The ground-water resources in Ogden Valley, eastern Weber County, Utah, were the subject of a study to provide a better understanding of the hydrologic system in the valley and to estimate the hydrologic effects of future ground-water development. The study area included the drainage basin of the Ogden River upstream from Pineview Reservoir dam and the drainage basin of Wheeler Creek. Ogden Valley and the surrounding area are underlain by rocks that range in age from Precambrian to Quaternary.
The consolidated rocks that transmit and yield the most water in the area surrounding Ogden Valley are the Paleozoic carbonate rocks and the Wasatch Formation of Tertiary age. Much of the recharge to the consolidated rocks is from snowmelt that infiltrates the Wasatch Formation, which underlies a large part of the study area. Discharge from the consolidated rocks is by streams, evapotranspiration, springs, subsurface outflow, and pumping from wells. Water in the consolidated rocks is a calcium bicarbonate type and has a dissolved-solids concentration of less than 250 milligrams per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United State Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Avery, C., 1994, Ground-water hydrology of Ogden Valley and surrounding area, eastern Weber County, UT, and simulation of ground-water flow in the Valley-fill aquifer system: Technical Publication 99, vi, 84 p.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"93","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332077,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Charles","contributorId":70739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avery","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176568,"text":"70176568 - 1994 - Hydrologic hazards in the lower Drift River basin associated with the 1989-90 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-21T13:58:13","indexId":"70176568","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic hazards in the lower Drift River basin associated with the 1989-90 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Dorava, J., and Meyer, D.F., 1994, Hydrologic hazards in the lower Drift River basin associated with the 1989-90 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 387-407.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"407","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://www.avo.alaska.edu/downloads/reference.php?citid=109","text":"Hydrologic hazards in the lower Drift River basin associated with the 1989-90 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","description":"Hydrologic hazards in the lower Drift River basin associated with the 1989-90 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":" Aleutian Range, at the head of the Chigmit Mountains subrange in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.0010986328125,\n 60.356847344793586\n ],\n [\n -153.0010986328125,\n 60.568077898122155\n ],\n [\n -152.49298095703125,\n 60.568077898122155\n ],\n [\n -152.49298095703125,\n 60.356847344793586\n ],\n [\n -153.0010986328125,\n 60.356847344793586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57feb0e5e4b0824b2d153d91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorava, J.M.","contributorId":68756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, D. F.","contributorId":21167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174404,"text":"70174404 - 1994 - A survey of molecular marker compounds in sediments of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:32:00","indexId":"70174404","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-08T02:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A survey of molecular marker compounds in sediments of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"An areal survey of surficial sediments in San Francisco Bay has been conducted to evaluate the presence of extractable organic compounds. Molecular marker compounds studied include hydrocarbons (PAH's), chlorinated pesticides, and other organic compounds that provide information on sources of organic input into the Bay. Fairly uniform source profiles are seen throughout the Bay. Biomarker profiles contain mature constituents indicating anthropogenic influences and extensive sediment reworking. The dominant input signatures in San Francisco Bay sediment are those of anthropogenic PAH's from combustion and other sources, and long chain n-alkanes and n-aldehydes from terrigenous vascular plants. A comparison of the sums of the combustion PAH's and the terrigenous n-alkanes shows that an anthropogenic influence is dominant in the most urban parts of the Bay close to shore, and in mid-Bay channel areas, and a terrigenous signature is dominant nearshore in San Pablo Bay and at the southernmost station in South Bay.
\n","largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993, Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the Technical Meeting","conferenceDate":"September 20-24, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F.D., Rapp, J., Geological Survey Pereira, W.E., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1994, A survey of molecular marker compounds in sediments of San Francisco Bay, California, in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993, Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, Colorado Springs, CO, September 20-24, 1993, p. 735-746.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"746","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4015/report.pdf","text":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting","size":"62.77 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 37.243448378654115\n ],\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 38.171273439283084\n ],\n [\n -121.70379638671874,\n 38.171273439283084\n ],\n [\n -121.70379638671874,\n 37.243448378654115\n ],\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 37.243448378654115\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c335e4b0e02680be58ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":642117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, John B.","contributorId":32028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geological Survey Pereira, Wilfred E.","contributorId":119675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geological Survey Pereira","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174583,"text":"70174583 - 1994 - San Francisco Bay/delta regional monitoring program plankton and water quality pilot study, 1993, in 1993 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T10:43:32","indexId":"70174583","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T09:30:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"San Francisco Bay/delta regional monitoring program plankton and water quality pilot study, 1993, in 1993 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute","docAbstract":"
The pilot program described here is motivated by a fundamental principle of the Regional Monitoring Strategy, namely “...the development of data that will provide information on status and trends in the Estuary.” As pointed out in the Strategy, knowledge of status and trends serves two primary purposes: (1) to become aware of or anticipate deleterious conditions in the Estuary, and (2) to assess the effectiveness of management actions. This program addresses these two purposes by focusing on aquatic resources, one of the five key management issues identified by the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan and central to the Regional Monitoring Strategy. It also bears on at least two of the other management issues - pollutants and water use.
\nA regional monitoring program must cover many types of resources, including pelagic and benthic channel habitat, shoal habitat, wetlands, river channels, sloughs, and small bays and harbors. This particular program centers on the pelagic channel habitat. However, because of the intimate connection between channel habitat and many or most of these other habitats, channel measurements reflect to some extent the status of and trends in other resource types as well. A primary aim of this program is to provide a high-resolution description of critical aspects of habitat quality, which can be used along with other information (1) to determine the suitability of habitat for aquatic resources; (2) to monitor responsiveness of the habitat to freshwater flow variability; and (3) to provide a context for understanding pollutant distributions. In a single transect, measurements are made throughout the water column at up to 37 stations to define physical (salinity, temperature, suspended particulate matter, and light penetration), chemical (dissolved oxygen) and biological (chlorophyll a) characteristics that influence both chemical and biological reactions.
