Prescribed burns and understory thinnings are forest management practices aimed at reducing fuel loads to lessen wildfire threat in the Southern Appalachians, USA. Spiders play a critical role in forest ecosystems by controlling insect populations and providing an important food source for vertebrates. We used pitfall and colored pan traps to investigate how abundance, species richness, and diversity of spiders differed among three fuel reduction treatments administered repeatedly over a 15-year period and untreated controls. Additionally, we examined how spiders responded to one round (before and after) of fuel reduction treatments. We established treatments within the 15-year period as follows: mechanical understory removal (twice; M), prescribed burning (four times; B), mechanical understory removal followed one year later by high-severity prescribed burns and three subsequent burns (MB), and untreated controls (C). Our study period (2014–2016) occurred after multiple prescribed burns and two rounds of mechanical understory removal had occurred. Salticidae and Lycosidae were the two most commonly collected spider families in Southern Appalachian hardwood forests. Generally, we found increased spider abundances within all fuel-reduction treatments compared to controls. Individual spider families and species showed variable responses to treatments, but abundance of several spider families was greater in one or more fuel-reduction treatments than in controls. Additionally, abundance of several spider families and hunting/web building guilds (webs built for hunting purposes or defense) exhibited yearly differences to the last round of fuel-reduction treatments. Overall, our results suggest that changes in the overstory and understory of a forest are important drivers of regional spider abundance and assemblages, and forest management practices that modify forest structure can dramatically alter spider abundance and richness, usually in a positive manner.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120127","usgsCitation":"Campbell, J., Grodsky, S.M., Milne, M., Viguiera, P., Viguiera, C., Stern, E., and Greenberg, C., 2022, Prescribed fire and other fuel-reduction treatments alter ground spider assemblages in a Southern Appalachian hardwood forest: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 510, 120127, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120127.","productDescription":"120127, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-128340","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481089,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120127","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":480823,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Polk County","otherGeospatial":"Green River Game Land","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-82.3541,35.1926],[-82.3507,35.2285],[-82.3597,35.2288],[-82.3591,35.2452],[-82.3495,35.2444],[-82.3462,35.2836],[-82.3294,35.3075],[-82.3183,35.3113],[-82.2784,35.3734],[-82.2636,35.3869],[-82.2615,35.3946],[-82.2477,35.4021],[-82.2403,35.4032],[-82.2283,35.3975],[-82.2181,35.3964],[-82.2098,35.4006],[-82.2059,35.4034],[-82.2008,35.4035],[-82.1945,35.3986],[-82.1872,35.3992],[-82.1738,35.4035],[-82.1637,35.4087],[-82.1507,35.4071],[-82.1392,35.3978],[-82.129,35.3975],[-82.1077,35.3807],[-82.0955,35.3682],[-82.0795,35.3421],[-82.0732,35.3386],[-82.0602,35.3352],[-82.04,35.3183],[-82.0341,35.3098],[-82.0311,35.3021],[-82.0214,35.2986],[-81.9885,35.2679],[-81.9736,35.2586],[-81.9667,35.251],[-81.9636,35.2388],[-81.9713,35.2123],[-81.9732,35.1959],[-81.9713,35.1876],[-82.1521,35.1942],[-82.1554,35.1943],[-82.2163,35.1959],[-82.2861,35.198],[-82.2889,35.1975],[-82.2923,35.1969],[-82.2945,35.1965],[-82.2967,35.1951],[-82.2984,35.1945],[-82.3001,35.194],[-82.3046,35.1926],[-82.3068,35.1922],[-82.3096,35.1916],[-82.3112,35.1912],[-82.313,35.1902],[-82.3157,35.1888],[-82.3186,35.1874],[-82.3219,35.1869],[-82.3246,35.1868],[-82.3281,35.1869],[-82.3297,35.1876],[-82.3303,35.1879],[-82.3326,35.1889],[-82.3354,35.1898],[-82.3377,35.1902],[-82.3406,35.1896],[-82.3433,35.1892],[-82.3456,35.1894],[-82.3489,35.1899],[-82.3501,35.1908],[-82.3518,35.1917],[-82.3541,35.1926]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Polk\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","volume":"510","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Joshua W.","contributorId":349587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"Joshua W.","affiliations":[{"id":36589,"text":"USDA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grodsky, Steven Mark 0000-0003-0846-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0846-7230","contributorId":328517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grodsky","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milne, Marc","contributorId":349588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milne","given":"Marc","affiliations":[{"id":79086,"text":"University of Indianapolis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Viguiera, Patrick","contributorId":349591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Viguiera","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":83493,"text":"High Point University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Viguiera, Cynthia C.","contributorId":349592,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Viguiera","given":"Cynthia C.","affiliations":[{"id":83493,"text":"High Point University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stern, Emily","contributorId":349594,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stern","given":"Emily","affiliations":[{"id":79086,"text":"University of Indianapolis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Greenberg, Cathryn H.","contributorId":349596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenberg","given":"Cathryn H.","affiliations":[{"id":36589,"text":"USDA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70230511,"text":"70230511 - 2022 - Improved resolution across the Global Seismographic Network: A new era in low-frequency seismology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-14T13:23:31.8664","indexId":"70230511","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-14T08:19:53","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10542,"text":"The Seismic Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved resolution across the Global Seismographic Network: A new era in low-frequency seismology","docAbstract":"The Global Seismographic Network (GSN)—a global network of ≈150 very broadband stations—is used by researchers to study the free oscillations of the Earth (≈0.3–10 mHz) following large earthquakes. Normal‐mode observations can provide information about the radial density and anisotropic velocity structure of the Earth (including near the core–mantle boundary), but only when signal‐to‐noise ratios at very low frequencies are sufficiently high. Most normal‐mode observations in the past three decades have been made using Streckeisen STS‐1 vault seismometers. However, these sensors are no longer being manufactured or serviced. Candidate replacement sensors, the Streckeisen STS‐6 and the Nanometrics T‐360GSN, have been recently installed in boreholes, postholes, and vaults at several GSN stations and GSN testbeds. In this study, we examine normal‐mode spectra following three
In drylands, there is a need for controlled experiments over multiple planting years to examine how woody seedlings respond to soil texture and the potentially interactive effects of soil depth and precipitation. Understanding how multiple environmental factors interactively influence plant establishment is critical to restoration ecology and in this case to broad-scale restoration efforts in western US drylands dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). We planted sagebrush seedlings across a range of soil textures and depths in the southern portion of the species' range, on the Colorado Plateau. We evaluated survival of repeated plantings of caged and uncaged seedlings over two years across 20 plots in wet vs. average precipitation years at one site, and examined broader patterns of sagebrush seedling survival during an average precipitation year in 56 plots across four sites. First-year survival was >9x higher under wet than average precipitation. Under favorable (wet) conditions, early sagebrush seedling survival was highest on coarser soils, especially those that also had a shallower restrictive layer (e.g., 50-100 cm). Under average precipitation, soil texture and depth effects on survival of newly-planted seedlings were much weaker, but older (>1 yr) seedlings benefitted from growing on coarser textured soils. It may be possible to increase survival by sheltering seedlings with small mesh cages, which likely improve moisture availability. Our results provide new insights into environmental factors that limit woody seedling survival in drylands and illustrate that planting in wet years and incorporating detailed soil setting information could increase survival of sagebrush seedlings in restoration projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/rec.13700","usgsCitation":"Veblen, K.E., Nehring, K.C., Duniway, M.C., Knight, A.C., Monaco, T.A., Schupp, E.W., Boettinger, J., Villalba, J.J., Fick, S., Brungard, C.C., and Thacker, E., 2022, Soil depth and precipitation moderate soil textural effects on seedling survival of a foundation shrub species: Restoration Ecology, v. 30, no. 6, e13700, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13700.","productDescription":"e13700, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-133946","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399734,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veblen, Kari E.","contributorId":76872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Veblen","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nehring, Kyle C.","contributorId":210415,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nehring","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duniway, Michael C. 0000-0002-9643-2785 mduniway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9643-2785","contributorId":4212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duniway","given":"Michael","email":"mduniway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knight, Anna C. 0000-0002-9455-2855","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9455-2855","contributorId":255113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Monaco, Thomas A.","contributorId":150564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monaco","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schupp, Eugene W.","contributorId":178262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schupp","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Boettinger, Janis L","contributorId":290670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boettinger","given":"Janis L","affiliations":[{"id":62471,"text":"Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322; Dept. of Plants, Soils & Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Villalba, Juan J","contributorId":290671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Villalba","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":62472,"text":"Dept. of Wildland Resources, 5230 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322; Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Fick, Steven 