Transport behaviors of unidentified flagellated protozoa (flagellates) and flagellate-sized carboxylated microspheres in sandy, organically contaminated aquifer sediments were investigated in a small-scale (1 to 4-m travel distance) natural-gradient tracer test on Cape Cod and in flow-through columns packed with sieved (0.5-to 1.0-mm grain size) aquifer sediments. The minute (average in situ cell size, 2 to 3 μm) flagellates, which are relatively abundant in the Cape Cod aquifer, were isolated from core samples, grown in a grass extract medium, labeled with hydroethidine (a vital eukaryotic stain), and coinjected into aquifer sediments along with bromide, a conservative tracer. The 2-μm flagellates appeared to be near the optimal size for transport, judging from flowthrough column experiments involving a polydispersed (0.7 to 6.2 μm in diameter) suspension of carboxylated microspheres. However, immobilization within the aquifer sediments accounted for a log unit reduction over the first meter of travel compared with a log unit reduction over the first 10 m of travel for indigenous, free-living groundwater bacteria in earlier tests. High rates of flagellate immobilization in the presence of aquifer sediments also was observed in the laboratory. However, immobilization rates for the laboratory-grown flagellates (initially 4 to 5 μm) injected into the aquifer were not constant and decreased noticeably with increasing time and distance of travel. The decrease in propensity for grain surfaces was accompanied by a decrease in cell size, as the flagellates presumably readapted to aquifer conditions. Retardation and apparent dispersion were generally at least twofold greater than those observed earlier for indigenous groundwater bacteria but were much closer to those observed for highly surface active carboxylated latex microspheres. Field and laboratory results suggest that 2-μm carboxylated microspheres may be useful as analogs in investigating several abiotic aspects of flagellate transport behavior in groundwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.61.1.209-217.1995","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., Kinner, N., Bunn, A., MacDonald, D., and Metge, D., 1995, Transport behavior of groundwater protozoa and protozoan-sized microspheres in sandy aquifer sediments: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 61, no. 1, p. 209-217, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.1.209-217.1995.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"217","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480205,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.1.209-217.1995","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Falmouth","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.63428183551756,\n 41.570625830500205\n ],\n [\n -70.63428183551756,\n 41.5397961266865\n ],\n [\n -70.58904906269068,\n 41.5397961266865\n ],\n [\n -70.58904906269068,\n 41.570625830500205\n ],\n [\n -70.63428183551756,\n 41.570625830500205\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb746e4b08c986b327170","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kinner, N.E.","contributorId":29583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinner","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunn, A.","contributorId":96430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunn","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacDonald, Duncan","contributorId":16824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Duncan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Metge, D.","contributorId":101397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019031,"text":"70019031 - 1995 - Determination of water retention in stratified porous materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T07:53:41","indexId":"70019031","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3646,"text":"Transport in Porous Media","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of water retention in stratified porous materials","docAbstract":"Predicted and measured water-retention values,θ(ψ), were compared for repacked, stratified core samples consisting of either a sand with a stone-bearing layer or a sand with a clay loam layer in various spatial orientations. Stratified core samples were packed in submersible pressure outflow cells, then water-retention measurements were performed between matric potentials,ψ, of 0 to -100 kPa. Predictions ofθ(ψ) were based on a simple volume-averaging model using estimates of the relative fraction andθ(ψ) values of each textural component within a stratified sample. In general, predictedθ(ψ) curves resembled measured curves well, except at higher saturations in a sample consisting of a clay loam layer over a sand layer. In this case, the model averaged the air-entry of both materials, while the air-entry of the sample was controlled by the clay loam in contact with the cell's air-pressure inlet. In situ, avenues for air-entry generally exist around clay layers, so that the model should adequately predict air-entry for stratified formations regardless of spatial orientation of fine versus coarse layers. Agreement between measured and predicted volumetric water contents,θ, was variable though encouraging, with mean differences between measured and predictedθ values in the range of 10%. Differences inθ of this magnitude are expected due to variability in pore structure between samples, and do not indicate inherent problems with the volume averaging model. This suggets that explicit modeling of stratified formations through detailed characterization of the stratigraphy has the potential of yielding accurateθ(ψ) values. However, hydraulic-equilibration times were distinctly different for each variation in spatial orientation of textural layering, indicating that transient behavior during drainage in stratified formations is highly sensitive to the stratigraphic sequence of textural components, as well as the volume fraction of each textural component in a formation. This indicates that prolonged residence times of water, nutrients, and pollutants are likely within finer-textured layers, whenψ conditions have resulted in drainage of underlying coarser-textured strata.