\nA second aim of the program is to investigate planktonic indicators of ecosystem structure and function. Phytoplankton production is the major single source of energy for the San Francisco Bay food web. Our measurements of chlorophyll and light penetration can be used to provide an estimate of this production, and therefore the availability of food for organisms at higher trophic levels. Phytoplankton community composition at the species level, which can be a sensitive indicator of habitat change, is also a standard component of this program. Community composition data enable detection of species known to be responsible for harmful or nuisance algal blooms. In 1993, two other indicators were also evaluated, photosynthetic parameters and water column respiration. Photosynthetic parameters partially characterize the physiological state of the phytoplankton and may provide indirect evidence of nutrient deficiency or the effects of pollutants. Water column respiration serves as a simple integrated measure of organic matter metabolism by the plankton, including bacteria, phytoplankton, and microzooplankton. It therefore reflects the total supply of organic matter, whether from photosynthesis, tidal marsh efflux, point sources, or upstream in the Delta. These biological indicators therefore contain much information about the flow of energy into the food web.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for trace substances: 1993 annual report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Institute","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Jassby, A.D., Cloern, J.E., Caffrey, J., Cole, B., and Rudek, J., 1994, San Francisco Bay/delta regional monitoring program plankton and water quality pilot study, 1993, in 1993 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-03-01","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/1993_RMP_Annual_Report.pdf","text":"1993 Annual Report : San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"1993 Annual Report : San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57876631e4b0d27deb36e1aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caffrey, J.","contributorId":147320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, B.","contributorId":36744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rudek, J.","contributorId":67904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudek","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170711,"text":"70170711 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and paths of flow in the carbonate bedrock aquifer, northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-29T13:37:47","indexId":"70170711","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-15T08:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology and paths of flow in the carbonate bedrock aquifer, northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is assessing the ground.water resources of the carbonate bedrock aquifers in Indiana and Ohio as part of their Regional Aquifer Systems Analysis program. Part of this assessment includes the determination of unknown aspects of the hydraulic characteristics, boundaries, and flow paths of the carbonate aquifer. To accomplish this, the USGS drilled three wells through the carbonate aquifer near the Kankakee River in northwestern Indiana. Geophysical logs were used to help determine depths and thicknesses for testing and to help describe geology at the three wells. Packer tests were used to determine direction of ground-water flow and to provide data for an analysis of the distribution of transmissivity in the carbonate aquifer.
\nTransmissivity of the carbonates is associated with two physical characteristics of the rocks: fractures and interconnected porosity. Almost all of the transmissivity is derived from horizontal fracturing; however, only a few of the fractures present in the carbonate are transmissive. Some transmissivity is associated with a zone of fossiliferous, vuggy dolomite, which yields water from the rock matrix. Most of the transmissivity is associated with large fractures and solution crevices in the upper 30 feet of the bedrock; less transmissivity is associated with the deeper vuggy reef material, even where extensively fractured. Transmissivity of individual fractures and fossiliferous zones ranges from 300 to 27,000 feet squared per day. The aquifer bottom is defined by a lack of transmissive fractures and an increased shale content near the contact of the Silurian and Ordovician sections.
\nWater-level data from the three wells indicate that flow is horizontal at well site 1 north of the Kankakee River, upward at well site 2 near the river, and downward at well site 3 south of the river. Most of the flow occurs in the upper part of the carbonate bedrock where fracturing and solution-enlarged crevices are most developed. Water levels indicate the the Kankakee River is a hydrologic boundary for the regional carbonate bedrock aquifer.
\n\n
Hydrologic controls on sulfate mobility were investigated in a forested catchment in the Georgia Piedmont using a watershed mass balance approach. Variations in annual sulfate export were governed primarily by differences in runoff rather than by differences in sulfate deposition or in total annual precipitation. However, 2 years with similar total runoff had substantially different sulfate export. A residual analysis indicated that a shift in the concentration‐discharge relationship accounted for 72% of the difference in sulfate export and that a change in the pattern of discharge accounted for the remainder of the difference. Stream water sulfate concentrations reflected past hydrologic conditions. Concentrations at the same discharge were higher following an extended dry period than following average periods. The elevation in stream water sulfate concentrations following dry periods persisted for several months. The influence of rainfall patterns on sulfate export underscores the need for long‐term records to adequately characterize the acidification status of the watershed and to understand trends in water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93WR02950","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T.G., Hooper, R.P., and Aulenbach, B.T., 1994, Hydrologic processes controlling sulfate mobility in a small forested watershed: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 2, p. 283-295, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02950.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"295","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Panola Mountain Research Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.60575555447343\n ],\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.654066160697056\n ],\n [\n -84.12368774414062,\n 33.654066160697056\n ],\n [\n -84.12368774414062,\n 33.60575555447343\n ],\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.60575555447343\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":117440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T. 0000-0003-2863-1288 btaulenb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-1288","contributorId":3057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent","email":"btaulenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017066,"text":"70017066 - 1994 - Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 1. Sequence of formation and elevational distribution of carbonate deposits (Tufas)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T16:23:11.970737","indexId":"70017066","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 1. Sequence of formation and elevational distribution of carbonate deposits (Tufas)","docAbstract":"During the late Quaternary, the elevation of terrace cutting and carbonate deposition in the Pyramid Lake subbasin were controlled by constancy of lake level imposed by spill to adjoining subbasins. Sill elevations are 1177-1183 m (Mud Lake Slough Sill), 1207 m (Emerson Pass Sill), and 1265 m (Darwin Pass Sill). Carbonate deposition was favored by: (1) hydrologic closure, (2) proximity to a source of calcium, (3) elevated water temperature, and (4) a solid substrate. The thickness and aspect of tufa are a function of lake-level dynamics. Relatively thin sheets and pendant sheets were deposited during a rising or falling lake. The upper parts of thick reef-form tufas have a horizontal aspect and were deposited in a lake which was stabilized by spill to the Carson Desert subbasin. The lower parts of the reef-form tufas are thinner and their outer surface has a vertical aspect, indicating that the lower part formed in a receding lake. The thickest and most complete sequences of tufa are mounds that border the Pyramid Lake shore. The tops of the tallest mounds reach the elevation of the Darwin Pass Sill and many mounds have been eroded to the elevations of the Mud Lake Slough Sill of the Emerson Pass Sill. The sequence of tufa formation (from oldest to youngest) displayed in these mounds is: (1) a beachrock containing carbonate-cemented volcanic cobbles, (2) broken and eroded old spheroids that contain thinolitic tufa and an outer rind of dense laminated tufa, (3) large cylindrical (tubular) tufas capped by (4) coatings of old dense tufas, and (5) several generations of old branching tufa commonly associated with thin, platy tufas and coatings of thinolitic tufa, (6) young spheroids that contain poorly oriented young thinolitic tufa in the center and several generations of radially oriented young thinolitic tufas near the outer edge, (7) a transitional thinolite-to-branching tufa, (8) two or more layers of young branching tufa, (9) a 0.5-cm-thick layer of fine-grained dolomite, (10) a 2-cm-thick layer of young dense laminated tufa, (11) a 0.1-cm-thick layer of encrusting tufa that was covered by a beach deposit and (12) a 1.0-cm-thick layer of porous encrusting tufa that coated the beach deposit and the sides of tufa mounds.
