Transport of the bacteriophage PRD-1, bacteria, and latex microspheres was studied in a sandy aquifer under natural-gradient conditions. The field injection was carried out at the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Substances Hydrology research site on Cape Cod. The three colloids and a salt tracer (Br−) moved along the same path. There was significant attenuation of the phage, with PRD-1 peak concentrations less than 0.001 percent of Br− peaks 6 m from the source; but the low detection limit (one per ml) enabled tracking movement of the PRD-1 plume for 12 m downgradient over the 25-day experiment. Attenuation of phage was apparently due to retention on soil particles (adsorption). Attenuation of bacteria and microspheres was less, with peak concentrations 6 m from the source on the order of 10 and 0.4 percent of Br−, respectively. Injection of a high-pH pulse of water 20 days into the experiment resulted in significant remobilization of retained phage, demonstrating that attached phage remained viable, and that PRD-1 attachment to and detachment from the sandy soil particles was highly pH dependent. Phage behavior in this experiment, i.e. attenuation at pH 5.7 and rapid resuspension at pH 6–8, was consistent with that observed previously in laboratory column studies. Results illustrate that biocolloids travel in a fairly narrow plume in sandy (relatively homogeneous) media, with virus concentrations dropping below detection limit several meters away from the source; bacteria concentrations above detection limits can persist over longer distances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00321.x","usgsCitation":"Bales, R.C., Li, S., Maguire, K.M., Yahya, M.T., Gerba, C.P., and Harvey, R.W., 1995, Virus and bacteria transport in a sandy aquifer, Cape Cod, MA: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 4, p. 653-661, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00321.x.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"653","endPage":"661","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7633e4b0ee37af29e4ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, Roger C.","contributorId":189659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bales","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, Shimin","contributorId":189923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Shimin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maguire, Kimberly M.","contributorId":189924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maguire","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yahya, Moyasar T.","contributorId":189925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yahya","given":"Moyasar","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gerba, Charles P.","contributorId":189661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerba","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185315,"text":"70185315 - 1995 - Bottled water, spas, and early years of water chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T09:29:36","indexId":"70185315","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottled water, spas, and early years of water chemistry","docAbstract":"Although hot springs have been used and enjoyed for thousands of years, it was not until the late 1700s that they changed the course of world civilization by being the motivation for development of the science of chemistry. The pioneers of chemistry such as Priestley, Cavendish, Lavoisier, and Henry were working to identify and generate gases, in part, to determine their role in carbonated beverages. In the 18th century, spas in America were developed to follow the traditional activities of popular European spas. However, they were to become a dominant political and economic force in American history on three major points: (1) By far the most important was to provide a place for the leaders of individual colonies to meet and discuss the need for separation from England and the necessity for the Revolutionary War; (2) the westward expansion of the United States was facilitated by the presence of hot springs in many locations that provided the economic justification for railroads and settlement; and (3) the desire for the preservation of hot springs led to the establishment of the National Park Service. Although mineral springs have maintained their therapeutic credibility in many parts of the world, they have not done so in the United States. We suggest that the American decline was prompted by: (1) the establishment of The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1893; (2) enactment of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1907; and (3) the remarkable achievement of providing safe water supplies for American cities by the end of the 1920s. The current expanding market for bottled water is based in part on bottled water being an alternative beverage Ito alcohol and sweetened drinks and the inconsistent palatability and perceived health hazards of some tap waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00316.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Back, W., Landa, E.R., and Meeks, L., 1995, Bottled water, spas, and early years of water chemistry: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 4, p. 605-614, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00316.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"605","endPage":"614","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337858,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f6739d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Back, William","contributorId":59007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landa, Edward R. erlanda@usgs.gov","contributorId":2112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"Edward","email":"erlanda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meeks, Lisa","contributorId":189547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meeks","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185377,"text":"70185377 - 1995 - Nitrate transport and transformation processes in unsaturated porous media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T07:49:09","indexId":"70185377","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrate transport and transformation processes in unsaturated porous media","docAbstract":"A series of experiments was conducted on two contrasting agricultural soils to observe the influence of soil texture, preferential flow, and plants on nitrate transport and denitrification under unsaturated conditions. Calcium nitrate fertilizer was applied to the surface of four large undisturbed soil cores (30 cm diameter by 40 cm height). Two of the cores were a structured clay obtained from central Missouri and two were an unstructured fine sand obtained from central Florida. The cores were irrigated daily and maintained at a matric potential of -20 kPa, representative of soil tension in the rooting zone of irrigated agricultural fields. Volumetric water content (θ), concentration of nitrate-N in the soil solution, and nitrous oxide flux at the surface, 10, 20, and 30 cm were monitored daily. Leaching loss of surface-applied N03− -N was significant in both the sand and the clay. In unplanted sand cores, almost all of the applied nitrate was leached below 30 cm within 10 days. Gaseous N loss owing to denitrification was no greater than 2% of the nitrate-N applied to the unplanted sand cores and, in general, was less than 1 %. Although leaching was somewhat retarded in the clay cores, about 60% of the applied nitrate-N was leached from the unplanted clay soil in 5–6 weeks. Under unsaturated conditions, the clay had little to no tendency to denitrify despite the greater moisture content of the clay and retarded leaching of nitrate in the clay. The planted sand cores had surprisingly large gaseous N loss owing to denitrification, as much as 17% of the nitrate-N. Results from both the clay and sand experiments show that the dynamics of nitrate transport and transformation in unsaturated soils are affected by small, localized variations in the soil moisture content profile, the gaseous diffusion coefficient of the soil, the rate at which the nitrate pulse passes through the soil, the solubility of N2O and N2 and the diffusion of the gasses through the soil solution, and development of a water content profile in the soil. Limited dentrification in the clay soil was due to a limited volume of soil available for infiltration after internal catchment and the development of denitrifying conditions resulting from the presence of an extensive macropore system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)02666-Y","usgsCitation":"Tindall, J.A., Petrusak, R.L., and McMahon, P.B., 1995, Nitrate transport and transformation processes in unsaturated porous media: Journal of Hydrology, v. 169, no. 1-4, p. 51-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02666-Y.