{"pageNumber":"4330","pageRowStart":"108225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165889,"records":[{"id":28128,"text":"wri864198 - 1987 - Flood hazard assessment of the Hoh River at Olympic National Park ranger station, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T21:52:12.202618","indexId":"wri864198","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4198","title":"Flood hazard assessment of the Hoh River at Olympic National Park ranger station, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>Federal regulations require buildings and public facilities on Federal land to be located beyond or protected from inundation by a 100-year flood. Flood elevations, velocities and boundaries were determined for the occurrence of a 100-year flood through a reach, approximately 1-mi-long, of the Hoh River at the ranger station complex in Olympic National Park. Flood elevations, estimated by step-backwater analysis of the 100-year flood discharge through 14 channel and flood-plain cross sections of the Hoh River, indicate that the extent of flooding in the vicinity of buildings or public facilities at the ranger station complex is likely to be limited mostly to two historic meander channels that lie partly within loop A of the public campground and that average flood depths of about 2 feet or less would be anticipated in these channels. Mean flow velocities at the cross sections, corresponding to the passage of a 100-year flood, ranged from about 5 to over 11 ft/sec. Flooding in the vicinity of either the visitors center or the residential and maintenance areas is unlikely unless the small earthen dam at the upstream end of Taft Creek were to fail. Debris flows with volumes on the order of 100 to 1,000 cu yards could be expected to occur in the small creeks that drain the steep valley wall north of the ranger station complex. Historic debris flows in these creeks have generally traveled no more than about 100 yards out onto the valley floor. The potential risk that future debris flows in these creeks might reach developed areas within the ranger station complex is considered to be small because most of the developed areas within the complex are situated more than 100 yards from the base of the valley wall. Landslides or rock avalanches originating from the north valley wall with volumes potentially much larger than those for debris flows could have a significant impact on the ranger station complex. The probability that such landslides or avalanches may occur is unknown. Inspection of aerial photographs of the Hoh River valley revealed the apparent presence, along the ridge crest of the north valley wall, of ridge-top depressions--geologic features that are sometimes associated with the onset of deep-seated slope failures. However, evaluation of the potential landslide hazard associated with these depressions would require an onsite examination of the area by trained personnel. Such an effort was outside the scope of this study.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864198","usgsCitation":"Kresch, D., and Pierson, T., 1987, Flood hazard assessment of the Hoh River at Olympic National Park ranger station, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4198, Report: iv, 22 p.; 1 Plate: 28.65 × 24.38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864198.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 22 p.; 1 Plate: 28.65 × 24.38 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393711,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36619.htm"},{"id":56961,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56960,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4198/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123881,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4198/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Hoh River, Olympic National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.942,\n              47.879\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.9210,\n              47.879\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.9210,\n              47.867\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.942,\n              47.867\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.942,\n              47.879\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cce4b07f02db544656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kresch, D. L.","contributorId":52559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresch","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierson, T.C. 0000-0001-9002-4273","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-4273","contributorId":41855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27218,"text":"wri864056 - 1987 - Effects of coal strip mining on stream water quality and biology, southwestern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri864056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4056","title":"Effects of coal strip mining on stream water quality and biology, southwestern Washington","docAbstract":"Strip mining for coal in southwestern Washington may be affecting the water quality of streams. To investigate these possible effects, five streams were selected for study of water quality in each of the two coal bearing areas: the Centralia-Chehalis coal district, and Kelso-Castle Rock coal area. In the Centralia-Chehalis coal district, three of the streams have drainage basins in which mines are active. Water in streams that drain unmined basins is typical of western Washington streams and is characterized as a mixed water because calcium, magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate ions predominate. A change in anionic composition from bicarbonate to sulfate in streams draining mined areas was not sufficient to change the general water composition and thus make the streams acidic. The largest downstream changes in water quality in both mined and unmined drainage basins were observed during summer low-flow conditions, when minimal dilution, increased water temperatures, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations occurred. High dissolved solids were found in the mined drainage basins during this period. High concentrations of iron, manganese, and zinc were present in the bottom sediments of the mined basins. Moderate concentrations of chromium, cobalt, copper, and zinc were also found in the bottom sediments of a few unmined basins. Streams with substrates of gravel-cobble or gravel-coarse sand had the most diverse benthic fauna and a higher number of ubiquitous taxa than streams with sand-silt substrates, which had the most dissimilar fauna. Mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies were rare at the site most affected by mining. The erosion potential of a basin appears to be related to the average basin slope and the amount of forested areas. Strip mining for coal in steep basins may lead to massive movements of unconsolidated spoils after vegetal cover is removed if the land disturbed is graded to pre-mining slopes. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864056","usgsCitation":"Fuste, L.A., and Meyer, D.F., 1987, Effects of coal strip mining on stream water quality and biology, southwestern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4056, vi, 124 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864056.","productDescription":"vi, 124 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56089,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68453a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuste, L. A.","contributorId":85631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuste","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, D. F.","contributorId":21167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26624,"text":"wri864211 - 1987 - Ground-water pumpage from the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Oregon, 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:07:34","indexId":"wri864211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4211","title":"Ground-water pumpage from the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Oregon, 1984","docAbstract":"Groundwater pumpage was estimated for 1984 for an area of about 8,000 sq mi in north-central Oregon. Pumpage data were collected from irrigation, industrial and public supply users and analyzed as part of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) study. Groundwater is pumped from Tertiary basalts and interflow material of the Columbia River Basalt Group and the overlying Tertiary-Quaternary sedimentary material. Pumpage was estimated from flowmeter data for about two-thirds of the area. For wells without flowmeters, pumpage was estimated from power-consumption data, if available, or from irrigated acreage data, using an areally adjusted application rate. The total amount of water pumped during 1984 was estimated to be about 148 ,000 acre-feet. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864211","usgsCitation":"Collins, C.A., 1987, Ground-water pumpage from the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Oregon, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4211, iv, 21 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864211.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55496,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4211/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55497,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4211/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, C. A.","contributorId":43731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28513,"text":"wri874131 - 1987 - Hydrologic conditions and trends in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, 1983-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T14:42:11","indexId":"wri874131","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4131","title":"Hydrologic conditions and trends in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, 1983-84","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri874131","usgsCitation":"Lynch, D.D., 1987, Hydrologic conditions and trends in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, 1983-84: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4131, Report: vi, 115 p.; 1 Plate: 34.51 x 38.08 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874131.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 115 p.; 1 Plate: 34.51 x 38.08 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369140,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4131/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":369141,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4131/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4131/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.5302734375,\n              38.42669767774884\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.37234497070311,\n              38.42669767774884\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.37234497070311,\n              38.511639141458616\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5302734375,\n              38.511639141458616\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5302734375,\n              38.42669767774884\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6115e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lynch, Dennis D. ddlynch@usgs.gov","contributorId":4326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"Dennis","email":"ddlynch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26688,"text":"wri864208 - 1987 - Streamflow and water quality of the Grand Calumet River, Lake County, Indiana, and Cook County, Illinois, October 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T16:20:46","indexId":"wri864208","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4208","title":"Streamflow and water quality of the Grand Calumet River, Lake County, Indiana, and Cook County, Illinois, October 1984","docAbstract":"<p>A diel (24-hour) water-quality survey was done to investigate the sources of dry-weather waste inputs attributable to other than permitted point-source effluent and to evaluate the waste-load assimilative capacity of the Grand Calumet River, Lake County, Indiana, and Cook County, Illinois, in October 1984. Flow in the Grand Calumet River consists almost entirely of municipal and industrial effluents which comprised more than 90% of the 500 cu ft/sec flow observed at the confluence of the East Branch Grand Calumet River and the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal during the study. At the time of the study, virtually all of the flow in the West Branch Grand Calumet River was municipal effluent. Diel variations in streamflow of as much as 300 cu ft/sec were observed in the East Branch near the ship canal. The diel variation diminished at the upstream sampling sites in the East Branch. In the West Branch, the diel variation in flow was quite drastic; complete reversals of flow were observed at sampling stations near the ship canal. Average dissolved-oxygen concentrations at stations in the East Branch ranged from 5.7 to 8.2 mg/L and at stations in the West Branch from 0.8 to 6.6 mg/L. Concentrations of dissolved solids, suspended solids, biochemical-oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphorus were substantially higher in the West Branch than in the East Branch. In the East Branch, only the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board water-quality standards for total phosphorus and phenol were exceeded. In the West Branch, water-quality standards for total ammonia, chloride, cyanide, dissolved solids, fluoride, total phosphorus, mercury, and phenol were exceeded and dissolved oxygen was less than the minimum allowable. Three areas of significant differences between cumulative effluent and instream chemical-mass discharges were identified in the East Branch and one in the West Branch. The presence of unidentified waste inputs in the East Branch were indicated by differences in the chemical-mass discharges at three sites. Elevated suspended solids, biochemical-oxygen demand, and ammonia chemical-mass discharges at Columbia Avenue indicated the presence of a source of what may have been untreated sewage to the West Branch during the survey. (Author 's abstract)</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri864208","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana State Board of Health","usgsCitation":"Crawford, C.G., and Wangsness, D.J., 1987, Streamflow and water quality of the Grand Calumet River, Lake County, Indiana, and Cook County, Illinois, October 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4208, xi, 137 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864208.","productDescription":"xi, 137 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4208/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55551,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4208/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wangsness, David J.","contributorId":81475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wangsness","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27642,"text":"wri874110 - 1987 - Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 18, Gladstone, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-07T15:08:41","indexId":"wri874110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4110","title":"Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 18, Gladstone, Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>The water level of the navigation pools on the Mississippi River are maintained by the operation of tainter and roller gates at the locks and dams. Discharge ratings for the gates on Lock and Dam 18, at Gladstone, Illinois, were developed from current meter discharge measurements made in the forebays of the gate structures. Methodology is given to accurately compute the gate openings of the tainter gate. Discharge coefficients, in equations that express discharge as a function of tailwater head , forebay head, and height of gate opening, were determined for conditions of submerged-orifice and free-weir flow. A comparison of the rating discharges with the hydraulic model rating discharges is given for submerged orifice flow for the tainter and roller gates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/wri874110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District","usgsCitation":"Heinitz, A., 1987, Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 18, Gladstone, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4110, viii, 44 p.: ill., map; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874110.","productDescription":"viii, 44 p.: ill., map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56503,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4110/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Gladstone","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.04241371154785,\n              40.87769896474621\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.04241371154785,\n              40.89242901075802\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.01666450500487,\n              40.89242901075802\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.01666450500487,\n              40.87769896474621\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.04241371154785,\n              40.87769896474621\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aa6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinitz, A.J.","contributorId":62610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28198,"text":"wri874055 - 1987 - Flood hazards along the Toutle and Cowlitz rivers, Washington, from a hypothetical failure of Castle Lake blockage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:15:27","indexId":"wri874055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4055","title":"Flood hazards along the Toutle and Cowlitz rivers, Washington, from a hypothetical failure of Castle Lake blockage","docAbstract":"A recent evaluation of groundwater and material in the blockage impounding Castle Lake shows that the blockage is potentially unstable against failure from piping due to heave and internal erosion when groundwater levels are seasonally high. There is also a remote possibility that a 6.8 or greater magnitude earthquake could occur in the Castle Lake area when groundwater levels are critically high. If this situation occurs, the debris blockage that confines Castle Lake could breach from successive slope failure with liquefaction of a portion of the blockage. A dam-break computer model was used to simulate discharge through a hypothetical breach in the Castle Lake blockage that could be caused by failure by heave, internal erosion, or liquefaction. Approximately 18,500 acre-ft of stored water would be released from an assumed breach that fully developed to a 1,000-ft width over a 15-minute time period. The resulting flood, incorporating 3.4 x 10 to the 6th power cu yd of the debris blockage, would reach a peak magnitude of 1,500,000 cu ft/s (cubic feet per second). The flood is also assumed to incorporate an additional 137x10 to the 6th power cu yd of saturated debris material from downstream deposits. Flow is considered to be hyperconcentrated with sediment throughout the course of the flood. The hypothetical hyperconcentrated flow is routed downstream, superimposed on normal winter flood flows by use of a one-dimensional unsteady-state numerical streamflow simulation model. From a starting magnitude of 1,500,000 cu ft/s, the peak increases to 2,100,000 cu ft/s at N-1 Dam (12 mi downstream) and attenuates to 1,200,000 cu ft/s at Kid Valley (25 mi downstream) , to 100,000 cu ft/s at Longview and the confluence of the Columbia River (65 mi downstream). From time of breach, the flood peak would take 2.2 hr to reach Toutle, 3.8 hr to reach Castle Rock, and 8.5 hr to reach Longview. Communities of Toutle , Castle Rock, Kelso, and Longview would experience extreme to moderate flooding for this scenario. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874055","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., and Orzol, L., 1987, Flood hazards along the Toutle and Cowlitz rivers, Washington, from a hypothetical failure of Castle Lake blockage: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4055, vii, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874055.","productDescription":"vii, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57036,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48e7e4b07f02db552bb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orzol, L.L.","contributorId":63419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orzol","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27641,"text":"wri874165 - 1987 - Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River lock and dam 17, New Boston, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-07T15:02:16","indexId":"wri874165","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4165","title":"Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River lock and dam 17, New Boston, Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>The water levels of the navigation pools on the Mississippi River are maintained by the operation of tainter and roller gates at the locks and dams. Discharge ratings for the gates on Lock and Dam 17, at New Boston, Illinois, were developed from current meter discharge measurements made in the forebays of the gate structures. Methodology is given to compute the gate openings of the tainter gates accurately. Discharge coefficients , in equations that express discharge as a function of tailwater head, forebay head, and height of gate opening, were determined for conditions of submerged orifice and free weir flow. A comparison of the rating discharges to the hydraulic-model rating discharges is given for submerged orifice flow for the tainter and roller gates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/wri874165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District","usgsCitation":"Heinitz, A., 1987, Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River lock and dam 17, New Boston, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4165, viii, 43 p.: ill., map; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874165.","productDescription":"viii, 43 p.: ill., map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56502,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4165/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"New Boston","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.07254028320311,\n              41.184274048471615\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.07254028320311,\n              41.19402728852242\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.05134010314941,\n              41.19402728852242\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.05134010314941,\n              41.184274048471615\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.07254028320311,\n              41.184274048471615\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a95a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinitz, A.J.","contributorId":62610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27033,"text":"wri874197 - 1987 - Ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky, 1982-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri874197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4197","title":"Ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky, 1982-87","docAbstract":"Water level data have been collected in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1943. Interpretations of these data have been published in several reports by the Survey, but none have been published since 1983. Contour maps and hydrographs are presented in this report to document and to help interpret water level changes for the period 1982-87. Maps and hydrographs show that groundwater levels generally stabilized in the 1980 's after rising for many years. Two areas of groundwater withdrawals are apparent in the maps and hydrographs. Withdrawals in an industrial area in west Louisville disrupt the typical pattern of the contours to curve landward around the area of withdrawal. Resumption of pumping of groundwater for heating and cooling of some buildings in the downtown area in 1985 caused declines of about 3 to 4 ft in the downtown area. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874197","usgsCitation":"Faust, R., and Lyverse, M.A., 1987, Ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky, 1982-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4197, iv, 18 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874197.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4197/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55912,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6674fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faust, R.J.","contributorId":80700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyverse, M. A.","contributorId":89151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyverse","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28457,"text":"wri824117 - 1987 - Hydrology of the White Tail Butte area, northern Campbell County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri824117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-4117","title":"Hydrology of the White Tail Butte area, northern Campbell County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Quantity of runoff and peak discharge from one small basin in the White Tail Butte area, determined from a calibrated rainfall-runoff model, is less than the quantity computed using results of a regional study. The difference is caused by the extensive beds of exposed, permeable clinker in the area. Potentiometric surfaces in the White Tail Butte area indicate that, regionally, it is a discharge area. This is consistent with the conceptual model developed elsewhere in Campbell County , Wyo. The chemical quality of water from springs and alluvium, however, is characteristic of water found in recharge areas, so movement of water in the regional system is apparently small compared to local recharge. If surface coal mining occurs in the area, the principal adverse impact to the groundwater system would be the destruction of springs and seeps in the mined area. These could be restored with special reclamation procedures. There are adequate quantities of water of suitable quality for stock or domestic use below the coal so postreclamation supplies could be obtained. Impacts of surface mining on runoff could not be evaluated, but sensitivity of runoff to infiltration indicates a 10% change in runoff for a 1% change in infiltration. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri824117","usgsCitation":"Lowry, M., and Rankl, J., 1987, Hydrology of the White Tail Butte area, northern Campbell County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-4117, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri824117.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4117/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowry, M.E.","contributorId":55807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowry","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26598,"text":"wri874008 - 1987 - Floods in Kansas and techniques for estimating their magnitude and frequency on unregulated streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:22","indexId":"wri874008","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4008","title":"Floods in Kansas and techniques for estimating their magnitude and frequency on unregulated streams","docAbstract":"Techniques are presented for generalizing the skewness coefficient of log-Pearson Type III distributions of annual maximum discharges and for flood magnitudes that have selected recurrence intervals from 2 to 100 yr. A weighted least-square (WLS) regression model was used to generalize the coefficients of station skewness that resulted in a root-mean-sq error of prediction of 0.35 compared to 0.55 for the skewness map published in Bulletin 17B of the U.S. Water Resources Council. Estimates of generalized skewness were computed for each of 245 streamflow gaging stations with a minimum of 10 years of record and a contributing drainage area of &lt; 20,000 sq mi. The WLS regression model also was used to develop equations for estimating flood magnitude for selected recurrence intervals for ungaged stream locations by using data from 218 of the 245 streamflow gaging stations that had contributing-drainage areas of less than 10,000 sq mi. The errors of prediction of the most reliable WLS equations ranged from 28 to 42%. The WLS equations were compared statistically to previous developed equations and were determined to be different and more accurate than previously published equations. Flood magnitudes and frequencies for 245 streamflow gaging stations, based on data collected through the 1983 water year, are presented along with a summary of the seasonal distribution of annual maximum discharges and an analysis of the maximum observed discharges. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874008","usgsCitation":"Clement, R., 1987, Floods in Kansas and techniques for estimating their magnitude and frequency on unregulated streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4008, iv, 50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874008.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4008/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55464,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4008/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48ade4b07f02db52d5a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clement, R.W.","contributorId":11247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clement","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27726,"text":"wri864340 - 1987 - Simulation of the ground-water flow system and proposed withdrawals in the northern part of Vekol Valley, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri864340","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4340","title":"Simulation of the ground-water flow system and proposed withdrawals in the northern part of Vekol Valley, Arizona","docAbstract":"Pursuant to the Ak-Chin Indian Community Water Rights Settlement Act (Public Law 95-328-enacted on July 28, 1978) a study was undertaken to assess the effect of proposed groundwater withdrawal from Federal lands near the reservation. The first area to be evaluated was the northern part of the Vekol Valley. The evaluation was made using a numerical model based on detailed geohydrologic concepts developed during the study. The numerical model, which was calibrated to steady-state and transient groundwater conditions in the northern part of Vekol Valley, adequately duplicated the conceptual model and was used to estimate the effect of withdrawing approximately 174,000 acre-ft from the system during a 25-yr period. At the end of the 25-yr period, the water level was drawn down an average of about 95 ft, and about 150,5000 acre-ft of water was removed from storage. The 150,500 acre-ft of water represents 43% of the estimated recoverable groundwater in storage. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864340","usgsCitation":"Hollett, K., and Marie, J., 1987, Simulation of the ground-water flow system and proposed withdrawals in the northern part of Vekol Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4340, v, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864340.","productDescription":"v, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4340/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56569,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4340/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollett, K.J.","contributorId":23570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollett","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marie, J.R.","contributorId":63416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marie","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26986,"text":"wri874017 - 1987 - Preliminary assessment of potential well yields and the potential for artificial recharge of the Elm and Middle James aquifers in the Aberdeen area, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri874017","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4017","title":"Preliminary assessment of potential well yields and the potential for artificial recharge of the Elm and Middle James aquifers in the Aberdeen area, South Dakota","docAbstract":"A complex hydrologic system exists in the glacial drift overlying the bedrock in the Aberdeen, South Dakota, area. The hydrologic system has been subdivided into three aquifers: the Elm, Middle James, and Deep James. These sand-and-gravel outwash aquifers generally are separated from each other by till or other fine-grained sediments. The Elm aquifer is the uppermost and largest of the aquifers and underlies about 204 sq mi of the study area. The maximum altitude of the top of the Elm aquifer is 1,400 ft and the minimum altitude of the bottom is 1,225 ft. The Middle James aquifer underlies about 172 sq mi of the study area. The maximum altitude of the top of the Middle James aquifer is 1,250 ft and the minimum altitude of the bottom is 1 ,150 ft. The lower-most Deep James aquifer was not evaluated. The quality of the water from the Elm and Middle James aquifer varies considerably throughout the study area. The predominant chemical constituents in the water from the aquifers are sodium and sulfate ions; however, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, or chloride may dominate locally. The calculated theoretical total well yield from the Elm and Middle James aquifers ranges from a minimum of 64 cu ft/sec, which may be conservative, to a maximum of 640 cu ft/sec. Based on available data, yields of 100 to 150 cu ft/sec probably can be obtained from properly sited and constructed wells. The feasibility of artificially recharging an aquifer, using the technique of water spreading, depends on the geologic and hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer and of the sediments overlying the aquifer through which the recharge water must percolate. The sites suitable for artificial recharge in the study area were defined as those areas where the average aquifer thickness was &gt; 20 ft and the average thickness of the fine-grained sediments overlying the aquifer was &lt; 10 ft. Using these criteria, about 14 sq mi of the study area are suitable for artificial recharge. Infiltration rates in the study area are estimated to range from 1.3 to 4.3 ft/day. Using an infiltration rate of 2 ft/day, a spreading pond with an area of 0.16 sq mi would be required to artificially recharge at a rate of 100 cu/sec/m. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874017","usgsCitation":"Emmons, P., 1987, Preliminary assessment of potential well yields and the potential for artificial recharge of the Elm and Middle James aquifers in the Aberdeen area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4017, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874017.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4017/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55873,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emmons, P.J.","contributorId":60630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmons","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28033,"text":"wri864095 - 1987 - HST3D; a computer code for simulation of heat and solute transport in three-dimensional ground-water flow systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri864095","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4095","title":"HST3D; a computer code for simulation of heat and solute transport in three-dimensional ground-water flow systems","docAbstract":"The Heat- and Soil-Transport Program (HST3D) simulates groundwater flow and associated heat and solute transport in three dimensions. The three governing equations are coupled through the interstitial pore velocity, the dependence of the fluid density on pressure, temperature, the solute-mass fraction , and the dependence of the fluid viscosity on temperature and solute-mass fraction. The solute transport equation is for only a single, solute species with possible linear equilibrium sorption and linear decay. Finite difference techniques are used to discretize the governing equations using a point-distributed grid. The flow-, heat- and solute-transport equations are solved , in turn, after a particle Gauss-reduction scheme is used to modify them. The modified equations are more tightly coupled and have better stability for the numerical solutions. The basic source-sink term represents wells. A complex well flow model may be used to simulate specified flow rate and pressure conditions at the land surface or within the aquifer, with or without pressure and flow rate constraints. Boundary condition types offered include specified value, specified flux, leakage, heat conduction, and approximate free surface, and two types of aquifer influence functions. All boundary conditions can be functions of time. Two techniques are available for solution of the finite difference matrix equations. One technique is a direct-elimination solver, using equations reordered by alternating diagonal planes. The other technique is an iterative solver, using two-line successive over-relaxation. A restart option is available for storing intermediate results and restarting the simulation at an intermediate time with modified boundary conditions. This feature also can be used as protection against computer system failure. Data input and output may be in metric (SI) units or inch-pound units. Output may include tables of dependent variables and parameters, zoned-contour maps, and plots of the dependent variables versus time. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864095","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K., 1987, HST3D; a computer code for simulation of heat and solute transport in three-dimensional ground-water flow systems: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4095, viii, 517 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864095.","productDescription":"viii, 517 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56872,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634caa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, K.L.","contributorId":96715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26971,"text":"wri864326 - 1987 - The relation of streamflow to habitat for anadromous fish in the Stillaguamish River basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"wri864326","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4326","title":"The relation of streamflow to habitat for anadromous fish in the Stillaguamish River basin, Washington","docAbstract":"The techniques of Instream Flow Incremental Methodology were used to determine the habitat available over a range of simulated streamflows for anadromous fish in certain reaches of streams in the Stillaguamish River basin, Washington. The stream discharge-habitat relations were used to identify that discharge termed the optimum discharge, which provides maximum habitat, for a particular species and life stage of fish. Optimum discharges varied throughout the Stillaguamish River basin because each discharge-habitat relation was unique. The mainstem of the Stillaguamish River is used primarily as a migration route by anadromous fish, but it is also used by chinook and coho salmon and steelhead trout for rearing and by steelhead adults and pink salmon for spawning. Optimum discharges, in cu ft/sec, ranged as follows in the mainstem Stillaguamish River: chinook fry, 600; steelhead--juveniles, 1,000, adults, 2,000, coho juveniles, 400; and pink spawning, 800. The North Fork Stillaguamish River is used for spawning and rearing by all the study fish species. Optimum discharges there were: chinook--spawning, 500 to 1,300, fry, 150 to 400; coho--spawning , 500 to 700, juveniles and fry, 50 to 200; steelhead--adults, 500 to 1,170, spawning, 800 to 900, fry, 50 to 140, juveniles, 300 to 500, chum spawning, 200 to 600; pink spawning, 300 to 600. All the study species spawn and rear in the South Fork Stillaguamish River, but coho spawn and rear fry only at the most upstream study site and chum spawn only at the most downstream site. Optimum discharge ranges on the South Fork were: chinook--spawning, 300 to 900, fry, 70 to 300; coho juveniles, 50 to 100; steelhead--adults, 300 to 900; spawning, 250 to 1,200, fry, 45 to 1,600, juveniles 200 to 500, pink spawning, 100 to 1,200; coho--spawning, 140, fry, 50; chum spawning, 100. Four tributary streams are used by all species except Pilchuck and Canyon Creeks, which are not used by chum salmon. Optimum discharges for all tributary streams ranged as follows: chinook--spawning, 170 to 750, fry 50 to 170; coho--spawning, 90 to 350, fry 20 to 80, juveniles, 35 to 130; steelhead--adults, 170 to 500, spawning, 130 to 400, fry, 20 to 70, juveniles, 70 to 350; pink spawning, 70 to 300; chum spawning in Squire Creek and Jim Creek, 70 to 450. Water temperatures measured in late summer at all sites ranged between 14.5 to 17.5 C. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864326","usgsCitation":"Embrey, S., 1987, The relation of streamflow to habitat for anadromous fish in the Stillaguamish River basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4326, viii, 115 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864326.","productDescription":"viii, 115 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4326/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55857,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4326/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Embrey, S.S.","contributorId":8448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Embrey","given":"S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28177,"text":"wri854015 - 1987 - Water resources of Walworth County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri854015","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4015","title":"Water resources of Walworth County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The water resources of Walworth County, South Dakota are for the most part undeveloped. In 1978, only about 10,000 acre-feet of water was used for irrigation, stock, domestic, and public supplies; most of this water came form Lake Oahe on the Missouri River, and was used for irrigation. The lake stores about 22 million acre-feet of water; the average annual flow of the Missouri River is about 16 million acre-feet. Tributary streams normally are dry at least 10 months per year. Average annual net surface runoff from the county is 7,900 acre-feet. At least 99 percent of the precipitation per year is lost by evapotranspiration. An estimated 1.2 million acre-feet of water is stored in eight aquifers in the glacial drift. The water generally is suitable for irrigation, stock, and domestic use. It is estimated that more than 55 million acre-feet of water is stored in nine aquifers in the bedrock. These aquifers are in the Dakota Formation, Inyan Kara Group, Sundance and Minnelusa Formations, Madison Group, Devonian strata, and Stony Mountain, Red River, and Deadwood Formations. The water is slightly to very saline and, at best, is suitable for livestock and marginally acceptable for domestic supplies. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854015","usgsCitation":"Kume, J., and Howells, L., 1987, Water resources of Walworth County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4015, vi, 70 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854015.