0000-0002-3548-6966","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3548-6966","contributorId":265517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fick","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":54712,"text":"Former US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Brungard, Colby C.","contributorId":248822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brungard","given":"Colby","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":50029,"text":"New Mexico State University, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Las Cruces, NM","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Thacker, Eric","contributorId":268205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thacker","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55594,"text":"Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70239874,"text":"70239874 - 2022 - Life and death in a dynamic environment: Invasive trout, floods, and intraspecific drivers of translocated populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-24T12:48:53.687121","indexId":"70239874","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-11T06:46:52","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life and death in a dynamic environment: Invasive trout, floods, and intraspecific drivers of translocated populations","docAbstract":"Understanding the relative strengths of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating populations is a long-standing focus of ecology and critical to advancing conservation programs for imperiled species. Conservation could benefit from an increased understanding of factors influencing vital rates (somatic growth, recruitment, survival) in small, translocated populations, which is lacking owing to difficulties in long-term monitoring of rare species. Translocations, here defined as the transfer of wild-captured individuals from source populations to new habitats, are widely used for species conservation, but outcomes are often minimally monitored, and translocations that are monitored often fail. To improve our understanding of how translocated populations respond to environmental variation, we developed and tested hypotheses related to intrinsic (density dependent) and extrinsic (introduced rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, stream flow and temperature regime) causes of vital rate variation in endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha) populations translocated to Colorado River tributaries in the Grand Canyon (GC), USA. Using biannual recapture data from translocated populations over 10 years, we tested hypotheses related to seasonal somatic growth, and recruitment and population growth rates with linear mixed-effects models and temporal symmetry mark–recapture models. We combined data from recaptures and resights of dispersed fish (both physical captures and continuously recorded antenna detections) from throughout GC to test survival hypotheses, while accounting for site fidelity, using joint live-recapture/live-resight models. While recruitment only occurred in one site, which also drove population growth (relative to survival), evidence supported hypotheses related to density dependence in growth, survival, and recruitment, and somatic growth and recruitment were further limited by introduced trout. Mixed-effects models explained between 67% and 86% of the variation in somatic growth, which showed increased growth rates with greater flood-pulse frequency during monsoon season. Monthly survival was 0.56–0.99 and 0.80–0.99 in the two populations, with lower survival during periods of higher intraspecific abundance and low flood frequency. Our results suggest translocations can contribute toward the recovery of large-river fishes, but continued suppression of invasive fishes to enhance recruitment may be required to ensure population resilience. Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of flooding to population demographics in food-depauperate, dynamic, invaded systems.
Dispersal drives invasion dynamics of nonnative species and pathogens. Applying knowledge of dispersal to optimize the management of invasions can mean the difference between a failed and a successful control program and dramatically improve the return on investment of control efforts. A common approach to identifying optimal management solutions for invasions is to optimize dynamic spatial models that incorporate dispersal. Optimizing these spatial models can be very challenging because the interaction of time, space, and uncertainty rapidly amplifies the number of dimensions being considered. Addressing such problems requires advances in and the integration of techniques from multiple fields, including ecology, decision analysis, bioeconomics, natural resource management, and optimization. By synthesizing recent advances from these diverse fields, we provide a workflow for applying ecological theory to advance optimal management science and highlight priorities for optimizing the control of invasions. One of the striking gaps we identify is the extremely limited consideration of dispersal uncertainty in optimal management frameworks, even though dispersal estimates are highly uncertain and greatly influence invasion outcomes. In addition, optimization frameworks rarely consider multiple types of uncertainty (we describe five major types) and their interrelationships. Thus, feedbacks from management or other sources that could magnify uncertainty in dispersal are rarely considered. Incorporating uncertainty is crucial for improving transparency in decision risks and identifying optimal management strategies. We discuss gaps and solutions to the challenges of optimization using dynamic spatial models to increase the practical application of these important tools and improve the consistency and robustness of management recommendations for invasions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/eap.2628","usgsCitation":"Pepin, K., Davis, A., Epanchin-Niell, R.S., Gormley, A.M., Moore, J., Smyser, T.J., Shaffer, H., Kendall, W.L., Shea, K., Runge, M.C., and McKee, S., 2022, Optimizing management of invasions in an uncertain world using dynamic spatial models: Ecological Applications, v. 32, no. 6, e2628, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2628.","productDescription":"e2628, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-119939","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pepin, Kim M. 0000-0002-9931-8312","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-8312","contributorId":187441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pepin","given":"Kim M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":903662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Amy J.","contributorId":279408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Amy J.","affiliations":[{"id":36589,"text":"USDA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Epanchin-Niell, Rebecca S.","contributorId":175364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Epanchin-Niell","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":903664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gormley, Andrew M.","contributorId":338892,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gormley","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":81209,"text":"Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, Joslin L.","contributorId":257914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"Joslin L.","affiliations":[{"id":27278,"text":"Monash University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smyser, Timothy J.","contributorId":279407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smyser","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36589,"text":"USDA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shaffer, H. Bradley","contributorId":71051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"H. Bradley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":903668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kendall, William L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":204844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Shea, Katriona 0000-0002-7607-8248","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7607-8248","contributorId":193646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shea","given":"Katriona","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":903669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"McKee, Sophie","contributorId":279410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKee","given":"Sophie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36589,"text":"USDA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70241617,"text":"70241617 - 2022 - Fire-driven vegetation type conversion in Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T11:52:34.429916","indexId":"70241617","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-09T06:47:44","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire-driven vegetation type conversion in Southern California","docAbstract":"One consequence of global change causing widespread concern is the possibility of ecosystem conversions from one type to another. A classic example of this is vegetation type conversion (VTC) from native woody shrublands to invasive annual grasslands in the biodiversity hotspot of Southern California. Although the significance of this problem is well recognized, understanding where, how much, and why this change is occurring remains elusive owing to differences in results from studies conducted using different methods, spatial extents, and scales. Disagreement has arisen particularly over the relative importance of short-interval fires in driving these changes. Chronosequence approaches that use space for time to estimate changes have produced different results than studies of changes at a site over time. Here we calculated the percentage woody and herbaceous cover across Southern California using air photos from ~1950 to 2019. We assessed the extent of woody cover change and the relative importance of fire history, topography, soil moisture, and distance to human infrastructure in explaining change across a hierarchy of spatial extents and regions. We found substantial net decline in woody cover and expansion of herbaceous vegetation across all regions, but the most dramatic changes occurred in the northern interior and southern coastal areas. Variables related to frequent, short-interval fire were consistently top ranked as the explanation for shrub to grassland type conversion, but low soil moisture and topographic complexity were also strong correlates. Despite the consistent importance of fire, there was substantial geographical variation in the relative importance of drivers, and these differences resulted in different mapped predictions of VTC. This geographical variation is important to recognize for management decision-making and, in addition to differences in methodological design, may also partly explain differences in previous study results. The overwhelming importance of short-interval fire has management implications. It suggests that actions should be directed away from imposing fires to preventing fires. Prevention can be controlled through management actions that limit ignitions, fire spread, and the damage sustained in areas that do burn. This study also demonstrates significant potential for changing fire regimes to drive large-scale, abrupt ecological change.