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"94","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"169","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b93e4b0236b68f82918","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tindall, James A. 0000-0002-0940-1586 jtindall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-1586","contributorId":2529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tindall","given":"James","email":"jtindall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petrusak, Robin L.","contributorId":189608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petrusak","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185717,"text":"70185717 - 1995 - Hydrostatigraphic characterization of coastal aquifer by geophysical log analysis, Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T11:24:08","indexId":"70185717","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2631,"text":"Log Analyst","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrostatigraphic characterization of coastal aquifer by geophysical log analysis, Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Cape Cod National Seashore comprises part of Provincetown, Massachusetts, which lies at the northern tip of Cape Cod. The hydrologic regime in this area consists of unconsolidated sand-and-gravel deposits that constitute a highly permeable aquifer within which is a freshwater lens floating on denser sea water. A network of wells was installed into this aquifer to monitor a leachate plume emanating from the Provincetown landfill. Wells were located along orthogonal transects perpendicular to and parallel to the general groundwater flow path from the landfill to the seashore approximately 1,000 m to the southeast. Temperature, epithermal neutron, natural gamma. and electronmagnetic induction logs were obtained in five wells to depths ranging from 23 to 37 m. These logs identify the primary contamination and show that its movement is controlled by and confined within a dominant hydrostratigraphic unit about 2 to 5 m thick that exhibits low porosity, large representative grain size, and high relative permeability. A relation is also found between the temperaturegradient logs and water quality, with the gradient traces serving as effective delineators of the contaminant plume in wells nearest the landfill. Contamination is not detectable in the well nearest the seashore and farthest from the landfill, and the induction log from this well clearly identifies the freshwater/seawater transition zone at a depth of about 18 m. The geophysical logs provide fundamental information concerning the spatial distribution of aquifer properties near the landfill and lend valuable insight into how these properties influence the migration of the leachate plume to the sea.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., and Urish, D.W., 1995, Hydrostatigraphic characterization of coastal aquifer by geophysical log analysis, Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts: Log Analyst, v. 36, no. 4, p. 27-37.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"27","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338455,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPWLA-1995-v36n4a2"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7633e4b0ee37af29e4b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":686520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urish, Daniel W.","contributorId":189936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Urish","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015656,"text":"1015656 - 1995 - Ebb and flow of encroachment by nonnative rainbow trout in a small stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T16:35:07.956979","indexId":"1015656","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ebb and flow of encroachment by nonnative rainbow trout in a small stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains","docAbstract":"Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis is the native salmonid species of streams in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The present distribution of this species, once widespread from headwaters to lower reaches of large streams, is restricted to mostly headwater areas. Changes in the distribution of native brook trout in the presence ofˈ nonnative rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss have been documented in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. When rainbow trout were first found in a tributary (Rock Creek) in the park in 1979, a study was begun to assess changes through time in distribution and abundance of rainbow trout in Rock Creek and to compare the brook trout and rainbow trout associations in Rock Creek with associations found in other park streams. Abundance of brook trout was low in the downstream sections of Rock Creek in 1979–1993. Brook trout abundance was highest in the steep‐gradient, pool‐dominated headwater section which was only 2 km from the confluence of Rock Creek and Cosby Creek. Rainbow trout were present in low densities in Rock Creek during the same period. Although rainbow trout were most abundant in the lower stream sections and never found in the headwater section, adult and age‐0 rainbow trout were found in the middle section in 1988. Rainbow trout were absent in the middle section in 1991, but one large adult rainbow trout was present in the section in 1992 and 1993. Floods, freshets, and periods of low stream discharge appeared to play an important role in the distribution and population structure of rainbow trout in Rock Creek. The lower portion of Rock Creek was poor trout habitat because the sections were dominated by cobble–rubble substrate and shallow riffle areas. Stream habitat appeared to be better suited for brook trout than for rainbow trout in the steep‐gradient upstream sections which were dominated by boulder‐cobble substrate and deep pools. The results of this study suggest that encroachment by rainbow trout can exhibit considerable ebb and flow in steep‐gradient tributaries in the park, and they suggest substantial evolutionary adaptation by brook trout to the hydrological conditions in the Rock Creek drainage.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0613:EAFOEB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Larson, G.L., Moore, S.E., and Carter, B., 1995, Ebb and flow of encroachment by nonnative rainbow trout in a small stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 124, no. 4, p. 613-622, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0613:EAFOEB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"622","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.89808925940474,\n 35.7816844868813\n ],\n [\n -83.89808925940474,\n 35.32379248217812\n ],\n [\n -83.0681166387422,\n 35.32379248217812\n ],\n [\n -83.0681166387422,\n 35.7816844868813\n ],\n [\n -83.89808925940474,\n 35.7816844868813\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Gary L. gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Gary","email":"gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":323041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, S. E.","contributorId":106829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Bart","contributorId":367837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carter","given":"Bart","affiliations":[{"id":35484,"text":"National Park Service, Great Smoky Mountains National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18836,"text":"ofr9543 - 1995 - Impact of the lower Alamosa River water on alfalfa, southwestern San Luis Valley, Colorado: 1994 follow-up study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T11:30:31","indexId":"ofr9543","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-43","title":"Impact of the lower Alamosa River water on alfalfa, southwestern San Luis Valley, Colorado: 1994 follow-up study","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English ","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9543","usgsCitation":"Erdman, J.A., and Smith, K.S., 1995, Impact of the lower Alamosa River water on alfalfa, southwestern San Luis Valley, Colorado: 1994 follow-up study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-43, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9543.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48229,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f98eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erdman, James A.","contributorId":37748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdman","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21460,"text":"ofr94489 - 1995 - Selected meteorological data for an arid site near Beatty, Nye County, Nevada, calendar years 1990 and 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T12:59:36","indexId":"ofr94489","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-489","title":"Selected meteorological data for an arid site near Beatty, Nye County, Nevada, calendar years 1990 and 1991","docAbstract":"Selected meteorological data were collected at a study site adjacent to a low-level radioactive-waste burial facility near Beatty, Nevada, for calendar years 1990 and 1991. Data were collected in support of ongoing studies to estimate the potential for downward movement of radionuclides into the unsaturated sediments beneath waste-burial trenches at the facility. The data include air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure, incident solar radiation, windspeed, wind direction, barometric pressure, and precipitation. The data are summarized in tables and graphs.
