Two contrasting hypotheses have recently been proposed for the past long-term relation between atmospheric CO2 and the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle. One approach (Berner, 1990) suggests that CO2 levels have varied in a manner that has maintained chemical weathering and carbonate sedimentation at a steady state with respect to tectonically controlled decarbonation reactions. A second approach (Raymo et al., 1988), applied specificlly to the late Cenozoic, suggests a decrease in CO2 caused by an uplift-induced increase in chemical weathering, without regard to the rate of decarbonation. According to the steady-state (first) hypothesis, increased weathering and carbonate sedimentation are generally associated with increasing atmospheric CO2, whereas the uplift (second) hypothesis implies decreasing CO2 under the same conditions.
An ocean-atmosphere-sediment model has been used to assess the response of atmospheric CO2 and carbonate sedimentation to global perturbations in chemical weathering and decarbonation reactions. Although this assessment is theoretical and cannot yet be related to the geologic record, the model simulations compare steady-state and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate cycle response. The e-fold response time of the ‘CO2-weathering’ feedback mechanism is between 300 and 400 ka. The response of carbonate sedimentation is much more rapid. These response times provide a measure of the strength of steady-state assumptions, and imply that certain systematic relations are sustained throughout steady-state and non-steady-state scenarios for the carbonate-silicate cycle. The simulations suggest that feedbacks can maintain the system near a steady state, but that non-steady-state effects may contribute to long-term trends. The steady-state and uplift hypotheses are not necessarily incompatible over time scales of a few million years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90026-Q","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Sundquist, E., 1991, Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 283-296, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90026-Q.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"296","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b981ce4b08c986b31be2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sundquist, E.T.","contributorId":13990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014990,"text":"70014990 - 1991 - Pliocene environments and climates in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T14:56:41.494539","indexId":"70014990","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene environments and climates in the western United States","docAbstract":"The available evidence from the western United States suggests that the climate of the Early and Middle Pliocene (prior to ∼2.4 Ma) was less seasonal (more equable) and generally more humid than now. Along the Pacific coast, summer drought was less pronounced than today. In the interior of the Pacific Northwest rainfall was more abundant and mild winter temperatures prevailed across much of the High Plains. In the Northwestern interior, a trend toward drier conditions began after ∼4 Ma, although there may have been short periods of relatively humid conditions after this time. The period between 2.5 or 2.4-2.0 Ma was drier than earlier in the Pliocene throughout the American West, and apparently colder in many regions, although the occurrence of land tortoises as far north as Kansas may indicate intermittent frost-free conditions during this interval. After ∼2.0 Ma conditions became warmer and more humid.
The general climatic trends in the terrestrial data parallel fluctuations seen in North Pacific and in Oxygen Isotopic records of global glacial fluctuations. Global Climate Model (GCM) simulations of the regional effects of Late Cenozoic uplift and mountain-building are generally in accord with the nature, direction, and amplitude of differences between Pliocene and modern climates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90013-K","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., 1991, Pliocene environments and climates in the western United States: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 115-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90013-K.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.29546398038738,\n 48.91838410077392\n ],\n [\n -124.72027632879114,\n 47.89695948250414\n ],\n [\n -124.93720318972439,\n 40.67477664049575\n ],\n [\n -119.90591569158656,\n 32.47010596136208\n ],\n [\n -109.50329630573381,\n 31.4822705216175\n ],\n [\n -97.92193240615329,\n 31.710826532858746\n ],\n [\n -97.92193240615329,\n 49.034548956921896\n ],\n [\n -123.29546398038738,\n 48.91838410077392\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c6ae4b0c8380cd79992","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015130,"text":"70015130 - 1991 - Palynological evidence for late miocene, pliocene and early pleistocene climate changes in the middle U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:43:36.897698","indexId":"70015130","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynological evidence for late miocene, pliocene and early pleistocene climate changes in the middle U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"Palynomorph assemblages from eight geologic formations in the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, ranging in age from latest Miocene to Early Pleistocene, have been interpreted in terms of terrestrial paleoclimates. The data suggest that a warm-temperate to subtropical climate, warmer than at present, prevailed at the close of the Miocene and the