{"pageNumber":"4337","pageRowStart":"108400","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70208081,"text":"70208081 - 1991 - USFWS selected geographic analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-28T07:37:56","indexId":"70208081","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T12:53:49","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"USFWS selected geographic analyses","docAbstract":"

The geographic information system (GIS) used by the National Wetlands Research Center (NWRC) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been valuable in assisting natural resource managers in planning and managing coastal fish and wildlife resources. In the past 5 years, NWRC has conducted about 60 studies employing this technology. Applications have ranged from simple natural resource inventories to documentation of trends in wetland changes and complex predictive modeling of impacts of harbor expansion on biological resources. Maps, tables, and data bases from these studies have been presented before local, State, and Congressional committees as well as numerous scientific and public organizations. This paper describes and summarizes selected GIS projects related to resource inventories, analyses of wetland change, and cartographic modeling of coastal areas of the United States.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal zone '91: Proceedings of the seventh symposium on coastal and ocean management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Coastal Zone '91: Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceDate":"July 8-12, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Long Beach, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","isbn":"9780872628090","usgsCitation":"Stayner, F.O., Scurry, J.D., Johnston, J.B., Watzin, M.C., and Roscigno, P.F., 1991, USFWS selected geographic analyses, in Coastal zone '91: Proceedings of the seventh symposium on coastal and ocean management, v. 4, Long Beach, CA, July 8-12, 1991, p. 1968-1980.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1968","endPage":"1980","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371638,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":371584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0071490"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stayner, Floyd O.","contributorId":216223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stayner","given":"Floyd","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scurry, James D.","contributorId":221241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scurry","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, James B.","contributorId":78039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watzin, Mary C.","contributorId":214534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watzin","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roscigno, Pasquale F.","contributorId":214752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roscigno","given":"Pasquale","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70204269,"text":"70204269 - 1991 - Estimating wintering Bald Eagle densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-16T12:55:32","indexId":"70204269","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T12:42:51","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating wintering Bald Eagle densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"

Surveys on the winter distribution of Bald Eagles have been concentrated in the northern USA (Hastings 1988, Mattson 1988), where Bald Eagles are most common. Few density estimates for wintering Bald Eagles exist. In the past, different survey techniques with little standardization have been used. Statistical analyses and error measurements of existing winter survey data usually are not possible. The National Wildlife Federation's \"midwinter Bald Eagle survey,\" the largest operational winter survey, is
not systematic. Observers concentrate on areas where large numbers of Bald Eagles winter. We collected Bald Eagle density and distribution data in the Mississippi alluvial valley (MAV) while conducting four regional aerial surveys for Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) during the winters of 1988-89 and 1989-90. Our objectives were to determine if the relatively large sample size and experimental design used in our Mallard surveys would provide accurate population estimates and additional distribution data not provided by current Bald Eagle surveys

","language":"English","publisher":"Raptor Research Foundation Inc.","usgsCitation":"Brown, M., and Nassar, J.R., 1991, Estimating wintering Bald Eagle densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Journal of Raptor Research, p. 40-42.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365621,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri. Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Alluvial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 28.998531814051795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Mike","contributorId":216677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6696,"text":"BLM","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nassar, James R.","contributorId":55918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nassar","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208080,"text":"70208080 - 1991 - Global climate change: USFWS coastal research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-27T12:49:30","indexId":"70208080","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T12:42:15","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Global climate change: USFWS coastal research","docAbstract":"

Scenarios of global climate change are still ambiguous; however, increasing sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations seem certain, although rates of change are still being debated. Predictions for other aspects of climate change, such as temperature, tropical storm frequency and intensity, and precipitation, are still in debate, and all predictions for local (e.g., watershed) or regional effects are far from being useful for site-specific planning. While recognizing the weakness of current climate models, especially at regional and local scales, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in fulfilling its mandate for wildlife habitat protection and maintenance, advocates understanding the processes involved and forecasting potential changes. Because coastal wetlands constitute critical habitat for a significant portion of fish and wildlife under the Service's conservation charge, the Service's National Wetlands Research Center will study some of the most vulnerable coastal habitats of the Southern United States, namely coastal emergent marshes, submerged aquatic vegetation, forested wetlands, and communities of benthic invertebrates. Studies will include developing landscape-level data bases on National Wildlife Refuge wetland complexes along the coasts of the south Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Comparisons will be made between accreting and subsiding coastal marshes. Greenhouse and mesocosm experiments will be conducted on key species from each habitat type to determine their responses to elevated inorganic carbon, salinity, temperature, and ultraviolet radiation.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal zone '91 : Proceedings of the seventh symposium on coastal and ocean management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Coastal zone '91 : Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceDate":"July 8-12, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Long Beach, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","isbn":"9780872628090 ","usgsCitation":"Keough, J.R., Doyle, T.W., and Stewart, R.E., 1991, Global climate change: USFWS coastal research, in Coastal zone '91 : Proceedings of the seventh symposium on coastal and ocean management, v. 4, Long Beach, CA, July 8-12, 1991, p. 3163-3177.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3163","endPage":"3177","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":371578,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0073040"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keough, Janet R.","contributorId":49300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keough","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doyle, Thomas W. 0000-0001-5754-0671 doylet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Thomas","email":"doylet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, Robert E. Jr.","contributorId":72861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70204129,"text":"70204129 - 1991 - Remote sensing of water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-08T12:46:09","indexId":"70204129","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T12:21:36","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Remote sensing of water quality","docAbstract":"