Instrumentation used at the site is discussed. The discussion includes the type, reported accuracy, and mounting height of each sensor.
In 1990, the average hourly air temperatures ranged from -16.2 degrees Celsius, in December, to 44.2 degrees Celsius, in July. Hourly averaged relative humidity ranged from 6 percent to more than 90 percent. Hourly vapor pressures ranged from 0.08 to 1.84 kilopascals. Daily maximum incident solar radiation values ranged from 192 to 1,028 watts per square meter. Daily mean windspeed ranged from less than 1 to 8.7 meters per second. Wind direction was primarily from the northwest in fall, winter, and spring and varied from southeast, southwest, or northwest during the summer. Hourly barometric pressures ranged from 99.47 to 103.12 kilopascals. Total precipitation for 1990 was 32.4 millimeters; almost 45 percent was in September.
In 1991, the average hourly air temperatures ranged from -9.2 degrees Celsius, in January, to 43.7 degrees Celsius, in July. Hourly averaged relative humidity ranged from 3 percent to more than 95 percent. Hourly vapor pressures ranged from 0.07 to 2.22 kilopascals. Daily maximum incident solar radiation values ranged from 143 to 1,041 watts per square meter. Daily mean windspeed ranged from 1.2 to 8.4 meters per second. Wind direction was primarily from the northwest in fall, winter, and spring and varied from southeast, southwest, or northwest during the summer. Hourly barometric pressures ranged from 99.52 to 103.40 kilopascals. Total precipitation for 1991 was 103.6 millimeters; almost 60 percent was in March.
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Sleepers River was chosen because it is a well-designed outdoor laboratory with a long history of hydrologic data collection and research, and also because it provides an ideal opportunity for collaboration among the U.S. Geological Survey, other Federal agencies, and universities at the site. The multiple subwatersheds at Sleepers River present a unique opportunity to investigate hydrologic, energy, and biogeochemical processes over a variety of spatial scales. This WEBB study builds on fundamental research on process mechanisms and rates at the plot scale (in this case, a hillslope). Results then are scaled up to interpret the hydrochemical response of first- and higher- order basins. Five research elements make up the Sleepers River WEBB project. Individually, each of the five elements is designed to investigate specific WEBB processes (such as CO2 efflux through a snowpack), address specific WEBB issues (such as scaling and flowpaths), or apply specific WEBB approaches (such as integrated chemical and physical study of a hillslope). The research elements overlap so that many of the processes investigated will be assessed in more than one way, thus allowing independent verification of research results. For example, flowpath information will be derived separately by use of isotopic tracers, conservative chemical solutes, and soil-moisture fluxes. Collectively, the five elements constitute an integrated approach to a comprehensive understanding of WEBB processes needed for the prediction of the effects of global change.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94475","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., Sundquist, E., and Kendall, C., 1995, Water, energy, and biogeochemical budget research at Sleepers River Research Watershed, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-475, iv, 22 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94475.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0475/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50472,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0475/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd156","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, James B. 0000-0002-4234-3437 jshanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3437","contributorId":1953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"James","email":"jshanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sundquist, E.T.","contributorId":13990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68217,"text":"ha730K - 1995 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 10, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":68217,"text":"ha730K - 1995 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 10, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee","indexId":"ha730K","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 10, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T16:01:32","indexId":"ha730K","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"K","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 10, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee","docAbstract":"This report provides a summary of ground-water conditions and problems in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee, which compose Segment 10 of the Ground Water Atlas of the United States, an area of about 217,000 square miles. The definition, distribution, thickness, water-yielding, and water-quality characteristics of the principal aquifers in the segment are the primary topics of this chapter. Ground-water source, occurrence, movement, use, and problems also are discussed where appropriate.
Segment 10 consists of parts of seven physiographic provinces (fig. 1)- the Coastal Plain, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Appalachian Plateaus, Interior Low Plateaus, Central Lowland, and Ozark Plateaus. The provinces have unique hydrogeologic characteristics that make it convenient to describe the principal aquifers in each province.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66de7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lloyd, Orville B.","contributorId":24378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lloyd","given":"Orville B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyke, William L.","contributorId":38616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyke","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185359,"text":"70185359 - 1995 - Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 1. Flow patterns, age of groundwater, and influence of lakewater leakage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:06:56","indexId":"70185359","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 1. Flow patterns, age of groundwater, and influence of lakewater leakage","docAbstract":"Leakage from sinkhole lakes significantly influences recharge to the Upper Floridan aquifer in poorly confined sediments in northern Florida. Environmental isotopes (oxygen 18, deuterium, and tritium), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs: CFC-11, CCl3F; CFC-12, CCl2F2; and CFC-113, C2Cl3F3), and solute tracers were used to investigate groundwater flow patterns near Lake Barco, a seepage lake in a mantled karst setting in northern Florida. Stable isotope data indicated that the groundwater downgradient from the lake contained 11–67% lake water leakage, with a limit of detection of lake water in groundwater of 4.3%. The mixing fractions of lake water leakage, which passed through organic-rich sediments in the lake bottom, were directly proportional to the observed methane concentrations and increased with depth in the groundwater flow system. In aerobic groundwater upgradient from Lake Barco, CFC-modeled recharge dates ranged from 1987 near the water table to the mid 1970s for water collected at a depth of 30 m below the water table. CFC-modeled recharge dates (based on CFC-12) for anaerobic groundwater downgradient from the lake ranged from the late 1950s to the mid 1970s and were consistent with tritium data. CFC-modeled recharge dates based on CFC-11 indicated preferential microbial degradation in anoxic waters. Vertical hydraulic conductivities, calculated using CFC-12 modeled recharge dates and Darcy's law, were 0.17, 0.033, and 0.019 m/d for the surficial aquifer, intermediate confining unit, and lake sediments, respectively. These conductivities agreed closely with those used in the calibration of a three-dimensional groundwater flow model for transient and steady state flow conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR00221","usgsCitation":"Katz, B.G., Lee, T.M., Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 1995, Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 1. Flow patterns, age of groundwater, and influence of lakewater leakage: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 6, p. 1549-1564, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR00221.