{"pageNumber":"4340","pageRowStart":"108475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70016462,"text":"70016462 - 1991 - Picritic glasses from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-28T16:35:41.556483","indexId":"70016462","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Picritic glasses from Hawaii","docAbstract":"

Estimates of the MgO content of primary Hawaiian tholeiitic melts range from 8wt% to as high as 25wt% (refs 1, 2). In general, these estimates are derived from analysis of the whole-rock composition of lavas, coupled with the compositions of the most magnesian olivine phenocrysts observed. But the best estimate of magma composition comes from volcanic glass, as it represents the liquid composition at the time of quenching; minimal changes occur during the quenching process. Here we report the discovery of tholeiitic basalt glasses, recovered offshore of Kilauea volcano, that contain up to 15.0 wt% MgO. To our knowledge, these are the most magnesian glasses, and have the highest eruption temperatures (∼ 1,316°C), yet found. The existence of these picritic (high-MgO) liquids provides constraints on the temperature structure of the upper mantle, magma transport and the material and thermal budgets of the Hawaiian volcanoes. Furthermore, picritic melts are affected little by magma-reservoir processes, and it is therefore relatively straightforward to extrapolate back to the composition of the primary melt and its volatile contents.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/353553a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Weber, W.S., and Dixon, J., 1991, Picritic glasses from Hawaii: Nature, v. 353, no. 6344, p. 553-556, https://doi.org/10.1038/353553a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"556","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223216,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"353","issue":"6344","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b45e4b0c8380cd7935b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, W. S.","contributorId":9774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70205993,"text":"70205993 - 1991 - The Loma Prieta earthquake, ground motion, and damage in Oakland, Treasure Island, and San Francisco","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T23:38:57.36407","indexId":"70205993","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T14:38:06","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Loma Prieta earthquake, ground motion, and damage in Oakland, Treasure Island, and San Francisco","docAbstract":"

The basis of this study is the acceleration, velocity, and displacement wave-forms of the Loma Prieta earthquake (18 October 1989; M = 7.0) at two rock sites in San Francisco, a rock site on Yerba Buena Island, an artificial-fill site on Treasure Island, and three sites in Oakland underlain by thick sections of poorly consolidated Pleistocene sediments. The waveforms at the three rock sites display a strong coherence, as do the three sedimentary sites in Oakland. The duration of strong motion at the rock sites is very brief, suggestive of an unusually short source duration for an earthquake of this size, while the records in Oakland show strong amplification effects due to site geology. The S-wave group at Treasure Island is phase coherent with the Oakland records, but at somewhat diminished amplitudes, until the steps in acceleration at approximately 15 sec, apparently signaling the onset of liquefaction. All seven records clearly show shear-wave first motion opposite to that expected for the mainshock radiation pattern and peak amplitudes greater than expected for sites at these distances (95 ± 3 km) from an earthquake of this magnitude.

While the association between these ground motion records and related damage patterns in nearby areas has been easily and eagerly accepted by seismological and engineering observers of them, we have had some difficulty in making such relationships quantitative or even just clear. The three Oakland records, from sites that form a nearly equilateral triangle about the Cypress Street viaduct collapse, are dominated by a long-period resonance (≃ 1 1/2-sec period) far removed from the natural frequency of the structure to transverse motion (2.5 Hz) or from high-frequency amplification bands observed in aftershock studies. A spectral ratio arbiter of this discrepancy confuses it further. The failure of the East Bay crossing of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge cannot be attributed to relative displacements of the abutments in Oakland and Yerba Buena Island, but the motions of the Bay Bridge causing failure remain unknown. The steps in acceleration at Treasure Island present unusual strong-motion accelerogram processing problems, and modeling suggests that the velocity and displacement waveforms are contaminated by a spurious response of the filtering operations to the acceleration steps. A variety of coincidences suggests that the Treasure island accelerogram is the most likely strong-motion surrogate for the filled areas of the Marina District, for which no mainshock records are available, but the relative contributions of bad ground, poor construction and truly strong ground motion to damage in the Marina District will never by known in any quantitative way. The principal lesson of all of this is that until a concerted effort is mounted to instrument ground and structures that are likely to fail during earthquakes, our understanding of the very complex relationships between strong ground motion and earthquake damage will, in general, remain rudimentary, imprecise, and vague.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0810052019","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., and Brady, A.G., 1991, The Loma Prieta earthquake, ground motion, and damage in Oakland, Treasure Island, and San Francisco: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 81, no. 5, p. 2019-2047, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0810052019.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"2019","endPage":"2047","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368325,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Oakland, San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"Treasure Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.49103546142578,\n 37.73081027834234\n ],\n [\n -122.2726821899414,\n 37.73081027834234\n ],\n [\n -122.2726821899414,\n 37.86509663749013\n ],\n [\n -122.49103546142578,\n 37.86509663749013\n ],\n [\n -122.49103546142578,\n 37.73081027834234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C. 0000-0003-0928-0056 thanks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0928-0056","contributorId":3065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","email":"thanks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brady, A. Gerald","contributorId":85959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gerald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70126493,"text":"70126493 - 1991 - Nasitrema sp.-associated encephalitis in a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T13:41:41","indexId":"70126493","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T13:40:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nasitrema sp.-associated encephalitis in a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"An immature female striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) found dead on a northwestern Florida beach in 1988 exhibited severe inflammation bilaterally in the dorsal and mid-thalamus in association with adult trematodes (Nasitrema sp.) and trematode eggs. Numerous specimens of Nasitrema sp. also were present in the pterygoid sinuses. Pneumonia in association with a heavy growth of Vibrio damsela was observed also. This report confirms the occurrence of Nasitrema sp.-associated encephalitis in striped dolphins and in small cetaceans from the Gulf of Mexico.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-27.4.706","usgsCitation":"O'Shea, T., Homer, B.L., Greiner, E.C., and Layton, A.W., 1991, Nasitrema sp.-associated encephalitis in a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded in the Gulf of Mexico: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 27, no. 4, p. 706-709, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-27.4.706.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"706","endPage":"709","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-27.4.706","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294348,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294346,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-27.4.706"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb06e4b08312ac7ceea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":78071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Homer, Bruce L.","contributorId":8011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greiner, Ellis C.","contributorId":67814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greiner","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Layton, A. William","contributorId":23466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243196,"text":"70243196 - 1991 - Proposed U.S. Geological Survey standard for digital orthophotos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T16:07:57.229433","indexId":"70243196","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T11:00:19","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Proposed U.S. Geological Survey standard for digital orthophotos","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention","conferenceDate":"October 28-November 1, 1991","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Hooper, D., and Caruso, V., 1991, Proposed U.S. Geological Survey standard for digital orthophotos, in 1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention, October 28-November 1, 1991, p. B17-B27.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"B17","endPage":"B27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/Conference-Proceedings.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, David","contributorId":242882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hooper","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":48568,"text":"Weatern Washington University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caruso, Vincent","contributorId":87302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caruso","given":"Vincent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243105,"text":"70243105 - 1991 - Geochemistry and mineralogy of fumarolic deposits, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: Bulk chemical and mineralogical evolution of dacite-rich protolith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T15:36:35.826839","indexId":"70243105","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T10:25:32","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and mineralogy of fumarolic deposits, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: Bulk chemical and mineralogical evolution of dacite-rich protolith","docAbstract":"