","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer ","doi":"10.1007/BF00616932","issn":"01693913","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., 1995, Determination of water retention in stratified porous materials: Transport in Porous Media, v. 18, no. 3, p. 217-229, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00616932.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"229","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205792,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616932"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffe8e4b0c8380cd4f47f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019022,"text":"70019022 - 1995 - Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of waters from fumaroles at Kilauea summit, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:17:28","indexId":"70019022","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of waters from fumaroles at Kilauea summit, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Condensate samples were collected in 1992 from a high-temperature (300° C) fumarole on the floor of the Halemaumau Pit Crater at Kilauea. The emergence about two years earlier of such a hot fumarole was unprecedented at such a central location at Kilauea. The condensates have hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions which indicate that the waters emitted by the fumarole are composed largely of meteoric water, that any magmatic water component must be minor, and that the precipitation that was the original source to the fumarole fell on a recharge area on the slopes of Mauna Loa Volcano to the west. However, the fumarole has no tritium, indicating that it taps a source of water that has been isolated from atmospheric water for at least 40 years. It is noteworthy, considering the unstable tectonic environment and abundant local rainfall of the Kilauea and Mauna Loa regions, that waters which are sources to the hot fumarole remain uncontaminated from atmospheric sources over such long times and long transport distances. As for the common, boiling point fumaroles of the Kilauea summit region, their 18O, D and tritium concentrations indicate that they are dominated by recycling of present day meteoric water. Though the waters of both hot and boiling point fumaroles have dominantly meteoric sources, they seem to be from separate hydrological regimes. Large concentrations of halogens and sulfur species in the condensates, together with the location at the center of the Kilauea summit region and the high temperature, initially suggested that much of the total mass of the emissions of the hot fumarole, including the H2O, might have come directly from a magma body. The results of the present study indicate that it is unreliable to infer a magmatic origin of volcanic waters based solely on halogen or sulfur contents, or other aspects of chemical composition of total condensates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00298706","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., Quick, J.E., Gregory, R.T., and Gerlach, T., 1995, Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of waters from fumaroles at Kilauea summit, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, no. 1, p. 44-51, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298706.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205762,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298706"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea summit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.39050559875186\n ],\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.44296062654318\n ],\n [\n -155.23029327392578,\n 19.44296062654318\n ],\n [\n -155.23029327392578,\n 19.39050559875186\n ],\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.39050559875186\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3347e4b0c8380cd5ee99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quick, J. E.","contributorId":48563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gregory, R. T.","contributorId":101394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gregory","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018980,"text":"70018980 - 1995 - Sewage contamination in the upper Mississippi River as measured by the fecal sterol, coprostanol","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:07:31","indexId":"70018980","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sewage contamination in the upper Mississippi River as measured by the fecal sterol, coprostanol","docAbstract":"The molecular sewage indicator, coprostanol, was measured in bed sediments of the Mississippi River for the purpose of determining sewage contamination. Coprostanol is a non-ionic, non-polar, organic molecule that associates with sediments in surface waters, and concentrations of coprostanol in bed sediments provide an indication of long-term sewage loads. Because coprostanol concentrations are dependent on particle size and percent organic carbon, a ratio between coprostanol (sewage sources) and cholestanol + cholesterol (sewage and non-sewage sources) was used to remove the biases related to particle size and percent organic carbon. The dynamics of contaminant transport in the Upper Mississippi River are influenced by both hydrologic and geochemical parameters. A mass balance model incorporating environmental parameters such as river and tributary discharge, suspended sediment concentration, fraction of organic carbon, sedimentation rates, municipal discharges and coprostanol decay rates was developed that describes coprostanol concentrations and therefore, expected patterns of municipal sewage effects on the Upper Mississippi River. Comparison of the computed and the measured coprostanol concentrations provides insight into the complex hydrologic and geochemical processes of contaminant transport and the ability to link measured chemical concentrations with hydrologic characteristics of the Mississippi River.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0043-1354(94)00304-P","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Writer, J., Leenheer, J., Barber, L.B., Amy, G., and Chapra, S., 1995, Sewage contamination in the upper Mississippi River as measured by the fecal sterol, coprostanol: Water Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1427-1436, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)00304-P.