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"1549","endPage":"1564","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Barco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.00907707214355,\n 29.67850809103362\n ],\n [\n -82.01105117797852,\n 29.675599772669415\n ],\n [\n -82.00924873352051,\n 29.674182869145277\n ],\n [\n -82.00693130493164,\n 29.674257443512726\n ],\n [\n -82.00590133666992,\n 29.675823492453357\n ],\n [\n -82.00624465942383,\n 29.67761323280481\n ],\n [\n -82.00761795043945,\n 29.67835894854861\n ],\n [\n -82.00907707214355,\n 29.67850809103362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f8291c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Terrie M. tmlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Terrie","email":"tmlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185361,"text":"70185361 - 1995 - Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 2. Chemical patterns, mass-transfer modeling, and rates of chemical reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:06:46","indexId":"70185361","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 2. Chemical patterns, mass-transfer modeling, and rates of chemical reactions","docAbstract":"Chemical patterns along evolutionary groundwater flow paths in silicate and carbonate aquifers were interpreted using solute tracers, carbon and sulfur isotopes, and mass balance reaction modeling for a complex hydrologic system involving groundwater inflow to and outflow from a sinkhole lake in northern Florida. Rates of dominant reactions along defined flow paths were estimated from modeled mass transfer and ages obtained from CFC-modeled recharge dates. Groundwater upgradient from Lake Barco remains oxic as it moves downward, reacting with silicate minerals in a system open to carbon dioxide (CO2), producing only small increases in dissolved species. Beneath and downgradient of Lake Barco the oxic groundwater mixes with lake water leakage in a highly reducing, silicate-carbonate mineral environment. A mixing model, developed for anoxic groundwater downgradient from the lake, accounted for the observed chemical and isotopic composition by combining different proportions of lake water leakage and infiltrating meteoric water. The evolution of major ion chemistry and the 13C isotopic composition of dissolved carbon species in groundwater downgradient from the lake can be explained by the aerobic oxidation of organic matter in the lake, anaerobic microbial oxidation of organic carbon, and incongruent dissolution of smectite minerals to kaolinite. The dominant process for the generation of methane was by the CO2 reduction pathway based on the isotopic composition of hydrogen (δ2H(CH4) = −186 to −234‰) and carbon (δ13C(CH4) = −65.7 to −72.3‰). Rates of microbial metabolism of organic matter, estimated from the mass transfer reaction models, ranged from 0.0047 to 0.039 mmol L−1 yr−1 for groundwater downgradient from the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR00220","usgsCitation":"Katz, B.G., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Revesz, K.M., Jones, B.F., and Lee, T.M., 1995, Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 2. Chemical patterns, mass-transfer modeling, and rates of chemical reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 6, p. 1565-1584, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR00220.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"1565","endPage":"1584","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b93e4b0236b68f8291a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Revesz, Kinga M. krevesz@usgs.gov","contributorId":506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","email":"krevesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jones, Blair F. bfjones@usgs.gov","contributorId":2784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Blair","email":"bfjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, Terrie M. tmlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Terrie","email":"tmlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":29384,"text":"wri944003 - 1995 - Factors affecting water quality and net flux of solutes in two stream basins in the Quabbin Reservoir drainage basin, central Massachusetts, 1983-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-16T21:40:08.31276","indexId":"wri944003","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4003","title":"Factors affecting water quality and net flux of solutes in two stream basins in the Quabbin Reservoir drainage basin, central Massachusetts, 1983-85","docAbstract":"The factors that affect stream-water quality were studied at West Branch Swift River (Swift River), and East Branch Fever Brook (Fever Brook), two forested watersheds that drain into the Quabbin Reservoir, central Massachusetts, from December 1983 through August 1985. Spatial and temporal variations of chemistry of precipitation, surface water; and ground water and the linkages between chemical changes and hydrologic processes were used to identify the mechanisms that control stream chemistry. Precipitation chemistry was dominated by hydrogen ion (composite p.H 4.23), sulfate, and nitrate. Inputs of hydrogen and nitrate from pre- cipitation were almost entirely retained in the basins, whereas input of sulfate was approximately balanced by export by streamflow draining the basins. Both streams were poorly buffered, with mean pH near 5.7, mean alkalinity less than 30 microequivalents per liter, and sulfate concen- trations greater than 130 microequivalents per liter. Sodium and chloride, derived primarily from highway deicing salts, were the dominant solutes at Fever Brook. After adjustments for deicing salts, fluxes of base cations during the 21-month study were 2,014 and 1,429 equivalents per hectare in Swift River and Fever Brook, respectively. Base cation fluxes were controlled primarily by weathering of hornblende (Fever Brook) and plagioclase (Swift River). The overall weathering rate was greater in the Swift River Basin because easily weathered gabbro underlies one subbasin which comprises 11.2 percent of the total basin area but contributed about 77 percent of the total alkalinity. Alkalinity export was nearly equal in the two basins, however, because some alkalinity was generated in wetlands in the Fever Brook Basin through bacterial sulfate reduction coupled with organic-carbon oxidation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944003","usgsCitation":"Rittmaster, R., and Shanley, J.B., 1995, Factors affecting water quality and net flux of solutes in two stream basins in the Quabbin Reservoir drainage basin, central Massachusetts, 1983-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4003, v, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944003.","productDescription":"v, 66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58230,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":396050,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47918.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Quabbin Reservoir drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.4167,\n 42.4583\n ],\n [\n -72.1833,\n 42.4583\n ],\n [\n -72.1833,\n 42.5458\n ],\n [\n -72.4167,\n 42.5458\n ],\n [\n -72.4167,\n 42.4583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f879b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rittmaster, R. L.","contributorId":55861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rittmaster","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209975,"text":"70209975 - 1995 - Ostracode δ18O and δ13C evidence of Holocene environmental changes in the sediments of two Minnesota lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-16T19:04:22.865779","indexId":"70209975","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-07T12:26:10","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Ostracode δ18O and δ13C evidence of Holocene environmental changes in the sediments of two Minnesota lakes","title":"Ostracode δ18O and δ13C evidence of Holocene environmental changes in the sediments of two Minnesota lakes","docAbstract":"Stable oxygen and carbon isotope geochemistry of ostracode valves, abundance and assemblages of ostracode species, and sedimentological parameters from cores taken in Williams and Shingobee Lakes in north-central Minnesota show changes in climatic and hydrologic history during the Holocene. Isotopic records are consistent with the following scenario:
Before 9800 yr B.P. the two lakes were connected. Increasing evaporation through the jack/red pine period (9800-7700 yr B.P.) led to lower lake levels, leaving small separated basins. The prairie period (7700-4000 yr B.P.) reflects high aridity, and lake levels reached low stands shortly before 6500 yr B.P. Low lake levels are associated with groundwater discharge between 6500 and 6000 yr B.P. The hardwood period (4000-3200 yr B.P.) corresponds to long cold winters and warm to cool summers with lower evaporation rates and slower sedimentation. During the white pine period (<3200 yr B.P.) evaporation increased and/or precipitation shifted to the summer months.