Samples from a fossil fumarole originating in the 1912 ash-flow tuffin the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes have been analyzed to ascertain chemical changes resulting from high-temperature fumarolic alteration and subsequent cooling and weathering of the protolith. Samples of the underlying, dominantly leached, dacite-rich portion of the ash-flow tuff adjacent to the fumarolic conduit and samples of encrusted fallout from the shallow part of the fossil fumarole were interpreted using the isocon method of Grant (1986). The results show that, relative to unaltered l9l2 dacite, chosen as a standard composition for the protolith in this fossil fumarole, mass was conserved during the alteration reactions for most of the system, but mass gains of l4–2D% were determined for three samples in the leached ash-flow tuff Relative to unaltered dacite protolith, significant enrichments occurred in SO3, LOI (~H2O), Cl, F, Zn, Pb, Cu, Sn, Cr, Ni, As, Sb, Au, Br in various parts of the fossil fumarole. Some of these were during the high-temperature part of the alteration, and some were during cooling processes when acid alteration becomes prominent. The REEs indicate some depletion in highly altered samples relative to dacite protolith and differential mobility of Eu2+ relative to trivalent REEs. This is manifested by positive Eu anomalies in REE patterns normalized against REE in the dacite protolith.

Mineral phases introduced in the alteration assemblages include alunite reflecting high SO3, activity, hydrated aluminum hydroxy-fluoride (a ralstonite-like phase) and fluorite reflecting high F activity, smectite, magnetite, hematite, and goethite reflecting oxidation and hydration reactions. Opal and a portion of the α-cristobalite reflect SiO2, mobility; however, the abundance of α-cristobalite is formed from pumice leached during high-temperature vapor-phase processes and devitrification of the altered glass.

","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","usgsCitation":"Papike, J.J., Keith, T.E., Spilde, M.N., Galbreath, K.C., Shearer, C., and Laul, J., 1991, Geochemistry and mineralogy of fumarolic deposits, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: Bulk chemical and mineralogical evolution of dacite-rich protolith: American Mineralogist, v. 76, no. 9-10, p. 1662-1673.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1662","endPage":"1673","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416502,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article/76/9-10/1662/105159/Geochemistry-and-mineralogy-of-fumarolic-deposits"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.98374831150136,\n 58.946743520833564\n ],\n [\n -156.98374831150136,\n 57.918240355976565\n ],\n [\n -153.87899703950526,\n 57.918240355976565\n ],\n [\n -153.87899703950526,\n 58.946743520833564\n ],\n [\n -156.98374831150136,\n 58.946743520833564\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Papike, J. J.","contributorId":18488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papike","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, T. E. C.","contributorId":11681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spilde, Michael N.","contributorId":211912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spilde","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galbreath, K. C.","contributorId":304592,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Galbreath","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shearer, C.K.","contributorId":53537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shearer","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Laul, J.C.","contributorId":90047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laul","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70242830,"text":"70242830 - 1991 - Regional side-scan sonar swath mapping: A tool for environmental monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T15:21:05.038478","indexId":"70242830","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T10:04:46","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5480,"text":"Oceans Conference Record","printIssn":"0197-7385","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"Regional side-scan sonar swath mapping: A tool for environmental monitoring","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"OCEANS 91 proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"OCEANS 91","conferenceDate":"October 1-3, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1991.627925","usgsCitation":"Karl, H.A., and Schwab, W.C., 1991, Regional side-scan sonar swath mapping: A tool for environmental monitoring, in OCEANS 91 proceedings, v. 2, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States, October 1-3, 1991, p. 682-688, https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1991.627925.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"682","endPage":"688","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Farallon Islands, San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.10700771378254,\n 37.80104843802951\n ],\n [\n -123.10700771378254,\n 37.68626835245479\n ],\n [\n -122.97318714291998,\n 37.68626835245479\n ],\n [\n -122.97318714291998,\n 37.80104843802951\n ],\n [\n -123.10700771378254,\n 37.80104843802951\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karl, H. A.","contributorId":115791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, William C. 0000-0001-9274-5154 bschwab@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5154","contributorId":417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"William","email":"bschwab@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70126917,"text":"70126917 - 1991 - Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T09:49:44","indexId":"70126917","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T09:29:53","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat","docAbstract":"

The accumulation of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is expected to warm the earth's climate at an unprecedented rate (Ramanathan 1988, Schneider 1989). If the climate models are correct, within 100 years the earth will not only be warmer than it has been during the past million years, but the change will have occurred more rapidly than any on record. Many profound changes in the earth's environment are expected, including rising sea level, increasing aridity in continental interiors, and melting permafrost.

\n
\n

Ecosystems are expected to respond variously to a rapidly changing climate. Tree ranges in eastern North American are expected to shift northward, and seed dispersal may not be adequate to maintain current diversity (Cohn 1989, Johnson and Webb 1989). In coastal wetlands, rising sea level from melting icecaps and thermal expansion could flood salt-grass marshes and generally reduce the size and productivity of the intertidal zone (Peters and Darling 1985).

\n
\n

As yet, little attention has been given to the possible effects of climatic warming on inland prairie wetland ecosystems. These wetlands, located in the glaciated portion of the North American Great Plains (Figure 1), constitute the single most important breeding area for waterfowl on this continent (Hubbard 1988). This region annually produces 50-80% of the continent's total duck production (Batt et al. 1989). These marshes also support a variety of other wildlife, including many species of nongame birds, muskrat, and mink (Kantrud et al. 1989a).

\n
\n

Prairie wetlands are relatively shallow, water-holding depressions that vary in size, water permanence, and water chemistry. Permanence types include temporary ponds (typically holding water for a few weeks in the springs), seasonal ponds (holding water from spring until early summer), semipermanent ponds (holding water throughout the growing season during most years), and large permanent lakes (Stewart and Kantrud 1971). Refilling usually occurs in spring from precipitation and runoff from melting snow on frozen or saturated soils (Figure 2). Annual water levels fluctuate widely due to climate variability in the Great Plains (Borchert 1950, Kantrud et al. 1989b).

\n
\n

Climate affects the quality of habitat for breeding waterfowl by controlling regional water conditions--water depth, areal extent, and length of wet/dry cycles (Cowardin et al. 1988)--and vegetation patterns such as the cover ration (the ratio of emergent plant cover to open water). With increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate models project warmer and, in some cases, drier conditions for the northern Great Plains (Karl et al. 1991, Manabe and Wetherald 1986, Mitchell 1983, Rind and Lebedeff 1984). In general, a warmer, drier climate could lower waterfowl production directly by increasing the frequency of dry basins and indirectly by producing less favorable cover rations (i.e., heavy emergent cover with few or no open-water areas).