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1427","endPage":"1436","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205753,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)00304-P"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d87e4b08c986b318478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Writer, J.H.","contributorId":9780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Writer","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Amy, G.L.","contributorId":47098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amy","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chapra, S.C.","contributorId":11343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapra","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018958,"text":"70018958 - 1995 - Water management by early people in the Yucatan, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T06:39:38","indexId":"70018958","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water management by early people in the Yucatan, Mexico","docAbstract":"The Yucatan Peninsula is a coastal plain underlain by permeable limestone and receives abundant rainfall. Such hydrogeologic conditions should provide major supplies of water; however, factors of climate and hydrogeology have combined to form a hydrologic system with chemical boundaries that limits the amount of fresh water available. Management of water resources has long had a major influence on the cultural and economic development of the Yucatan. The Mayan culture of the northern Yucatan developed on extensive use of groundwater. The religion was water oriented and the Mayan priests prayed to Chac, the water god, for assistance in water management, primarily to decrease the severity of droughts. The Spaniards arrived in 1517 and augmented the supply by digging wells, which remained the common practice for more than 300 years. Many wells now have been abandoned because of serious problems of pollution. A historical perspective of a paper such as this provides insight into the attitudes concerning water of early people and perhaps provides insight into current attitudes concerning water. Hydrogeologists possess the expertise to generate relevant information required by water managers to arrive at management programs to achieve sustainable development. ?? 1995 Springer-Verlag.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00766752","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Back, W., 1995, Water management by early people in the Yucatan, Mexico: Environmental Geology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 239-242, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00766752.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"239","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00766752"}],"country":"Mexico ","otherGeospatial":"Yucatan Peninsula ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 18.114529138838503\n ],\n [\n -86.429443359375,\n 18.114529138838503\n ],\n [\n -86.429443359375,\n 22.471954507739227\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 22.471954507739227\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 18.114529138838503\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc854e4b08c986b32c8ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018948,"text":"70018948 - 1995 - Paleohydrologic record from lake brine on the southern High Plains, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T11:51:29","indexId":"70018948","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleohydrologic record from lake brine on the southern High Plains, Texas","docAbstract":"The timing of changes in the stage and salinity of Double Lakes of Lynn County, Texas, was estimated using dissolved-chloride profiles across an underlying shale layer. Lake conditions over the past 30 to 50 ka can be inferred from the chloride profiles by using the advective velocity of the pore water through the shale and an appropriate coefficient of molecular diffusion. The profiles suggest that net-evaporative conditions existed over the southern High Plains for the past 50 ka; a period of increasing salinity in the lake began at ∼20 ka and reached current levels at ∼5 ka. In addition, deflationary conditions were present for at least 4 ka, and likely began or were accelerated during the most recent altithermal period at ∼5 ka. This type of lake-brine record may also exist in many other saline lake environments throughout the Great Plains of North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0229:PRFLBO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W.E., and Wood, W.W., 1995, Paleohydrologic record from lake brine on the southern High Plains, Texas: Geology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 229-232, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0229:PRFLBO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"232","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73f6e4b0c8380cd7735a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":213533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018943,"text":"70018943 - 1995 - Interpretation of prematurely terminated air-pressurized slug tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T07:40:11","indexId":"70018943","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of prematurely terminated air-pressurized slug tests","docAbstract":"An air-pressurized slug test consists of applying a constant pressure to the column of air in a well, monitoring the declining water level, and then releasing the air pressure and monitoring the recovering water level. Such tests offer a means of estimating formation transmissivity and storativity without extensive downhole equipment and the associated safety risks. This paper analyzes data from prematurely terminated tests. A solution to the boundary-value problem for the declining and recovering water level during an air-pressurized slug test is developed for an arbitrary time-dependent air pressure applied to the well. Type curves are generated to estimate formation transmissivity and storativity from the recovering water level associated with prematurely, terminated tests. The application of the type curves is illustrated in a series of actual tests.