beginning of the Pliocene. At that time, there was little or no temperature gradient within the study area (36°30′ to 39°N). This warm period was followed by a warm-temperate interval in Virginia and North Carolina, with temperatures probably not very different from those of today, although a slight warming trend probably occurred during the deposition of the Colerain Beach Member of the Chowan River Formation. A definite cool interval is indicated by the presence of spruce pollen in the Bacons Castle Formation of Virginia. This interval is interpreted to have begun about 2.3–2.4 Ma, or possibly slightly later, simultaneous with the cooling that has been recorded in deep-sea cores of the North Atlantic Ocean, and in the pre-Tiglian of western Europe. This was followed by a warmer-than-present period that may be correlated with the Tiglian of the latest Pliocene. Finally, palynological data from the Cape May Formation of New Jersey suggest that a warm-temperate (warmer than at present) climate prevailed during the Early Pleistocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90015-M","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Groot, J., 1991, Palynological evidence for late miocene, pliocene and early pleistocene climate changes in the middle U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 147-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90015-M.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"162","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.65299910451928,\n 39.6414546390217\n ],\n [\n -77.65299910451928,\n 35.90180395431071\n ],\n [\n -74.24697155867213,\n 35.90180395431071\n ],\n [\n -74.24697155867213,\n 39.6414546390217\n ],\n [\n -77.65299910451928,\n 39.6414546390217\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a748de4b0c8380cd776cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groot, J.J.","contributorId":98474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groot","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016445,"text":"70016445 - 1991 - Pliocene shallow water paleoceanography of the North Atlantic ocean based on marine ostracodes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:38:27.087108","indexId":"70016445","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene shallow water paleoceanography of the North Atlantic ocean based on marine ostracodes","docAbstract":"Middle Pliocene marine ostracodes from coastal and shelf deposits of North and Central America and Iceland were studied to reconstruct paleotemperatures of shelf waters bordering portions of the Western Boundary Current System (including the Gulf Loop Current, Florida Current, Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift). Factor analytic transfer functions provided Pliocene August and February bottom-water temperatures of eight regions from the tropics to the subfrigid. The results indicate: (1) meridional temperature gradients in the western North Atlantic were less steep during the Pliocene than either today or during Late Pleistocene Isotope Stage 5e; (2) tropical and subtropical shelf waters during the Middle Pliocene were as warm as, or slightly cooler than today; (3) slightly cooler water was on the outer shelf off the southeastern and mid-Atlantic coast of the U.S., possibly due to summer upwelling of Gulf Stream water; (4) the shelf north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina may have been influenced by warm water incursions from the western edge of the Gulf Stream, especially in summer; (5) the northeast branch of the North Atlantic Drift brought warm water to northern Iceland between 4 and 3 Ma; evidence from the Iceland record indicates that cold East Greenland Current water did not affect coastal Iceland between 4 and 3 Ma; (6) Middle Pliocene North Atlantic circulation may have been intensified, transporting more heat from the tropics to the Arctic than it does today.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90017-O","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 1991, Pliocene shallow water paleoceanography of the North Atlantic ocean based on marine ostracodes: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 175-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90017-O.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"188","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223070,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c7de4b0c8380cd799f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":373557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016523,"text":"70016523 - 1991 - Stratigraphy and paleoceanography of Pliocene deposits of Karaginsky Island, eastern Kamchatka, U.S.S.R.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:29:06.157176","indexId":"70016523","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and paleoceanography of Pliocene deposits of Karaginsky Island, eastern Kamchatka, U.S.S.R.","docAbstract":"The lithology and paleontology of Pliocene deposits from Karaginsky Island, off eastern Kamchatka Peninsula, U.S.S.R., are described in order to provide a paleoceanographic reconstruction of this region of the eastern North Pacific Ocean. The stratigraphic sequence is divided into three suites — the Limimtevayamian, the Ust-Limimtevayamian, and the Tusatuvayamian, which correspond to three standard Pacific diatom zones — the Thalassiosira oestrupii, Neodenticula koizumi-N. kamtschatica, and N. koizumi. The entire sequence is further subdivided into six members and 18 distinct beds on the basis of molluscan assemblages and three members and seven beds on the basis of benthic foraminiferal assemblages. Marine ostracodes are described from the Limimtevayamian suite.