\n
\n

The possibility of diminished waterfowl production in a greenhouse climate comes at a time when waterfowl numbers have sharply declined for other reasons (Johnson and Shaffer 1987). Breeding habitat continues to be lost or altered by agriculture, grazing, burning, mowing, sedimentation, and drainage (Kantrud et al. 1989b). For example, it has been estimated that 60% of the wetland area in North Dakota has been drained (Tiner 1984). Pesticides entering wetlands from adjacent agricultural fields have been destructive to aquatic invertebrate populations and have significantly lowered duckling survival (Grue et al. 1988).

\n
\n

In this article, we discuss current understanding and projections of global warming; review wetland vegetation dynamics to establish the strong relationship among climate, wetland hydrology, vegetation patterns, and waterflow habitat; discuss the potential effects of a greenhouse warming on these relationships; and illustrate the potential effects of climate change on wetland habitat by using a simulation model.

\n
\n

The extent to which intensive management of the waterfowl resource will be needed in the future strongly depends on whether a changing climate exacerbates the current problem of waterfowl decline. Should this occur, efforts outlined the recent North American Waterfowl Management Plan between the United States and Canada to reduce the current decline (Patterson and Nelson 1988) may need to be redoubled in coming years.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"BioScience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/1311698","usgsCitation":"Poiani, K.A., and Johnson, W., 1991, Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat: BioScience, v. 41, no. 9, p. 611-618, https://doi.org/10.2307/1311698.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"611","endPage":"618","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294461,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311698"}],"volume":"41","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252eb5e4b0e641df8a6ffa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poiani, Karen A.","contributorId":57385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poiani","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W. Carter","contributorId":97237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W. Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70126906,"text":"70126906 - 1991 - Substrate discrimination in burying beetles, Nicrophorus orbicollis (Coleoptera: Silphidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T09:06:48","indexId":"70126906","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T09:04:48","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2556,"text":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Substrate discrimination in burying beetles, Nicrophorus orbicollis (Coleoptera: Silphidae)","docAbstract":"Burying beetles Nicrophorus orbicollis (Coleoptera: Silphidae) secure and bury small vertebrate carcasses as a food resource for their offspring and themselves. Burial may take place at the point of carcass discovery or at some distance from that site. Burying beetles were tested to determine if they discriminate between different substrates when burying a carcass. Three substrates were presented simultaneously. Substrate one contained soil from typical beetle habitat; substrates two and three contained 2:1 and 5:1 ratios, respectively, of soil and a senescent prairie grass (Panicum virgatum), which added a bulk structural component to the soil. Beetles generally moved and buried the carcass within 24 hours. Results for both paired and individual trials suggest that burying beetles discriminate between substrates, preferring substrates with added bulk over those without.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kansas Entomological Society","publisherLocation":"Manhattan, KS","usgsCitation":"Muths, E.L., 1991, Substrate discrimination in burying beetles, Nicrophorus orbicollis (Coleoptera: Silphidae): Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, v. 64, no. 4, p. 447-450.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"450","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294446,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252ed6e4b0e641df8a71b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muths, Erin Louise","contributorId":84677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"Louise","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015031,"text":"70015031 - 1991 - Historic creep rate and potential for seismic slip along the Hayward Fault, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T17:34:25","indexId":"70015031","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historic creep rate and potential for seismic slip along the Hayward Fault, California","docAbstract":"

The Hayward fault is considered the most likely source of one or more major earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay area in the next few decades. Historically, at least one, and probably two, major earthquakes (about M 6.8) occurred along the Hayward fault, one in 1836 and another in 1868. Little is known about the 1836 event, but the 1868 earthquake was accompanied by a surface rupture that extended as much as 41 km along the southern part of the fault. Although the amount of surface slip in 1868 is uncertain, right slip (including afterslip) reached at least several centimeters, and possibly several decimeters in places. This paper documents the spatial variation of creep rate along the Hayward fault since the 1868 earthquake. Creep (aseismic fault slip) occurs over at least 66 km and may extend over the fault's entire 82-km length, of which about 13 km lies underwater. Creep rate seems nearly constant over decades, but short-term variations occur. We derive creep rate mainly from our own systematic surveying of offset cultural features (curbs, fences, and buildings). On each feature we solve directly for accumulated creep by using multiple linear regression. Creep rate mostly falls in the range of 3.5–6.5 mm/yr; but systematic variation occurs along strike. Fault segments with distinctly higher and lower rates generally correspond to parts of the fault most salient from the overall average alinement of the fault. Most distinctive is a 4-km-long section near the south end of the fault that creeps at about 9 mm/yr. Such a high rate has occurred there at least since the 1920s and probably since the 1868 earthquake, as indicated by an offset railroad track built in 1869. We suggest that this 9 mm/yr slip rate may approach the long-term or deep slip rate that controls average recurrence interval between major earthquakes. If so, assuming an elastic rebound model, the potential for slip in large earthquakes below the surficial creeping zone is now ∼1.1 m in the southern (1868) segment of the fault and ≥ 1.4 m in the northern (1836?) segment. Subtracting surface creep rates from a long-term slip rate of 9 mm/yr gives present potential for surface slip in large earthquakes of up to 0.8 m, with an average of 0.6 m in the northern segment and 0.4 m in the southern segment. We present a simple hypothesis for rupture potential that is compatible with historic creep rate, microseismicity distribution, and geodetic data. If seismic rupture occurs on segments 41 km long by 10 km deep (7 km fully locked, 3 km creeping), today's potential for seismic moment release is 1.4 × 1019 and 1.1 × 1019 N m for both 1836? and 1868 segments, respectively, and 2.5 × 1019 N m for both segments jointly. Converting moment to magnitude gives ML 6.8 in the northern segment, ML 6.7 in the southern segment, and ML 7.0 for simultaneous rupture of both.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01589","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., Borchardt, G., and Lisowski, M., 1991, Historic creep rate and potential for seismic slip along the Hayward Fault, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B11, p. 18261-18283, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01589.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"18261","endPage":"18283","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 38.134556577054134\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 38.08268954483802\n ],\n [\n -122.1844482421875,\n 37.98750437106374\n ],\n [\n -121.9976806640625,\n 37.77071473849609\n ],\n [\n -121.9207763671875,\n 37.72510788462094\n ],\n [\n -121.871337890625,\n 37.67512527892127\n ],\n [\n -121.76971435546874,\n 37.59900015064849\n ],\n [\n -121.63787841796875,\n 37.4530574713902\n ],\n [\n -121.60491943359375,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -121.59393310546875,\n 37.376705278818356\n ],\n [\n -121.65710449218749,\n 37.36797435878155\n ],\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -121.85760498046875,\n 37.470498470798724\n ],\n [\n -121.96197509765625,\n 37.56417412088097\n ],\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 37.67947293019486\n ],\n [\n -122.19818115234375,\n 37.790251927933284\n ],\n [\n -122.33001708984374,\n 37.94203148678865\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 38.028622234587964\n ],\n [\n -122.4591064453125,\n 38.10430528370985\n ],\n [\n -122.45635986328124,\n 38.14535757293734\n ],\n [\n -122.43438720703125,\n 38.153997218446115\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 38.134556577054134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a315fe4b0c8380cd5de8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borchardt, G.","contributorId":18909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222981,"text":"5222981 - 1991 - Science, population ecology, and the management of the American black duck","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-02T16:14:53.546481","indexId":"5222981","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Science, population ecology, and the management of the American black duck","docAbstract":"