These changes can be related to shifting atmospheric circulation patterns. Zonal flow was probably dominant during the early Holocene until the end of the prairie period (c. 4000 yr B.P.). During the hardwood period a combination of zonal and meridional flow patterns caused long and cold winters and wetter summers. During the white pine period wintners were shorter and the meridional flow pattern more significant. Today meridional flow dominates the circulation pattern.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00682429","usgsCitation":"Schwalb, A., Locke, S., and Dean, W.E., 1995, Ostracode δ18O and δ13C evidence of Holocene environmental changes in the sediments of two Minnesota lakes: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 14, p. 281-296, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00682429.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"296","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374543,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Shingobee Lake, Williams Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.72240447998047,\n 46.98142350280382\n ],\n [\n -94.6662712097168,\n 46.98142350280382\n ],\n [\n -94.6662712097168,\n 47.030939552881364\n ],\n [\n -94.72240447998047,\n 47.030939552881364\n ],\n [\n -94.72240447998047,\n 46.98142350280382\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwalb, A.","contributorId":31129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwalb","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Locke, Sharon M.","contributorId":224599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Locke","given":"Sharon M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185371,"text":"70185371 - 1995 - Measurements of aquifer-storage change and specific yield using gravity surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-21T12:21:41","indexId":"70185371","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurements of aquifer-storage change and specific yield using gravity surveys","docAbstract":"Pinal Creek is an intermittent stream that drains a 200-square-mile alluvial basin in central Arizona. Large changes in water levels and aquifer storage occur in an alluvial aquifer near the stream in response to periodic recharge and ground-water withdrawals. Outflow components of the ground-water budget and hydraulic properties of the alluvium are well-defined by field measurements; however, data are insufficient to adequately describe recharge, aquifer-storage change, and specific-yield values. An investigation was begun to assess the utility of temporal-gravity surveys to directly measure aquifer-storage change and estimate values of specific yield.
The temporal-gravity surveys measured changes in the differences in gravity between two reference stations on bedrock and six stations at wells; changes are caused by variations in aquifer storage. Specific yield was estimated by dividing storage change by water-level change. Four surveys were done between February 21, 1991, and March 31, 1993. Gravity increased as much as 158 microGal ± 1 to 6 microGal, and water levels rose as much as 58 feet. Average specific yield at wells ranged from 0.16 to 0.21, and variations in specific yield with depth correlate with lithologic variations. Results indicate that temporal-gravity surveys can be used to estimate aquifer-storage change and specific yield of water-table aquifers where significant variations in water levels occur. Direct measurement of aquifer-storage change can eliminate a major unknown from the ground-water budget of arid basins and improve residual estimates of recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00299.x","usgsCitation":"Pool, D.R., and Eychaner, J., 1995, Measurements of aquifer-storage change and specific yield using gravity surveys: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 3, p. 425-432, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00299.x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"425","endPage":"432","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337932,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82920","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pool, D. R.","contributorId":75581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eychaner, J.H.","contributorId":34511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eychaner","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185324,"text":"70185324 - 1995 - Comment on \"Thermodynamics of organic chemical partition in soils\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T07:57:14","indexId":"70185324","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on \"Thermodynamics of organic chemical partition in soils\"","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00005a040","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., 1995, Comment on \"Thermodynamics of organic chemical partition in soils\": Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1421-1422, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00005a040.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1421","endPage":"1422","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337864,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f6739f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, Cary T. 0000-0002-8743-0702","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8743-0702","contributorId":189558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"Cary","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185365,"text":"70185365 - 1995 - Use of a square-array direct-current resistivity method to detect fractures in crystalline bedrock in New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-14T12:46:21","indexId":"70185365","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a square-array direct-current resistivity method to detect fractures in crystalline bedrock in New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Azimuthal square-array direct-current (dc) resistivity soundings were used to detect fractures in bedrock in the Mirror Lake watershed in Grafton County, New Hampshire. Soundings were conducted at a site where crystalline bedrock underlies approximately 7 m (meters) of glacial drift. Measured apparent resistivities changed with the orientation of the array. Graphical interpretation of the square-array data indicates that a dominant fracture set and (or) foliation in the bedrock is oriented at 030° (degrees). Interpretation of crossed square-array data indicates an orientation of 027° and an anisotropy factor of 1.31. Assuming that anisotropy is due to fractures, the secondary porosity is estimated to range from 0.01 to 0.10.
Interpretations of azimuthal square-array data are supported by other geophysical data, including azimuthal seismic-refraction surveys and azimuthal Schlumberger dc-resistivity soundings at the Camp Osceola well field. Dominant fracture trends indicated by these geophysical methods are 022° (seismic-refraction) and 037° (dc-resistivity). Fracture mapping of bedrock outcrops at a site within 250 m indicates that the maximum fracture-strike frequency is oriented at 030°.