Water property data were collected within 3 cooling water reservoirs (active to inactive, large [1,068 ha] to small [68.6 ha]. oligotrophic to eutrophic) at 31 locations. A description of the water characteristics was obtained including algal pigments, total suspended particles, dissolved and particulate organic matter, and total particle absorption spectra. Field data included generated water volume reflectance spectra and secchi depth. Specialized regression techniques were used to derive specific absorption coefficients from measured water property concentrations and total particle absorption spectra. Subsequently, using first order approximations relating water volume reflectance to water intrinsic properties, generated absorption coefficients were combined with an optimization procedure that minimized the difference between the observed and predicted water volume reflectances resulting in specific backscatter coefficient estimates.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"1991 ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Baltimore, MD, Mar. 25-29, 1991, Technical Papers. Vol. 3 - Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention","conferenceDate":"Mar 25-29, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., and Jensen, J.R., 1991, Remote sensing of water quality, in 1991 ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Baltimore, MD, Mar. 25-29, 1991, Technical Papers. Vol. 3 - Remote Sensing, Baltimore, MD, Mar 25-29, 1991, p. 363-372.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"372","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365341,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":204796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jensen, John R.","contributorId":216821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210053,"text":"70210053 - 1991 - Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains: I. Historical and ecotoxicological perspectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T17:25:14.391023","indexId":"70210053","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T12:18:24","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains: I. Historical and ecotoxicological perspectives","docAbstract":"

Colonial fish-eating birds have been used as convenient model populations in which to study the impact of chronic exposure to complex mixtures of persistent lipophilic environmental contaminants within the Great Lakes ecosystem. To date, published reports of contaminant-induced adverse reproductive outcomes exist for six species. We briefly review the studies of the herring gull (Larus argentatus), Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri), and the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) to illustrate the use of reproductive outcomes in fish-eating birds as a biomarkerfor developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains. We discuss the management implications of using various species for such purposes. We recommend that cormorants be used more extensively in biomonitoring programs to measure exposure and effects of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and other contaminants in aquatic food chains in the Great Lakes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71352-X","usgsCitation":"Fox, G., Weseloh, D.V., Kubiak, T.J., and Erdman, T.C., 1991, Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains: I. 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V.","contributorId":57043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weseloh","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kubiak, Timothy J.","contributorId":74447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubiak","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erdman, Thomas C.","contributorId":224646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erdman","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70210051,"text":"70210051 - 1991 - Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains: II. Spatial variation in the occurrence and prevalence of bill defects in young double-crested cormorants in the Great Lakes, 1979–1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T17:26:25.493169","indexId":"70210051","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T12:05:27","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains: II. Spatial variation in the occurrence and prevalence of bill defects in young double-crested cormorants in the Great Lakes, 1979–1987","docAbstract":"

Congenital malformations are relatively uncommon in most wild bird populations. Here we document the occurrence of bill malformations in double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) chicks from colonies in Green Bay and elsewhere in the Great Lakes and in reference areas off the Great Lakes, in the years 1979 through 1987. In the Great Lakes, 31,168 cormorant chicks were examined during 147 visits to 42 colonies. Seventy of these chicks had crossed or deflected bills or bills in which the mandibles differed in length. Only two of the 20,962 chicks examined during 82 visits to 35 colonies in reference areas located in the prairies and northwestern Ontario had bill defects. The probability of observing a malformed chick on a visit to a colony in Green Bay was 10 to 32 times greater than on a visit to a colony in the reference areas. Bill defects were observed at only two (6%) of the colonies in the reference areas. This proportion was exceeded in six of eight geographic regions within the Great Lakes and was highest (73%) in Green Bay colonies. The prevalence of malformed chicks in Green Bay (52.1 per 10,000)was markedly greater than in all other regions during this period. These bill defects are an example of developmental asymmetry and are an indicator of developmental stability within local populations. Other investigations in Lake Michigan suggest that chemicals such as polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., PCBs) that induce aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase are responsible for the defects observed defects.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71353-1","usgsCitation":"Fox, G., Collins, B., Hayakawa, E., Weseloh, D.V., Ludwig, J.P., Kubiak, T.J., and Erdman, T.C., 1991, Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains: II. 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Glen","contributorId":223285,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fox","given":"Glen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12590,"text":"Canadian Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":788923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, Brian","contributorId":149276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayakawa, Ellen","contributorId":224645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayakawa","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weseloh, D. V.","contributorId":57043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weseloh","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ludwig, James P.","contributorId":175390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kubiak, Timothy J.","contributorId":74447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubiak","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Erdman, Thomas C.","contributorId":224646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erdman","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70204884,"text":"70204884 - 1991 - Effects of site, landscape features, and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-21T12:04:54","indexId":"70204884","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T11:55:11","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of site, landscape features, and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

The presettlement tree cover (1831–33) of 3 townships in a southern Wisconsin landscape was analyzed using original survey records. Four forest types were identified: closed forest, open forest, savanna, and prairie. Comparisons of vegetation types and landscape pattern were made between the east and west sides of the Pecatonica River, which bisects the landscape and could have acted as a natural fire barrier. West of the river, presettlement tree species richness and diversity were lower and trees were smaller in diameter and less dense than to the east. The major vegetation types to the west were prairie (42% of landscape) and savanna (40%), both fire-susceptible types. Prairie was more common on gentle slopes than on other landforms. To the east, the landscape was 70% forested (closed plus open forest). Here, prairie was more frequent on steep dry sites. These vegetation differences, including the contrasting landscape placement of prairie, are attributed to distinct site characteristics and to disturbance (fire) regimes, with the west likely having more frequent fires. In terms of the four vegetation types, the east landscape was more homogeneous, being dominated by closed forest (50%). West of the Pecatonica River, the landscape was more heterogeneous because of the high proportion of both prairie and savanna; however, in terms of flammability of vegetation, the west was essentially homogeneous (82% prairie plus savanna).