This essay deals with the relevance of some of the ideas of Romesburg (1981) to population ecology and management of the American black duck (Anas rubripes). Most investigations dealing with the effects of hunting regulations on black duck populations have used the hypothetico-deductive (H-D) approach of specifying a priori hypotheses and associated deduced predictions. These investigations have not used manipulative experimentation, however, but have involved severely constrained analyses of historical data and have thus produced weak inferences. The 1982 lawsuit over black duck hunting regulations, the current uncertainty about appropriate black duck management actions, and the frequent skirmishes in the published literature of black duck population ecology are natural consequences of these weak inferences. I suggest that we attempt to take advantage of management and other manipulations by treating them as an opportunity to learn something via experimentation, as recommended by Macnab (1983) and Walters (1986).

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809533","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., 1991, Science, population ecology, and the management of the American black duck: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 55, no. 4, p. 790-799, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809533.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"790","endPage":"799","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195878,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f755d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014927,"text":"70014927 - 1991 - Fossil and genetic history of a pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) isolate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T14:46:49.333461","indexId":"70014927","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fossil and genetic history of a pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) isolate","docAbstract":"

The most isolated northern stand of Colorado pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) at Owl Canyon, Colorado, USA has a broad and flat size class distribution common to population expansions, with the largest and oldest trees near the center of the grove. Analyses of fossil packrat (Neotoma sp.) middens within the grove indicate that the stand originated by long—distance dispersal rather than by vicariance, a distinction seldom possible because of the unknown or incomplete histories of such isolated populations. Our 5000—yr pollen and macrofossil record suggests that pinyon pine colonized the site sometime between 1290 and 420 yr BP, the latter age corresponding to the oldest tree in the stand. Electrophoretic data from living trees show that this colonization was not attended by typical founder effects predicted by theory or observed for other known founder events. Despite its isolation, recent founding, and probable long—distance origin, the Owl Canyon stand has not suffered significant losses in genetic variation relative to likely source populations. Large initial population size, multiple founding events, rapid population growth, or selection favoring heterozygous genotypes could all explain the high heterozygosity and only slightly reduced polymorphism and number of alleles per locus found in the Owl Canyon stand. These results demonstrate the genetic complexity of founder events and the utility of blending complementary approaches such as paleoecology and genetics to better understand the population biology of peripheral isolates.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1940968","usgsCitation":"Betancourt, J.L., Schuster, W., Mitton, J.B., and Anderson, R., 1991, Fossil and genetic history of a pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) isolate: Ecology, v. 72, no. 5, p. 1685-1697, https://doi.org/10.2307/1940968.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1685","endPage":"1697","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1383e4b0c8380cd5469d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, William","contributorId":117899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mitton, Jeffry B.","contributorId":177741,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mitton","given":"Jeffry","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6713,"text":"University of Colorado, Boulder CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":369630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, R. Scott","contributorId":6983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7034,"text":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability at Northern Arizona University, in Flagstaff","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":369628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223015,"text":"5223015 - 1991 - Survival of postfledging female American black ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-02T16:22:30.119536","indexId":"5223015","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of postfledging female American black ducks","docAbstract":"

We equipped 106 hatching-year (HY), female, black ducks (Anas rubripes) with transmitters during 1985-87 and monitored survival from late August to mid-December on a lightly hunted area on the Maine-New Brunswick border. The 1985-87 estimate of survival (hunting losses included) was 0.593, and when losses from hunting were censored it was 0.694. Survival in August-September was 0.987; by 31 October survival declined to 0.885, and by 30 November it was 0.718. Most nonhunting mortality was caused by predators (21/41, 53.2%); there were 14 deaths (34.1%) from mammals or unknown predators and 7 (17.1%) from raptors. Hunting caused 13 (31. 7%) deaths. Ducks with lowest mass had the lowest survival. The estimate of survival for postfledging female black ducks, when multiplied with interval survival rates for hunting, winter, and breeding periods, produced an annual survival estimate of 0.262, about 12% lower than that (0.38) based on analysis of banding data.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809501","usgsCitation":"Longcore, J.R., McAuley, D., and Frazer, C., 1991, Survival of postfledging female American black ducks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 55, no. 4, p. 573-580, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809501.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"580","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Maine-New Brunswick border","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.02689246892858,\n 47.402319608134064\n ],\n [\n -69.02689246892858,\n 44.754483392933224\n ],\n [\n -66.33348241844126,\n 44.754483392933224\n ],\n [\n -66.33348241844126,\n 47.402319608134064\n ],\n [\n -69.02689246892858,\n 47.402319608134064\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696134","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Longcore, Jerry R.","contributorId":45447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAuley, Daniel G.","contributorId":346357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McAuley","given":"Daniel G.","affiliations":[{"id":37196,"text":"Retired USGS employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":337680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frazer, Catherine","contributorId":63899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frazer","given":"Catherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185806,"text":"70185806 - 1991 - Ground-penetrating radar: A tool for mapping reservoirs and lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T06:31:10","indexId":"70185806","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-penetrating radar: A tool for mapping reservoirs and lakes","docAbstract":"

Ground-penetrating radar was evaluated as a tool for mapping reservoir and lake bottoms and providing stage-storage information. An impulse radar was used on a 1.4-ha (3.5-acre) reservoir with 31 transects located 6.1 m (20 feet) apart. Depth of water and lateral extent of the lake bottom were accurately measured by ground-penetrating radar. A linear (positive) relationship existed between measured water depth and ground-penetrating radar-determined water depth (R2=0.989). Ground-penetrating radar data were used to create a contour map of the lake bottom. Relationships between water (contour) elevation and water surface area and volume were established. Ground-penetrating radar proved to be a useful tool for mapping lakes, detecting lake bottom variations, locating old stream channels, and determining water depths. The technology provides accurate, continuous profile data in a relatively short time compared to traditional surveying and depth-sounding techniques.