The elevational ranges of the principal varieties of tufa are not related to terrace or spill elevations. It seems likely that the distribution of tufa varieties is related to variation in the thermal structure or chemistry of Lake Lahontan. It is hypothesized that the thinolitic tufa (ikaite) formed in the near freezing hypolimnion and the braching tufa (calcite) formed in the seasonally warmer epiliminion of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90118-X","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., 1994, Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 1. Sequence of formation and elevational distribution of carbonate deposits (Tufas): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 109, no. 1, p. 55-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90118-X.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"87","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224912,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pyramid Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.88934750927744,\n 40.47555103842717\n ],\n [\n -119.88934750927744,\n 38.998121606637426\n ],\n [\n -118.83446686123932,\n 38.998121606637426\n ],\n [\n -118.83446686123932,\n 40.47555103842717\n ],\n [\n -119.88934750927744,\n 40.47555103842717\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f36de4b0c8380cd4b7e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162178,"text":"70162178 - 1994 - Genetic population structure of the recently introduced Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis, in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:03:32","indexId":"70162178","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2660,"text":"Marine Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic population structure of the recently introduced Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis, in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"The genetic population structure of the recently introduced Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis, in San Francisco Bay was described using starch gel electrophoresis at eight presumptive loci. Specimens were taken from five environmentally distinct sites located throughout the bay. The population maintains a high degree of genetic variation, with a mean heterozygosity of 0.295, a mean polymorphism of 0.75, and an average of 3.70 alleles per locus. The population is genetically homogeneous, as evidenced from genetic distance values and F-statistics. However, heterogeneity of populations was indicated from a contingency chi-square test. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and heterozygote deficiencies were found at the Lap-1 locus for all populations and at the Lap-2 locus for a single population. High levels of variability could represent a universal characteristic of invading species, the levels of variability in the source population(s), and/or the dynamics of the introduction. Lack of differentiation between subpopulations may be due to the immaturity of the San Francisco Bay population, the “general purpose” phenotype genetic strategy of the species, high rates of gene flow in the population, and/or the selective neutrality of the loci investigated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00349562","usgsCitation":"Duda, T.F., 1994, Genetic population structure of the recently introduced Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis, in San Francisco Bay: Marine Biology, v. 119, no. 2, p. 235-241, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349562.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"241","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 37.40289194122378\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 38.190704293996504\n ],\n [\n -121.53625488281249,\n 38.190704293996504\n ],\n [\n -121.53625488281249,\n 37.40289194122378\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 37.40289194122378\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4cae4b0fbd3f7fa4c3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duda, T. F. Jr.","contributorId":152273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44738,"text":"wri934110 - 1994 - Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system, Toms River, Metedeconk River, and Kettle Creek Basins, New Jersey, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:59","indexId":"wri934110","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4110","title":"Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system, Toms River, Metedeconk River, and Kettle Creek Basins, New Jersey, 1987-90","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri934110","usgsCitation":"Watt, M.K., Johnson, M.L., and Lacombe, P., 1994, Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system, Toms River, Metedeconk River, and Kettle Creek Basins, New Jersey, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4110, 10 maps on 5 sheets ; 45 x 49 cm. or smaller, sheets 112 x 75 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934110.","productDescription":"10 maps on 5 sheets ; 45 x 49 cm. or smaller, sheets 112 x 75 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110266,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47824.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"47824"},{"id":168642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82041,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4110/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82042,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4110/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82043,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4110/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82044,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4110/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82045,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4110/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc77c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watt, Martha K. 0000-0001-5651-3428 mwatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5651-3428","contributorId":3275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watt","given":"Martha","email":"mwatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Melissa L.","contributorId":87903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27538,"text":"wri944102 - 1994 - Hydrogeology of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Murray County, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri944102","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4102","title":"Hydrogeology of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Murray County, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The Travertine District (Park) of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area, operated and maintained by the National Park Service, is near the City of Sulphur in south-central Oklahoma. The Park was established in 1902 because of its unique hydrologic setting, which includes Rock Creek, Travertine Creek, numerous mineralized and freshwater springs, and a dense cover of riparian vegetation. Since the turn of the century several flowing artesian wells have been drilled within and adjacent to the Park. Discharge from many of these springs and the numbers of flowing wells have declined substantially during the past 86 years. To determine the cause of these declines, a better understanding of the hydrologic system must be obtained. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, has appraised hydrologic information obtained for the Park from several studies conducted during 1902-87.\r\n\r\nThe principal geologic units referred to in this report are the Arbuckle Group and the overlying Simpson Group. These rocks are of Upper Cambrian to Middle Ordovician age and are composed of dolomitic limestone, with some sandstones and shales in the Simpson Group. Surface geologic maps give a general understanding of the regional subsurface geology, but information about the subsurface geology within the Park is poor.\r\n\r\nThe Simpson and Arbuckle aquifers are the principal aquifers in the study area. The two aquifers are not differentiated readily in some parts of the study area because of the similarity of the Simpson and Arbuckle rocks; thus, both water-bearing units are referred to frequently as the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer. The aquifers are confined under the Park, but are unconfined east and south of the Park. Precipitation on the outcrop area of the Arbuckle aquifer northeast and east of the Park recharges the freshwater springs (Antelope and Buffalo Springs) near the east boundary of the Park. The source of water from mineralized springs located in the central part of the Park, and flowing wells within and north of the Park, is believed to be a mix of waters from rocks of the Arbuckle and Simpson Groups. The source of water from two highly mineralized springs, Bromide and Medicine, that ceased to flow in the early 1970?s is believed to be from the Simpson Group. Water-quality characteristics reflect the sources of ground water in the study area. The highly mineralized springs near the western end of the Park are a sodium chloride type with dissolved solids greater than 4,500 mg/L. The freshwater springs near the eastern end of the Park are a calcium bicarbonate type with total dissolved solids of less than 400 mg/L.\r\n\r\nFlow from the artesian wells has declined substantially during the past 86 years and the wells are estimated to currently discharge only about 10 percent of the total flow reported in 1939. The depletion is believed to be caused by a gradual lowering of the hydraulic head within the aquifer. The influence on the hydrologic system of local municipal and industrial pumping from the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer is difficult to discern because the system is much more sensitive to precipitation than to pumpage. Ground-water levels and spring flows in this region respond rapidly to precipitation. The effects of withdrawals from the City of Sulphur and Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company power-plant water-well fields are not discernible at wells and springs. The hydrologic system may be influenced by pumping, particularly during extended dry periods of several years, but the impact of pumping on the system cannot be determined without further investigation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944102","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.L., and Cates, S.W., 1994, Hydrogeology of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Murray County, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4102, vi, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944102.","productDescription":"vi, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_94_4102.jpg"},{"id":2168,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri94-4102/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61523d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Ronald L.","contributorId":65054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cates, Steven W.","contributorId":71592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cates","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18594,"text":"ofr94122 - 1994 - Hydrologic, water-quality, and meteorologic data for Newberry Volcano and vicinity, Deschutes