The square-array dc-resistivity sounding method is more sensitive to a given rock anisotropy than the more commonly used Schlumberger and Wenner arrays. An additional advantage of the square-array method is that it requires about 65 percent less surface area than an equivalent survey using a Schlumberger or Wenner array.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00304.x","usgsCitation":"Lane, J., Haeni, F., and Watson, W., 1995, Use of a square-array direct-current resistivity method to detect fractures in crystalline bedrock in New Hampshire: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 3, p. 476-485, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00304.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"476","endPage":"485","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.28607749938965,\n 43.65495633091365\n ],\n [\n -71.30135536193848,\n 43.64557859436532\n ],\n [\n -71.29483222961426,\n 43.62259384514501\n ],\n [\n -71.27921104431152,\n 43.62228318022435\n ],\n [\n -71.27483367919922,\n 43.62128904169025\n ],\n [\n -71.27483367919922,\n 43.620232751485744\n ],\n [\n -71.2708854675293,\n 43.61725018485249\n ],\n [\n -71.26032829284668,\n 43.61408104569764\n ],\n [\n -71.25543594360352,\n 43.61246534185104\n ],\n [\n -71.25423431396483,\n 43.60842589232491\n ],\n [\n -71.21526718139648,\n 43.628806806433296\n ],\n [\n -71.23114585876465,\n 43.65365223004351\n ],\n [\n -71.28607749938965,\n 43.65495633091365\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82924","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watson, W.M.","contributorId":189601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watson","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185367,"text":"70185367 - 1995 - Combining the Neuman and Boulton models for flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-21T12:06:52","indexId":"70185367","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining the Neuman and Boulton models for flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer","docAbstract":"A Laplace transform solution is presented for flow to a well in a homogeneous, water-table aquifer with noninstanta-neous drainage of water from the zone above the water table. The Boulton convolution integral is combined with Darcy's law and used as an upper boundary condition to replace the condition used by Neuman. Boulton's integral derives from the assumption that water drained from the unsaturated zone is released gradually in a manner that varies exponentially with time in response to a unit decline in hydraulic head, whereas the condition used by Newman assumes that the water is released instantaneously. The result is a solution that reduces to the solution obtained by Neuman as the rate of release of water from the zone above the water table increases. A dimensionless fitting parameter, γ, is introduced that incorporates vertical hydraulic conductivity, saturated thickness, specific yield, and an empirical constant α1, similar to Boulton's α. Results show that theoretical drawdown in water-table piezometers is amplified by noninstantaneous drainage from the unsaturated zone to a greater extent than drawdown in piezometers located at depth in the saturated zone. This difference provides a basis for evaluating γ by type-curve matching in addition to the other dimensionless parameters. Analysis of drawdown in selected piezometers from the published results of two aquifer tests conducted in relatively homogeneous glacial outwash deposits but with significantly different hydraulic conductivities reveals improved comparison between the theoretical type curves and the hydraulic head measured in water-table piezometers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00293.x","usgsCitation":"Moench, A.F., 1995, Combining the Neuman and Boulton models for flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 3, p. 378-384, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00293.x.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"378","endPage":"384","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82922","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, Allen F. afmoench@usgs.gov","contributorId":3903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"Allen","email":"afmoench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185383,"text":"70185383 - 1995 - Chemical and isotopic methods for quantifying ground-water recharge in a regional, semiarid environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T10:26:45","indexId":"70185383","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and isotopic methods for quantifying ground-water recharge in a regional, semiarid environment","docAbstract":"The High Plains aquifer underlying the semiarid Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico, USA was used to illustrate solute and isotopic methods for evaluating recharge fluxes, runoff, and spatial and temporal distribution of recharge. The chloride mass-balance method can provide, under certain conditions, a time-integrated technique for evaluation of recharge flux to regional aquifers that is independent of physical parameters. Applying this method to the High Plains aquifer of the Southern High Plains suggests that recharge flux is approximately 2% of precipitation, or approximately 11 ± 2 mm/y, consistent with previous estimates based on a variety of physically based measurements. The method is useful because long-term average precipitation and chloride concentrations in rain and ground water have less uncertainty and are generally less expensive to acquire than physically based parameters commonly used in analyzing recharge. Spatial and temporal distribution of recharge was evaluated by use of δ2H, δ18O, and tritium concentrations in both ground water and the unsaturated zone. Analyses suggest that nearly half of the recharge to the Southern High Plains occurs as piston flow through playa basin floors that occupy approximately 6% of the area, and that macropore recharge may be important in the remaining recharge. Tritium and chloride concentrations in the unsaturated zone were used in a new equation developed to quantify runoff. Using this equation and data from a representative basin, runoff was found to be 24 ± 3 mm/y; that is in close agreement with values obtained from water-balance measurements on experimental watersheds in the area. Such geochemical estimates are possible because tritium is used to calculate a recharge flux that is independent of precipitation and runoff, whereas recharge flux based on chloride concentration in the unsaturated zone is dependent upon the amount of runoff. The difference between these two estimates yields the amount of runoff to the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00302.x","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., and Sanford, W.E., 1995, Chemical and isotopic methods for quantifying ground-water recharge in a regional, semiarid environment: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 3, p. 458-468, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00302.x.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"458","endPage":"468","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f8291e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185363,"text":"70185363 - 1995 - Effects of colloids on metal transport in a river receiving acid mine drainage, upper Arkansas River, Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T07:42:43","indexId":"70185363","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of colloids on metal transport in a river receiving acid mine drainage, upper Arkansas River, Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Inflows of metal-rich, acidic water that drain from mine dumps and tailings piles in the Leadville, Colorado, area enter the non-acidic water in the upper Arkansas River. Hydrous iron oxides precipitate as colloids and move downstream in suspension, particularly downstream from California Gulch, which has been the major source of metal loads. The colloids influence the concentrations of metals dissolved in the water and the concentrations in bed sediments. To determine the role of colloids, samples of water, colloids, and fine-grained bed sediment were obtained at stream-gaging sites on the upper Arkansas River and at the mouths of major tributaries over a 250-km reach. Dissolved and colloidal metal concentrations in the water column were operationally defined using tangential-flow filtration through 0.001-pm membranes to separate the water and the colloids. Surface-extractable and total bed sediment metal concentrations were obtained on the <60-μm fraction of the bed sediment. The highest concentrations of metals in water, colloids, and bed sediments occurred just downstream from California Gulch. Iron dominated the colloid composition, but substantial concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn also occurred in the colloidal solids. The colloidal load decreased by one half in the first 50 km downstream from the mining inflows due to sedimentation of aggregated colloids to the streambed. Nevertheless, a substantial load of colloids was transported through the entire study reach to Pueblo Reservoir. Dissolved metals were dominated by Mn and Zn, and their concentrations remained relatively high throughout the 250-km reach. The composition of extractable and total metals in bed sediment for several kilometers downstream from California Gulch is similar to the composition of the colloids that settle to the bed. Substantial concentrations of Mn and Zn were extractable, which is consistent with sediment-water chemical reaction. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in bed sediment clearly result from the influence of mining near Leadville. Concentrations of Fe and Cu in bed sediments are nearly equal to concentrations in colloids for about 10 km downstream from California Gulch. Farther downstream, concentrations of Fe and Cu in tributary sediments mask the signal of mining inflows. These results indicate that colloids indeed influence the occurrence and transport of metals in rivers affected by mining.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(95)00011-8","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., 1995, Effects of colloids on metal transport in a river receiving acid mine drainage, upper Arkansas River, Colorado, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 10, no. 3, p. 285-306, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(95)00011-8.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"285","endPage":"306","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337924,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Arkansas River ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.47860717773438,\n 38.28454701883166\n ],\n [\n -104.48204040527342,\n 38.29155339372579\n ],\n [\n -104.7930908203125,\n 38.313645991657935\n ],\n [\n -104.9036407470703,\n 38.36804051336666\n ],\n [\n -105.12577056884766,\n 38.43664852683647\n ],\n [\n -105.27339935302734,\n 38.46649284538942\n ],\n [\n -105.39802551269531,\n 38.505997401358286\n ],\n [\n -105.50239562988281,\n 38.47590065618779\n ],\n [\n -105.61912536621094,\n 38.434766038944815\n ],\n [\n -105.71800231933594,\n 38.395222455895585\n ],\n [\n -105.81310272216797,\n 38.45923455268316\n ],\n [\n -105.91472625732422,\n 38.510564558375776\n ],\n [\n -105.99781036376953,\n 38.647176385570134\n ],\n [\n -106.04621887207031,\n 38.76532733447257\n ],\n [\n -106.09909057617188,\n 38.8771359067301\n ],\n [\n -106.19762420654295,\n 38.997841307500714\n ],\n [\n -106.25736236572266,\n 39.103955972576166\n ],\n [\n -106.29478454589844,\n 39.16760145633732\n ],\n [\n -106.23710632324217,\n 39.26947400794335\n ],\n [\n -106.2077522277832,\n 39.30574532850959\n ],\n [\n -106.24465942382811,\n 39.33376633431887\n ],\n [\n -106.32808685302734,\n 39.32194841624885\n ],\n [\n -106.36533737182616,\n 39.295516858108876\n ],\n [\n -106.40396118164062,\n 39.25246120620435\n ],\n [\n -106.37374877929688,\n 39.19235172186499\n ],\n [\n -106.29135131835936,\n 39.032519409191565\n ],\n [\n -106.11557006835938,\n 38.57340069124239\n ],\n [\n -105.80108642578125,\n 38.35942628215571\n ],\n [\n -105.64384460449217,\n 38.3712705857646\n ],\n [\n -105.40145874023438,\n 38.441757889396904\n ],\n [\n -104.930419921875,\n 38.27700093565902\n ],\n [\n -104.51156616210938,\n 38.23062921938795\n ],\n [\n -104.47860717773438,\n 38.28454701883166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82927","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70203145,"text":"70203145 - 1995 - Processes controlling the chemistry of two snowmelt‐dominated streams in the Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-22T14:24:13","indexId":"70203145","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-16T15:32:10","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes controlling the chemistry of two snowmelt‐dominated streams in the Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"Time‐intensive discharge and chemical data for two alpine streams in the Loch Vale watershed, Colorado, were used to identify sources of runoff, flow paths, and important biogeochemical processes during the 1992 snowmelt runoff season. In spite of the paucity of soil cover the chemical composition of the streams is regulated much as in typical forested watersheds. Soils and other shallow groundwater matrices such as boulder fields appear to be more important in controlling surface‐water chemistry than their abundance would indicate. The chemical composition of the major source waters (usually thought of as end‐members whose chemical composition is relatively constant over time) changes at the same time that their mixing ratio in streams changes, confounding use of end‐member mixing models to describe stream‐water chemistry. Changes in the chemical composition of these source waters are caused by the ionic pulse of solutes from the snowpack and the small size of the shallow groundwater reservoir compared to the volume of snowmelt passing through it. The brief hydrologic residence time in the shallow groundwater indicates that concentrations of most dissolved constituents of stream water were controlled by fast geochemical processes that occurred on timescales of hours to days, rather than slower processes such as weathering of primary minerals. Differences in the timing of snowmelt‐related processes between different areas of the watershed also affect the stream‐water chemical composition. Cirque lakes affect discharge and chemical composition of one of the streams; seasonal control on stream‐water NO3 and SiO2 concentrations by diatom uptake in the lakes was inferred. Elution of acidic waters from the snowpack, along with dilution of base cations originating in shallow groundwater, caused episodes of decreased acid‐neutralizing capacity in the streams, but the streams did not become acidic.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02037","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.H., Clow, D.W., Ingersoll, G.P., Mast, M.A., Spahr, N.E., and Turk, J.T., 1995, Processes controlling the chemistry of two snowmelt‐dominated streams in the Rocky Mountains: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 11, p. 2811-2821, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02037.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2811","endPage":"2821","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Loch Vale, Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.12518310546875,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -105.11993408203125,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -105.11993408203125,\n 40.64521960545374\n ],\n [\n -106.12518310546875,\n 40.64521960545374\n ],\n [\n -106.12518310546875,\n 40.111688665595956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":761379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, George P. gpingers@usgs.gov","contributorId":1469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"George","email":"gpingers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":761383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185362,"text":"70185362 - 1995 - Transport of chromium and selenium in a pristine sand and gravel aquifer: Role of adsorption processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:07:27","indexId":"70185362","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of chromium and selenium in a pristine sand and gravel aquifer: Role of adsorption processes","docAbstract":"Field transport experiments were conducted in an oxic sand and gravel aquifer using Br (bromide ion), Cr (chromium, injected as Cr(VI)), Se (selenium, injected as Se(VI)), and other tracers. The aquifer has mildly acidic pH values and low concentrations of dissolved salts. Within analytical errors, all mobile Cr was present as Cr(VI). All mobile Se was probably present as Se(VI). Adsorption of Cr and Se onto aquifer sediments caused retardation of both tracers. Breakthrough curves for Cr and Se had extensive tails, which caused large decreases in their maximum concentrations relative to the nonreactive Br tracer after only 2.0 m of transport. A surface complexation model was applied to the results of laboratory studies of Cr(VI) adsorption on aquifer solids from the site based on adsorption onto hydrous ferric oxide. The modeling results suggested that the dominant adsorbents in the aquifer solids have lower affinities for anion adsorption than pure hydrous ferric oxide. The steep rising limbs and extensive tails observed in most of the breakthrough curves are qualitatively consistent with the equilibrium surface complexation model; however, slow rates of adsorption and desorption may have contributed to these features. Variations during transport in the concentrations of Cr, Se, and other anions competing for adsorption sites likely gave rise to variations in the extent of adsorption. Adequate description of the observed retardation of Cr and Se would require a coupled transport-adsorption model that can account for these effects. Companion experiments in the mildly reducing zone of the aquifer (Kent et al., 1994) showed a loss of Cr mass, probably resulting from reduction to Cr(III), and little retardation of mobile Cr and Se during transport; this contrast illustrates the influence of aquifer chemistry on the transport of redox-sensitive solutes.