Environmental factors are common forces driving infectious disease dynamics. We compared interannual and seasonal patterns of anthrax infections in two multihost systems in southern Africa: Etosha National Park, Namibia, and Kruger National Park, South Africa. Using several decades of mortality data from each system, we assessed possible transmission mechanisms behind anthrax dynamics, examining (1) within- and between-species temporal case correlations and (2) associations between anthrax mortalities and environmental factors, specifically rainfall and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), with empirical dynamic modeling. Anthrax cases in Kruger had wide interannual variation in case numbers, and large outbreaks seemed to follow a roughly decadal cycle. In contrast, outbreaks in Etosha were smaller in magnitude and occurred annually. In Etosha, the host species commonly affected remained consistent over several decades, although plains zebra (Equus quagga) became relatively more dominant. In Kruger, turnover of the main host species occurred after the 1990s, where the previously dominant host species, greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), was replaced by impala (Aepyceros melampus). In both parks, anthrax infections showed two seasonal peaks, with each species having only one peak in a year. Zebra, springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), and impala cases peaked in wet seasons, while elephant (Loxodonta africana), kudu, and buffalo (Syncerus caffer) cases peaked in dry seasons. For common host species shared between the two parks, anthrax mortalities peaked in the same season in both systems. Among host species with cases peaking in the same season, anthrax mortalities were mostly synchronized, which implies similar transmission mechanisms or shared sources of exposure. Between seasons, outbreaks in one species may contribute to more cases in another species in the following season. Higher vegetation greenness was associated with more zebra and springbok anthrax mortalities in Etosha but fewer elephant cases in Kruger. These results suggest that host behavioral responses to changing environmental conditions may affect anthrax transmission risk, with differences in transmission mechanisms leading to multihost biseasonal outbreaks. This study reveals the dynamics and potential environmental drivers of anthrax in two savanna systems, providing a better understanding of factors driving biseasonal dynamics and outbreak variation among locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1526","usgsCitation":"Yen-Hua Huang, Kyrre Kausrud, Ayesha Hassim, Sunday O. Ochai, van Schalkwyk, O., Edgar H. Dekker, Alexander Buyantuev, Claudine C. Cloete, J. Werner Kilian, Mfune, J.K., Kamath, P., van Heerden, H., and Turner, W.C., 2022, Environmental drivers of biseasonal anthrax outbreak dynamics in two multihost savanna systems: Ecological Monographs, v. 92, no. 4, e1526, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1526.","productDescription":"e1526, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-132491","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1526","text":"External Repository"},{"id":481006,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Namibia, South Africa","otherGeospatial":"Etosha National Park, Kruger National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 13.99697075011565,\n -17.9704803255822\n ],\n [\n 14.042362443293712,\n -19.592355004499595\n ],\n [\n 17.575676967960106,\n -19.575250462094317\n ],\n [\n 17.575676967960106,\n -17.953206628620634\n ],\n [\n 13.99697075011565,\n -17.9704803255822\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 30.65264945923775,\n -22.32856930947861\n ],\n [\n 31.245229473428566,\n -25.55857896070789\n ],\n [\n 32.07283709158796,\n -25.569715149900304\n ],\n [\n 31.896147080990332,\n -23.97674400909702\n ],\n [\n 31.31940421620908,\n -22.35940535120622\n ],\n [\n 30.65264945923775,\n -22.32856930947861\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yen-Hua Huang","contributorId":349084,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yen-Hua Huang","affiliations":[{"id":83418,"text":"Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kyrre Kausrud","contributorId":349085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kyrre Kausrud","affiliations":[{"id":61713,"text":"Norwegian Veterinary Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ayesha Hassim","contributorId":349086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ayesha Hassim","affiliations":[{"id":83425,"text":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sunday O. 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We provide a historical context of conservation genetics as a field and reflect on current barriers to conserving genetic diversity, highlighting the need for collaboration across traditional divides, international partnerships, and coordinated advocacy. We then introduce the CCG and illustrate through examples how a coalition approach can leverage complementary expertise and improve the organizational impact at multiple levels. The CCG has proven particularly successful at implementing large synthesis-type projects, training early-career scientists, and advising policy makers. Achievements to date highlight the potential for the CCG to make effective contributions to practical conservation policy and management that no one “parent” organization could achieve on its own. Finally, we reflect on the lessons learned through forming the CCG, and our vision for the future.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/csp2.12635","usgsCitation":"Kershaw, F., Bruford, M.W., Funk, W., Grueber, C.E., Hoban, S.M., Hunter, M., Laikre, L., MacDonald, A.J., Meek, M.H., Mittan, C., O´Brien, D., Ogden, R., Shaw, R.E., Vernesi, C., and Segelbacher, G., 2022, The Coalition for Conservation Genetics: Working across organizations to build capacity and achieve change in policy and practice: Conservation Science and Practice, v. 4, no. 4, e12635, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12635.","productDescription":"e12635, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-132420","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12635","text":"External Repository"},{"id":398107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kershaw, Francine","contributorId":260831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kershaw","given":"Francine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52686,"text":"Natural Resources Defense Council, New York","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruford, Michael W.","contributorId":190769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruford","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Funk, W. 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Because the death of individual trees reduces competition for survivors, however, tree-ring chronologies based only on surviving trees may underestimate drought impacts. This problem can be addressed by calculating productivity at the stand scale to account for tree mortality and establishment. In the semi-arid Great Basin in the western United States, we calculated riparian wood production from 1946 to 2016 along a stream where most flow has been removed by a diversion pipeline since 1961. The water table was found to be generally below the root zone of cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia and P. angustifolia × trichocarpa) in the pipeline-dewatered reach but within it in reference reaches. To reconstruct forest productivity through time, we separately combined measurements of tree-ring basal area increment with either changing forest area from aerial photos or a census of cross-dated living and dead cottonwoods. Both approaches revealed productivity declines in the dewatered reach relative to adjacent reference reaches, and the decline accelerated in the 2000s. Tree-ring narrowing resulted in divergence between the dewatered reach and one reference reach within 5 years after diversion. However, the dewatered reach did not diverge from the other reference reach until 40 years later, when an unprecedented early 2000s atmospheric drought coupled with diversion to cause extensive cottonwood mortality. We conclude that dendrochronological investigations of forest response to environmental stress should incorporate stand dynamics and that the full impacts of flow diversion can be delayed for decades.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eco.2408","usgsCitation":"Schook, D.M., Friedman, J.M., Hoover, J.D., Rice, S.E., Thaxton, R.D., and Cooper, D.J., 2022, Riparian forest productivity decline initiated by streamflow diversion then amplified by atmospheric drought 40 years later: Ecohydrology, v. 15, no. 3, e2408, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2408.","productDescription":"e2408, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-134136","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2408","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":398106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin National Park, Pole Canyon, Snake Creek, Snake Range, Snake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.36767578124999,\n 38.85815687709717\n ],\n [\n -114.13284301757812,\n 38.85815687709717\n ],\n [\n -114.13284301757812,\n 38.9396506365778\n ],\n [\n -114.36767578124999,\n 38.9396506365778\n ],\n [\n -114.36767578124999,\n 38.85815687709717\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schook, Derek M.","contributorId":178325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schook","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13539,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":44495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoover, Jamie D.","contributorId":238180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoover","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rice, Steven E.","contributorId":238179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rice","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thaxton, Richard D.","contributorId":238181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thaxton","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cooper, David J.","contributorId":196510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13017,"text":"Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70230269,"text":"70230269 - 2022 - Hydroclimatic conditions, wildfire, and species assemblages influence co-occurrence of bull trout and tailed frogs in northern Rocky Mountain streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T14:19:09.796775","indexId":"70230269","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-05T09:14:35","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydroclimatic conditions, wildfire, and species assemblages influence co-occurrence of bull trout and tailed frogs in northern Rocky Mountain streams","docAbstract":"Although bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and tailed frogs (Ascaphus montanus) have co-existed in forested Pacific Northwest streams for millennia, these iconic cold-water specialists are experiencing rapid environmental change caused by a warming climate and enhanced wildfire activity. Our goal was to inform future conservation by examining the habitat associations of each species and conditions that facilitate co-occupancy. We repurposed data from previous studies in the northern Rocky Mountains to assess the efficacy of bull trout electrofishing surveys for determining the occurrence of tailed frogs and the predictive capacity of habitat covariates derived from in-stream measurements and geospatial sources to model distributions of both species. Electrofishing reliably detected frog presence (89.2% rate). Both species were strongly associated with stream temperature and flow regime characteristics, and less responsive to riparian canopy cover, slope, and other salmonids. Tailed frogs were also sensitive to wildfire, with occupancy probability peaking around 80 years after a fire. Co-occupancy was most probable in locations with low-to-moderate frequencies of high winter flow events, few other salmonids, a low base-flow index, and intermediate years since fire. The distributions of these species appear to be sensitive to environmental conditions that are changing this century in forests of the northern Rocky Mountains. The amplification of climate-driven effects after wildfire may prove to be particularly problematic in the future. Habitat differences between these two species, considered to be headwater specialists, suggest that conservation measures designed for one may not fully protect the other. Additional studies involving future climate and wildfire scenarios are needed to assess broader conservation strategies and the potential to identify refuge streams where both species are likely to persist, or complementary streams where each could exist separately into the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w14071162","usgsCitation":"Pilliod, D., Arkle, R.S., Thurow, R.F., and Isaak, D.J., 2022, Hydroclimatic conditions, wildfire, and species assemblages influence co-occurrence of bull trout and tailed frogs in northern Rocky Mountain streams: Water, v. 14, no. 7, 1162, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071162.","productDescription":"1162, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-137594","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071162","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":398215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"northern Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -111.26953125,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -111.26953125,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 43.77109381775651\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pilliod, David S. 0000-0003-4207-3518","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-3518","contributorId":229349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David S.