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00141435","usgsCitation":"Leitner, L.A., Dunn, C.P., Guntenspergen, G.R., Stearns, F., and Sharpe, D.M., 1991, Effects of site, landscape features, and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin: Landscape Ecology, v. 5, no. 4, p. 203-217, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141435.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"217","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wiscsonsin","otherGeospatial":"Cadiz Township, Claro Township, Wayne Township","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.00858306884766,\n 42.5060214696839\n ],\n [\n -89.7531509399414,\n 42.5060214696839\n ],\n [\n -89.7531509399414,\n 42.589488572714245\n ],\n [\n -90.00858306884766,\n 42.589488572714245\n ],\n [\n -90.00858306884766,\n 42.5060214696839\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leitner, Lawrence A.","contributorId":218280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leitner","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunn, Christopher P.","contributorId":30924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stearns, F.","contributorId":10518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stearns","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sharpe, David M.","contributorId":113862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207785,"text":"70207785 - 1991 - Incubation rhythm components for three Cinnamon Teal nesting in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-10T11:55:41","indexId":"70207785","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T11:49:50","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incubation rhythm components for three Cinnamon Teal nesting in California","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Great Plains Natural Science Society","usgsCitation":"Hohman, W.L., 1991, Incubation rhythm components for three Cinnamon Teal nesting in California: Prairie Naturalist, v. 23, no. 4, p. 229-234.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"234","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Tulare Lake Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.78118896484375,\n 35.97133794592998\n ],\n [\n -119.22088623046875,\n 35.97133794592998\n ],\n [\n -119.22088623046875,\n 36.40802070382984\n ],\n [\n -119.78118896484375,\n 36.40802070382984\n ],\n [\n -119.78118896484375,\n 35.97133794592998\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hohman, William L.","contributorId":73141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hohman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221671,"text":"70221671 - 1991 - Geologic map of the Adelphia and Farmingdale quadrangles, Monmouth and Ocean Counties, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-28T16:00:05.716984","indexId":"70221671","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T10:23:11","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8942,"text":"New Jersey Geological Survey Map Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"91-1","title":"Geologic map of the Adelphia and Farmingdale quadrangles, Monmouth and Ocean Counties, New Jersey","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Sugarman, P.J., Owens, J., and Bybell, L.M., 1991, Geologic map of the Adelphia and Farmingdale quadrangles, Monmouth and Ocean Counties, New Jersey: New Jersey Geological Survey Map Series 91-1, 1 Map: 56.34 x 36.22 inches.","productDescription":"1 Map: 56.34 x 36.22 inches","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Monmouth County, Ocean County","otherGeospatial":"Aldelphia and Farmingdale Quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.375,\n 40.125\n ],\n [\n -74.125,\n 40.125\n ],\n [\n -74.125,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -74.375,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -74.375,\n 40.125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sugarman, Peter J.","contributorId":9251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sugarman","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, James P.","contributorId":9691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"James P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70231296,"text":"70231296 - 1991 - The second Lehigh Tunnel; geology and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-05T15:17:35.49127","indexId":"70231296","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T09:57:41","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3029,"text":"Pennsylvania Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The second Lehigh Tunnel; geology and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Pennsylvania Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Epstein, J.B., and Buis, P.F., 1991, The second Lehigh Tunnel; geology and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method: Pennsylvania Geology, v. 22, no. 1, p. 2-9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"9","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400209,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Geology/PublicationsAnddata/Pages/default.aspx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"second Lehigh Tunnel","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.6909942626953,\n 40.78210123234386\n ],\n [\n -75.66061019897461,\n 40.78210123234386\n ],\n [\n -75.66061019897461,\n 40.832774806200796\n ],\n [\n -75.6909942626953,\n 40.832774806200796\n ],\n [\n -75.6909942626953,\n 40.78210123234386\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buis, Patricia F.","contributorId":291390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buis","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70219223,"text":"70219223 - 1991 - Seasonal changes in microhabitat selection by rainbow trout in a small stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-31T14:18:08.384384","indexId":"70219223","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T09:13:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal changes in microhabitat selection by rainbow trout in a small stream","docAbstract":"

Shifts in microhabitat selection by rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were related to seasonal and ontogenetic factors in a small stream characterized by short riffles, small pools, and boulder substrate. Resource availability did not differ significantly between summer and November sampling dates for most variables related to water velocity, substrate, and cover, although depths were greater and temperatures were significantly lower in November. Ontogenetic shifts were found for total depth, focal elevation, mean water column velocity, focal velocity, surface velocity, and substrate, but not for relative depth or temperature. When microhabitat selection was adjusted for fish size, selection was significantly different between seasons, most notably for velocity. Ontogenetic shifts in microhabitat use by young-of-year rainbow trout were interrupted by cooling winter temperatures. These changes resulted in substantially different microhabitat requirements for all rainbow trout size-classes in different seasons.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120%3C0166:SCIMSB%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Baltz, D.M., Vondracek, B.C., Brown, L.R., and Moyle, P.B., 1991, Seasonal changes in microhabitat selection by rainbow trout in a small stream: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 120, no. 2, p. 166-176, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120%3C0166:SCIMSB%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"166","endPage":"176","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384779,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baltz, Donald M.","contributorId":208263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baltz","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vondracek, Bruce C. bcv@usgs.gov","contributorId":904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vondracek","given":"Bruce","email":"bcv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moyle, Peter B.","contributorId":117099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moyle","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209168,"text":"70209168 - 1991 - Evaluation of wetland development and waterbird response at Elk Creek Wildlife management area, Lake Mills, Iowa, 1961 to 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-20T08:32:40","indexId":"70209168","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T08:21:55","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of wetland development and waterbird response at Elk Creek Wildlife management area, Lake Mills, Iowa, 1961 to 1990","docAbstract":"

A waterfowl habitat development project along 7.5 miles (12.07 km) of stream was evaluated after 27 years. There was a modest 12% net increase in wetlands in impounded areas, but much of the wetland vegetation changed from seasonally flooded, nonpersistent and persistent emergents to shallow, open-water areas. An unimpounded, downstream reference area had drier plant communities, probably resulting from reduced flooding. The loss of shallow vegetated wetlands could have significant impacts on both water quality functions and waterbird populations. The overall project goal of increasing numbers and diversity of waterfowl was met, but waterfowl numbers and species composition changed more because of transplanting and nest-box programs than habitat modifications. Although impacts on birds of shallow wetlands such as rails and songbirds were not quantitatively assessed, it is likely that the numbers of such birds were reduced because their preferred habitats were reduced markedly. Use of smaller lateral impoundments and increased management for emergents would diversity waterbird populations and increase dabbling duck production. © 1991 Society of Wetland Scientists.