County, Oregon, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:53:50","indexId":"ofr94122","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-122","title":"Hydrologic, water-quality, and meteorologic data for Newberry Volcano and vicinity, Deschutes County, Oregon, 1991-93","docAbstract":"This report is a compilation of hydrologic, water- quality, and meteorologic data collected in the vicinity of Newberry Volcano near Bend, Oregon. These data were collected, in cooperation with the Bonneville Power Administration, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, to provide baseline data for identifying and assessing the effects of proposed geothermal development in the vicinity of Newberry Volcano. Types of data collected include ground-water levels, lake levels, streamflow, water quality, and meteorologic measurements. Sites that were monitored include: (1) two thermal wells in the caldera, (2) several nonthermal wells in the caldera, (3) four wells outside of the caldera, (4) Paulina Creek, (5) Paulina and East Lakes, (6) hot springs that discharge into Paulina and East Lakes, and (7) meteorologic conditions near Paulina Lake. Data are presented for the period summer 1991 through fall 1993. Water-quality data collected include concentrations of common anions and cations, nutrients, trace elements, radiochemicals, and isotopes. Meteorologic data collected include wind velocity, air temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and precipitation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94122","usgsCitation":"Crumrine, M.D., and Morgan, D.S., 1994, Hydrologic, water-quality, and meteorologic data for Newberry Volcano and vicinity, Deschutes County, Oregon, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-122, 70 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94122.","productDescription":"70 p","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0122/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47942,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crumrine, Milo D.","contributorId":68757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crumrine","given":"Milo","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, David S.","contributorId":73181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26045,"text":"wri934122 - 1994 - A comparison of simultaneous plasma, atomic absorption, and iron colorimetric determinations of major and trace constituents in acid mine waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:17:47.662418","indexId":"wri934122","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4122","title":"A comparison of simultaneous plasma, atomic absorption, and iron colorimetric determinations of major and trace constituents in acid mine waters","docAbstract":"Sixty-three water samples collected during June to October 1982 from the Leviathan/Bryant Creek drainage basin were originally analyzed by simultaneous multielement direct-current plasma (DCP) atomic-emission spectrometry, flame atomic-absorption spectrometry, graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) (thallium only), ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, and hydride-generation atomic-absorption spectrometry.Determinations were made for the following metallic and semi-metallic constituents: AI, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe(11), Fe(total), Li, Pb, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, K, Sb, Se, Si, Na, Sr, TI, V, and Zn. These samples were re-analyzed later by simultaneous multielement inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic-emission spectrometry and Zeeman-corrected GFAAS to determine the concentrations of many of the same constituents with improved accuracy, precision, and sensitivity. The result of this analysis has been the generation of comparative concentration values for a significant subset of the solute constituents. Many of the more recently determined values replace less-than-detection values for the trace metals; others constitute duplicate analyses for the major constituents. The multiple determinations have yielded a more complete, accurate, and precise set of analytical data. They also have resulted in an opportunity to compare the performance of the plasma-emission instruments operated in their respective simultaneous multielement modes. Flame atomic-absorption spectrometry was judged best for Na and K and hydride-generation atomic-absorption spectrometry was judged best for As because of their lower detection limit and relative freedom from interelement spectral effects. Colorimetric determination using ferrozine as the color agent was judged most accurate, precise, and sensitive for Fe. Cadmium, lead, and vanadium concentrations were too low in this set of samples to enable a determination of whether ICP or DCP is a more suitable technique. Of the remaining elements, Ba, Be, Ca, Cr, Mg, Mn, Sr, and Zn have roughly equivalent accuracy, precision, and detection limit by ICP and DCP. Cobalt and Ni were determined to be better analyzed by ICP, because of lower detection limits; B, Cu, Mo, and Si were determined to be better analyzed by DCP, because of relative freedom from interferences. The determination oral by DCP was far more sensitive, owing to the use of a more sensitive wavelength, compared with the ICP. However, there is a very serious potential interference from a strong Ca emission line near the 396.15 nanometer DCP wavelength. Thus, there is no clear choice between the plasma techniques tested, for the determination oral. The ICP and DCP detection limits are typically between 0.001 and 0.5 milligrams per liter in acid mine waters. For those metals best analyzed by ICP and/or DCP, but below these limits, GFAAS is the method of choice because of its relatively greater sensitivity and specificity. Six of the elements were not determined by DCP, ICP or Zeeman-corrected GFAAS, and are not discussed in this report. These elements are: Bi, Fe(11), Li, Sb, Se, and TI.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934122","usgsCitation":"Ball, J., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1994, A comparison of simultaneous plasma, atomic absorption, and iron colorimetric determinations of major and trace constituents in acid mine waters: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4122, viii, 151 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934122.","productDescription":"viii, 151 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54822,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4122/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19043,"text":"ofr94508 - 1994 - Hydrologic data from the study of acidic contamination in the Miami Wash-Pinal Creek area, Arizona, water years 1992-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:33:42","indexId":"ofr94508","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-508","title":"Hydrologic data from the study of acidic contamination in the Miami Wash-Pinal Creek area, Arizona, water years 1992-93","docAbstract":"Since 1984, hydrologic data have been collected as part of a U.S. Geological Survey study of the occurrence and movement of acidic contamination in the aquifer and streams of the Pinal Creek drainage basin near Globe, Arizona. Ground-water data from that study are presented for water years 1992 and 1993 and include location, construction information, site plans, water levels, chemical and physical field measurements, and selected chemical analyses of water samples for 10 monitoring well groups. During January 1993, a flood occurred in Pinal Creek that resulted in a record peak discharge of 5,700 cubic feet per second. During this flood, well group 450 was destroyed. Surface-water data are presented for 13 sites and include discharge measurements, chemical and physical field measure- ments, and chemical analyses of water. Data from a solute-transport study that was conducted in November 1992 are presented for shallow ground-water and surface-water sites along Pinal Creek. During this study, variations in metal chemistry with distance along Pinal Creek and depth below the streambed were determined and two filter sizes were used to quantify the partitioning of metals between dissolved and particulate phases. Monthly precipi- tation data and long-term precipitation statistics are presented for two sites.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94508","usgsCitation":"Gellenbeck, D., and Hunter, Y.R., 1994, Hydrologic data from the study of acidic contamination in the Miami Wash-Pinal Creek area, Arizona, water years 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-508, iv, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94508.","productDescription":"iv, 103 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0508/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48479,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0508/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a1d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gellenbeck, D.J.","contributorId":64677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellenbeck","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunter, Yvonne R.","contributorId":6879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Yvonne","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20600,"text":"ofr94388 - 1994 - Global energy and water cycle experiment (GEWEX) continental-scale international project (GCIP); reference data sets CD-ROM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:40","indexId":"ofr94388","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-388","title":"Global energy and water cycle experiment (GEWEX) continental-scale international project (GCIP); reference data sets CD-ROM","docAbstract":"The data sets on this compact disc are a compilation of several geographic reference data sets of interest to the global-change research community. The data sets were chosen with input from the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Data Committee and the GCIP Hydrometeorology and Atmospheric Subpanels. The data sets include: locations and periods of record for stream gages, reservoir gages, and meteorological stations; a 500-meter-resolution digital elevation model; grid-node locations for the Eta numerical weather-prediction model; and digital map data sets of geology, land use, streams, large reservoirs, average annual runoff, average annual precipitation, average annual temperature, average annual heating and cooling degree days, hydrologic units, and state and county boundaries. Also included are digital index maps for LANDSAT scenes, and for the U.S. Geological Survey 1:250,000, 1:100,000, and 1:24,000-scale map series. Most of the data sets cover the conterminous United States; the digital elevation model also includes part of southern Canada. The stream and reservoir gage and meteorological station files cover all states having area within the Mississippi River Basin plus that part of the Mississippi River Basin lying within Canada. Several data-base retrievals were processed by state, therefore many sites outside the Mississippi River Basin are included.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94388","usgsCitation":"Rea, A., and Cederstrand, J.R., 1994, Global energy and water cycle experiment (GEWEX) continental-scale international project (GCIP); reference data sets CD-ROM: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-388, 1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in. +1 booklet ([4] p. ; 12 cm.), both in plastic box (13 x 15 x 1 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94388.