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arkle, Robert S. 0000-0003-3021-1389","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3021-1389","contributorId":218006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arkle","given":"Robert","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurow, Russel F","contributorId":289775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thurow","given":"Russel","email":"","middleInitial":"F","affiliations":[{"id":62244,"text":"USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Isaak, Dan J","contributorId":289776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isaak","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":62244,"text":"USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70230200,"text":"ofr20221035 - 2022 - California Deepwater Investigations and Groundtruthing (Cal DIG) I, volume 3 — Benthic habitat characterization offshore Morro Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T19:18:44.059405","indexId":"ofr20221035","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-05T09:14:35","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2022-1035","displayTitle":"California Deepwater Investigations and Groundtruthing (Cal DIG) I, Volume 3—Benthic Habitat Characterization Offshore Morro Bay, California","title":"California Deepwater Investigations and Groundtruthing (Cal DIG) I, volume 3 — Benthic habitat characterization offshore Morro Bay, California","docAbstract":"Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) geoform, substrate, and biotic component geographic information system (GIS) products were developed for the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (U.S. EEZ) of south-central California in the region of Santa Lucia Bank motivated by interest in development of offshore wind-energy capacity and infrastructure. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), in coordination with the State of California and many other members of the California Task Force, issued calls for information in 2018 for the study area offshore of Morro Bay, California. The study area is in depths of 500 to 1,200 meters (m) and adjacent to a decommissioned nuclear power plant with a developed electric grid connection, and in an area of high wind resource. BOEM is the lead agency responsible for planning and leasing in the U.S. EEZ and funded this project to assess baseline conditions of, and the potential effects on, the seafloor environment. This project, carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), resulted in three reports: one on biological analysis of seafloor video data, one on analysis of the geologic framework and hazards, and this report on seafloor habitat. The study area consists of 8,424 square kilometers (km2) of multibeam echo sounder (MBES) data acquired during five surveys from 2016 to 2019. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video was acquired in 2019 to supervise the classification of the MBES data into habitats. Derivatives of the MBES data were classified into 16 unique biotopes, 6 substrate types, 28 modifier groups, and 22 geoforms. The study area substrate is predominantly soft sediment (mud and fine sand) covering 7,804 km2 (92.7 percent) of the area. Mixed substrate areas on rocky banks, channel scarps, and the shelf break comprise 404 km2 (4.8 percent) of the study area. Hard substrate areas are found predominantly on the tops and flanks of banks and on bank ridges that separate canyons incising the banks. Hard substrates comprise 211 km2 of the study area (2.5 percent). After the bathymetry and backscatter raster images (rasters) were classified, manual editing was also done to remove noise artifacts. This effort was not completely successful and there are numerous erroneous small areas in the rasters that have been passed on to the CMECS polygon product. Nearly 120,000 annotations of organisms and their habitat were made from 25 video transects selected from 185 hours of ROV video. In total, 2,714 km2 of seafloor were successfully assigned to biotopes. Some biotopes were assigned to separate areas spatially distant from the transects that define the biotope. Expected relations between physical habitat and biota such as the number of species and the substrate induration and rugosity were verified. Slope is typically a predictive variable and was used in the classification of habitat, but the ground truth used for biotic component analysis included very little steeply sloping area. Ground-truth ROV operations were reduced by the sea state; additional ground truth could improve the biotic results and increase confidence in the spatial distribution of classifications reported here.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20221035","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute","programNote":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management OCS Study BOEM 2021–045","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Kuhnz, L.A. Gilbane, L., Dartnell, P., Walton, M.A.L., and Paull, C.K., 2022, California Deepwater Investigations and Groundtruthing (Cal DIG) I, volume 3—Benthic habitat characterization offshore Morro Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2022–1035 [also released as Bureau of Ocean Energy Management OCS Study BOEM 2021–045], 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20221035.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 18 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-129519","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398057,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QQZ27U","text":"Multibeam echo sounder, video observation, and derived benthic habitat data offshore of south-central California in support of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Cal DIG I, offshore alternative energy project","description":"Cochrane, G.R., Kuhnz, L.A., Gilbane, L., Dartnell, P., and Walton, M.A., 2022, Multibeam echo sounder, video observation, and derived benthic habitat data offshore of south-central California in support of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Cal DIG I, offshore alternative energy project: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QQZ27U."},{"id":398055,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2022/1035/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":398056,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2022/1035/ofr20221035.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Morro Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.48431396484375,\n 34.863397850419524\n ],\n [\n -120.9210205078125,\n 35.574682600980914\n ],\n [\n -121.31103515625,\n 35.94243575255426\n ],\n [\n -121.45660400390624,\n 36.04465753921525\n ],\n [\n -122.36846923828125,\n 35.628279555648845\n ],\n [\n -122.09930419921876,\n 34.66032236481892\n ],\n [\n -120.48431396484375,\n 34.863397850419524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
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Spatial capture–recapture (SCR) models are powerful analytical tools that have become the standard for estimating abundance and density of wild animal populations. When sampling populations to implement SCR, the number of unique individuals detected, total recaptures, and unique spatial relocations can be highly variable. These sample sizes influence the precision and accuracy of model parameter estimates. Testing the performance of SCR models with sparse empirical data sets typical of low-density, wide-ranging species can inform the threshold at which a more integrated modeling approach with additional data sources or additional years of monitoring may be required to achieve reliable, precise parameter estimates. Using a multi-site, multi-year Utah black bear (Ursus americanus) capture–recapture data set, we evaluated factors influencing the uncertainty of SCR structural parameter estimates, specifically density, detection, and the spatial scale parameter, sigma. We also provided some of the first SCR density estimates for Utah black bear populations, which ranged from 3.85 to 74.33 bears/100 km2. Increasing total detections decreased the uncertainty of density estimates, whereas an increasing number of total recaptures and individuals with recaptures decreased the uncertainty of detection and sigma estimates, respectively. In most cases, multiple years of data were required for precise density estimates (<0.2 coefficient of variation [CV]). Across study areas there was an average decline in CV of 0.07 with the addition of another year of data. One sampled population with very high estimated bear density had an atypically low number of spatial recaptures relative to total recaptures, apparently inflating density estimates. A complementary simulation study used to assess estimate bias suggested that when <30% of recaptured individuals were spatially recaptured, density estimates were unreliable and ranged widely, in some cases to >3 times the simulated density. Additional research could evaluate these requirements for other density scenarios. Large numbers of individuals detected, numbers of spatial recaptures, and precision alone may not be sufficient indicators of parameter estimate reliability. We provide an evaluation of simple summary statistics of capture–recapture data sets that can provide an early signal of the need to alter sampling design or collect auxiliary data before model implementation to improve estimate precision and accuracy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/eap.2618","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, G.M., Graves, T., Pederson, J.C., and Carroll, S.L., 2022, Precision and bias of spatial capture–recapture estimates: A multi-site, multi-year Utah black bear case study: Ecological Applications, v. 32, no. 5, e2618, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2618.","productDescription":"e2618, 19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-126268","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2618","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":411485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.1113551477145,\n 40.75776766966564\n ],\n [\n -112.1113551477145,\n 37.522762898285166\n ],\n [\n -109.09220756712764,\n 37.522762898285166\n ],\n [\n -109.09220756712764,\n 40.75776766966564\n ],\n [\n -112.1113551477145,\n 40.75776766966564\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, Greta M","contributorId":300615,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Greta","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":6608,"text":"San Diego State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":860956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graves, Tabitha A. 0000-0001-5145-2400","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5145-2400","contributorId":202084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Tabitha A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":860957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pederson, Jordan C","contributorId":300616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pederson","given":"Jordan","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":65213,"text":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":860958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carroll, Sarah L","contributorId":300618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carroll","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":860959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70230182,"text":"70230182 - 2022 - Using near–surface temperature data to vicariously calibrate high-resolution thermal infrared imagery and estimate physical surface properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-12T14:20:29.533403","indexId":"70230182","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-02T06:37:10","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7479,"text":"MethodsX","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using near–surface temperature data to vicariously calibrate high-resolution thermal infrared imagery and estimate physical surface properties","docAbstract":"Thermal response of the surface to solar insolation is a function of the topography and the thermal physical characteristics of the landscape, which include bulk density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and surface albedo and emissivity. Thermal imaging is routinely used to constrain thermal physical properties by characterizing or modeling changes in the diurnal temperature profiles. Images need to be acquired throughout the diurnal cycle – typically this is done twice during a diurnal cycle, but we suggest multiple times. Comparison of images acquired over 24 hours requires that either the data be calibrated to surface temperature, or the response of the thermal camera is linear and stable over the image acquisition period. Depending on the type and age of the thermal instrument, imagery may be self-calibrated in radiance, corrected for atmospheric effects, and pixels converted to surface temperature. We used an experimental instrumentation where the calibration should be stable, but calibration coefficients are unknown. Cases may occur where one wishes to validate the camera's calibration. We present a method to validate and calibrate the instrument and characterize the thermal physical properties for areas of interest. Finally, in situ high-temporal-resolution oblique thermal imaging can be invaluable in preparation for conducting overflight missions. We present the following:
The use of oblique thermal high temporal resolution thermal imaging over diurnal or multiday periods for the characterization of landscapes has not been widespread but poses great potential.