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00308.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, A.M., and Greene, E.A., 1995, Interpretation of prematurely terminated air-pressurized slug tests: Ground Water, v. 33, no. 4, p. 539-546, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00308.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"539","endPage":"546","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d7be4b0c8380cd635e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greene, Earl A. 0000-0002-9479-0829 eagreene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-0829","contributorId":3518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"Earl","email":"eagreene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":381161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018918,"text":"70018918 - 1995 - Pesticides in near-surface aquifers: An assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T07:06:48","indexId":"70018918","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in near-surface aquifers: An assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium","docAbstract":"In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) determined the distribution of pesticides in near-surface aquifers of the midwestern USA to be much more widespread than originally determined during a 1991 USGS study. The frequency of pesticide detection increased from 28.4% during the 1991 study to 59.0% during the 1992 study. This increase in pesticide detection was primarily the result of a more sensitive analytical method that used reporting limits as much as 20 times lower than previously available and a threefold increase in the number of pesticide metabolites analyzed. No pesticide concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPAs) maximum contaminant levels or health advisory levels for drinking water. However, five of the six most frequently detected compounds during 1992 were pesticide metabolites that currently do not have drinking water standards determined. The frequent presence of pesticide metabolites for this study documents the importance of obtaining information on these compounds to understand the fate and transport of pesticides in the hydrologic system. It appears that the 56 parent compounds analyzed follow similar pathways through the hydrologic system as atrazine. When atrazine was detected by routine or sensitive analytical methods, there was an increased likelihood of detecting additional parent compounds. As expected, the frequency of pesticide detection was highly dependent on the analytical reporting limit. The number of atrazine detections more than doubled as the reporting limit decreased from 0.10 to 0.01 µg/L. The 1992 data provided no indication that the frequency of pesticide detection would level off as improved analytical methods provide concentrations below 0.003 µg/L. A relation was determined between groundwater age and the frequency of pesticide detection, with 15.8% of the samples composed of pre-1953 water and 70.3% of the samples of post-1953 water having a detection of at least one pesticide or metabolite. Pre-1953 water is less likely to contain pesticides because it tends to predate the use of pesticides to increase crop production in the Midwest. Pre-1953 water was more likely to occur in the near-surface bedrock aquifers (50.0%) than in the near-surface unconsolidated aquifers (9.1%) sampled.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400060011x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Goolsby, D.A., and Thurman, E., 1995, Pesticides in near-surface aquifers: An assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 24, no. 6, p. 1125-1132, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400060011x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1125","endPage":"1132","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7757e4b0c8380cd7848b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018916,"text":"70018916 - 1995 - Hydrochemical processes during snowmelt in a subalpine watershed, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70018916","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1008,"text":"Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow-covered catchments. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemical processes during snowmelt in a subalpine watershed, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"Snowmelt is the primary hydrologic event in the studied subalpine watershed, generating streamflow for 3 months from a 1-month snowmelt period which commenced in mid-April 1992 and mid-May 1993. The melting rate of the snowpack varied diurnally and was asymmetrical, increasing rapidly to a maximum at the onset of daily melt followed by an attenuated decrease. Streamflow varied diurnally, displaying a similar pattern to that of snowmelt, but variations were much less marked. Groundwater levels also varied diurnally, but were more attenuated than that of streamflow, and the time of daily maximum coincided with the streamflow maximum, whereas the snowmelt maximum preceded them. The major ions in meltwater were preferentially eluted from the snowpack, and meltwater was dominated by calcium, sulfate, and nitrate. The concentration decreases observed in snowmelt are partially reflected in stream water. Groundwater was dominated by calcium and generally bicarbonate. Concentrations of weathering products (silica, alkalinity, and base cations) increased down gradient, consistent with an increase in water residence time. A watershed mass balance for 1992 and 1993 indicates that (1) a major percentage of the primarily atmospherically derived N-species are retained by the watershed, (2) the watershed is the major source of base cations and silica, and (3) for the 2 year combined, atmospheric deposition balances stream water transport of sulfate and chloride.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow-covered catchments. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., and Leavesley, G., 1995, Hydrochemical processes during snowmelt in a subalpine watershed, Colorado, USA: Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow-covered catchments. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995, v. 228, p. 313-319.","startPage":"313","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"228","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3331e4b0c8380cd5ede1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018895,"text":"70018895 - 1995 - Little River revisited - thirty-five years after Hack and Goodlett","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T22:02:52.872034","indexId":"70018895","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Little River revisited - thirty-five years after Hack and Goodlett","docAbstract":"In possibly the first detailed study to relate geomorphology, vegetation, and hydrology at a watershed scale, Hack and Goodlett (1960) documented variation in the eastern forest with topograhic positions of cove, side slope, and nose. Runoff identified as convergent, parallel, or divergent, supported forest types, respectively, of northern hardwood, oak, and yellow pine. The study, conducted in the Little River Basin of northwestern Virginia, also described effects on landforms and vegetation of a catastrophic flood that occurred in June, 1949.
Field investigations, conducted nearly 4 decades later, review selected parts of the study by Hack and Goodlett (1960). Replicate data provide a basis to evaluate interpretations of Hack and Goodlett, to document geomorphic change within the Little River Basin since the 1949 flood, and to identify vegetation change in uplands and bottomlands. Results suggest that change to hillslope landforms has been minor since 1949, but that changes have occurred to the Little River and its tributaries, seemingly during flow events of 1952, 1955, and 1985. Change in areal extent of forest types was not detected. Change in the relative abundances of dominant species may have resulted from 20th-century fire suppression.
Polycarboxylic acid structures that account for the strong-acid characteristics (pKa1 near 2.0) were examined for fulvic acid from the Suwannee River. Studies of model compounds demonstrated that pKa values near 2.0 occur only if the a-ether or a-ester groups were in cyclic structures with two to three additional electronegative functional groups (carboxyl, ester, ketone, aromatic groups) at adjacent positions on the ring. Ester linkage removal by alkaline hydrolysis and destruction of ether linkages through cleavage and reduction with hydriodic acid confirmed that the strong carboxyl acidity in fulvic acid was associated with polycarboxylic a-ether and a-ester structures. Studies of hypothetical structural models of fulvic acid indicated possible relation of these polycarboxylic structures with the amphiphilic and metal-binding properties of fulvic acid.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00002a016","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Wershaw, R., and Reddy, M., 1995, Strong-acid, carboxyl-group structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia. 2. Major structures: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 399-405, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00002a016.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"405","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b8ee4b08c986b31cf7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018875,"text":"70018875 - 1995 - Rapid toluene mineralization by aquifer microorganisms at Adak, Alaska: Implications for intrinsic bioremediation in cold environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T09:04:03","indexId":"70018875","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid toluene mineralization by aquifer microorganisms at Adak, Alaska: Implications for intrinsic bioremediation in cold environments","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00011a012","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., and Chapelle, F.H., 1995, Rapid toluene mineralization by aquifer microorganisms at Adak, Alaska: Implications for intrinsic bioremediation in cold environments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 11, p. 2778-2781, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00011a012.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2778","endPage":"2781","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9500e4b0c8380cd81751","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018869,"text":"70018869 - 1995 - Validation of national land-cover characteristics data for regional water-quality assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T10:44:20","indexId":"70018869","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Validation of national land-cover characteristics data for regional water-quality assessment","docAbstract":"Land-cover information is used routinely to support the interpretation of water-quality data. The Prototype 1990 Conterminous US Land Cover Characteristics Data Set, developed primarily from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, was made available to the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The study described in this paper explored the utility of the 1990 national data set for developing quantitative estimates of the areal extent of principal land-cover types within large areal units. Land-cover data were collected in 1993 at 210 sites in the Central Nebraska Basins, one of the NAWQA study units. Median percentage-corn estimates for each sampling stratum wre used to produce areally weighted estimates of the percentage-corn cover for hydrologic units. Comparison of those areal estimates with an independent source of 1992 land-cover data showed good agreement. -Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10106049509354514","usgsCitation":"Zelt, R.B., Brown, J.F., and Kelley, M., 1995, Validation of national land-cover characteristics data for regional water-quality assessment: Geocarto International, v. 10, no. 4, p. 69-80, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049509354514.