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in. +1 booklet ([4] p. ; 12 cm.), both in plastic box (13 x 15 x 1 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674ae9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cederstrand, Joel R.","contributorId":15223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrand","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28295,"text":"wri934204 - 1994 - Data on natural organic substances in dissolved, colloidal, suspended-silt and -clay, and bed-sediment phases in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T12:50:52","indexId":"wri934204","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4204","title":"Data on natural organic substances in dissolved, colloidal, suspended-silt and -clay, and bed-sediment phases in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1987-90","docAbstract":"The Mississippi River and some of its tributaries were sampled for natural organic substances dissolved in water and in suspended and bed sediments during seven sampling cruises from 1987-90. The sampling cruises were made during different seasons, in the free-flowing reaches of the river from St. Louis, Missouri, to New Orleans, Louisiana. The first three cruises were made during low-water conditions, and the last four cruises during high-water conditions. The purpose for sampling and characterizing natural organic substances in the various phases in the river was to provide an understanding of how these substances facilitate contaminant transport and transformations in the Mississippi River. Significant conclusions of this study were: (1) Natural organic substances appear to stabilize ' certain colloids against aggregation; therefore, these colloids remain in suspension and can act as transport agents that are not affected by sedimentation. Bacteria were found to be a significant fraction of organic colloids. (2) A new class of organic contaminants (polyethylene glycols) derived from nonionic surfactant residues was discovered dissolved with natural organic substances in water. These polyethylene glycols have the potential to affect both organic and inorganic contaminant transport in water. (3) The entire dissolved organic-matter component under varying hydrologic and seasonal conditions was characterized. (4) A method was developed to characterize organic matter in sediment by solid-state, 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. (5) The organic matter in suspended sediments was characterized by a variety of spectral and nonspectral methods. The protein component (significant in trace-metal binding) and lipid component (significant in organic-contaminant binding) were found to be major constituents in natural organic matter in suspended sediment. (6) Pools are reservoirs acting as traps of sedimentary organic matter of allochthonous origin and export material of autochthonous nitrogen. (7) A major portion of the mass of organic colloids in transport consisted of bacterial cells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri934204","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Noyes, T., and Brown, P., 1994, Data on natural organic substances in dissolved, colloidal, suspended-silt and -clay, and bed-sediment phases in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4204, vii, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934204.","productDescription":"vii, 71 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57111,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -92.0654296875,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 28.34306490482549\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 30.486550842588485\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696feb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noyes, T.I.","contributorId":54971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noyes","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, P.A.","contributorId":73245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19091,"text":"ofr94385 - 1994 - Hydrologic data collection at Crowders Creek and Steele Creek, York County, South Carolina, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:17:30","indexId":"ofr94385","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-385","title":"Hydrologic data collection at Crowders Creek and Steele Creek, York County, South Carolina, 1991-92","docAbstract":"Rapid industrial and urban growth is anticipated in the vicinity of Crowders Creek near Clover, S.C., and Steele Creek near Fort Mill, S.C. These subbasins are in the Catawba River Basin in York County, S.C. To obtain baseline information on these basins prior to urbanization, gaging stations 02145642 (Crowders Creek near Clover, S.C.) and 021467801 (Steele Creek near Fort Mill, S.C.) were established to collect streamflow and water-quality data. Continuous stream-stage and streamflow data were collected during the periods of March 23, 1991 to September 30, 1992, and May 29, 1991 to September 30, 1992, for stations 02145642 and 021467801, respectively. Average streamflows for stations 02145642 and 021467801 for the study period were 80.5 cubic feet per second and 28.6 cubic feet per second, respectively. Water-quality data were collected on four separate occasions at each gage site; two samplings during low-flow events and two samplings during high-flow events. Fecal coliform concentrations exceeded minimum standards for freshwater with other physical and chemical constituents meeting South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control standards.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94385","usgsCitation":"Gissendanner, J.W., 1994, Hydrologic data collection at Crowders Creek and Steele Creek, York County, South Carolina, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-385, iv, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94385.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0385/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48529,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0385/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"York County","city":"Fort Mill","otherGeospatial":"Crowders Creek, Steele Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.6448974609375,\n 34.6060845921693\n ],\n [\n -81.6448974609375,\n 35.4382955473967\n ],\n [\n -80.321044921875,\n 35.4382955473967\n ],\n [\n -80.321044921875,\n 34.6060845921693\n ],\n [\n -81.6448974609375,\n 34.6060845921693\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f832","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gissendanner, John W.","contributorId":26710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gissendanner","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32782,"text":"ofr94504 - 1994 - Hydrologic data for the alluvium and terrace deposits of the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:11","indexId":"ofr94504","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-504","title":"Hydrologic data for the alluvium and terrace deposits of the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Ground water in the Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits associated with the Cimarron River in northwestern Oklahoma is used extensively for irrigation, municipal, stock, and domestic supplies. The data in this report were collected as part of an investigation to provide State water managers with the quantitative knowledge necessary to manage the ground-water resource effectively. The investigation was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Oklahoma Geological Survey. The information presented in this report include data collected in the field from 1985 through 1989, and unpublished data compiled from files of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board. Data include well and test-bole records, consisting of ground-water levels, depth of wells, principal aquifer, and primary use of water. Water levels include continuous, daily, monthly, and periodic measure- ments for selected wells. Concentrations of common chemical constituents, selected trace elements, organic analyses, and tritium analyses of water samples from wells completed in the Cimarron River alluvium and terrace deposits and Permian geologic units are reported. Winter and summer base-flow discharge measurements of the Cimarron River and its Tributaries are presented together with water-quality data from the measuring sites. Continuous water-level and precipitation-gage data are presented graphically. Locations of data- collection sites are shown on plates.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94504","usgsCitation":"Adams, G.P., Bergman, D.L., Pruitt, D., May, J., and Kurklin, J., 1994, Hydrologic data for the alluvium and terrace deposits of the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-504, vi, 231 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94504.","productDescription":"vi, 231 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0504/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60725,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0504/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db6080ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Gregory P.","contributorId":13095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergman, D. L.","contributorId":93038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pruitt, D.J.","contributorId":79756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pruitt","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, J.E.","contributorId":7741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kurklin, J. K.","contributorId":59032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurklin","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":27344,"text":"wri944101 - 1994 - Hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and Rice lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T12:22:03","indexId":"wri944101","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4101","title":"Hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and Rice lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, 1990-91","docAbstract":"The hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and Rice Lakes was studied by the U.S. Geological Survey during November 15, 1990November 14, 1991, in cooperation with the Whitewater-Rice Lakes Management District, Walworth County, Wis. Whitewater and Rice Lakes are small, shallow lakes; surface areas are 697 and 162 acres and mean depths are 8.4 feet and 5.8 feet, respectively. Although both lakes have surface outlets, water levels were below the dam crests during the study, and no water left the lake through the outlets. The drainage basin of Whitewater Lake is 10.9 square miles and that of Rice Lake is 11.8 square miles; but, because of large amounts of depressional areas, only 1.4 square miles and 0.2 square mile, respectively, contribute surface runoff to the lakes. Whitewater Lake is an artificial lake created in 1947 by the damming of three smaller lakes. Rice Lake is an artificial lake created in 1954 by the damming of Whitewater Creek, which drains Whitewater Lake. Maintaining the lake levels at the elevations of their dam crests has been difficult since the lakes were created. For most years, water levels were below the lakes' dam crests.