A method of collecting and analyzing thermal data that can be used to either determine or validate thermal camera calibration coefficients.
An approach to characterize thermophysical properties of the landscape using oblique temporally high-resolution thermal imaging, combined with in situ ground measurements.
Recreational surf-cameras (surfcams) are ubiquitous along many coastlines, and yet are a largely untapped source of coastal morphodynamic observations. Surfcams offer broad spatial coverage and flexibility in data collection, but a method to remotely acquire ground control points (GCPs) and initial camera parameter approximations is necessary to better leverage this existing infrastructure to make quantitative measurements. This study examines the efficacy of remotely monitoring coastal morphodynamics from surfcams at two sites on the Atlantic coast of Florida, U.S.A., by leveraging freely available airborne lidar observations to acquire remote-GCPs and open-source web tools for camera parameter approximations, ignoring lens distortion. Intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters are determined using a modified space resection procedure, wherein parameters are determined using iterative adjustment while fitting to remote-GCPs and initial camera parameter approximations derived from justified assumptions and Google Earth. This procedure is completed using the open-source Surf-Camera Remote Calibration Tool (SurfRCaT). The results indicate root mean squared horizontal reprojection errors at the two cameras of 3.43 m and 6.48 m. Only immobile hard structures such as piers, jetties, and boulders are suitable as remote-GCPs, and the spatial distribution of available points is a likely reason for the higher accuracy at one camera relative to the other. Additionally, lens distortion is not considered in this work. This is another important source of error and including it in the methodology is highlighted as a useful avenue for future work. Additional factors, such as initial camera parameter approximation accuracy, likely play a role as well. This work illustrates that, provided there is sufficient remote-GCP availability and small lens distortion, remote video monitoring of coastal areas with existing surfcams could provide a usable source of coastal morphodynamic observations. This is further explored with a shoreline change analysis from the higher-accuracy camera. It was found that only the largest (>6 m) magnitude shoreline changes exceed the observational uncertainty driven by shoreline mapping error and reprojection error, indicating that remotely calibrated surfcams can provide observations of seasonal or storm-driven signals.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs14071706","usgsCitation":"Conlin, M.P., Adams, P., and Palmsten, M.L., 2022, On the potential for remote observations of coastal morphodynamics from surf-cameras: Remote Sensing, v. 14, no. 7, 1706, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071706.","productDescription":"1706, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-124730","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071706","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":406533,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Jupiter Island, St. Lucie Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.07522583007812,\n 26.943495898597618\n ],\n [\n -80.06492614746094,\n 26.943495898597618\n ],\n [\n -80.12535095214844,\n 27.108033801463115\n ],\n [\n -80.1397705078125,\n 27.118424003999095\n ],\n [\n -80.14389038085938,\n 27.109867436716698\n ],\n [\n -80.1123046875,\n 27.034052154839163\n ],\n [\n -80.08895874023438,\n 26.97164956771795\n ],\n [\n -80.08209228515625,\n 26.944108009688595\n ],\n [\n -80.07522583007812,\n 26.943495898597618\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conlin, Matthew P.","contributorId":239947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conlin","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":36221,"text":"University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":851411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Peter N.","contributorId":264783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"Peter N.","affiliations":[{"id":34924,"text":"U. Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":851412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palmsten, Margaret L. 0000-0002-6424-2338","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6424-2338","contributorId":239955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmsten","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":851413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70233918,"text":"70233918 - 2022 - Results of the collaborative Lake Ontario bloater restoration stocking and assessment, 2012–2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-16T22:46:22.661249","indexId":"70233918","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-01T07:22:23","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results of the collaborative Lake Ontario bloater restoration stocking and assessment, 2012–2020","docAbstract":"Bloater, Coregonus hoyi, are deepwater planktivores native to the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Nipigon. Interpretations of commercial fishery time series suggest they were common in Lake Ontario through the early 1900s but by the 1950s were no longer captured by commercial fishers. Annual bottom trawl surveys that began in 1978 and sampled extensively across putative bloater habitat only yielded one individual (1983), suggesting that the species had been locally extirpated. In 2012, a multiagency restoration program stocked bloater into Lake Ontario from gametes collected in Lake Michigan. From 2012 to 2020, 1,028,191 bloater were stocked into Lake Ontario. Bottom trawl surveys first detected stocked fish in 2015, and through 2020 ten bloater have been caught (total length mean = 129 mm, s.d. = 44 mm, range: 96–240 mm). Hatchery applied marks and genetic analyses confirmed the species identification and identified stocking location for some individuals. Trawl capture locations and acoustic telemetry suggested that stocked fish dispersed throughout the main lake within months or sooner, and the depth distribution of recaptured bloater was similar to historic distributions in Lake Ontario and other Great Lakes. Predicted bloater trawl catches, based on modeled population abundance and trawl survey efficiency, were similar to observed catches, suggesting that post-stocking survival is less than 20% and contemporary bottom trawl surveys can quantify bloater abundance at low densities and track restoration.
Prior to the Perseverance rover landing, the acoustic environment of Mars was unknown. Models predicted that: (i) atmospheric turbulence changes at centimeter scales or smaller at the point where molecular viscosity converts kinetic energy into heat1, (ii) the speed of sound varies at the surface with frequency2,3, and (iii) high frequency waves are strongly attenuated with distance in CO22–4. However, theoretical models were uncertain because of a lack of experimental data at low pressure, and the difficulty to characterize turbulence or attenuation in a closed environment. Here using Perseverance microphone recordings, we present the first characterization of Mars’ acoustic environment and pressure fluctuations in the audible range and beyond, from 20 Hz to 50 kHz. We find that atmospheric sounds extend measurements of pressure variations down to 1,000 times smaller scales than ever observed before, revealing a dissipative regime extending over 5 orders of magnitude in energy. Using point sources of sound (Ingenuity rotorcraft, laser-induced sparks), we highlight two distinct values for the speed of sound that are ~10 m/s apart below and above 240 Hz, a unique characteristic of low-pressure CO2-dominated atmosphere. We also provide the acoustic attenuation with distance above 2 kHz, allowing us to elucidate the large contribution of the CO2 vibrational relaxation in the audible range. These results establish a ground truth for modelling of acoustic processes, which is critical for studies in atmospheres like Mars and Venus ones.
