warm period was followed by a warm-temperate interval in Virginia and North Carolina, with temperatures probably not very different from those of today, although a slight warming trend probably occurred during the deposition of the Colerain Beach Member of the Chowan River Formation. A definite cool interval is indicated by the presence of spruce pollen in the Bacons Castle Formation of Virginia. This interval is interpreted to have begun about 2.3–2.4 Ma, or possibly slightly later, simultaneous with the cooling that has been recorded in deep-sea cores of the North Atlantic Ocean, and in the pre-Tiglian of western Europe. This was followed by a warmer-than-present period that may be correlated with the Tiglian of the latest Pliocene. Finally, palynological data from the Cape May Formation of New Jersey suggest that a warm-temperate (warmer than at present) climate prevailed during the Early Pleistocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90015-M","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Groot, J., 1991, Palynological evidence for late miocene, pliocene and early pleistocene climate changes in the middle U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 147-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90015-M.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"162","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.65299910451928,\n 39.6414546390217\n ],\n [\n -77.65299910451928,\n 35.90180395431071\n ],\n [\n -74.24697155867213,\n 35.90180395431071\n ],\n [\n -74.24697155867213,\n 39.6414546390217\n ],\n [\n -77.65299910451928,\n 39.6414546390217\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a748de4b0c8380cd776cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groot, J.J.","contributorId":98474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groot","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016445,"text":"70016445 - 1991 - Pliocene shallow water paleoceanography of the North Atlantic ocean based on marine ostracodes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:38:27.087108","indexId":"70016445","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene shallow water paleoceanography of the North Atlantic ocean based on marine ostracodes","docAbstract":"Middle Pliocene marine ostracodes from coastal and shelf deposits of North and Central America and Iceland were studied to reconstruct paleotemperatures of shelf waters bordering portions of the Western Boundary Current System (including the Gulf Loop Current, Florida Current, Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift). Factor analytic transfer functions provided Pliocene August and February bottom-water temperatures of eight regions from the tropics to the subfrigid. The results indicate: (1) meridional temperature gradients in the western North Atlantic were less steep during the Pliocene than either today or during Late Pleistocene Isotope Stage 5e; (2) tropical and subtropical shelf waters during the Middle Pliocene were as warm as, or slightly cooler than today; (3) slightly cooler water was on the outer shelf off the southeastern and mid-Atlantic coast of the U.S., possibly due to summer upwelling of Gulf Stream water; (4) the shelf north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina may have been influenced by warm water incursions from the western edge of the Gulf Stream, especially in summer; (5) the northeast branch of the North Atlantic Drift brought warm water to northern Iceland between 4 and 3 Ma; evidence from the Iceland record indicates that cold East Greenland Current water did not affect coastal Iceland between 4 and 3 Ma; (6) Middle Pliocene North Atlantic circulation may have been intensified, transporting more heat from the tropics to the Arctic than it does today.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90017-O","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 1991, Pliocene shallow water paleoceanography of the North Atlantic ocean based on marine ostracodes: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 175-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90017-O.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"188","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223070,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c7de4b0c8380cd799f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":373557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}