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc102e4b08c986b32a404","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zelt, Ronald B. 0000-0001-9024-855X rbzelt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9024-855X","contributorId":300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"Ronald","email":"rbzelt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Jesslyn F. 0000-0002-9976-1998 jfbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-1998","contributorId":3241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jesslyn","email":"jfbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelley, M.S.","contributorId":14003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018856,"text":"70018856 - 1995 - Recent advances in understanding the interaction of groundwater and surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T11:32:23","indexId":"70018856","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent advances in understanding the interaction of groundwater and surface water","docAbstract":"The most common image of the interaction of groundwater and surface water is that of the interaction of streams with a contiguous alluvial aquifer. This type of system has been the focus of study for more than 100 years, from the work of Boussinesq (1877) to the present, and stream-aquifer interaction continues to be the most common topic of papers discussing the interaction of groundwater and surface water. However, groundwater and surface water interact in a wide variety of landscapes from alpine to coastal. Within these landscapes, ground-water systems range in scale from local to regional, and the types of surface water include streams, lakes, wetlands, and oceans. Given the broad spectrum of the topic of groundwater and surface water interaction, an overview of studies of this topic could be organized according to surface water type, landscape type, scale of hydrologic systems, or field and analytical methods. All these factors are discussed, but this paper is organized according to landscape type because of the great increase in studies of the interaction of groundwater and surface water in landscapes other than riverine systems in the last 15 years. Furthermore, discussing studies by landscape type facilitates comparison of methods and results from different geologic and climatic settings. The general landscapes discussed are mountain terrane, riverine systems, coastal terrane, hummocky terrane, and karst terrane.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/95RG00115","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 1995, Recent advances in understanding the interaction of groundwater and surface water: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S2, p. 985-994, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00115.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"985","endPage":"994","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95e2e4b0c8380cd81cbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018849,"text":"70018849 - 1995 - Partition of nonpolar organic pollutants from water to soil and sediment organic matters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T08:04:30","indexId":"70018849","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Partition of nonpolar organic pollutants from water to soil and sediment organic matters","docAbstract":"The partition coefficients (Koc) of carbon tetrachloride and 1,2-dichlorobenzene between normal soil/sediment organic matter and water have been determined for a large set of soils, bed sediments, and suspended solids from the United States and the People's Republic of China. The Koc values for both solutes are quite invariant either for the soils or for the bed sediments; the values on bed sediments are about twice those on soils. The similarity of Koc values between normal soils and between normal bed sediments suggests that natural organic matters in soils (or sediments) of different geographic origins exhibit comparable polarities and possibly comparable compositions. The results also suggest that the process that converts eroded soils into bed sediments brings about a change in the organic matter property. The difference between soil and sediment Koc values provides a basis for identifying the source of suspended solids in river waters. The very high Koc values observed for some special soils and sediments are diagnostic of severe anthropogenic contamination.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00005a037","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kile, D.E., Chiou, C.T., and Zhou, H., 1995, Partition of nonpolar organic pollutants from water to soil and sediment organic matters: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1401-1406, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00005a037.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1401","endPage":"1406","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a753be4b0c8380cd77a65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kile, Daniel E. dekile@usgs.gov","contributorId":1286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"Daniel","email":"dekile@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhou, H.","contributorId":71309,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhou","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018845,"text":"70018845 - 1995 - Spatial trends in Pearson Type III statistical parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T07:45:47","indexId":"70018845","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial trends in Pearson Type III statistical parameters","docAbstract":"Spatial trends in the statistical parameters (mean, standard deviation, and skewness coefficient) of a Pearson Type III distribution of the logarithms of annual flood peaks for small rural basins (less than 90 km2) are delineated using a climate factor CT, (T=2-, 25-, and 100-yr recurrence intervals), which quantifies the effects of long-term climatic data (rainfall and pan evaporation) on observed T-yr floods. Maps showing trends in average parameter values demonstrate the geographically varying influence of climate on the magnitude of Pearson Type III statistical parameters. The spatial trends in variability of the parameter values characterize the sensitivity of statistical parameters to the interaction of basin-runoff characteristics (hydrology) and climate. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:9(672)","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R., and Karlinger, M., 1995, Spatial trends in Pearson Type III statistical parameters: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 121, no. 9, p. 672-678, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:9(672).","startPage":"672","endPage":"678","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269424,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:9(672)"}],"volume":"121","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94abe4b08c986b31abdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, R.W.","contributorId":46987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018827,"text":"70018827 - 1995 - The chemical and hydrologic structure of Poas volcano, Costa Rica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T19:15:43","indexId":"70018827","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemical and hydrologic structure of Poas volcano, Costa Rica","docAbstract":"Comparison of the chemical characteristics of spring and river water draining the flanks of Poas Volcano, Costa Rica indicates that acid chloride sulfate springs of the northwestern flank of the volcano are derived by leakage and mixing of acid brines formed in the summit hydrothermal system with dilute flank groundwater. Acid chloride sulfate waters of the Rio Agrio drainage basin on the northwestern flank are the only waters on Poas that are affected by leakage of acid brines from the summit hydrothermal system. Acid sulfate waters found on the northwestern flank are produced by the interaction of surface and shallow groundwater with dry and wet acid deposition of SO2 and H2SO4 aerosols, respectively. The acid deposition is caused by a plume of acid gases that is released by a shallow magma body located beneath the active crater of Poas. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00079-V","usgsCitation":"Rowe, G., Brantley, S., Fernandez, J., and Borgia, A., 1995, The chemical and hydrologic structure of Poas volcano, Costa Rica: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 64, no. 3-4, p. 233-267, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00079-V.","startPage":"233","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269362,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00079-V"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa27e4b08c986b32272a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowe, G.L. Jr.","contributorId":54242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brantley, S.L.","contributorId":71676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fernandez, J.F.","contributorId":84089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borgia, A.","contributorId":84090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borgia","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018807,"text":"70018807 - 1995 - Relations between pesticide use and riverine flux in the Mississippi River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T14:57:01.195032","indexId":"70018807","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between pesticide use and riverine flux in the Mississippi River Basin","docAbstract":"In an intensive subcontimental study of pesticides in surface waters of the United States, concentrations of 26 high-use pesticides were measured at nine sites in the Mississippi River basin from May 1991 through March 1992. Calculated total fluxes were combined with agricultural-use data to estimate the percentage of applied pesticide reaching the mouths of the Mississippi River and six major tributaries. For most pesticides, the riverine flux was less than 2% of the mass applied agriculturally. The insecticide diazinon was detected frequently in rivers draining the three basins with the highest population densities, apparently as a result of urban use.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0045-6535(95)00176-9","usgsCitation":"Larson, S., Capel, P.D., Goolsby, D.A., Zaugg, S.D., and Sandstrom, M.W., 1995, Relations between pesticide use and riverine flux in the Mississippi River Basin: Chemosphere, v. 31, no. 5, p. 3305-3321, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(95)00176-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3305","endPage":"3321","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -82.001953125,\n 36.35052700542763\n ],\n [\n -79.8046875,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -79.6728515625,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -83.5400390625,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -87.6708984375,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 45.36758436884978\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -94.52636718749999,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -96.6357421875,\n 46.649436163350245\n ],\n [\n -101.513671875,\n 48.719961222646276\n ],\n [\n -104.23828125,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -113.466796875,\n 44.933696389694674\n ],\n [\n -111.3134765625,\n 44.43377984606822\n ],\n [\n -108.6328125,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -108.67675781249999,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -105.64453124999999,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n -104.23828125,\n 34.63320791137959\n ],\n [\n -97.294921875,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -93.779296875,\n 30.977609093348686\n ],\n [\n -93.6474609375,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -89.8681640625,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 29.726222319395504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a6fae4b0e8fec6cdc31f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Steven J.","contributorId":29845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, Donald A.","contributorId":46083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":380813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sandstrom, Mark W. 0000-0003-0006-5675 sandstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-5675","contributorId":706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Mark","email":"sandstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - 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A database of chemical analyses of water, sediment, and biota from the 25 areas was created and supplemented with geologic, climatologic, and hydrologic data. The data