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Bordeaux)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":109},{"text":"Rapin, W.","contributorId":173218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rapin","given":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27192,"text":"IRAP","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":110},{"text":"Reyes-Newell, A.","contributorId":290113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reyes-Newell","given":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":62306,"text":"Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":111},{"text":"Robinson, S.","contributorId":290114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":62306,"text":"Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":112},{"text":"Rochas, L.","contributorId":290115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rochas","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":62329,"text":"Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":113},{"text":"Royer, C.","contributorId":290121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Royer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":114},{"text":"Rull, F.","contributorId":113508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rull","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":115},{"text":"Sautter, V.","contributorId":31278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sautter","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":116},{"text":"Sharma, S.","contributorId":290122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharma","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":117},{"text":"Shridar, V.","contributorId":290123,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shridar","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":118},{"text":"Sournac, A.","contributorId":290124,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sournac","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":119},{"text":"Toplis, M.","contributorId":290125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Toplis","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":120},{"text":"Torre-Fdez, I.","contributorId":290126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Torre-Fdez","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":121},{"text":"Turenne, N.","contributorId":290127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turenne","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":122},{"text":"Udry, A.","contributorId":290128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Udry","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":123},{"text":"Veneranda, M.","contributorId":290129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Veneranda","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":124},{"text":"Venhaus, D.","contributorId":290130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Venhaus","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":125},{"text":"Vogt, D.","contributorId":85852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogt","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":126},{"text":"Willis, P.","contributorId":290131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Willis","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":127}]}} ,{"id":70240280,"text":"70240280 - 2022 - Chloride toxicity to native freshwater species in natural and reconstituted prairie pothole waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-03T15:51:38.763734","indexId":"70240280","displayToPublicDate":"2022-03-29T09:40:19","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chloride toxicity to native freshwater species in natural and reconstituted prairie pothole waters","docAbstract":"Oil and gas extraction in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the northern USA has resulted in elevated chloride concentrations in ground and surface water due to widespread contamination with highly saline produced water, or brine. The toxicity of chloride is poorly understood in the high hardness waters characteristic of the region. We evaluated the toxicity of chloride to two endemic species, Daphnia magna (water flea) and Lemna gibba (duckweed), exposed in field-collected waters (hardness ~ 3000 mg/L as CaCO3) and reconstituted waters (hardness 370 mg/L as CaCO3) intended to mimic PPR background waters. We also investigated the role of chloride in the toxicity of water reconstituted to mimic legacy brine-contaminated wetlands, using two populations of native Pseudacris maculata (Boreal Chorus Frog). Chloride toxicity was similar in field-collected and reconstituted waters for both D. magna (LC50s 3070–3788 mg Cl−1/L) and L. gibba (IC50s 2441–2887). Although hardness can ameliorate chloride toxicity at low to high hardness, we did not observe additional protection as hardness increased from 370 to ~ 3000 mg/L. In P. maculata exposures, chloride did not fully explain toxicity. Chloride sensitivity also differed between populations, with mortality at 2000 mg Cl−/L in one population but not the other, and population-specific growth responses. Overall, these results (1) document toxicity to native species at chloride concentrations occurring in the PPR, (2) indicate that very high hardness in the region’s waters may not provide additional protection against chloride and (3) highlight challenges of brine investigations, including whether surrogate study populations are representative of local populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-022-00927-6","usgsCitation":"Harper, D., Puglis, H.J., Kunz, B.K., and Farag, A., 2022, Chloride toxicity to native freshwater species in natural and reconstituted prairie pothole waters: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 82, no. 3, p. 416-428, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-022-00927-6.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"416","endPage":"428","ipdsId":"IP-134067","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":435903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQ6YRZ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Biological and chemical data from chloride bioassays with native wetland species in natural and reconstituted Prairie Pothole waters"},{"id":412680,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.85320647480594,\n 48.99581509747179\n ],\n [\n -97.77592768425632,\n 48.99581509747179\n ],\n [\n -97.77592768425632,\n 48.223855848161435\n ],\n [\n -95.85320647480594,\n 48.223855848161435\n ],\n [\n -95.85320647480594,\n 48.99581509747179\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.64129262095554,\n 43.90595317724575\n ],\n [\n -110.64129262095554,\n 43.79956999926114\n ],\n [\n -110.49449847140379,\n 43.79956999926114\n ],\n [\n -110.49449847140379,\n 43.90595317724575\n ],\n [\n -110.64129262095554,\n 43.90595317724575\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.8164783846994,\n 40.361202906330504\n ],\n [\n -92.93357933722913,\n 40.361202906330504\n ],\n [\n -92.93357933722913,\n 40.26768330837069\n ],\n [\n -92.8164783846994,\n 40.26768330837069\n ],\n [\n -92.8164783846994,\n 40.361202906330504\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harper, David 0000-0001-7061-8461 david_harper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7061-8461","contributorId":169848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"David","email":"david_harper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":863225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Puglis, Holly J. 0000-0002-3090-6597 hpuglis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3090-6597","contributorId":4686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puglis","given":"Holly","email":"hpuglis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":863226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunz, Bethany K. 0000-0002-7193-9336 bkunz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-9336","contributorId":3798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"Bethany","email":"bkunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":863227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farag, Aida 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":200690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":863228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70230055,"text":"70230055 - 2022 - Landscape-scale forest restoration decreases vulnerability to drought mortality under climate change in southwest USA ponderosa forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-29T10:54:55.451953","indexId":"70230055","displayToPublicDate":"2022-03-28T08:09:46","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape-scale forest restoration decreases vulnerability to drought mortality under climate change in southwest USA ponderosa forest","docAbstract":"Drought-induced tree mortality is predicted to increase in dry forests across the western USA as future projections show hotter, drier climates potentially resulting in large-scale tree die-offs, changes in species composition, and loss of forest ecosystem services, including carbon storage. While some studies have found that forest stands with greater basal areas (BA) have higher drought mortality, many have not evaluated the extent to which forest structure, either overly dense forests due to fire suppression or forests restored to lower densities, interacts with drought mortality. The southwestern USA is particularly susceptible to tree mortality due to the predicted increases in temperature, drier soils, and forests with high density. Our objective was to evaluate how ponderosa pine mortality is expected to be influenced by the Four Forests Restoration Initiative, a large-scale forest restoration effort ongoing in northern Arizona, USA, that will reduce stand BA by approximately 40%. Specifically, we modeled drought mortality in three time periods, one contemporary (1970-2010), and two future (2020-2059 and 2060-2099) under three restoration scenarios: no thinning, 4FRI thinning, and a BA reduction beyond the 4FRI plan (4FRI-intensive). We estimated mortality using 11 climate models under two emissions scenarios. Without thinning, our model predicted that by mid-century (2020-2059), changes in climate could increase annual ponderosa pine mortality rates by 45-57% over contemporary rates. However, with thinning, mid-century mortality was predicted to remain near or below contemporary rates and these rates are 31-35% (4FRI) and 46-51% (4FRI-intensive) less than the mid-century scenarios without thinning. Our study shows that while climate change is likely to increase tree mortality rates, large-scale forest restoration projects, such as 4FRI, have the potential to ameliorate the effects of climate change and keep mortality rates near contemporary levels for decades.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120088","usgsCitation":"McCauley, L., Bradford, J., Robles, M.D., Shriver, R.K., Woolley, T.J., and Andrews, C.M., 2022, Landscape-scale forest restoration decreases vulnerability to drought mortality under climate change in southwest USA ponderosa forest: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 509, 120088, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120088.","productDescription":"120088, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-135260","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120088","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":397690,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Coconino National Forest, Kaibab National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.66754150390625,\n 34.24586516842103\n ],\n [\n -110.5389404296875,\n 34.24586516842103\n ],\n [\n -110.5389404296875,\n 35.61488368245436\n ],\n [\n -112.66754150390625,\n 35.61488368245436\n ],\n [\n -112.66754150390625,\n 34.24586516842103\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"509","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCauley, Lisa A","contributorId":268774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCauley","given":"Lisa A","affiliations":[{"id":55658,"text":"The Nature Conservancy, Center for Science and Public Policy, 1510 E Ft Lowell Road, Tucson, AZ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":219257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robles, Marcos D.","contributorId":244893,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robles","given":"Marcos","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":838911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shriver, Robert K 0000-0002-4590-4834","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4590-4834","contributorId":222834,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shriver","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woolley, Travis J.","contributorId":229070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woolley","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":41578,"text":"The Nature Conservancy, 114 N., San Francisco Street #205, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86001, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Andrews, Caitlin M. 0000-0003-4593-1071 candrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4593-1071","contributorId":192985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Caitlin","email":"candrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70230415,"text":"70230415 - 2022 - Mapping aquifer salinity gradients and effects of oil field produced water disposal using geophysical logs: Elk Hills, Buena Vista and Coles Levee Oil Fields, San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-12T11:46:20.251679","indexId":"70230415","displayToPublicDate":"2022-03-28T06:39:31","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping aquifer salinity gradients and effects of oil field produced water disposal using geophysical logs: Elk Hills, Buena Vista and Coles Levee Oil Fields, San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The effects of oil and gas production on adjacent groundwater quality are becoming a concern in many areas of the United States. As a result, it has become increasingly important to identify which aquifers require monitoring and protection. In this study, we map the extent of groundwater with less than 10,000 mg/L TDS both laterally and vertically near the Elk Hills, Buena Vista and Coles Levee Oil Fields in the San Joaquin Valley, California and note evidence of effects of produced water disposal on salinity within the Tulare aquifer. Subsurface maps showing the depth at which groundwater salinity is less than 10,000 mg/L (or Base 10K) in the Tulare aquifer are generated using geophysical logs and verified by comparison to water sample analyses. The depth to Base 10K ranges from 240 m (800 ft) in Elk Hills to 800 m (2650 ft) in the adjacent Buena Vista syncline and is 670 m (2,200 ft) deep in the Coles Levee area to the east. Log-calculated salinities show a relatively smooth increase with depth prior to disposal activities whereas salinities calculated from logs collected near and after disposal activities show a more variable salinity profile with depth. The effect of produced water injection is represented by log resistivity profiles that change from low resistivity at the base of the sand to higher resistivity near the top due to density differences between the saline produced water and the brackish groundwater within each sand. Continued post-disposal logging in new wells in the 18G disposal area on the south flank of Elk Hills shows that injected water has migrated approximately 1,200 m (4,000 ft) downdip (south) over a period of 20 years since the inception of disposal activity.