","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF03160852","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Weller, M., Kaufmann, G., and Vohs, P., 1991, Evaluation of wetland development and waterbird response at Elk Creek Wildlife management area, Lake Mills, Iowa, 1961 to 1990: Wetlands, v. 11, no. 2, p. 245-262, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160852.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"245","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Lake Mills ","otherGeospatial":"Elk Creek Wildlife ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.55682373046875,\n 43.40679346455295\n ],\n [\n -93.5053253173828,\n 43.40679346455295\n ],\n [\n -93.5053253173828,\n 43.42674390969713\n ],\n [\n -93.55682373046875,\n 43.42674390969713\n ],\n [\n -93.55682373046875,\n 43.40679346455295\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weller, M.W.","contributorId":54562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weller","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaufmann, G.W.","contributorId":223493,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufmann","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vohs, P.A.","contributorId":64621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vohs","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189555,"text":"70189555 - 1991 - Geochemical evolution of acidic ground water at a reclaimed surface coal mine in western Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-17T10:41:18","indexId":"70189555","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geochemical evolution of acidic ground water at a reclaimed surface coal mine in western Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

Concentrations of dissolved sulfate and acidity in ground water increase downflow in mine spoil and underlying bedrock at a reclaimed surface coal mine in the bituminous field of western Pennsylvania. Elevated dissolved sulfate and negligible oxygen in ground water from bedrock about 100 feet below the water table suggest that pyritic sulfur is oxidized below the water table, in a system closed to oxygen. Geochemical models for the oxidation of pyrite (FeS2) and production of sulfate (SO42-) and acid (H+) are presented to explain the potential role of oxygen (O2) and ferric iron (Fe3+) as oxidants. Oxidation of pyrite by O2 and Fe3+ can occur under oxic conditions above the water table, whereas oxidation by Fe3+ also can occur under anoxic conditions below the water table. The hydrated ferric-sulfate minerals roemerite [Fe2+Fe43+(SO4)4·14H2O], copiapite [Fe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2·20H20], and coquimbite [Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O] were identified with FeS2 in coal samples, and form on the oxidizing surface of pyrite in an oxic system above the water table. These soluble ferric-sulfate 11 salts11 can dissolve with recharge waters or a rising water table releasing Fe3+, SO42-. and H+, which can be transported along closed-system ground-water flow paths to pyrite reaction sites where O2 may be absent. The Fe3+ transported to these sites can oxidize pyritic sulfur. The computer programs WATEQ4F and NEWBAL were used to compute chemical speciation and mass transfer, respectively, considering mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions plus mixing of waters from different upflow zones. Alternative mass-balance models indicate that (a) extremely large quantities of O2, over 100 times its aqueous solubility, can generate the observed concentrations of dissolved SO42- from FeS2, or (b) under anoxic conditions, Fe3+ from dissolved ferric-sulfate minerals can oxidize FeS2 along closed-system ground-water flow paths. In a system open to O2, such as in the unsaturated zone, the aqueous solubility of O2 is not limiting, and oxidation of pyrite by O2 and Fe3+ accounts for most SO42- and Fe2+ observed in acidic ground water. However, in a system closed to O2, such as in the saturated zone, O2 solubility is limiting; hence, ferric oxidation of pyrite is a reasonable explanation for the observed elevated SO42- with increasing depth below the water table.

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 1991","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"8th Annual Meeting of the ASSMR","conferenceDate":"May 14-17, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Durango, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C.A., 1991, Geochemical evolution of acidic ground water at a reclaimed surface coal mine in western Pennsylvania, in Proceedings American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 1991, Durango, CO, May 14-17, 1991, p. 43-68.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343929,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343928,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198220,"text":"70198220 - 1991 - An axial view of a metamorphic core complex: Crustal structure of the Whipple and Chemehuevi Mountains, southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:50:44","indexId":"70198220","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An axial view of a metamorphic core complex: Crustal structure of the Whipple and Chemehuevi Mountains, southeastern California","docAbstract":"