","language":"English ","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02981","usgsCitation":"Kent, D., Davis, J., Anderson, L., and Rea, B., 1995, Transport of chromium and selenium in a pristine sand and gravel aquifer: Role of adsorption processes: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 4, p. 1041-1050, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02981.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"1041","endPage":"1050","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337923,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82929","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, L.C.D.","contributorId":61206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"L.C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rea, B.A.","contributorId":39008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185327,"text":"70185327 - 1995 - Effect of Triton X-100 on the rate of trichloroethene desorption from soil to water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:09:00","indexId":"70185327","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of Triton X-100 on the rate of trichloroethene desorption from soil to water","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00004a029","usgsCitation":"Deitsch, J.J., and Smith, J., 1995, Effect of Triton X-100 on the rate of trichloroethene desorption from soil to water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 4, p. 1069-1080, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00004a029.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"1069","endPage":"1080","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f673a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deitsch, James J.","contributorId":189561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deitsch","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, James A.","contributorId":68718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":67997,"text":"ha729 - 1995 - Debris flow, debris avalanche, and flood hazards at and downstream from Mount Rainier, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T19:34:23.728044","indexId":"ha729","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"729","title":"Debris flow, debris avalanche, and flood hazards at and downstream from Mount Rainier, Washington","docAbstract":"Mount Rainier volcano has produced many large debris flows and debris avalanches during the last 10,000 years. These flows have periodically traveled more than 100 kilometers from the volcano to inundate parts of the now-populated Puget Sound Lowland. Meteorological floods also have caused damage, but future effects will be partly mitigated by reservoirs. Mount Rainier presents the most severe flow risks of any volcano in the United States. Volcanic debris flows (lahars) are of two types: (1) cohesive, relatively high clay flows originating as debris avalanches, and (2) noncohesive flows with less clay that begin most commonly as meltwater surges. Three case histories represent important subpopulations of flows with known magnitudes and frequencies. The risks of each subpopulation may be considered for general planning and design. A regional map illustrates the extent of inundation by the case-history flows, the largest of which originated as debris avalanches and moved from Mount Rainier to Puget Sound. The paleohydrologic record of these past flows indicates the potential for inundation by future flows from the volcano. A map of the volcano and its immediate vicinity shows examples of smaller debris avalanches and debris flows in the 20th century.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha729","usgsCitation":"Scott, K.M., and Vallance, J., 1995, Debris flow, debris avalanche, and flood hazards at and downstream from Mount Rainier, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 729, Report: 9 p.; 2 Plates: 41.94 × 51.00 inches and 23.65 × 27.39 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha729.","productDescription":"Report: 9 p.; 2 Plates: 41.94 × 51.00 inches and 23.65 × 27.39 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":89242,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/729/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89241,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/729/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89240,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/729/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/729/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":395168,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16157.htm"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 46.67582559793001\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 46.67582559793001\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 47.543163654317304\n ],\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 47.543163654317304\n ],\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 46.67582559793001\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6727ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Kevin M.","contributorId":88331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":277476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallance, J.W.","contributorId":45336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185720,"text":"70185720 - 1995 - Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 1. Evidence for multidentate binding of organic acids from compost leachate on alumina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T09:20:23","indexId":"70185720","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1268,"text":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 1. Evidence for multidentate binding of organic acids from compost leachate on alumina","docAbstract":"Measurements of the infrared linear dichroism of carboxylate groups of organic acids from compost leachate adsorbed to an alumina surface and the enthalpy of adsorption of this reaction have been made. The linear dichroism measurements indicated that the carboxylate groups are not free to rotate. This limited rotation probably results from bidentate binding of the carboxylate groups. The molar enthalpy of adsorption of the acids is approximately −100 kJ mol−1. This high value for enthalpy of adsorption may best be explained by assuming that two or more carboxylate groups on a single dissolved organic carbon (DOC) molecule coordinate to the surficial aluminium ions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0927-7757(94)03031-T","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Leenheer, J., Sperline, R., Song, Y., Noll, L., Melvin, R., and Rigatti, G., 1995, Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 1. Evidence for multidentate binding of organic acids from compost leachate on alumina: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 96, no. 1-2, p. 93-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(94)03031-T.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"93","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7633e4b0ee37af29e4bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sperline, R.P.","contributorId":20093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sperline","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Song, Yuan","contributorId":189938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Song","given":"Yuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Noll, L.A.","contributorId":189939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Noll","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Melvin, R.L.","contributorId":50497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melvin","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rigatti, G.P.","contributorId":189940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rigatti","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}