The primary last interglacial, marine isotope substage (MIS) 5e records on the Pacific coast of North America, from Washington (USA) to Baja California Sur (Mexico), are found in the deposits of erosional marine terraces. Warmer coasts along the southern Golfo de California host both erosional marine terraces and constructional coral reef terraces. Because the northern part of the region is tectonically active, MIS 5e terrace elevations vary considerably, from a few meters above sea level to as much as 70 m above sea level. The primary paleo-sea-level indicator is the shoreline angle, the junction of the wave-cut platform with the former sea cliff, which forms very close to mean sea level. Most areas on the Pacific coast of North America have experienced uplift since MIS 5e time, but the rate of uplift varies substantially as a function of tectonic setting. Chronology in most places is based on uranium-series ages of the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans (erosional terraces) or the colonial corals Porites and Pocillopora (constructional reefs). In areas lacking corals, correlation to MIS 5e often can be accomplished using amino acid ratios of fossil mollusks, compared to similar ratios in mollusks that also host dated corals. Uranium-series (U-series) analyses of corals that have experienced largely closed-system histories range from ∼124 to ∼118 ka, in good agreement with ages from MIS 5e reef terraces elsewhere in the world. There is no geomorphic, stratigraphic, or geochronological evidence for more than one high-sea stand during MIS 5e on the Pacific coast of North America. However, in areas of low uplift rate, the outer parts of MIS 5e terraces apparently were re-occupied by the high-sea stand at ∼100 ka (MIS 5c), evident from mixes of coral ages and mixes of molluscan faunas with differing thermal aspects. This sequence of events took place because glacial isostatic adjustment processes acting on North America resulted in regional high-sea stands at ∼100 and ∼80 ka that were higher than is the case in far-field regions, distant from large continental ice sheets. During MIS 5e time, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) off the Pacific coast of North America were higher than is the case at present, evident from extralimital southern species of mollusks found in dated deposits. Apparently, no wholesale shifts in faunal provinces took place, but in MIS 5e time, some species of bivalves and gastropods lived hundreds of kilometers north of their present northern limits, in good agreement with SST estimates derived from foraminiferal records and alkenone-based reconstructions in deep-sea cores. Because many areas of the Pacific coast of North America have been active tectonically for much or all of the Quaternary, many earlier interglacial periods are recorded as uplifted, higher-elevation terraces. In addition, from southern Oregon to northern Baja California, there are U-series-dated corals from marine terraces that formed at ∼80 ka, during MIS 5a. In contrast to MIS 5e, these terrace deposits host molluscan faunas that contain extralimital northern species, indicating cooler SST at the end of MIS 5. Here I present a review and standardized database of MIS 5e sea-level indicators along the Pacific coast of North America and the corresponding dated samples. The database is available in Muhs et al. (2021b; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5903285).
","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus Publications","doi":"10.5194/essd-14-1271-2022","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D.R., 2022, MIS 5e sea-level history along the Pacific coast of North America: Earth System Science Data, v. 14, p. 1271-1330, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1271-2022.","productDescription":"60 p.","startPage":"1271","endPage":"1330","ipdsId":"IP-127889","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1271-2022","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":397456,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific coast of North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.265625,\n 8.754794702435618\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 14.604847155053898\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 21.289374355860424\n ],\n [\n -112.8515625,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n -121.640625,\n 38.54816542304656\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -135.703125,\n 60.930432202923335\n ],\n [\n -149.765625,\n 61.938950426660604\n ],\n [\n -156.4453125,\n 60.58696734225869\n ],\n [\n -163.125,\n 55.57834467218206\n ],\n [\n -169.1015625,\n 53.74871079689897\n ],\n [\n -176.48437499999997,\n 53.12040528310657\n ],\n [\n -172.6171875,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -145.8984375,\n 52.696361078274485\n ],\n [\n -131.8359375,\n 39.639537564366684\n ],\n [\n -115.31249999999999,\n 19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n -99.140625,\n 8.754794702435618\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 5.61598581915534\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 8.754794702435618\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":1857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70229987,"text":"70229987 - 2022 - Reply to “Evidence for humans at White Sands National Park during the Last Glacial Maximum could actually be for Clovis people ~13,000 years ago” by C. Vance Haynes, Jr.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-13T14:59:46.837217","indexId":"70229987","displayToPublicDate":"2022-03-21T08:36:45","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5732,"text":"PaleoAmerica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to “Evidence for humans at White Sands National Park during the Last Glacial Maximum could actually be for Clovis people ~13,000 years ago” by C. Vance Haynes, Jr.","docAbstract":"Bennett et al. (2021, Science 373, 1528–1531) reported that ancient human footprints discovered in White Sands National Park, New Mexico date to between ∼23,000 and 21,000 years ago. Haynes (2022, PaleoAmerica, this issue) proposes two alternate hypotheses to explain the antiquity of the footprints. One is that they were made by humans crossing over older sediments sometime during the Holocene. This is incorrect as there are Pleistocene megafauna tracks interspersed with the human footprints, so they cannot be Holocene in age. The other hypothesis maintains seeds used to date the human footprints were exhumed from older sediments, transported across the Tularosa Basin, and deposited on moist ground that was traversed by Clovis people at ∼13,000 years ago. This scenario requires a series of events that are highly unlikely, if not impossible. We maintain the seeds were collected from their original depositional context and the ages of the footprints fall within the Last Glacial Maximum.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2022.2039863","usgsCitation":"Pigati, J.S., Springer, K.B., Holliday, V.T., Bennett, M.R., Bustos, D., Urban, T.M., Reynolds, S.C., and Odess, D., 2022, Reply to “Evidence for humans at White Sands National Park during the Last Glacial Maximum could actually be for Clovis people ~13,000 years ago” by C. Vance Haynes, Jr.: PaleoAmerica, v. 8, no. 2, p. 99-101, https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2022.2039863.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"101","ipdsId":"IP-137468","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397391,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"White Sands National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.48223876953125,\n 32.676372772089834\n ],\n [\n -106.12792968749999,\n 32.676372772089834\n ],\n [\n -106.12792968749999,\n 32.88189375925038\n ],\n [\n -106.48223876953125,\n 32.88189375925038\n ],\n [\n -106.48223876953125,\n 32.676372772089834\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pigati, Jeffrey S. 0000-0001-5843-6219 jpigati@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-6219","contributorId":201167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pigati","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jpigati@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Springer, Kathleen B. 0000-0002-2404-0264 kspringer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2404-0264","contributorId":149826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springer","given":"Kathleen","email":"kspringer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holliday, Vance T.","contributorId":265971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holliday","given":"Vance","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, Matthew R.","contributorId":265968,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bennett","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":54847,"text":"Bournemouth University, U.K.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bustos, David","contributorId":265969,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bustos","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Urban, Thomas M.","contributorId":271168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Urban","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reynolds, Sally C.","contributorId":265972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Sally","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":54847,"text":"Bournemouth University, U.K.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Odess, Daniel","contributorId":265975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Odess","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70230688,"text":"70230688 - 2022 - Greater sage-grouse respond positively to intensive post-fire restoration treatments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-21T11:59:13.58136","indexId":"70230688","displayToPublicDate":"2022-03-21T06:57:53","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Greater sage-grouse respond positively to intensive post-fire restoration treatments","docAbstract":"Habitat loss is the most prevalent threat to biodiversity in North America. One of the most threatened landscapes in the United States is the sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystem, much of which has been fragmented or converted to non-native grasslands via the cheatgrass-fire cycle. Like many sagebrush obligates, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) depend upon sagebrush for food and cover and are affected by changes to this ecosystem. We investigated habitat selection by 28 male greater sage-grouse during each of 3 years after a 113,000-ha wildfire in a sagebrush steppe ecosystem in Idaho and Oregon. During the study period, seeding and herbicide treatments were applied for habitat restoration. We evaluated sage-grouse responses to vegetation and post-fire restoration treatments. Throughout the 3 years post-fire, sage-grouse avoided areas with high exotic annual grass cover but selected strongly for recovering sagebrush and moderately strongly for perennial grasses. By the third year post-fire, they preferred high-density sagebrush, especially in winter when sagebrush is the primary component of the sage-grouse diet. Sage-grouse preferred forb habitat immediately post-fire, especially in summer, but this selection preference was less strong in later years. They also selected areas that were intensively treated with herbicide and seeded with sagebrush, grasses, and forbs, although these responses varied with time since treatment. Wildfire can have severe consequences for sagebrush-obligate species due to loss of large sagebrush plants used for food and for protection from predators and thermal extremes. Our results show that management efforts, including herbicide application and seeding of plants, directed at controlling exotic annual grasses after a wildfire can positively affect habitat selection by sage-grouse.