The marine invertebrate assemblages from Karaginsky Island provide evidence that: (1) ocean water temperatures were warmer than today about 4 Ma and again about 3.5-3.0 Ma; (2) several Arctic-Atlantic species of molluscs and ostracodes migrated to the eastern North Pacific between 4.2−3.0 Ma, presumably through the proto-Bering Strait; (3) many species found in the Karaginsky Island Pliocene represent Pacific taxa which migrated through the Arctic into the North Atlantic during the late Pliocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90022-M","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Gladenkov, Y.B., Barinov, K., Basilian, A., and Cronin, T.M., 1991, Stratigraphy and paleoceanography of Pliocene deposits of Karaginsky Island, eastern Kamchatka, U.S.S.R.: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 239-245, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90022-M.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"245","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"eastern Kamchatka, Karaginsky Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 163.33566512832124,\n 59.41468623521689\n ],\n [\n 163.33566512832124,\n 58.39901776965269\n ],\n [\n 165.16166989627948,\n 58.39901776965269\n ],\n [\n 165.16166989627948,\n 59.41468623521689\n ],\n [\n 163.33566512832124,\n 59.41468623521689\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b99ade4b08c986b31c548","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gladenkov, Yu. B.","contributorId":8619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gladenkov","given":"Yu.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barinov, K.B.","contributorId":39527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barinov","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Basilian, A.E.","contributorId":55967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basilian","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":373804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016943,"text":"70016943 - 1991 - Methods for the separation of rhenium, osmium and molybdenum applicable to isotope geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T16:02:22.364641","indexId":"70016943","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3517,"text":"Talanta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for the separation of rhenium, osmium and molybdenum applicable to isotope geochemistry","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began to implement a full-scale National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The long-term goals of the NAWQA program are to describe the status and trends in the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation's surface- and ground-water resources, and to provide a sound scientific understanding of the primary natural and human factors affecting the quality of these resources. The program will produce a wealth of water-quality information that will be useful to policy makers and managers at the national, State, and local levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr91151","usgsCitation":"Stoner, J., 1991, National Water-Quality Assessment Program - Red River of the North: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-151, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91151.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50632,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ], [ -99.99755859375, 48.99463598353408 ], [ -99.964599609375, 48.915279853443806 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.88639177703194 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.719961222646276 ], [ -99.86572265625, 48.61112192003074 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.46563710044979 ], [ -99.68994140625, 48.356249029540706 ], [ -99.6240234375, 48.22467264956519 ], [ -99.700927734375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -99.82177734375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -99.99755859375, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.338134765625, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.879512933970496 ], [ -100.21728515624999, 47.82053186746053 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.7097615426664 ], [ -100.4150390625, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -100.51391601562499, 47.53203824675999 ], [ -100.250244140625, 47.42065432071321 ], [ -100.01953125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -99.84374999999999, 47.4355191531953 ], [ -99.766845703125, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -99.6240234375, 47.71715357016648 ], [ -99.393310546875, 47.73193447949174 ], [ -99.140625, 47.746711194756 ], [ -98.76708984374999, 47.68757916850813 ], [ -98.602294921875, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -98.4814453125, 47.47266286861342 ], [ -98.536376953125, 47.30903424774781 ], [ -98.58032226562499, 47.15236927446393 ], [ -98.45947265625, 46.965259400349275 ], [ -98.32763671875, 46.7549166192819 ], [ -98.118896484375, 46.626806395355175 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.55886030311719 ], [ -98.19580078125, 46.430285240839964 ], [ -98.15185546874999, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.05036097561633 ], [ -97.943115234375, 45.91294412737392 ], [ -97.701416015625, 45.85176048817254 ], [ -97.31689453125, 45.836454050187726 ], [ -97.152099609375, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.96533203125, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.88842773437499, 45.78284835197676 ], [ -96.767578125, 45.71385093029221 ], [ -96.45996093749999, 45.67548217560647 ], [ -96.43798828125, 45.61403741135093 ], [ -96.40502929687499, 45.54483149242463 ], [ -96.15234375, 45.60635207711834 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.805828539928356 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.92822950933618 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 46.13417004624326 ], [ -95.833740234375, 46.195042108660154 ], [ -95.723876953125, 46.07323062540838 ], [ -95.49316406249999, 46.126556302418514 ], [ -95.526123046875, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.31658418182218 ], [ -95.284423828125, 46.52863469527167 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.702202151643455 ], [ -95.2734375, 46.875213396722685 ], [ -95.29541015625, 47.08508535995384 ], [ -95.2734375, 47.19717795172789 ], [ -95.284423828125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -95.25146484374999, 47.44294999517949 ], [ -95.086669921875, 47.56170075451973 ], [ -94.95483398437499, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -94.58129882812499, 47.65058757118734 ], [ -94.3505859375, 47.76148371616669 ], [ -94.19677734375, 47.857402894658236 ], [ -93.9990234375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -94.02099609375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -94.19677734375, 48.23199134320962 ], [ -94.33959960937499, 48.32703913063476 ], [ -94.625244140625, 48.31973404047173 ], [ -95.00976562499999, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.1416015625, 48.45106561953216 ], [ -95.07568359375, 48.596592251456705 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.61838518688487 ], [ -95.350341796875, 48.65468584817256 ], [ -95.372314453125, 48.741700879765396 ], [ -95.3173828125, 48.821332549646634 ], [ -95.33935546875, 48.90805939965008 ], [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoner, J.D.","contributorId":58261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70190389,"text":"70190389 - 1991 - Diseases of whooping cranes seen during annual migration of the Rocky Mountain flock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-23T17:42:03.40678","indexId":"70190389","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Diseases of whooping cranes seen during annual migration of the Rocky Mountain flock","docAbstract":"Diagnosis and treatment of ill whooping cranes of the Rocky Mountain flock was provided by a zoological facility. Cases of avian cholera, lead poisoning and avian tuberculosis were encountered. The zoo efforts were an adjunct to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Whooping Crane Recovery Plan.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/70184439","issn":"0892-3442","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991, United States Geological Survey Yearbook, fiscal year 1990: Yearbook, iv, 108 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70184439.","productDescription":"iv, 108 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70184439/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12664e4b014cc3a3d3533","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":681500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85780,"text":"85780 - 1991 - Contributions of Henry Weed Fowler (1878-1965), with a brief early history of ichthyology at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-15T09:50:48","indexId":"85780","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3135,"text":"Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contributions of Henry Weed Fowler (1878-1965), with a brief early history of ichthyology at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time
","language":"English","publisher":"Academy of Natural Sciences","usgsCitation":"Smith-Vaniz, W., and Peck, R., 1991, Contributions of Henry Weed Fowler (1878-1965), with a brief early history of ichthyology at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, v. 143, p. 173-191.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"191","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064998"}],"volume":"143","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691979","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Pietsch, T.W.","contributorId":83656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietsch","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504815,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, W.D.","contributorId":89735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504816,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Smith-Vaniz, W. F.","contributorId":20684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith-Vaniz","given":"W. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peck, R.M.","contributorId":74324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38229,"text":"pp1409D - 1991 - Conceptual evaluation of regional ground-water flow in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:21:48","indexId":"pp1409D","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1409","chapter":"D","title":"Conceptual evaluation of regional ground-water flow in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1409D","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Burbey, T., 1991, Conceptual evaluation of regional ground-water flow in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409, p. D1-D84, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1409D.","productDescription":"p. D1-D84","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64570,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a484a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burbey, T. J.","contributorId":97131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burbey","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18787,"text":"ofr91592 - 1991 - Determination of amplitude and duration magnitudes and site residuals from short-period seismographs in northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-24T14:01:31","indexId":"ofr91592","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-592","title":"Determination of amplitude and duration magnitudes and site residuals from short-period seismographs in northern California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91592","usgsCitation":"Eaton, J.P., 1991, Determination of amplitude and duration magnitudes and site residuals from short-period seismographs in northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-592, 100 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91592.","productDescription":"100 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":48157,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0592/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0592/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Northern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -123.3544921875,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -119.61914062499999,\n 38.89103282648846\n ],\n [\n -119.7509765625,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 41.934976500546604\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6678da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eaton, Jerry P.","contributorId":22341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31853,"text":"ofr91132 - 1991 - Preliminary geologic map of the Devils Throat Quadrangle, Clark County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"ofr91132","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-132","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Devils Throat Quadrangle, Clark County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr91132","usgsCitation":"Beard, L.S., and Campagna, D., 1991, Preliminary geologic map of the Devils Throat Quadrangle, Clark County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-132, 1 over-size sheet, scale 1:24,000 (1 inch = 2,000 feet). , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91132.","productDescription":"1 over-size sheet, scale 1:24,000 (1 inch = 2,000 feet). ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108869,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18072.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18072"},{"id":160053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":60047,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0132/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b9fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beard, L. S.","contributorId":29410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campagna, D.J.","contributorId":22390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campagna","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17821,"text":"ofr91320 - 1991 - Volcanologic investigations in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, September-October 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T16:45:13.564241","indexId":"ofr91320","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-320","title":"Volcanologic investigations in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, September-October 1990","docAbstract":"U.S. Geological Survey volcanologists examined the ten volcanoes in the active Mariana Arc north of Saipan in May 1992, at the request of the Governor and the Disaster Control Office of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). A shallow earthquake swarm on Anatahan in March-April 1990 and reports of possible new fuming on Agrigan in August 1990 had prompted the evacuation of all CNMI islands north of Saipan. None of the volcanoes in the chain erupted during our visit. Five uninhabited islands (Farallon de Pajaros, Maug, Asuncion, Guguan, and Sarigan) were inspected only from the air, while the other four were studied in more detail. The previously installed seismic stations on Anatahan, Alamagan, and South Pagan were upgraded. A new station was established at the southwestern base of the intermittently active Mount Pagan, on the northern end of Pagan Island. Portable seismometers were operated on Anatahan, Alamagan, Pagan, and Agrigan. The seismometers on Anatahan, Alamagan, and Agrigan recorded no local shallow earthquake swarms nor volcanic tremor indicative of shallow magmatic movement. On Mount Pagan, intermittent low-amplitude tremor indicated the continuing possibility of occasional small ash eruptions, which prior to our visit had been witnessed in April 1992. Ash eruptions resumed in February 1993. Electronic distance measurement (EDM) lines were remeasured on Agrigan, Mount Pagan, and Anatahan. Line length changes were generally insignificant, in accord with the absence of significant shallow seismicity. Hot spring waters were collected on Agrigan, Pagan, and Anatahan, and fumarole temperatures were measured on Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, and Anatahan. The temperature data showed no indication of an impending significant change in the state of these volcanoes. We mapped the geology of Alamagan, collected charcoal to date eruptions of Alamagan and Mount Pagan, and collected rocks on Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, and Anatahan for petrographic and chemical studies. We conclude that the low shallow seismicity, lack of significant deformation, and low fumarole temperatures suggest that no eruption is likely soon on Agrigan, Alamagan, or Anatahan. The persistent low-level volcanic tremor on Mount Pagan suggests that intermittent small explosive eruptions may continue to occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr91320","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., Koyanagi, R.Y., Sako, M., Trusdell, F., Kojima, G., Ellorda, R.L., and Zane, S.K., 1991, Volcanologic investigations in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, September-October 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-320, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91320.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403773,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44955.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":47059,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0320/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0320/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 144.833,\n 16.262\n ],\n [\n 146.783,\n 16.262\n ],\n [\n 146.783,\n 18.808\n ],\n [\n 144.833,\n 18.808\n ],\n [\n 144.833,\n 16.262\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd752","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Richard B. rmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":1464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"rmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":177992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, R. Y.","contributorId":35719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sako, M. K.","contributorId":50152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sako","given":"M. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trusdell, F. A.","contributorId":57471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kojima, George","contributorId":53819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kojima","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ellorda, R. L.","contributorId":75951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellorda","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zane, S. K.","contributorId":46955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zane","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70135740,"text":"70135740 - 1991 - Seismic investigation of the boundary between East and West Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T12:59:47","indexId":"70135740","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":812,"text":"Antarctic Journal of the United States","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic investigation of the boundary between East and West Antarctica","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., Beaudoin, B.C., Stern, T., and Bannister, S., 1991, Seismic investigation of the boundary between East and West Antarctica: Antarctic Journal of the United States, v. 26, no. 5, p. 33-36.