","language":"English","publisher":"Soil and Water Conservation Society","usgsCitation":"Truman, C., Asmussen, L., and Allison, H., 1991, Ground-penetrating radar: A tool for mapping reservoirs and lakes: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 46, no. 5, p. 370-373.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"370","endPage":"373","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338565,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jswconline.org/content/46/5/370.abstract"}],"volume":"46","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc81fe4b02ff32c68572a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truman, C.C.","contributorId":190010,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truman","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asmussen, L.E.","contributorId":16276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asmussen","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allison, H.D.","contributorId":190009,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allison","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185492,"text":"70185492 - 1991 - Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T14:35:17","indexId":"70185492","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","docAbstract":"

Stable isotope data for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), carbonate shell material and cements, and microbial CO2 were combined with organic and inorganic chemical data from aquifer and confining-bed pore waters to construct geochemical reaction models along a flowpath in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina. Carbon-isotope fractionation between DIC and precipitating cements was treated as a Rayleigh distillation process. Organic matter oxidation was coupled to microbial fermentation and sulfate reduction. All reaction models reproduced the observed chemical and isotopic compositions of final waters. However, model 1, in which all sources of carbon and electron-acceptors were assumed to be internal to the aquifer, was invalidated owing to the large ratio of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 predicted by the model (5–49) compared with measured ratios (two or less). In model 2, this ratio was reduced by assuming that confining beds adjacent to the aquifer act as sources of dissolved organic carbon and sulfate. This assumption was based on measured high concentrations of dissolved organic acids and sulfate in confining-bed pore waters (60–100 μM and 100–380 μM, respectively) relative to aquifer pore waters (from less than 30 μM and 2–80 μM, respectively). Sodium was chosen as the companion ion to organic-acid and sulfate transport from confining beds because it is the predominant cation in confining-bed pore waters. As a result, excessive amounts of Na-for-Ca ion exchange and calcite precipitation (three to four times more cement than observed in the aquifer) were required by model 2 to achieve mass and isotope balance of final water. For this reason, model 2 was invalidated. Agreement between model-predicted and measured amounts of carbonate cement and ratios of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 were obtained in a reaction model that assumed confining beds act as sources of DIC, as well as organic acids and sulfate. This assumption was supported by measured high concentrations of DIC in confining beds (2.6–2.7 mM). Results from this study show that geochemical models of confined aquifer systems must incorporate the effects of adjacent confining beds to reproduce observed groundwater chemistry accurately.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., and Chapelle, F.H., 1991, Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 109-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T.","productDescription":"27 p. ","startPage":"109","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.91955566406249,\n 33.38099943104024\n ],\n [\n -81.903076171875,\n 33.33511774753217\n ],\n [\n -81.80419921875,\n 33.224903086263964\n ],\n [\n -81.551513671875,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n -81.4141845703125,\n 32.8149783969858\n ],\n [\n -81.3922119140625,\n 32.60698915452777\n ],\n [\n -81.199951171875,\n 32.47732919639942\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 32.091882620021806\n ],\n [\n -80.8319091796875,\n 31.94750122367064\n ],\n [\n -79.9749755859375,\n 32.560703522325156\n ],\n [\n -79.156494140625,\n 33.19273094190692\n ],\n [\n -78.5577392578125,\n 33.8521697014074\n ],\n [\n -79.5025634765625,\n 34.66935854524543\n ],\n [\n -80.4583740234375,\n 34.252676117101515\n ],\n [\n -81.91955566406249,\n 33.38099943104024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70237067,"text":"70237067 - 1991 - Modelling of turbidity currents on Navy Submarine Fan, California Continental Borderland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T12:07:14.117722","indexId":"70237067","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-29T07:03:16","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"1","title":"Modelling of turbidity currents on Navy Submarine Fan, California Continental Borderland","docAbstract":"

Several Holocene turbidites can be correlated across much of Navy Fan through more than 100 sediment core localities. The uppermost muddy turbidite unit is mapped throughout the northern half of the fan; its volume, grain-size distribution and the maximum height of deposition on the basin slopes are known. These parameters can be related to the precise channel morphology and mesotopography revealed by deeptow surveys. Thus there is sufficient information to estimate detailed flow characteristics for this turbidity current as it moved from fan valley to distal basin plain.

On the upper fan, the gradient and the increasing downstream width of the channel and only limited flow overspill suggest that the flow had a Froude number close to 1.0. The sediment associated with the channel indicates friction velocities of about 0.06 ms−1 and flow velocities of about 0.75 m s−1. Using this flow velocity and channel dimensions, sediment concentration (≈︁2 × 10−3) and discharge are estimated, and from a knowledge of the total volume of sediment deposited, the flow duration is estimated to be from 2 to 9 days. It is shown that the estimates of Froude number, drag coefficient, and sediment concentration are not likely to vary by more than a factor of 2.

On the mid-fan, the flow was much thicker than the height of the surface relief of the fan and it spread rapidly. The cross-flow slope, determined from the horizontal extent of turbidite sediment, is used to estimate flow velocity, which is confirmed by consideration of both sediment grain size and rate of deposition. This again allows sediment concentration and discharge to be estimated. The requirements of flow continuity, entrainment of water during flow expansion, and observed sediment deposition provide checks on all these estimates, and provide an integrated picture of the evolution of the flow. The flow characteristics of this muddy turbidity current are well constrained compared to those for more sand-rich late Pleistocene and early Holocene turbidity currents on the fan.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Water Turbidite Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/9781444304473.ch1","usgsCitation":"Bowen, A.J., Normark, W.R., and Piper, D., 1991, Modelling of turbidity currents on Navy Submarine Fan, California Continental Borderland, chap. 1 of Deep-Water Turbidite Systems, v. 31, p. 169-185, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444304473.ch1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"185","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407567,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.861328125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -117.861328125,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -117.861328125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, Anthony J.","contributorId":297067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowen","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piper, David J. W.","contributorId":28631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016437,"text":"70016437 - 1991 - Galileo infrared imaging spectroscopy measurements at Venus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-17T16:47:58.602772","indexId":"70016437","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Galileo infrared imaging spectroscopy measurements at Venus","docAbstract":"During the 1990 Galileo Venus flyby, the Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer investigated the night-side atmosphere of Venus in the spectral range 0.7 to 5.2 micrometers. Multispectral images at high spatial resolution indicate substantial cloud opacity variations in the lower cloud levels, centered at 50 kilometers altitude. Zonal and meridional winds were derived for this level and are consistent with motion of the upper branch of a Hadley cell. Northern and southern hemisphere clouds appear to be markedly different. Spectral profiles were used to derive lower atmosphere abundances of water vapor and other species.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.253.5027.1541","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Carlson, R.W., Baines, K.H., Encrenaz, T., Taylor, F.W., Drossart, P., Kamp, L., Pollack, J.B., Lellouch, E., Collard, A., Calcutt, S., Grinspoon, D., Weissman, P., Smythe, W.D., Ocampo, A., Danielson, G., Fanale, F.P., Johnson, T.V., Kieffer, H.H., Matson, D.L., McCord, T.B., and Soderblom, L., 1991, Galileo infrared imaging spectroscopy measurements at Venus: Science, v. 253, no. 5027, p. 1541-1548, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5027.1541.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1541","endPage":"1548","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223069,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"253","issue":"5027","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14ace4b0c8380cd54aea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, R. W.","contributorId":85331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Encrenaz, Th.","contributorId":70925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Encrenaz","given":"Th.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, F. 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V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Matson, D. L.","contributorId":59940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"McCord, T. B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}} ,{"id":70016474,"text":"70016474 - 1991 - Images from Galileo of the Venus cloud deck","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-17T16:42:58.807785","indexId":"70016474","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Images from Galileo of the Venus cloud deck","docAbstract":"