Wild reproduction by stocked lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Ontario has yet to produce a self-sustaining population, requiring a reliance on stocking. Once released, age-1 juvenile lake trout are not typically surveyed until age-2, creating a gap in knowledge of fine-scale post-release behaviors. A method to track fine-scale movements and estimate mortality of juvenile lake trout could complement standard survey methods and benefit management decisions regarding stocking locations. We used acoustic telemetry to estimate post-stocking mortality and observe fine-scale spatial and temporal movements of 38 hatchery-reared, age-1 lake trout from an offshore stocking site in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario from 2017 to 2018. Cumulative post-stocking mortality was estimated at 5.3%, 10.5%, and 26.3% after one week, one month and one year, respectively. The majority of lake trout (68.4%) emigrated from the stocking location within two months and entered deep water (∼50 m) once warm-water incursions at the stocking site exceeded lake trout thermal preferences (15 °C). Lake trout made large movements (i.e., median 1.9 km, maximum 12.4 km straight-line distance) within the first hour post-release and had an average swimming speed of 1.64 km‧hr−1over the first day. There was no statistically significant relationship between total distance traveled and time of day, although distance traveled tended to be greater during crepuscular and dark periods compared to daylight. Our results provide a conservative estimate of post-release mortality and reveal behaviors of hatchery-reared juvenile lake trout that may be helpful when selecting stocking locations beneficial to restoration program goals.
Field and laboratory studies of the 1959 Kīlauea Iki lava lake have provided insight into differentiation processes in mafic magma chambers. This paper explores how partially molten basaltic mushes responded to unloading as a consequence of drilling. Most holes drilled from 1967 to 1979 terminated in a melt-rich internal differentiate with a sharp crust-melt interface. These interfaces were not stable, so the boreholes were backfilled by melt-rich (<5% crystal) ooze. This process, with melt ascent rates of 1.3–4.2 m/s, occurred within minutes of intersecting the bodies, mimicking volcanic eruptions, albeit on a small scale.
One borehole (KI79-1), which did not encounter such a discontinuity, was backfilled over a period of 16 days by upward flow of crystal-rich mushes rather than melt-rich ooze. The first interval of ooze recovered had undergone extensive internal differentiation. Its most conspicuous feature was production of melt-rich layers by lateral migration of interstitial melt from the wallrock into the rising crystal-rich mush. In addition, two smaller-scale processes occurred within the rising mush: segregation of melt into discrete blebs within the rising mush column and aggregation of groundmass crystals into crystal-rich clumps formed adjacent to coarser olivine crystals. The upper parts of the ooze are enriched in melt relative to deeper samples, which suggests that the melt blebs rose relative to their olivine-rich matrix. Similar melt blebs and crystal-rich clumps are observed in naturally occurring diapiric bodies within the lava lake. These processes appear to be intrinsic to the upwelling of narrow cylindrical mush bodies whether constrained within a borehole (like the oozes) or unconstrained (as were the diapirs in the lava lake).
The most striking behavior observed during repeated reentry of KI79-1 was a sharp change in rheology during the second and third re-entries of the borehole. The shift in behavior observed was that the oozes rose up the borehole, with ascent rates of 1.0–1.7 m/s, which are comparable to the rates of the crystal-poor oozes from melt-rich internal differentiates. These oozes contain more melt than the original core at equivalent depths, presumably because melt moved relative to crystals down the pressure gradient created by the open borehole. Groundmass textures in these inflated mushes show erosion of crystal outlines, especially of grain-to-grain contacts between different phases, so that the tenuous crystalline network observed in the original core samples was replaced by rounded crystals in continuous melt at crystallinities of 55–65 vol%. The transition from stable coherent mush to inflatable mush occurred at 25–28 vol% melt. This behavior appears similar to certain types of reactive transport observed in other studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B36248.1","usgsCitation":"Helz, R.L., 2022, Melt surges, flow differentiation, and remobilization of crystal-rich mushes in response to unloading: Observations from Kīlauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii: GSA Bulletin, v. 134, no. 11-12, p. 3123-3141, https://doi.org/10.1130/B36248.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3123","endPage":"3141","ipdsId":"IP-121979","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/b36248.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":404990,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Iki lava lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.45654296875,\n 19.134789188332523\n ],\n [\n -155.006103515625,\n 19.134789188332523\n ],\n [\n -155.006103515625,\n 19.482128945320483\n ],\n [\n -155.45654296875,\n 19.482128945320483\n ],\n [\n -155.45654296875,\n 19.134789188332523\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"134","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind L. 0000-0003-1550-0684 rhelz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":1952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind","email":"rhelz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70239283,"text":"70239283 - 2022 - Using ensemble data assimilation to estimate transient hydrologic exchange flow under highly dynamic flow conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T12:40:06.995804","indexId":"70239283","displayToPublicDate":"2022-03-17T06:34:22","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using ensemble data assimilation to estimate transient hydrologic exchange flow under highly dynamic flow conditions","docAbstract":"Quantifying dynamic hydrologic exchange flows (HEFs) within river corridors that experience high-frequency flow variations caused by dam regulations is important for understanding the biogeochemical processes at the river water and groundwater interfaces. Heat has been widely used as a tracer to infer steady-state flow velocities through analytical solutions of heat transport defined by the diurnal temperature signals. Under sub-daily dynamic flow conditions, however, such analytical solutions are not applicable due to the violation of their fundamental assumptions. In this study, we developed a data assimilation-based approach to estimate the sub-daily flux under highly dynamic flow conditions using multi-depth temperature observations at a 5-min resolution. If the hydraulic gradient is measured, Darcy's law was used to calculate the flux with permeability estimated from temperature responses below the riverbed. Otherwise, flux was estimated directly by assimilating multi-depth temperature data at 1- or 2-hr time intervals assuming one-dimensional flow and heat transport governing equation. By comparing estimated fluxes with model-generated synthetic truth, we demonstrated that both schemes have robust performance in estimating fluxes under highly dynamic flow conditions. This data assimilation-based flux estimation method was able to capture the vertical sub-daily fluxes using multi-depth high-resolution temperature data alone, even in the presence of multi-dimensional flow. This approach has been successfully applied to real field temperature data collected at the Hanford site, which experiences highly dynamic HEFs. Our study shows the promise of adopting distributed 1-D temperature monitoring to capture spatial and temporal exchange dynamics in river corridors at a watershed scale or beyond.