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296702,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":346126,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.coldregions.org/vufind/Record/175327"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 162,\n -83\n ],\n [\n 170,\n -83\n ],\n [\n 170,\n -82\n ],\n [\n 162,\n -82\n ],\n [\n 162,\n -83\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"549165d2e4b0d0759afaad99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beaudoin, Bruce C.","contributorId":58140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaudoin","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stern, T.","contributorId":49137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bannister, Stephen","contributorId":8497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bannister","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":59311,"text":"mf2140D - 1991 - Map showing contours on top of the upper Cretaceous Mowry Shale, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T19:31:26.611978","indexId":"mf2140D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2140","chapter":"D","title":"Map showing contours on top of the upper Cretaceous Mowry Shale, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"This map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies (MF) maps showing computer-generated structure contours, isopachs, and cross sections of selected formations in the Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana. The map and cross sections were constructed from information stored in a U.S. Geological Survey Evolution of Sedimentary Basins data base. This data base contains picks of geologic formation and (or) unit tops and bases determined from electric resistivity and gamma-ray logs of 8,592 wells penetrating Tertiary and older rocks in the Powder River basin. Well completion cards (scout tickets) were reviewed and compared with copies of all logs, and formation or unit contacts determined by N. M. Denson, D.L. Macke, R. R. Schumann and others. This isopach map is based on information from 4,926 of these wells that penetrate the Minnelusa Formation and equivalents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2140D","usgsCitation":"Crysdale, B., 1991, Map showing contours on top of the upper Cretaceous Mowry Shale, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2140, 1 Plate: 41.56 × 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2140D.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.56 × 36.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2140d.jpg"},{"id":406715,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5757.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283684,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2140-D/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.417,\n 42.406\n ],\n [\n -104.057,\n 42.406\n ],\n [\n -104.057,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -107.417,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -107.417,\n 42.406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6112bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crysdale, B.L.","contributorId":59118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crysdale","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59312,"text":"mf2140C - 1991 - Map showing structure contours on the top of the upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T13:37:59","indexId":"mf2140C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2140","chapter":"C","title":"Map showing structure contours on the top of the upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"This map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies (MF) maps showing computer-generated structure contours, isopachs, and cross sections of selected formations in the Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana. The map and cross sections were constructed from information stored in a U.S. Geological Survey Evolution of Sedimentary Basins data base. This data base contains picks of geologic formation and (or) unit tops and bases determined from electric resistivity and gamma-ray logs of 8,592 wells penetrating Tertiary and older rocks in the Powder River basin. Well completion cards (scout tickets) were reviewed and compared with copies of all logs, and formation or unit contacts determined by N. M. Denson, D.L. Macke, R. R. Schumann and others. This isopach map is based on information from 2,429 of these wells that penetrate the Minnelusa Formation and equivalents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2140C","usgsCitation":"Crysdale, B., 1991, Map showing structure contours on the top of the upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2140, Map: 41.33 x 35.66 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2140C.","productDescription":"Map: 41.33 x 35.66 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2140c.jpg"},{"id":283683,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2140-C/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Montana;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.0,43.0 ], [ -107.0,45.0 ], [ -104.0,45.0 ], [ -104.0,43.0 ], [ -107.0,43.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2748","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crysdale, B.L.","contributorId":59118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crysdale","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59609,"text":"mf2125B - 1991 - Maps showing industrial mineral resources of the Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle, Kansas and Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T19:52:09.228529","indexId":"mf2125B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2125","chapter":"B","title":"Maps showing industrial mineral resources of the Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle, Kansas and Missouri","docAbstract":"This map is part of a folio of maps of the Joplin 1° X 2° quadrangle, Kansas and Missouri prepared under the Conterminuous United States Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP). Other publications in this folio to date include U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2125-A (Erickson and others, 1990). Additional maps showing various geologic aspects of the Joplin quadrangle will be published as U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps bearing this same serial number with different letter suffixes (MF-2125-C, -D, and so on).