A 135‐km‐long, NW‐SE trending, seismic refraction/wide‐angle reflection profile provides a unique along‐strike view of the crustal structure of a belt of metamorphic core complexes in southeastern California: the Whipple, Chemehuevi, and Sacramento mountains metamorphic core complexes. Interpretation of the seismic data was done by two‐dimensional forward modeling of travel times and amplitudes. The final model consists of (1) a thin (< 1.5 km) veneer of upper plate and fractured lower plate rocks (velocities of 1.5–5.3 km s−1) overlying a fairly homogeneous basement with velocities of 6.0 km s−1; (2) a localized, high‐velocity (6.4 km s−1) body, situated directly beneath the Whipple Mountains; (3) a 6.3–6.4 km s−1 middle crust that is thickest beneath the core complexes; (4) a 6.65±0.15 km s−1 lower crust; (5) crustal thickness of 27 km with a deeper crustal root (3 km) beneath the Whipple Mountains metamorphic core complex; and (6) a Pn velocity of 8.0±0.10 km s−1. The crustal structure that underlies the belt of metamorphic core complexes provides new insights into the processes that control extension in the deep crust. Upper crustal velocities are higher beneath the Whipple Mountains (where velocities increase to 6.4 km s−1 at ∼5 km depth) than beneath the Chemehuevi and Sacramento mountains. In addition, midcrustal discontinuities rise 2–5 km beneath the Whipple complex compared to the other complexes. These observations support greater uplift and a slightly deeper midcrustal origin for the rocks now exposed in the core of the Whipple Mountains compared to rocks in the Chemehuevi and Sacramento mountains. Despite the enhanced uplift and extension in the Whipple Mountains, the crust is thicker here (30 km) than anywhere else along the Colorado River extensional corridor. This may be in part a relic of compressional and magmatic thickening during the Mesozoic. However, we suggest that inflation of the crust during Tertiary extension was the dominant mechanism. Both mantle‐derived magmatism and lateral ductile inflow in the crust are proposed.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01003","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.M., McCarthy, J., Johnson, R., and Howard, K.A., 1991, An axial view of a metamorphic core complex: Crustal structure of the Whipple and Chemehuevi Mountains, southeastern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 96, no. B7, p. 12293-12311, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01003.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"12293","endPage":"12311","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355862,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.290283203125,\n 32.55607364492026\n ],\n [\n -112.9833984375,\n 32.55607364492026\n ],\n [\n -112.9833984375,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -116.290283203125,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -116.290283203125,\n 32.55607364492026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112412e4b034bf6a81dd7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, J. M.","contributorId":88753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, Jill jmccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":2732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Jill","email":"jmccarthy@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":740610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, R.A.","contributorId":93864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70190668,"text":"70190668 - 1991 - Volcano spacing and plate rigidity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:09:40","indexId":"70190668","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano spacing and plate rigidity","docAbstract":"

In-plane stresses, which accompany the flexural deformation of the lithosphere under the load of adjacent volcanoes, may govern the spacing of volcanoes in hotspot provinces. Specifically, compressive stresses in the vicinity of a volcano prevent new upwelling in this area, forcing a new volcano to develop at a minimum distance that is equal to the distance in which the radial stresses change from compressional to tensile (the inflection point). If a volcano is modeled as a point load on a thin elastic plate, then the distance to the inflection point is proportional to the thickness of the plate to the power of 3/4. Compilation of volcano spacing in seven volcanic groups in East Africa and seven volcanic groups of oceanic hotspots shows significant correlation with the elastic thickness of the plate and matches the calculated distance to the inflection point. In contrast, volcano spacing in island arcs and over subduction zones is fairly uniform and is much larger than predicted by the distance to the inflection point, reflecting differences in the geometry of the source and the upwelling areas.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0397:VSAPR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., 1991, Volcano spacing and plate rigidity: Geology, v. 19, no. 4, p. 397-400, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0397:VSAPR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"400","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345633,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59b8f222e4b08b1644e0af06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":710075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70196628,"text":"70196628 - 1991 - Depositional patterns of the Mississippi Fan surface: Evidence from GLORIA II and high-resolution seismic profiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-20T14:12:37","indexId":"70196628","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Depositional patterns of the Mississippi Fan surface: Evidence from GLORIA II and high-resolution seismic profiles","docAbstract":"

GLORIA long-range side-scan sonar imagery and 3.5-kHz seismic-reflection profiles depict a series of nine elongate deposits with generally high-backscatter surfaces covering most of the latest fanlobe sequence of the Mississippi Fan in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The youngest deposit is a “slump” that covers a 250 by 100 km area of the middle and upper fan. The remaining mapped deposits, termed depositional lobes, are long (as much as 200 km) and relatively thin (less than 35 m thick) bodies. Small channels and lineations on the surface of many of these depositional lobes radiate from a single, larger main channel that is the conduit through which sediment has been supplied to these surficial deposits on the fan. The 3.5-kHz profiles show that adjacent depositional lobes overlap one another rather than interfingering, indicating that only one lobe was an active site of deposition at a time. Shifting of the depositional sites appears to be caused by both aggradation and avulsion. The chronology developed from the overlapping relations indicates the oldest of the mapped depositional lobes are on the lowermost fan, and the youngest are further up the fan. Depositional lobes on the lower fan consist of a series of smaller, elongate features with high-backscatter surfaces (540 km in length) located at the ends of previously unrecognized small channels (< 5 m deep). These small channels extend as much as 120 km from the main channel. Small channelized turbidity currents and/or debris flows, sand flows, or mud flows appear to be the dominant transport process constructing these depositional lobes. Channelized flow is an important mechanism for transporting sediment away from the main channel on this fan and the resulting facies created by these small flows are laterally discontinuous.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4684-8276-8_19","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D.C., Kenyon, N.H., Parson, L.M., and McGregor, B.A., 1991, Depositional patterns of the Mississippi Fan surface: Evidence from GLORIA II and high-resolution seismic profiles, p. 349-363, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8276-8_19.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"363","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Fan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.8896484375,\n 28.013801376380712\n ],\n [\n -87.242431640625,\n 28.013801376380712\n ],\n [\n -87.242431640625,\n 31.475524020001806\n ],\n [\n -91.8896484375,\n 31.475524020001806\n ],\n [\n -91.8896484375,\n 28.013801376380712\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a4ae4b0da30c1bfd7ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, David C.","contributorId":37730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":733814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenyon, Neil H.","contributorId":89535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parson, Lindsay M.","contributorId":194540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parson","given":"Lindsay","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGregor, Bonnie A.","contributorId":61022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGregor","given":"Bonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70195034,"text":"70195034 - 1991 - Rockslides on the Terminus of \"Jokulsargilsjokull\", Southern Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T14:44:29","indexId":"70195034","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1768,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Rockslides on the Terminus of \"Jökulsárgilsjökull\", Southern Iceland","title":"Rockslides on the Terminus of \"Jokulsargilsjokull\", Southern Iceland","docAbstract":"