Images of Venus taken at 418 (violet) and 986 [near-infrared (NIR)] nanometers show that the morphology and motions of large-scale features change with depth in the cloud deck. Poleward meridional velocities, seen in both spectral regions, are much reduced in the NIR. In the south polar region the markings in the two wavelength bands are strongly anticorrelated. The images follow the changing state of the upper cloud layer downwind of the subsolar point, and the zonal flow field shows a longitudinal periodicity that may be coupled to the formation of large-scale planetary waves. No optical lightning was detected.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.253.5027.1531","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Belton, M.J., Gierasch, P., Smith, M.D., Helfenstein, P., Schinder, P., Pollack, J.B., Rages, K., Ingersoll, A., Klaasen, K., Veverka, J., Anger, C., Carr, M.H., Chapman, C.R., Davies, M.E., Fanale, F.P., Greeley, R., Greenberg, R., Head, J.W., Morrison, D., Neukum, G., and Pilcher, C., 1991, Images from Galileo of the Venus cloud deck: Science, v. 253, no. 5027, p. 1531-1536, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5027.1531.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1531","endPage":"1536","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223270,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"253","issue":"5027","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a387be4b0c8380cd615a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belton, M. J. 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H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":373664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Chapman, C. R.","contributorId":12984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Fanale, F. P.","contributorId":24925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fanale","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Greenberg, R.","contributorId":26778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Head, J. W. III","contributorId":106267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Morrison, D.","contributorId":98015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Neukum, G.","contributorId":105443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neukum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Pilcher, C.B.","contributorId":31917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilcher","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}} ,{"id":70126484,"text":"70126484 - 1991 - Regulation of PCBs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T12:48:17","indexId":"70126484","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-20T12:46:59","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regulation of PCBs","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1126/science.253.5026.1334-b","usgsCitation":"O'Shea, T., 1991, Regulation of PCBs: Science, v. 253, no. 5026, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5026.1334-b.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294332,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5026.1334-b"}],"volume":"253","issue":"5026","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb2de4b08312ac7cf0b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":78071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016500,"text":"70016500 - 1991 - Radiocarbon test of earthquake magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T16:52:24.086413","indexId":"70016500","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiocarbon test of earthquake magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone","docAbstract":"

The Cascadia subduction zone, which extends along the northern Pacific coast of North America, might produce earthquakes of magnitude 8 or 9 ('great' earthquakes) even though it has not done so during the past 200 years of European observation1–7. Much of the evidence for past Cascadia earthquakes comes from former meadows and forests that became tidal mudflats owing to abrupt tectonic subsidence in the past 5,000 years2,3,6,7. If due to a great earthquake, such subsidence should have extended along more than 100 km of the coast2. Here we investigate the extent of coastal subsidence that might have been caused by a single earthquake, through high-precision radiocarbon dating of coastal trees that abruptly subsided into the intertidal zone. The ages leave the great-earthquake hypothesis intact by limiting to a few decades the discordance, if any, in the most recent subsidence of two areas 55 km apart along the Washington coast. This subsidence probably occurred about 300 years ago.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/353156a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Atwater, B., Stuiver, M., and Yamaguchi, D., 1991, Radiocarbon test of earthquake magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone: Nature, v. 353, no. 6340, p. 156-158, https://doi.org/10.1038/353156a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223422,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"British Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -128.92429719095549,\n 51.014481796116\n ],\n [\n -128.92429719095549,\n 40.81795657605656\n ],\n [\n -121.81543663397728,\n 40.81795657605656\n ],\n [\n -121.81543663397728,\n 51.014481796116\n ],\n [\n -128.92429719095549,\n 51.014481796116\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"353","issue":"6340","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93e7e4b0c8380cd810cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atwater, B.F. 0000-0003-1155-2815","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-2815","contributorId":14006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwater","given":"B.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuiver, M.","contributorId":54730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuiver","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yamaguchi, D.K.","contributorId":26074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamaguchi","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70200768,"text":"70200768 - 1991 - Crustal subsidence and extension and Medicine Lake volcano, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T09:16:20","indexId":"70200768","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-10T09:15:52","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal subsidence and extension and Medicine Lake volcano, northern California","docAbstract":"

The pattern of historical ground deformation, seismicity, and crustal structure near Medicine Lake volcano illustrates a close relation between magmatism and tectonism near the margin of the Cascade volcanic chain and the Basin and Range tectonic province. Between leveling surveys in 1954 and 1989 the summit of Medicine Lake volcano subsided 389±43 mm with respect to a reference bench mark 40 km to the southwest (average rate = 11.1±1.2 mm/yr). A smaller survey across the summit caldera in 1988 suggests that the subsidence rate was 15–28 mm/yr during 1988–1989. Swarms of shallow earthquakes (M ≤ 4.6) occurred in the region during August 1978, January–February 1981, and September 1988. Except for the 1988 swarm, which occurred beneath Medicine Lake caldera, most historical earthquakes were located at least 25 km from the summit. The spatial relation between subsidence and seismicity indicates (1) radially symmetric downwarping of the volcano's summit and flanks centered near the caldera and (2) downfaulting of the entire edifice along regional faults located 25–30 km from the summit. We propose that contemporary subsidence, seismicity, and faulting are caused by (1) loading of the crust by more than 600 km3 of erupted products plus a large volume of mafic intrusives; (2) east‐west extension in the western Basin and Range province; and, to a lesser extent, (3) crystallization or withdrawal of magma beneath the volcano. Thermal weakening of the subvolcanic crust by mafic intrusions facilitates subsidence and influences the distribution of earthquakes. Subsidence occurs mainly by aseismic creep within 25 km of the summit, where the crust has been heated and weakened by intrusions, and by normal faulting during episodic earthquake swarms in surrounding, cooler terrain.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01452","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., Evans, J.R., and Walter, S.R., 1991, Crustal subsidence and extension and Medicine Lake volcano, northern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 96, no. B10, p. 16319-16333, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01452.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"16319","endPage":"16333","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Medicine Lake Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 41.35413387210046\n ],\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 41.71700538790365\n ],\n [\n -121.3385009765625,\n 41.71700538790365\n ],\n [\n -121.3385009765625,\n 41.35413387210046\n ],\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 41.35413387210046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11243ce4b034bf6a81deb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M. 0000-0001-8714-9606 jdnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-9606","contributorId":3271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"Julie","email":"jdnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, John R. jevans1@usgs.gov","contributorId":621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"John","email":"jevans1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":750437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walter, Stephen R.","contributorId":34954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222985,"text":"5222985 - 1991 - Ectoparasitism and the role of green nesting material in the European starling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-21T15:39:41.004961","indexId":"5222985","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ectoparasitism and the role of green nesting material in the European starling","docAbstract":"