were evaluated to identify common features among study areas and principal factors that result in Se contamination of water in lakes, ponds, and streams downgradient of irrigated areas. From the analysis of data, a decision tree that uses readily available geologic, climatologic, and hydrologic data was derived for use by resource managers as a screening tool to predict the likelihood that irrigation drainage will result in Se contamination in areas of the western USA. Irrigation in areas that are not associated with marine sedimentary rocks of late Cretaceous age is unlikely to cause Se contamination. Irrigation in very arid areas that are associated with these Cretaceous sediments is almost certain to cause Se contamination if the irrigation water drains to terminal lakes and ponds. The likelihood that an area will be contaminated with Se because of irrigation drainage can change, particularly with changes in precipitation. During normal or wet periods, Se contamination may not occur in an area, even though it has seleniferous soils, but reduced water deliveries during a drought in such an area may result in Se contamination.
Potamocorbula amurensis was assessed as a biosentinel species in San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Uptake of metal in both the laboratory and field showed that P. amurensis was sufficiently responsive to Ag, Cd, Cr, Ni and V to detect environmental differences in exposure. It was less suitable as an indicator of Cu and Zn contamination. Concentration factors for P. amurensis were: Ag, 386000; Cd, 50200; Cr, 36600; Cu, 12200; Ni, 5200; and Zn, 115500. Samples were collected from 6 stations throughout the bay at near-monthly intervals from January 1991 to March 1992. Variability within a collection was influenced by gut content and animal size. Other sources of variability were time [coefficient of variation (CV) = 10 to 21%], small-scale spatial variability (within 3 km, CV = 10 to 25%), and large-scale spatial variability (CV = 3.3 to 12.4%). Depuration for 48 h was necessary to mitigate bias from gut content. Precision was improved by analyzing large numbers of individuals (60 to 120) separated into several (5 to 14) composites at each collection and by determining, from regression, the mean and variance for samples with significant correlations between metal concentration and shell length. Repeated monthly sampling increased the accuracy of long-term site characterizations. Temporal variability was small because of drought. The grand means of the concentrations of Ag, Cd, Cr, Ni, and V in the tissues of P. amurensis at each station for the 15 mo period revealed persistent contamination from industrialized Suisun Bay to the mouth of San Francisco Bay. Demonstration of responsiveness, precision and accuracy should be a prerequisite for the optimal use of biosentinels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps124129","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.L., and Luoma, S., 1995, Use of the euryhaline bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis as a biosentinel species to assess trace metal contamination in San Francisco Bay: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 124, no. 1-3, p. 129-142, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps124129.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps124129","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -121.83837890625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -121.83837890625,\n 38.298559092254344\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 38.298559092254344\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf9de4b08c986b329c74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, C. L.","contributorId":35678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018740,"text":"70018740 - 1995 - Fate of microbial metabolites of hydrocarbons in a coastal plain aquifer: The role of electron acceptors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T07:31:59","indexId":"70018740","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate of microbial metabolites of hydrocarbons in a coastal plain aquifer: The role of electron acceptors","docAbstract":"A combined field and laboratory study was undertaken to understand the distribution and geochemical conditions that influence the prevalence of low molecular weight organic acids in groundwater of a shallow aquifer contaminated with gasoline. Aromatic hydrocarbons from gasoline were degraded by microbially mediated oxidation-reduction reactions, including reduction of nitrate, sulfate, and Fe(III). The biogeochemical reactions changed overtime in response to changes in the hydrogeochemical conditions in the aquifer. Aliphatic and aromatic organic acids were associated with hydrocarbon degradation in anoxic zones of the aquifer. Laboratory microcosms demonstrated that the biogeochemical fate of specific organic acids observed in groundwater varied with the structure of the acid and the availability of electron acceptors. Benzoic and phenylacetic acid were degraded by indigenous aquifer microorganisms when nitrate was supplied as an electron acceptor. Aromatic acids with two or more methyl substituants on the benzene ring persisted under nitrate-reducing conditions. Although iron reduction and sulfate reduction were important processes in situ and occurred in the microcosms, these reactions were not coupled to the biological oxidation of aromatic organic acids that were added to the microcosms as electron donors.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00002a023","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I., Herman, J., and Baedecker, M.J., 1995, Fate of microbial metabolites of hydrocarbons in a coastal plain aquifer: The role of electron acceptors: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 458-469, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00002a023.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"458","endPage":"469","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f11e4b0c8380cd5374b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, J.S.","contributorId":73345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baedecker, M. Jo","contributorId":9920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}