On 10 November 1976, a 1.5 km × 0.5 km rockslide deposit on the surface of an unnamed outlet glacier of Mýrdalsjökull ice cap, southern Iceland, was observed from an aircraft. Deposits from two different rockslides, including the larger one observed on 10 November 1976, were visible on a 10 September 1978 aerial photograph of the unnamed outlet glacier. An analysis of vertical and oblique aerial photographs, Landsat images, and seismological records was used to establish the time of occurrence of the larger rockslide to a 30-day period between 9 September 1972 and 9 October 1972. The trigger mechanisms for the rockslide activity appear to have been heavy precipitation prior to the event and the decrease of buttressing mass at the base of the valley wall resulting from recession of the glacier (decrease in width and thickness). The recession led to instability of highly altered hyaloclastite bedrock, talus, and morainal materials on an oversteepened slope. An earthquake as a trigger mechanism was considered to be unlikely from a thorough review of seismic records. Measurements of the downglacier movement of the larger rockslide deposit give an average speed of the glacier as 30±3 m a-1 between September/October 1972 and 10 September 1978. From measurements of aerial photographs taken on 10 September 1978 and 4 September 1984, the average speed of the glacier increased to 45 m a-1 during this 6-year interval. Although the terminus of the unnamed outlet glacier had not yet begun to advance in 1986, it had undergone thickening since 1978.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2307/521018","usgsCitation":"Sigurdsson, O., and Williams, R.S., 1991, Rockslides on the Terminus of \"Jokulsargilsjokull\", Southern Iceland: Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, v. 73, no. 3/4, p. 129-140, https://doi.org/10.2307/521018.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351015,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","volume":"73","issue":"3/4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a797b96e4b00f54eb1f5e24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sigurdsson, Oddur","contributorId":38666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sigurdsson","given":"Oddur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198224,"text":"70198224 - 1991 - Introduction to special section on the California-Arizona crustal transect: CACTIS, Part 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:50:10","indexId":"70198224","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to special section on the California-Arizona crustal transect: CACTIS, Part 3","docAbstract":"

The CACTIS (California‐Arizona Crustal Transect Interim Synthesis) workshop in May 1988 brought researchers together in Flagstaff, Arizona, to discuss the geologic evolution and crustal structure of the southern Cordillera between the San Andreas fault in southeastern California and the Colorado Plateau in Arizona [Sass et al., 1988]. The first set of papers resulting from the workshop appeared in the Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR) as the special CACTIS 1 section in January 1990 [Howard et al., 1990], and a second as CACTIS 2 in November 1990 [Haxel et al., 1990]. Twelve papers in this issue form part 3 of the CACTIS series. A final collection of papers will appear in the future as a joint special section with the California Consortium for Crustal Studies (CALCRUST).

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01042","usgsCitation":"Simpson, R., Howard, K.A., and Haxel, G.B., 1991, Introduction to special section on the California-Arizona crustal transect: CACTIS, Part 3: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 96, no. B7, p. 12257-12258, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01042.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"12257","endPage":"12258","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11240ee4b034bf6a81dd72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haxel, Gordon B. gbhaxel@usgs.gov","contributorId":5666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haxel","given":"Gordon","email":"gbhaxel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70195474,"text":"70195474 - 1991 - Oxygen-isotope exchange and mineral alteration in gabbros of the Lower Layered Series, Kap Edvard Holm Complex, East Greenland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T12:37:54","indexId":"70195474","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen-isotope exchange and mineral alteration in gabbros of the Lower Layered Series, Kap Edvard Holm Complex, East Greenland","docAbstract":"

Multiple intrusions of gabbros, mafic dikes, and syenites in the Kap Edvard Holm Complex gave rise to prolonged circulation of meteoric hydrothermal solutions and extreme isotope exchange and mineral alteration in the 3600-m-thick Lower Layered Series gabbros. In the Lower Layered Series, δ18O of plagioclase varies from +0.3‰ to -5.8‰, and it decreases with an increase in the volume of secondary talc, chlorite, and actinolite. In the same gabbros, pyroxenes have a more restricted range in δ18O, from 5.0‰ to 3.8‰ and values of δ18Opyroxene are independent of the abundance of secondary minerals, which ranges from 14% to 30%. These relations indicate that large amounts of water continued to flow through the rocks at temperatures of <500-600°C, altering the gabbros to assemblages of talc + chlorite + actinolite ± epidote ±albite and causing significant oxygen-isotope exchange in plagioclase, but not in pyroxene. The extensive low-temperature secondary mineralization and 18O depletion of plagioclase in the Lower Layered Series are associated with the later emplacement of dikes and gabbros and syenites, which created new fracture systems and provided heat sources for hydrothermal fluid circulation. This produced subsolidus mineral alteration and isotope exchange in the Lower Layered Series that are distinct from those in the Skaergaard and Cuillin gabbros of the North Atlantic Tertiary province, but are similar to those observed in some oceanic gabbros.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0819:OIEAMA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fehlhaber, K.L., and Bird, D.K., 1991, Oxygen-isotope exchange and mineral alteration in gabbros of the Lower Layered Series, Kap Edvard Holm Complex, East Greenland: Geology, v. 19, no. 8, p. 819-822, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0819:OIEAMA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"819","endPage":"822","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greenland","otherGeospatial":"Kap Edward Holm Complex","volume":"19","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a5de4b0da30c1bfd7e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fehlhaber, Kristen L.","contributorId":42090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fehlhaber","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Dennis K.","contributorId":9339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198221,"text":"70198221 - 1991 - A reinterpretation of the timing, position, and significance of part of the Sacramento Mountains detachment fault, southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:50:26","indexId":"70198221","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A reinterpretation of the timing, position, and significance of part of the Sacramento Mountains detachment fault, southeastern California","docAbstract":"

A contact previously considered to be part of the Sacramento Mountains detachment fault (SDF), exposed in the Sacramento Mountains metamorphic core complex, is reinterpreted as an unconformity between Tertiary rhyolite of Eagle Peak and cataclastically deformed crystalline lower-plate rocks. This reinterpretation is based on outcrop-scale topographic relief and the absence of deformation along the base of the rhyolite, even where underlying rocks are severely deformed and altered. The rhyolite is dated at about 14.3 Ma.