\nGround water, precipitation, and evaporation are important components in the hydrologic budgets of the lakes. For Whitewater Lake, ground water was the dominant source of water, accounting for 57 percent of the inflow budget; precipitation accounted for 26 percent. Ground water also dominated the outflow, accounting for 81 percent of the outflow budget. The remaining 19 percent of the outflow budget was evaporation. For Rice Lake, precipitation was the dominant source of water, accounting for 88 percent of the inflow budget; ground water accounted for 8 percent. Evaporation dominated the outflow budget, at 70 percent, whereas ground water accounted for 30 percent.
\nThe external phosphorus budget for Whitewater Lake showed that shoreline drainage was the largest source of phosphorus to the lake42 percent of the total input of 558 pounds. Other sources of phosphorus were septic systems, 19 percent of the total; precipitation, 18 percent; a spring inlet at base flow, 13 percent; and ground water, 8 percent. The external phosphorus budget for Rice Lake showed that shoreline drainage also was the largest source of phosphorus to the lake-59 percent of the total input of 63 pounds; other sources were precipitation, 38 percent of the total; and ground water, 3 percent. Application of Vollenweider's phosphorus loading model fairly accurately predicted the lakes' spring turnover phosphorus concentrations and suggested that the external loading of phosphorus would result in mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions for Whitewater Lake and mesotrophic conditions for Rice Lake. Dillon and Rigler's model further suggested additional phosphorus from internal recycling was required to result in the high chlorophyll-a concentrations experienced in both systems during summer. Internal recycling of phosphorus in addition to external loading seems to also cause waterquality problems in both lakes. The amount of phosphorus recycled from the lake sediments was estimated from a mass-balance approach for April 1-November 14, 1991. For Whitewater Lake, the internal load of 582 pounds was slightly greater than the annual external load of 558 pounds. For Rice Lake, the internal load of 295 pounds far exceeded the annual external load of 63 pounds.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944101","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Whitewater-Rice Lakes Management District","usgsCitation":"Goddard, G., and Field, S.J., 1994, Hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and Rice lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4101, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944101.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56207,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4101/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Walworth County","otherGeospatial":"Rice Lake, Whitewater Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.65486145019531,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -88.55941772460938,\n 42.805728711206285\n ],\n [\n -88.66756439208984,\n 42.71069600569494\n ],\n [\n -88.71700286865234,\n 42.66703805067892\n ],\n [\n -88.81553649902344,\n 42.718768102606354\n ],\n [\n -88.76850128173828,\n 42.77196720401213\n ],\n [\n -88.67408752441406,\n 42.85004420475656\n ],\n [\n -88.65486145019531,\n 42.84777884235988\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499ee4b07f02db5bcaed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goddard, Gerald","contributorId":54202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"Gerald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, S. J.","contributorId":50540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17249,"text":"ofr94705W - 1994 - Hydrology and water quality in claypan soil and glacial till at the Missouri Management Systems Evaluation Area near Centralia, Missouri; May 1991 to September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:06:55.321786","indexId":"ofr94705W","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-705","chapter":"W","title":"Hydrology and water quality in claypan soil and glacial till at the Missouri Management Systems Evaluation Area near Centralia, Missouri; May 1991 to September 1993","docAbstract":"
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94705W","usgsCitation":"Wilkison, D., Blevins, D.W., Kelley, B., and Wallace, W., 1994, Hydrology and water quality in claypan soil and glacial till at the Missouri Management Systems Evaluation Area near Centralia, Missouri; May 1991 to September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-705, v, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94705W.","productDescription":"v, 64 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":46399,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0705w/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0705w/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri ","county":"Boone 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D.H.","contributorId":39800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blevins, D. W.","contributorId":75940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelley, B.P.","contributorId":89547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallace, W.C.","contributorId":13995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26118,"text":"wri944195 - 1994 - Directions of ground-water flow and locations of ground-water divides in the Lost River Watershed near Orleans, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-04T13:18:09","indexId":"wri944195","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4195","title":"Directions of ground-water flow and locations of ground-water divides in the Lost River Watershed near Orleans, Indiana","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperations with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, conducted a study during October 1993-April 1994 to improve an understanding of the hydrology of the Lost River watershed near Orleans, Ind. Elements of the study included: (1) constructing a map of the composite ground-water potentiometric-surface of the study area, (2) injecting and recovering fluorescent dyes at karst features in the study area to help locate ground-water-flow paths and drainage divides, (3) compiling a bibliography of references describing the study area, and (4) constructing a map of karst features. The composite ground- water-potentiometric surface map and the eight dye traces done as part of this study indicate the approximate locations of the subsurface drainage divides near Orleans. Subsurface drainage near Orleans flows primarily southwest to a reemergence at Orangeville Rise, Orangeville, Ind. Dye clouds injected north of the Orangeville Rise drainage basin reemerged in the Hamer Cave outlet stream, Spring Mill State Park, Ind. The drainage divide that separates subsurface flow to Orangeville Rise from flow to Hamer Cave does not coincide with the surface-water drainage divide. Several factors may contribute to the flooding in Orleans, including: (1) an overtaxed storm sewer system, (2) location of the town in a karst valley, (3) a high runoff- rainfall relation for a 1oess- and residuum-covered area that drains into an occluded sinkhole near the center of Orleans, and (4) an overtaxed subsurface drainage system during periods of intense rainfall.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944195","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E.R., Taylor, C., and Hopkins, M., 1994, Directions of ground-water flow and locations of ground-water divides in the Lost River Watershed near Orleans, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4195, v, 25 p. : maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944195.","productDescription":"v, 25 p. : maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54919,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4195/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54920,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4195/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54921,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4195/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4195/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Orleans","otherGeospatial":"Lost River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"id\": \"724\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"Hancock\",\n \"state\": \"IN\"\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.5774,\n 39.9459\n ],\n [\n -85.5759,\n 39.8738\n ],\n [\n -85.5969,\n 39.8735\n ],\n [\n -85.5968,\n 39.786\n ],\n [\n -85.6333,\n 39.7862\n ],\n [\n -85.6338,\n 39.6987\n ],\n [\n -85.6876,\n 39.6987\n ],\n [\n -85.7993,\n 39.6993\n ],\n [\n -85.913,\n 39.6976\n ],\n [\n -85.9518,\n 39.6969\n ],\n [\n -85.9541,\n 39.8696\n ],\n [\n -85.9379,\n 39.87\n ],\n [\n -85.9369,\n 39.9272\n ],\n [\n -85.8625,\n 39.9286\n ],\n [\n -85.8624,\n 39.9436\n ],\n [\n -85.5774,\n 39.9459\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.53690338134766,\n 38.564810956372185\n ],\n [\n -86.53690338134766,\n 