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57011,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4015/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0718","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kume, Jack","contributorId":100843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kume","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howells, Lewis","contributorId":12081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howells","given":"Lewis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28028,"text":"wri864203 - 1987 - Reconnaissance of geohydrologic areas and 1981 low-flow conditions, Withlacoochee River basin, southwest Florida Water Management District","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri864203","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4203","title":"Reconnaissance of geohydrologic areas and 1981 low-flow conditions, Withlacoochee River basin, southwest Florida Water Management District","docAbstract":"The Withlacoochee River Basin of the Southwest Florida Water Management District is a management area of about 2030 sq mi in west-central Florida containing large reserves of potable water in the Upper Floridan aquifer. Results of reconnaissance test drilling indicate that the Upper Floridan aquifer may be treated as an unconfined aquifer in the management area which allows it to be divided into two types of geohydrologic areas: (1) areas of high recharge, and (2) areas of moderate recharge. Conceptually, the source of water to well fields in areas of high recharge would largely be natural recharge, whereas, in areas of moderate recharge, a significant part of the source of water to well fields would be induced downward leakage, or capture, of surface and near-surface water. The Withlacoochee River Basin of the Southwest Florida Water Management District is drained almost entirely by the Withlacoochee River and its tributaries. Field data were collected from April 13 through August 17, 1981, to document extremely low streamflow conditions. Conditions in the upper half of the drainage basin were found to be the most severe of record. On July 7, 1981, the total net runoff from the upper half of the basin was observed to be only 0.1 cu ft/sec. Low-flow conditions in the lower half of the drainage basin, however, were less severe than during the record low period of 1956. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864203","usgsCitation":"Kimrey, J.O., and Anderson, W., 1987, Reconnaissance of geohydrologic areas and 1981 low-flow conditions, Withlacoochee River basin, southwest Florida Water Management District: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4203, vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864203.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4203/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56863,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c6ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimrey, J. O.","contributorId":67533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimrey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Warren","contributorId":7712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Warren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26941,"text":"wri864346 - 1987 - Water-quality data-collection activities in Oregon; inventory and evaluation of 1984 programs and costs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:15:02","indexId":"wri864346","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4346","title":"Water-quality data-collection activities in Oregon; inventory and evaluation of 1984 programs and costs","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864346","usgsCitation":"Edwards, T., 1987, Water-quality data-collection activities in Oregon; inventory and evaluation of 1984 programs and costs: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4346, v, 50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864346.","productDescription":"v, 50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4346/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55832,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4346/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e555e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, T.K.","contributorId":99995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"T.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27015,"text":"wri874247 - 1987 - Source of salts in the Waianae part of the Pearl Harbor aquifer near Barbers Point water tunnel, Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri874247","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4247","title":"Source of salts in the Waianae part of the Pearl Harbor aquifer near Barbers Point water tunnel, Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The salinity of the water supply of Barbers Point Naval Air Station has increased markedly since 1983. The Naval Air Station obtains its water, about 3 million gal/day, from Barbers Point shaft, a water shaft that taps the Waianae part of the Pearl Harbor aquifer underlying the dry, southeastern flank of the Waianae mountains on the island on Oahu, Hawaii. From 1983 to 1985 the chloride concentration of the water, increased from 220 to 250 mg/L and has remained near that level through 1986. The EPA has established 250 mg/L as the maximum recommended chloride concentration in drinking water because above that level many people can taste the salt. The high chloride concentration in shallow groundwater at all wells in the area indicates that most of the salts in the freshwater lens are contributed by rainfall, sea spray, and irrigation return water. At Barbers Point shaft, pumping may draw a small amount of saltwater from the transition zone and increase the chloride concentration in the pumped water by about 20 mg/L. Salinity of the lens decreases progressively inland in response to recharge from relatively fresher water and in response to an increasing lens thickness with increasing distance from the shoreline. The increase, in 1983, in the chloride concentration of water at the shaft was most probably the result of saltier recharge water reaching the water table, and not the result of increased mixing of underlying saltwater with the freshwater. The chloride concentration of the recharge water has probably increased because, in 1980, the drip method of irrigation began to replace the furrow method on sugarcane fields near the shaft. A mixing-cell model was used to estimate the effect of drip irrigation on the chloride concentration of the groundwater in the vicinity of Barbers Point shaft. The model predicted an increase in chloride concentration of about 50 mg/L. The observed increase was about 30 mg/L and the chloride concentration is presently stable at 245 to 250 mg/L; hence, the chloride concentration is not expected to increase significantly more. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874247","usgsCitation":"Eyre, P.R., 1987, Source of salts in the Waianae part of the Pearl Harbor aquifer near Barbers Point water tunnel, Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4247, v, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874247.","productDescription":"v, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4247/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55900,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4247/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55901,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4247/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eyre, P. R.","contributorId":83165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eyre","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28168,"text":"wri874091 - 1987 - Computer program for solving ground-water flow equations by the preconditioned conjugate gradient method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri874091","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4091","title":"Computer program for solving ground-water flow equations by the preconditioned conjugate gradient method","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874091","usgsCitation":"Kuiper, L., 1987, Computer program for solving ground-water flow equations by the preconditioned conjugate gradient method: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4091, iii, 34 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874091.","productDescription":"iii, 34 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57002,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a79db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuiper, L.K.","contributorId":34557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuiper","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27350,"text":"wri864076 - 1987 - Application of techniques to identify coal-mine and power-generation effects on surface-water quality, San Juan River basin, New Mexico and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri864076","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4076","title":"Application of techniques to identify coal-mine and power-generation effects on surface-water quality, San Juan River basin, New Mexico and Colorado","docAbstract":"Numerous analytical techniques were applied to determine water quality changes in the San Juan River basin upstream of Shiprock , New Mexico. Eight techniques were used to analyze hydrologic data such as: precipitation, water quality, and streamflow. The eight methods used are: (1) Piper diagram, (2) time-series plot, (3) frequency distribution, (4) box-and-whisker plot, (5) seasonal Kendall test, (6) Wilcoxon rank-sum test, (7) SEASRS procedure, and (8) analysis of flow adjusted, specific conductance data and smoothing. Post-1963 changes in dissolved solids concentration, dissolved potassium concentration, specific conductance, suspended sediment concentration, or suspended sediment load in the San Juan River downstream from the surface coal mines were examined to determine if coal mining was having an effect on the quality of surface water. None of the analytical methods used to analyzed the data showed any increase in dissolved solids concentration, dissolved potassium concentration, or specific conductance in the river downstream from the mines; some of the analytical methods used showed a decrease in dissolved solids concentration and specific conductance. Chaco River, an ephemeral stream tributary to the San Juan River, undergoes changes in water quality due to effluent from a power generation facility. The discharge in the Chaco River contributes about 1.9% of the average annual discharge at the downstream station, San Juan River at Shiprock, NM. The changes in water quality detected at the Chaco River station were not detected at the downstream Shiprock station. It was not possible, with the available data, to identify any effects of the surface coal mines on water quality that were separable from those of urbanization, agriculture, and other cultural and natural changes. In order to determine the specific causes of changes in water quality, it would be necessary to collect additional data at strategically located stations. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864076","usgsCitation":"Goetz, C.L., Abeyta, C.G., and Thomas, E., 1987, Application of techniques to identify coal-mine and power-generation effects on surface-water quality, San Juan River basin, New Mexico and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4076, viii, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864076.","productDescription":"viii, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4076/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4076/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a75c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goetz, C. L.","contributorId":55845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abeyta, Cynthia G.","contributorId":52187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abeyta","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, E.V.","contributorId":55477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27219,"text":"wri864202 - 1987 - Water quality of the Malheur Lake system and Malheur River, and simulated water-quality effects of routing Malheur Lake water into Malheur River, Oregon, 1984-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-23T22:14:34.856067","indexId":"wri864202","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4202","title":"Water quality of the Malheur Lake system and Malheur River, and simulated water-quality effects of routing Malheur Lake water into Malheur River, Oregon, 1984-85","docAbstract":"<p>Above average precipitation and runoff between 1980 and 1985 have raised the water-surface elevation of Harney, Mud, and Malheur Lakes in eastern Oregon to the highest levels recorded and have caused mixing and interflow of water among the three lakes. A 50% increase in specific conductance throughout Malheur Lake from 1984 to 1985 resulted from an increase in sodium and chloride concentrations, probably caused by the flow of saline water from Harvey Lake and dissolution of evaporites in flooded areas around it. Arsenic and boron concentrations increased during the two years. Algal productivity was highest towards the center of Malheur Lake. Concentrations of major ions in the Malheur River during the 1985 irrigation season were dilute in upstream reaches because of flow releases from reservoirs; increasing in a downstream direction because of irrigation-return flow. Concentrations also increased with time during irrigation season, with the highest concentrations occurring in October after most diversions for irrigation were discontinued. Mass-balance equations were used to simulate mixing of Malheur Lake with Malheur River water to estimate the water quality that would occur at different points along Malheur River. Simulations of sodium and chloride concentrations and specific conductance values based on August river-flows during irrigation season, show a gradual increase from the headwaters downstream to Hope and greater increases downstream of Hope. After irrigation ceases, the simulated water quality becomes uniform throughout the river, because proposed lake flows are then the principal source of Malheur River flows. Arsenic and boron concentrations increase much more than expected between Namorf and Little Valley; thermal springs could be the source of arsenic and boron in this reach. Groundwater coming in contact with arsenic rich soils may also contribute to the elevated arsenic levels found in the river. At the end of the irrigation season, arsenic concentrations were measured at 85 microg/L in this 12-14 mi reach. Increasing inflows from Malheur Lake Should reduce arsenic levels between Namorf and the mouth, especially after irrigation ceases.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864202","usgsCitation":"Fuste, L.A., and McKenzie, S.W., 1987, Water quality of the Malheur Lake system and Malheur River, and simulated water-quality effects of routing Malheur Lake water into Malheur River, Oregon, 1984-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4202, Report: viii, 74 p.; 1 Plate: 23.11 × 30.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864202.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 74 p.; 1 Plate: 23.11 × 30.40 inches","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56091,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56090,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4202/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":409621,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36623.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Malheur Lake system and Malheur River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.91683150468646,\n              43.39656636538285\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.91683150468646,\n              43.24957188763429\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.58294732181278,\n              43.24957188763429\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.58294732181278,\n              43.39656636538285\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.91683150468646,\n              43.39656636538285\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ed22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuste, L. A.","contributorId":85631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuste","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenzie, S. W.","contributorId":66240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28402,"text":"wri864356 - 1987 - Effects on water quality due to flood-water detention by Barker and Addicks Reservoirs, Houston, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T11:27:09","indexId":"wri864356","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4356","title":"Effects on water quality due to flood-water detention by Barker and Addicks Reservoirs, Houston, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The Barker and Addicks Reservoirs, located about 16 miles west of Houston, Texas, provide flood-detention storage for storm runoff. Of interest are the water-quality characteristics in the study area and changes in water quality during detention. Study area sampling sites were selected upstream along Buffalo Bayou for Barker Reservoir and on Bear Creek and Langham Creek for Addicks Reservoir, within the reservoirs, near the reservoir outflows, and below the confluence of each reservoir outflow at the streamflow station Buffalo Bayou near Addicks. Flow data were available at all sites except in the reservoirs. Analyses of samples collected during both low flow and storm runoff show that, in general, the waters of the study area were low in mineralization, but the aesthetics of the water was a problem.