Lower-plate rocks of the SDF comprise gneiss intruded by granodiorite, tonalite, and leucogranite. Mylonitic fabrics are variably developed in lower-plate rocks and are cut by brittle shear zones that contain ultracataclasite, and by high- and low-angle faults. Upper-plate rocks include gneiss; nonmylonitic granodiorite, tonalite, and granite; and middle Miocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks. On the south side of Eagle Peak, a thick ultracataclasite zone dips about 30° west, contains subhorizontal hematite-stained slickenlines, and is interpreted to be part of the SDF system. This ultracataclasite zone is unconformably overlain by more gently dipping, undeformed, 14.3 Ma rhyolite of Eagle Peak. The unconformity records unroofing of a domed SDF after a period of 8 to 9 m.y. of progressive unloading of the lower plate in an evolving extensional shear zone. Extension on part of the SDF was accommodated by a system of high-angle, oblique-slip faults.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0751:AROTTP>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Simpson, C., Schweitzer, J., and Howard, K.A., 1991, A reinterpretation of the timing, position, and significance of part of the Sacramento Mountains detachment fault, southeastern California: GSA Bulletin, v. 103, no. 6, p. 751-761, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0751:AROTTP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"761","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355863,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Mountains ","volume":"103","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112411e4b034bf6a81dd79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Carol","contributorId":206474,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simpson","given":"Carol","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schweitzer, Janet","contributorId":206475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"Janet","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187757,"text":"70187757 - 1991 - The distribution of seabirds and fish in relation to ocean currents in the southeastern Chukchi Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T15:11:24.121734","indexId":"70187757","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The distribution of seabirds and fish in relation to ocean currents in the southeastern Chukchi Sea","docAbstract":"

In late August 1988, we studied the distribution of seabirds in the southeastern Chukchi Sea, particularly in waters near a major seabird colony at Cape Thompson. Foraging areas were characterized using hydrographic data obtained from hydroacoustic surveys for fish. Murres (Uria spp.) and Black-legged Kitttiwakes Rissa tridactyla breeding at Cape Thompson fed mostly on Arctic cod, which are known from previous studies to be the most abundant pelagic fish in the region. Our hydroacoustic surveys revealed that pelagic fish were distributed widely, but densities were estimated to be low (e.g., 0.1-10 g∙m-3) throughout the study area and a few schools were recorded. Large feeding flocks of murres and kittiwakes were observed over fish schools with densities estimated to exceed 15 g∙m-3. Fish densities were higher in shallow Alaska Coastal Current waters than offshore in Bering Sea waters, and most piscivorous seabirds foraged in coastal waters. Poor kittiwake breeding success and a low frequency of fish in murre and kittiwake stomachs in late August suggested that fish densities were marginal for sustaining breeding seabirds at that time. Planktivorous Least Auklets Aethia pusilla and Parakeet Auklets Cyclorrhynchus psittacula foraged almost exclusively in Bering Sea waters. Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris and Tufted Puffins Fratercula cirrhata foraged in transitional waters at the front between Coastal and Bering Sea currents.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies of high-latitude seabirds. 1. Behavioural, energetic, and oceanographic aspects of seabird feeding ecology (Occasional Paper 68 of the Canadian Wildlife Service)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Population Biology and Conservation of Marine Birds Symposium","conferenceDate":"April, 1989","conferenceLocation":"St. John's, NL","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, CA","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., Wells, J.L., MacCharles, A., and Fadely, B.S., 1991, The distribution of seabirds and fish in relation to ocean currents in the southeastern Chukchi Sea, in Studies of high-latitude seabirds. 1. Behavioural, energetic, and oceanographic aspects of seabird feeding ecology (Occasional Paper 68 of the Canadian Wildlife Service), St. John's, NL, April, 1989, p. 21-31.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"31","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341427,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405185,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.855957/publication.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chukchi Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -171.826171875,\n 64.12019460255497\n ],\n [\n -163.23486328125,\n 64.12019460255497\n ],\n [\n -163.23486328125,\n 67.83412789868609\n ],\n [\n -171.826171875,\n 67.83412789868609\n ],\n [\n -171.826171875,\n 64.12019460255497\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bd2e4b0b7ff9fb489de","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Montevecchi, W.A.","contributorId":62052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montevecchi","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696017,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaston, A.J.","contributorId":21545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaston","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696018,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, John L.","contributorId":189278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wells","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacCharles, Andrea","contributorId":192114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacCharles","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fadely, Brian S.","contributorId":184042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fadely","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70193872,"text":"70193872 - 1991 - Sensitivity of greenback cutthroat trout to acidic pH and elevated aluminum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T10:05:03","indexId":"70193872","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of greenback cutthroat trout to acidic pH and elevated aluminum","docAbstract":"