38.72435830769245\n ],\n [\n -86.3031005859375,\n 38.72435830769245\n ],\n [\n -86.3031005859375,\n 38.564810956372185\n ],\n [\n -86.53690338134766,\n 38.564810956372185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ab99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, C.J.","contributorId":22337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopkins, M.S.","contributorId":101255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30199,"text":"wri944226 - 1994 - Effects of water-control structures on hydrologic and water-quality characteristics in selected agricultural drainage canals in eastern North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:11:24","indexId":"wri944226","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4226","title":"Effects of water-control structures on hydrologic and water-quality characteristics in selected agricultural drainage canals in eastern North Carolina","docAbstract":"November of water into and out of tidally affected canals in eastern North Carolina was documented before and after the installation of water-control structures. Water levels in five of the canals downstream from the water-control structures were controlled primarily by water-level fluctuations in estuarine receiving waters. Water-control structures also altered upstream water levels in all canals. Water levels were lowered upstream from tide gates, but increased upstream from flashboard risers. Both types of water-control structures attenuated the release of runoff following rainfall events, but in slightly different ways. Tide gates appeared to reduce peak discharge rates associated with rainfall, and flashboard risers lengthened the duration of runoff release.\r\n\r\nTide gates had no apparent effect on pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended-sediment, or total phosphorus concentrations downstream from the structures. Specific conductance measured from composite samples collected with automatic samples increased downstream of tide gates after installation. Median concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen were near the minimum detection level throughout the study; however, the number of observations of concentrations exceeding 0.1 milligram per liter dropped significantly after tide gates were installed. Following tide-gate installation, instantaneous loadings of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen were significantly reduced at one test site, but this reduction was not observed at the other test site. Loadings of other nutrient species and suspended sediment did not change at the tide-gate test sites after tide-gate installation.\r\n\r\nSpecific conductance was lower in the Beaufort County canals than in the Hyde County canals. Although there was a slight increase in median values at the flashboard-riser sites, the mean and maximum values declined substantially downstream from the risers following installation. This decline of specific conductance in the canals occurred despite a large increase of specific conductance in the tidal creek.\r\n\r\nFlashboard risers had no significant effect on concentrations of dissolved oxygen, suspended sediment, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, or phosphorus. Maximum concentrations of ammonia nitrogen were smaller at both test sites after riser installation. In addition, concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen exceeding 1.0 milligram per liter rarely occurred at the flashboard-riser test sites following installation of the risers. Median loadings of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen decreased at one riser test site following flashboard-riser installation.\r\n\r\nTide gates and flashboard risers were associated with reductions in concentrations and export of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen; however, these changes should be interpreted cautiously because reductions were not observed consistently at every site. The hydrology and baseline water-quality characteristics of the two study areas differ, making comparisons of the effectiveness of the two types of water-control structures difficult to interpret.\r\n\r\nThe effects of water-control structures on the hydrology of the drainage canals are more meaningful than the changes in water quality. Tide gates and flashboard risers altered the hydrologic characteristics of the drainage canals and created an environment favorable for nutrient loss or transformation. Both structures retained agricultural drainage upstream, which increased potential storage for infiltration and reduced the potential for surface runoff, sediment, and nutrient transport, and higher peak outflow rates.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nESIC, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944226","usgsCitation":"Treece, M., and Jaynes, M., 1994, Effects of water-control structures on hydrologic and water-quality characteristics in selected agricultural drainage canals in eastern North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4226, v, 62 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944226.","productDescription":"v, 62 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4226/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58989,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4226/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.32452392578125,\n 35.02324896091336\n ],\n [\n -77.32452392578125,\n 35.86456960744962\n ],\n [\n -76.0198974609375,\n 35.86456960744962\n ],\n [\n -76.0198974609375,\n 35.02324896091336\n ],\n [\n -77.32452392578125,\n 35.02324896091336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684035","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Treece, M.W. Jr.","contributorId":60255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treece","given":"M.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaynes, M.L.","contributorId":45736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaynes","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30069,"text":"wri944189 - 1994 - Summary and interpretation of dye-tracer tests to investigate the hydraulic connection of fractures at a ridge-and-valley-wall site, near Fishtrap Lake, Pike County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T19:17:38.007782","indexId":"wri944189","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4189","title":"Summary and interpretation of dye-tracer tests to investigate the hydraulic connection of fractures at a ridge-and-valley-wall site, near Fishtrap Lake, Pike County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"Dye-tracer tests were done during 1985-92 to investigate the hydraulic connection between fractures in Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata at a ridge-and-valley-wall site near Fishtrap Lake, Pike County, Ky. Fluorescent dye was injected into a core hole penetrating near-surface and mining-induced fractures near the crest of the ridge. The rate and direction of migration of dye in the subsurface were determined by measuring the relative concentration of dye in water samples collected from piezometers completed in conductive fracture zones and fractured coal beds at various stratigraphic horizons within the ridge. Dye-concentration data and water-level measurements for each piezometer were plotted as curves on dye-recovery hydrographs. The dye-recovery hydrographs were used to evaluate trends in the fluctuation of dye concentrations and hydraulic heads in order to identify geologic and hydrologic factors affecting the subsurface transport of dye.
The principal factors affecting the transport of dye in the subsurface hydrologic system were determined to be (1) the distribution, interconnection, and hydraulic properties of fractures; (2) hydraulic-head conditions in the near-fracture zone at the time of dye injection; and (3) subsequent short- and long-term fluctuations in recharge to the hydrologic system. In most of the dye-tracer tests, dye-recovery hydrographs are characterized by complex, multipeaked dye-concentration curves that are indicative of a splitting of dye flow as ground water moved through fractures. Intermittent dye pulses (distinct upward spikes in dye concentration) mark the arrivals of dye-labeled water to piezometers by way of discrete fracture-controlled flow paths that vary in length, complexity, and hydraulic conductivity. Dye injections made during relatively high- or increasinghead conditions resulted in rapid transport of dye (within several days or weeks) from near-surf ace fractures to piezometers. Injections made during relatively low- or decreasing-head conditions resulted in dye being trapped in hydraulically dead zones in water-depleted fractures. Residual dye was remobilized from storage and transported (over periods ranging from several months to about 2 years) by increased recharge to the hydrologic system. Subsequent fluctuations in hydraulic gradients, resulting from increases or decreases in recharge to the hydrologic system, acted to speed or slow the transport of dye along the fracture-controlled flow paths.