The use of green nesting material is widespread among birds. Recent evidence suggests that birds use secondary chemicals contained in green plants to control ectoparasites. We manipulated green nesting material and ectoparasites of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to test two hypotheses: (1) ectoparasites adversely affect prefledging survival and morphometrics or postfledging survival, and (2) green nesting material ameliorates the effects of ectoparasites. We recorded fat score, numbers of scabs, tarsal length, body mass, and hematocrit level on each nestling 17 days after hatching. We also fitted each nestling with unique patagial tags and resighted the starlings for 6-8 weeks after fledging to estimate survival and sighting rates. Nests devoid of green nesting material and dusted with the insecticide, carbaryl, had fewer high ectoparasite infestations, and nestlings had significantly lower scab scores, and significantly higher body masses than nestlings in undusted boxes. However, there was no difference in postfledging survival between birds from carbaryl-treated and undusted nests. There also was no difference in prefledging survival and morphometrics or postfledging survival between nestlings from boxes with and without green nesting material. These results do not support the hypothesis that starlings use green nesting material to control nest ectoparasites. We suggest an alternative hypothesis; green nesting material is used for mate selection or pairbonding in the starling.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00328399","usgsCitation":"Fauth, P., Kremer, C.H., and Hines, J.E., 1991, Ectoparasitism and the role of green nesting material in the European starling: Oecologia, v. 88, no. 1, p. 22-29, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328399.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"29","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194160,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6258be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fauth, P.T.","contributorId":67610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fauth","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kremer, Christopher H.","contributorId":302278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kremer","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":16929,"text":"Brown University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":337635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0002-3927-9411 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-9411","contributorId":342662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016542,"text":"70016542 - 1991 - Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T16:57:41.765756","indexId":"70016542","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs","docAbstract":"

The seismic tomography problem does not have a unique solution, and published tomographic images have been equivocal with regard to the deep structure of subducting slabs. An improved tomographic method, using a more realistic background Earth model and surface-reflected as well as direct seismic phases, shows that slabs beneath the Japan and Izu Bonin island arcs are deflected at the boundary between upper and lower mantle, whereas those beneath the northern Kuril and Mariana arcs sink into the lower mantle.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/353037a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"van der Hilst, R., Engdahl, R., Spakman, W., and Nolet, G., 1991, Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs: Nature, v. 353, no. 6339, p. 37-43, https://doi.org/10.1038/353037a0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/7534","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"353","issue":"6339","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb435e4b08c986b326244","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van der Hilst, R.","contributorId":88882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van der Hilst","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engdahl, R.","contributorId":28014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spakman, W.","contributorId":92428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spakman","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nolet, G.","contributorId":26448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolet","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70169367,"text":"70169367 - 1991 - Conservation of the Yellowstone grizzly bear","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-25T14:07:05","indexId":"70169367","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-01T15:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation of the Yellowstone grizzly bear","docAbstract":"

We review literature relevant to the conservation of Yellowstone's grizzly bear population and appraise the bear's long-term viability. We conclude that the population is isolated and vulnerable to epidemic perturbation and that the carrying capacity of the habitat is likely to shift downward under conditions of climate change. Viability analyses based on the assumption that future habitats will closely resemble those existing at present have limited applicability; more information is needed on the autecology of important bear foods and on the implications of landscape-scale changes for bear population dynamics. Optimism over prospects of long-term persistence for Yellowstone's grizzly bears does not seem to be warranted and management of this population should be conservative and not unduly swayed on short-term positive trends.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ont","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00150.x","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D.J., and Reid, M.M., 1991, Conservation of the Yellowstone grizzly bear: Conservation Biology, v. 5, no. 3, p. 364-372, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00150.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"364","endPage":"372","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319416,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.92645263671875,\n 45.00365115687189\n ],\n [\n -109.9346923828125,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -109.92645263671875,\n 45.06770141120143\n ],\n [\n -110.0006103515625,\n 45.06770141120143\n ],\n [\n -110.02532958984374,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -110.0555419921875,\n 45.02889163330817\n ],\n [\n -110.70648193359375,\n 45.03083274759959\n ],\n [\n -110.72845458984375,\n 45.04441870436415\n ],\n [\n -110.77239990234375,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -110.77789306640625,\n 45.079339209738094\n ],\n [\n -110.84381103515624,\n 45.07546020688359\n ],\n [\n -110.88226318359375,\n 45.03277379605973\n ],\n [\n -110.928955078125,\n 45.02889163330817\n ],\n [\n -110.94543457031249,\n 45.07158094070473\n ],\n [\n -110.97564697265625,\n 45.09679146394738\n ],\n [\n -111.03607177734375,\n 45.07352060670971\n ],\n [\n -111.09100341796875,\n 45.08515722028692\n ],\n [\n -111.10198974609374,\n 45.106484856646844\n ],\n [\n -111.16241455078125,\n 45.11036175291052\n ],\n [\n -111.17889404296874,\n 45.07352060670971\n ],\n [\n -111.1541748046875,\n 45.052180659942316\n ],\n [\n -111.1102294921875,\n 45.02889163330817\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 44.11322595798781\n ],\n [\n -109.9951171875,\n 44.11322595798781\n ],\n [\n -109.99237060546875,\n 44.314022698837775\n ],\n [\n -110.050048828125,\n 44.319918120477425\n ],\n [\n -110.06927490234375,\n 44.351350365612305\n ],\n [\n -110.06927490234375,\n 44.40042951858466\n ],\n [\n -110.0555419921875,\n 44.422011314236634\n ],\n [\n -109.97314453125,\n 44.44358514592121\n ],\n [\n -109.962158203125,\n 44.512176171071054\n ],\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 44.4906276800508\n ],\n [\n -110.10223388671875,\n 44.478870600803134\n ],\n [\n -110.11871337890624,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -110.1544189453125,\n 44.537632301346136\n ],\n [\n -110.13519287109374,\n 44.5826428195842\n ],\n [\n -110.0665283203125,\n 44.5924231071787\n ],\n [\n -109.99786376953125,\n 44.623708968901205\n ],\n [\n -109.951171875,\n 44.623708968901205\n ],\n [\n -109.874267578125,\n 44.62566377574355\n ],\n [\n -109.78912353515625,\n 44.6706061651103\n ],\n [\n -109.742431640625,\n 44.68623013803223\n ],\n [\n -109.7314453125,\n 44.70965819812379\n ],\n [\n -109.7589111328125,\n 44.736978954208844\n ],\n [\n -109.8358154296875,\n 44.762336674810996\n ],\n [\n -109.8687744140625,\n 44.79547998456467\n ],\n [\n -109.8797607421875,\n 44.87144275016589\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 44.91619436708165\n ],\n [\n -109.8907470703125,\n 44.96674121705534\n ],\n [\n -109.92645263671875,\n 45.00365115687189\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f66144e4b07d796bf77019","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattson, David J. david_mattson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"David","email":"david_mattson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Matthew M.","contributorId":167906,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reid","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138492,"text":"70138492 - 1991 - Rare earth elements in Japan Sea sediments and diagenetic behavior of Ce/Ce∗: results from ODP Leg 127","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T14:35:52","indexId":"70138492","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earth elements in Japan Sea sediments and diagenetic behavior of Ce/Ce∗: results from ODP Leg 127","docAbstract":"