The greenback cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki stomias is a threatened subspecies native to the upper South Platte and Arkansas rivers between Denver and Fort Collins, Colorado, an area also susceptible to acid deposition. In laboratory studies, we exposed this subspecies to nominal pHs of 4.5–6.5 and to nominal aluminum concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 300 μg/L; the control was pH 6.5 treatment without Al. We used soft water that contained 1.3 mg Ca/L. Exposures of 7 d each were made for four early life stages: fertilized egg, eyed embryo, alevin, and swim-up larva. Effects were measured at the end of exposure and again after a recovery period lasting until 40 d posthatch. The alevin stage was the most sensitive: at pH 5.0 with no Al, survival was reduced by 68% and swimming duration by 76%; at pH 6.0 and 50 μg Al/L, swimming duration was reduced by 62%, but survival was not affected. Reductions in whole-body concentrations of Na, K, and Ca indicated organism stress. Sodium was reduced most—about 50% in alevins exposed to pH 5.0 without Al and to pH 6.0 with 50 μg Al/L. Growth and the ratio of RNA to DNA were not affected by any exposure. All responses that were affected during exposure returned to normal by 40 d posthatch. Overall, it appeared that pH 6.0 and 50 μg Al/L might be detrimental to greenback cutthroat trout populations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0034:SOGCTT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.F., Farag, A.M., Little, E.E., Steadman, B.L., and Yancik, R., 1991, Sensitivity of greenback cutthroat trout to acidic pH and elevated aluminum: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 120, no. 1, p. 34-42, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0034:SOGCTT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348339,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Denver, Fort Collins","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River, South Platte River ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.116943359375,\n 39.07251146922361\n ],\n [\n -103.87847900390625,\n 39.07251146922361\n ],\n [\n -103.87847900390625,\n 40.97575093157534\n ],\n [\n -106.116943359375,\n 40.97575093157534\n ],\n [\n -106.116943359375,\n 39.07251146922361\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a081f67e4b09af898c8cef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, D. F.","contributorId":85645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farag, Aida M. 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":1139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steadman, B. L.","contributorId":176635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steadman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yancik, R.","contributorId":200061,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yancik","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70197410,"text":"70197410 - 1991 - The West Antarctic rift system, a propagating rift \"captured\" by a mantle plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-01T10:27:37","indexId":"70197410","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The West Antarctic rift system, a propagating rift \"captured\" by a mantle plume","docAbstract":"

The West Antarctic rift system, marked by a 3-5-kilometer high shoulder from northern Victoria Land to the Ellsworth Mountains, extends through the Ross Embayment and the Byrd Subglacial Basin. Geophysical data suggest that the ice covered area beneath the rift zone is underlain by Cenozoic volcanic rocks (flood basalts?), and extended crust about 20 km thick. Exposed bimodal alkaline volcanic rocks (mostly basalts, indistinguishable from ocean island basalts that have been interpreted to be mantle plume derived) range in age from Oligocene to the present. We propose a plume (approximately ellipsoidal and coincident with the West Antarctic rift system) defined by the distribution of K/Ba ratios of basalts, the elevated tectonomagmatic dome of coastal Marie Byrd Land, the high topography marking the rift shoulder and the inferred flood basalts(?) beneath the ice covered Byrd Subglacial Basin. Although most extension in West Antarctica apparently occurred in the late Mesozoic with Gondwana rifting, all exposed rift related volcanic rocks are post early Oligocene; the time lag is possibly explained by the proposed mantle plume. As spreading centers surrounding the stationary Antarctic plate in the Cenozoic migrated away from Antarctica, continued rifting in West Antarctica to the present was focused by the mantle plume. The plume possibly caused reorganization of the existing ridge system through a ridge jump to the hot, extended, weakened lithosphere present in the Ross Embayment-Byrd Subglacial basin area at the end of the Cretaceous. The propagating rift may have been captured by the thermal plume.

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Science","conferenceTitle":"Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Science","conferenceDate":"September 9-13, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Ranzan, JP","language":"English","publisher":"Terra Scientific Publishing Company","publisherLocation":"Tokyo, JP","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., LeMasurier, W., and Cooper, A.K., 1991, The West Antarctic rift system, a propagating rift \"captured\" by a mantle plume, in Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Science, Ranzan, JP, September 9-13, 1991, p. 315-322.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"322","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354665,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/aes/"},{"id":354666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a7dfe4b092d9651e22f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeMasurier, W.E.","contributorId":7006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeMasurier","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197580,"text":"70197580 - 1991 - Field Trip 9: San Francisco to Point Reyes: Both sides of the San Andreas fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T14:42:58","indexId":"70197580","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5711,"text":"California Division of Mines and Geology Special Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"109","title":"Field Trip 9: San Francisco to Point Reyes: Both sides of the San Andreas fault","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":" Geologic excursions in northern California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Division of Mines and Geology","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA ","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.C., Wahrhaftig, C., and Brabb, E.E., 1991, Field Trip 9: San Francisco to Point Reyes: Both sides of the San Andreas fault: California Division of Mines and Geology Special Report 109, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112413e4b034bf6a81dd89","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sloan, D.","contributorId":22512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737827,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, D.L.","contributorId":49178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737828,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J. C.","contributorId":34945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wahrhaftig, Clyde","contributorId":102473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahrhaftig","given":"Clyde","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197558,"text":"70197558 - 1991 - The world landslide problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T10:15:18","indexId":"70197558","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1582,"text":"Episodes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The world landslide problem","docAbstract":"

Thousands of people may be killed by landslides each year and property damage may be in the tens of billions of dollars, but the techniques for recognizing and coping with landslides are well developed. Landslides are generally more manageable and predictable than earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and some storms, but only a few countries have taken advantage of this knowledge to reduce landslide hazards.

","language":"English","publisher":"International Union of Geological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Ottawa","usgsCitation":"Brabb, E.E., 1991, The world landslide problem: Episodes, v. 14, no. 1, p. 52-61.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"61","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354919,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":354918,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.episodes.org"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112413e4b034bf6a81dd8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}