</p>\n<p>The inorganic constituents, trace metals, and pesticides rarely exceeded maximum contaminant levels recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for public supply using 1976 and 1977 criteria for primary and secondary standards. All species of nutrients, except ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus, almost always were below the recommended maximum contaminant levels. Phosphorus almost always exceeded these levels.</p>\n<p>Aesthetic problems are evident. Large values of suspended solids, turbidity, and color were common. Small dissolved-oxygen values commonly occurred in the reservoirs. Possible bacterial problems are indicated because coliformbacteria densities exceeded recommended levels in about 25 percent of the samples.</p>\n<p>The effects of the reservoirs on the water-quality characteristics of storm runoff were analyzed using three approaches. The first approach was a comparison of the discharge-weighted average values of nine selected constituents at each streamflow-gaging station during four storms. Reservoir effects on the quality of runoff detained 1 to 4 days in the two reservoirs were inconsistent. However, the reservoirs consistently had an effect on the water quality of runoff that was detained the longest (more than 8 days). Biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, turbidity, color, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon discharge-weighted average values were consistently smaller after flowing through the reservoirs. Dissolved solids and total phosphorus values were consistently larger after flowing through the reservoirs.</p>\n<p>The second approach was an analysis of the means of the discharge-weighted average values computed for the four hydrologic events using the Student t-test. Statistical results Indicate that reservoir detention significantly reduced suspended solids (the mean decreased from 178 milligrams per liter at the Inflows to 105 milligrams per liter at the outflows) and turbidity (the mean decreased from 119 nephelometrlc turbidity units at the inflows to 66 nephelometric turbidity units at the outflows).</p>\n<p>The third approach was a comparison at each site of the mean, maximum, and minimum values computed for seven constituents that did not correlate with discharge. These constituents or properties of water were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, dissolved oxygen percent saturation, total-coliform bacteria, fecal-conform bacteria, and fecal-streptococci bacteria. The only consistent water-quality changes observed were with the three bacteria groups, which were decreased by flood-water detention.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri864356","usgsCitation":"Liscum, F., Goss, R., and Paul, E., 1987, Effects on water quality due to flood-water detention by Barker and Addicks Reservoirs, Houston, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4356, v, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864356.","productDescription":"v, 96 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4356/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4356/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","otherGeospatial":"Addicks Reservoir, Barker Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.84403991699217,\n              29.68328053373362\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.84403991699217,\n              29.981107684467244\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.49934387207031,\n              29.981107684467244\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.49934387207031,\n              29.68328053373362\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.84403991699217,\n              29.68328053373362\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ee77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liscum, Fred","contributorId":95463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liscum","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goss, R.L.","contributorId":83143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goss","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paul, E.M.","contributorId":65089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26719,"text":"wri874207 - 1987 - Technique for estimating flood-peak discharges and frequencies on rural streams in Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri874207","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4207","title":"Technique for estimating flood-peak discharges and frequencies on rural streams in Illinois","docAbstract":"Flood-peak discharges and frequencies are presented for 394 gaged sites in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin for recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 100 years. A technique is presented for estimating flood-peak discharges at recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 500 years for nonregulated streams in Illinois with drainage areas ranging from 0.02 to 10,000 square miles. Multiple-regression analyses, using basin characteristics and peak streamflow data from 268 of the 394 gaged sites, were used to define the flood-frequency relation. The most significant independent variables for estimating flood-peak discharge are drainage area, slope, rainfall intensity and a regional factor. Examples are given to show a step-by-step procedure in calculating a 50-year flood for a site on an ungaged stream, a site at a gaged location, and a site near a gaged location. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874207","usgsCitation":"Curtis, G., 1987, Technique for estimating flood-peak discharges and frequencies on rural streams in Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4207, v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874207.","productDescription":"v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2054,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=87-4207","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4207/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55593,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4207/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6862d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, G.W.","contributorId":69159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27336,"text":"wri864047 - 1987 - A dual-porosity model for simulating solute transport in oil shale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri864047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4047","title":"A dual-porosity model for simulating solute transport in oil shale","docAbstract":"A model is described for simulating three-dimensional groundwater flow and solute transport in oil shale and associated geohydrologic units. The model treats oil shale as a dual-porosity medium by simulating flow and transport within fractures using the finite-element method. Diffusion of solute between fractures and the essentially static water of the shale matrix is simulated by including an analytical solution that acts as a source-sink term to the differential equation of solute transport. While knowledge of fracture orientation and spacing is needed to effectively use the model, it is not necessary to map the locations of individual fractures. The computer program listed in the report incorporates many of the features of previous dual-porosity models while retaining a practical approach to solving field problems. As a result the theory of solute transport is not extended in any appreciable way. The emphasis is on bringing together various aspects of solute transport theory in a manner that is particularly suited to the unusual groundwater flow and solute transport characteristics of oil shale systems. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864047","usgsCitation":"Glover, K.C., 1987, A dual-porosity model for simulating solute transport in oil shale: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4047, iv, 88 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864047.","productDescription":"iv, 88 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56200,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aecd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glover, K. C.","contributorId":14828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glover","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}