\nThe industrial mineral resources of the Joplin 1° X 2° quadrangle are crushed stone, dimension stone, clay and shale, construction sand and gravel (including chat, or chert-rich tailings from metal mines), and asphaltic sandstone. At present only crushed stone, clay and shale, and construction sand and gravel are of economic importance; the remainder are considered hypothetical resources. The value of industrial mineral production during 1987, the most recent year of complete data as supplied by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, was nearly $25,600,000. In terms of finished products such as cement and brick, the value is several times that amount. Figure 1 shows the annual value of industrial mineral production within the quadrangle from 1960 through 1987.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2125B","usgsCitation":"Grisafe, D.A., and Rueff, A.W., 1991, Maps showing industrial mineral resources of the Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle, Kansas and Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2125, 1 Plate: 28.87 x 39.19 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2125B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 28.87 x 39.19 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390904,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5726.htm"},{"id":283660,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2125-B/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":182324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2125b.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Kansas;Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.0,37.0 ], [ -96.0,38.0 ], [ -94.0,38.0 ], [ -94.0,37.0 ], [ -96.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605add","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grisafe, David A.","contributorId":60119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grisafe","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rueff, Ardel W.","contributorId":15109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rueff","given":"Ardel","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":135,"text":"wsp2375 - 1991 - National water summary 1988–89 — Hydrologic events and floods and droughts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T21:39:54.300779","indexId":"wsp2375","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2375","title":"National water summary 1988–89 — Hydrologic events and floods and droughts","docAbstract":"National Water Summary 1988-89 - Hydrologic Events and Floods and Droughts documents the occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands of two types of extreme hydrologic events floods and droughts on the basis of analysis of stream-discharge data. This report details, for the first time, the areal extent of the most notable floods and droughts in each State, portrays their severity in terms of annual peak discharge for floods and annual departure from long-term discharge for droughts for selected stream-gaging stations, and estimates how frequently floods and droughts of such severity can be expected to recur. These two types of extreme hydrologic events are very different in their duration, cause, areal extent, and effect on human activities. Floods are short-term phenomena that typically last only a few hours to a few days and are associated with weather systems that produce unusually large amounts of rain or that cause snow to melt quickly. The large amount of runoff produced causes rivers to overflow their banks and, thus, is highly dangerous to human life and property. In contrast, droughts are long-term phenomena that typically persist for months to a decade or more and are associated with the absence of precipitation producing weather. They affect large geographic areas that can be statewide, regional, or even nationwide in extent. Droughts can cause great economic hardship and even loss of life in developing countries, although the loss of life results almost wholly from diminished water supplies and catastrophic crop failures rather than from the direct and obvious peril to human life that is common to floods. The following discussion is an overview of the three parts of this 1988-89 National Water Summary \"Hydrologic Conditions and Water-Related Events, Water Years 1988-89,\" \"Hydrologic Perspectives on Water Issues,\" and \"State Summaries of Floods and Droughts.\" Background information on sources of atmospheric moisture to the States from a study sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey to enable related information to be presented in each of the State summaries also is given.
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