The relative effects of paleoceanographic and paleogeographic variations, sediment lithology, and diagenetic processes on the recorded rare earth element (REE) chemistry of Japan Sea sediments are evaluated by investigating REE total abundances and relative fractionations in 59 samples from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 127.

\n

REE total abundances (ΣREE) in the Japan Sea are strongly dependent upon the paleoceanographic position of a given site with respect to terrigenous and biogenic sources. REE concentrations at Site 794 (Yamato Basin) overall correspond well to aluminosilicate chemical indices and are strongly diluted by SiO2within the late Miocene-Pliocene diatomaceous sequence. Eu/Eu* values at Site 794 reach a maximum through the diatomaceous interval as well, most likely suggesting an association of Eu/Eu* with the siliceous component, or reflecting slight incorporation of a detrital feldspar phase. ΣREE at Site 795 (Japan Basin) also is affiliated strongly with aluminosilicate phases, yet is diluted only slightly by siliceous input. At Site 797 (Yamato Basin), REE is not as clearly associated with the aluminosilicate fraction, is correlated moderately to siliceous input, and may be sporadically influenced by detrital heavy minerals originating from the nearby rifted continental fragment composing the Yamato Rise. The biogenic influence is largest at Site 794, moderately developed at Site 797, and of only minor importance at Site 795, reflecting basinal contrasts in productivity such that the Yamato Basin records greater biogenic input than the Japan Basin, while the most productive waters overlie the easternmost sequence of Site 794.

\n

Ce/Ce* profiles at all three sites increase monotonically with depth, and record progressive diagenetic LREE fractionation. The observed Ce/Ce* record does not respond to changes in oxygenation state of the overlying water, and Ce/Ce* correlated slightly better with depth than with age. The downhole increase in Ce/Ce* at Site 794 and Site 797 is a passive response to diagenetic transfer of LREE (except Ce) from sediment to interstitial water. At Site 795, the overall lack of correlation between Ce/Ce* and L(ln/Ybnsuggests that other processes are occurring which mask the diagenetic behavior of all LREEs. First-order calculations of the Ce budget in Japan Sea waters and sediment indicate that ~20% of the excess Ce adsorbed by settling particles is recycled within the water column, and that an additional ~38% is recycled at or near the seafloor (data from Masuzawa and Koyama, 1989). Thus, because the remaining excess Ce is only ~10% of the total Ce, there is not a large source of Ce to the deeply buried sediment, further suggesting that the downhole increase in Ce/Ce* is a passive response to diagenetic behavior of the other LREEs. The REE chemistry of Japan Sea sediment therefore predicts successive downhole addition of LREEs to deeply-buried interstitial waters.

","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90365-C","usgsCitation":"Murray, R., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Brumsack, H., Gerlach, D.C., and Russ, G.P., 1991, Rare earth elements in Japan Sea sediments and diagenetic behavior of Ce/Ce∗: results from ODP Leg 127: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 9, p. 2453-2466, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90365-C.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2453","endPage":"2466","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Japan Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 132.5390625,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n 141.6796875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n 140.625,\n 50.064191736659104\n ],\n [\n 131.8359375,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n 128.671875,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n 127.61718749999999,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n 132.5390625,\n 33.7243396617476\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c3fe4b08de9379b36d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, R.","contributorId":80440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumsack, Hans-Juergen","contributorId":61141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumsack","given":"Hans-Juergen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerlach, David C.","contributorId":138786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerlach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Russ, G. Price","contributorId":138787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russ","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Price","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5222583,"text":"5222583 - 1991 - Lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T18:00:27.971332","indexId":"5222583","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-01T12:18:02","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho","docAbstract":"

Mining and smelting at Kellogg-Smelterville, Idaho, resulted in high concentrations of lead in Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River sediments 15–65 km downstream, where ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) nested. Adult and nestling ospreys living along the CDA River had significantly higher blood lead concentrations than those at Lake Coeur d'Alene (intermediate area) or Pend Oreille and Flathead Lakes (reference areas). Lead concentrations in fish collected from the study areas paralleled those found in ospreys. Inhibition of blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and elevation of protoporphyrin concentration provided evidence of lead exposure. In adult ospreys, ALAD activity was negatively correlated with lead in blood (r=−0.57), whereas protoporphyrin was positively correlated with lead in blood (r=+0.40). Neither hemoglobin nor hematocrit was adversely affected by the relatively modest lead concentrations found in the blood. Pronounced accumulation of lead by adults or young could ultimately result in behavioral abnormalities or death, both of which would reduce productivity of the nesting osprey population. We did not observe death related to lead, behavioral abnormalities, or reduced productivity during this 1986–87 study. Despite some lead-induced biochemical changes in blood parameters, ospreys produced young at nearly identical rates in the three study areas; these rates were among the highest ever reported in the western United States. Post-fledging survival of ospreys exposed to lead early in life remains an unknown. Lead does not biomagnify in the food chain as do organochlorine pesticides and mercury and several osprey behavior traits reduce the potential for the species to accumulate critical levels of lead. Swans, which feed at a lower trophic level, continue to die from environmental lead in the region.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01060365","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Blus, L.J., Hoffman, D.J., Grove, R.A., and Hatfield, J., 1991, Lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 21, no. 3, p. 415-424, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01060365.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194178,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d'Alene River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.98399410932898,\n 47.75501060734919\n ],\n [\n -116.98399410932898,\n 47.31907945124988\n ],\n [\n -116.046399574322,\n 47.31907945124988\n ],\n [\n -116.046399574322,\n 47.75501060734919\n ],\n [\n -116.98399410932898,\n 47.75501060734919\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blus, Lawrence J.","contributorId":35199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grove, Robert A.","contributorId":52134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeffrey S. jhatfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeffrey S.","email":"jhatfield@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}