The dye-tracer tests also demonstrated that mining-related disturbances significantly altered the natural fracture-controlled flow paths of the hydrologic system over time. An abandoned underground mine and subsidence-related surface cracks extend to within 250 ft of the principal dye-injection core hole. Results from two of the dye-tracer tests at the site indicate that the annular seal in the core hole was breached by subsurface propagation of the mining-induced fractures. This propagation of fractures resulted in hydraulic short-circuiting between the dye-injection zone in the core hole and two lower piezometer zones, and a partial disruption of the hydraulic connection between the injection core hole and downgradient piezometers on the ridge crest and valley wall. In addition, injected dye was detected in piezometers monitoring a flooded part of the abandoned underground mine. Dye was apparently transported into the mine through a hydraulic connection between the injection core hole and subsidence-related fractures.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement","usgsCitation":"Taylor, C.J., 1994, Summary and interpretation of dye-tracer tests to investigate the hydraulic connection of fractures at a ridge-and-valley-wall site, near Fishtrap Lake, Pike County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4189, Report: v, 83 p.; 1 Plate: 17.66 x 13.46 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944189.","productDescription":"Report: v, 83 p.; 1 Plate: 17.66 x 13.46 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395712,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48064.htm"},{"id":354755,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4189/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58880,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4189/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4189/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Pike County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.37029552459717,\n 37.430466695526114\n ],\n [\n -82.3624849319458,\n 37.430466695526114\n ],\n [\n -82.3624849319458,\n 37.43581686206661\n ],\n [\n -82.37029552459717,\n 37.43581686206661\n ],\n [\n -82.37029552459717,\n 37.430466695526114\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699653","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Charles J.","contributorId":93100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16902,"text":"ofr94465 - 1994 - Aquifer descriptions from the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, 1978-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T07:39:47","indexId":"ofr94465","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-465","title":"Aquifer descriptions from the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, 1978-1993","docAbstract":"The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the U.S. Geological Survey began in 1978. The overall purpose of this program is to define the geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical framework of the Nation's most important aquifers and aquifer systems. This report summarizes the aquifer or aquifer system name, geographic area, rock units, equivalent names, lithology, thickness, hydrologic characteristics, water quality, water use, and references for 157 aquifers in 23 areas of the United States. A .zip file containing the aquifer data and data search programs (in compressed ASCII format) is included in the report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94465","collaboration":"With a section on Use of the Aquifer Database by Helen Doherty. The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Davidson, C.B., and Doherty, H., 1994, Aquifer descriptions from the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, 1978-1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-465, iii, 22 p. :ill. ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.); ZIP Download of Database Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94465.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p. :ill. ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.); ZIP Download of Database Files","costCenters":[{"id":225,"text":"Earth Science Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_94_465.gif"},{"id":258899,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0465/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":46010,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0465/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277769,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0465/application.zip"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davidson, Claire B.","contributorId":38573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doherty, Helen","contributorId":88602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"Helen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44731,"text":"wri944119 - 1994 - Bathymetric map of Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-13T14:08:59","indexId":"wri944119","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4119","title":"Bathymetric map of Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey investigated nutrient and trace-element enrichment in Coeur d'Alene Lake, northern Idaho, during 1991-92. The objectives of the investigation were to characterize limnology, quantify hydrologic and nutrient budgets, and develop a nutrient-load/lake-response model. The model required bathymetric data to compute mass balances of water and nutrients within many depth layers in the lake. A review of historical bathymetric data for the lake (Funk and others, 1973; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977; Milligan and others, 1983) revealed a need for contoured bathymetric data. Therefore, to augment past studies, the U.S. Geological Survey collected extensive bathymetric data and developed a bathymetric map of Coeur d'Alene Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944119","usgsCitation":"Woods, P.F., and Berenbrock, C.E., 1994, Bathymetric map of Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4119, 26.35 x 38.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944119.","productDescription":"26.35 x 38.02 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361878,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4119/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4119/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur D'alene Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.916667,47.370833 ], [ -118.916667,47.69 ], [ -118.666667,47.69 ], [ -118.666667,47.370833 ], [ -118.916667,47.370833 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640a2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woods, P. F.","contributorId":97509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles E. ceberenb@usgs.gov","contributorId":857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"ceberenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27429,"text":"wri934100 - 1994 - Analysis of data from test-well sites along the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio, Texas, 1985-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T13:15:26","indexId":"wri934100","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4100","title":"Analysis of data from test-well sites along the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio, Texas, 1985-87","docAbstract":"Many researchers have studied the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards aquifer or various aspects of the saline-water zone and its relation to the freshwater zone. These studies were summarized and used to synthesize a consistent hydrologic and geochemical framework from which to interpret data from field studies. The concept derived from the previous work on the downdip limit of the freshwater zone is that fresh recharge water entered the aquifer and developed a vast flow system controlled by barrier faults. Some recharge water flows into the saline-water zone rather than toward major freshwater discharge points. The water that enters the salinewater zone continues to dissolve gypsum and dolomite, and calcite precipitates out of the water. This process of dedolomitization has helped to develop the large secondary porosity of the freshwater zone as the downdip limit of the freshwater zone progressively moved downdip in recent geologic time.
\nThe drilling of test holes and installation of monitoring wells began in 1985 and helped to define the downdip limit of the freshwater zone at one location. Dolomite was found in greater amounts in rocks from the saline-water-zone test hole than in rocks from the freshwater-zone test hole. Other mineralogic and lithologic contrasts between the saline-water-zone test hole and the freshwater-zone test hole support the conceptual model of dedolomitization. Geophysical logs and test-hole survey logs helped to define the stratification of freshwater and associated altered rock textures, secondary porosity development, and water chemistry in the freshwater-, saline-water-, and transition-zone test holes.
\nThe differences in actual measured head among the seven completed monitor wells varied over time, especially during periods of substantial water use. The water levels in two monitor wells completed at the freshwater zone (site D; wells Dl and D2) responded quickly and strongly to withdrawals. In the transition zone (site C; wells Cl and C2), the water level in the shallow monitor well (Cl) completed in a cavern responded quickly, but because it was farther from the water-supply wells near site D, it did not respond as strongly to changes in withdrawals at the nearby well field. The water levels in the three salinewater wells at site A (Al, A2, and A3) and the deep site C well (C2) were less responsive to stresses relative to the water-level changes in the freshwater wells (Dl, D2, and Cl).
\nLarge amounts of freshwater were produced from the upper 300 to 350 feet of the aquifer in the freshwater zone (site D). Water produced from below this interval was as saline as that from the saline-water zone (site A). The cavern near the top of the aquifer in the transition zone (site C) produced large amounts of freshwater. The freshwater produced from the cavern was of a different geochemical type than the water from the other wells. The saline-water-zone test hole (site A) produced small amounts of water having specific conductance generally about 5,800 to 6,200 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius.
\nA consistent trend in the water quality was not detected in the monitor-well data for July 1986-April 1987. This was caused, in part, by the average to above-average rainfall and by the lack of large withdrawals during the period. The water quality of samples from several of the wells was similar to the water quality determined by a previous study of the area. Geochemistry of the oil- or gas-well brines from downdip in the saline-water zone had slight resemblance to the geochemistry of the water at the downdip limit of freshwater; updip flow of saline water toward the freshwater zone was not indicated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri934100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, Edwards Underground Water District, and Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Groschen, G., 1994, Analysis of data from test-well sites along the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio, Texas, 1985-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4100, vi, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934100.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4100/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4100/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"San Antonio","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groschen, G.E.","contributorId":17260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}