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PHHs, include among others, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and have been implicated in some of the reproductive problems of Great Lakes waterbirds. The objectives of this study were to assess the overall potencies of PCB-containing extracts from colonial water-bird eggs taken from the Great Lakes and to compare the potencies with the location and spatial distribution of the colonies. The potencies of the extracts were assessed by their ability to induce cytochrome P450IA1-associated ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells as compared to the standard, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxin (TCDD). The H4IIE bioassay-derived TCDD-equivalents (TCCD-EQs) in the waterbird eggs concur with residue analyses and biological data from other studies. 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,{"id":70126927,"text":"70126927 - 1991 - Instream flow needs below peaking hydroelectric projects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T10:00:52","indexId":"70126927","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-26T09:59:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Instream flow needs below peaking hydroelectric projects","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Waterpower 91: Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydropower","conferenceTitle":"Waterpower 91","conferenceDate":"1991-07-24T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1991, Instream flow needs below peaking hydroelectric projects, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294472,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252ebae4b0e641df8a7043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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R.L.","contributorId":76902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedlock","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70125981,"text":"70125981 - 1991 - Prescribed grazing as a secondary impact in a western riparian floodplain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T15:37:16.377623","indexId":"70125981","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T14:08:54","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prescribed grazing as a secondary impact in a western riparian floodplain","docAbstract":"<p>The effect of late-autumn cattle grazing on plant biomass was examined in a western Great Plains cottonwood riparian zone prone to catastrophic flooding every 5-8 years. Following 1 year of pre-treatment data collection in 1982, five 16-ha pastures were grazed from 1982 to 1984 and compared to 5 control pastures within the South Platte River floodplain in northeastern Colorado. At a prescribed grazing level of 0.46 ha/AUM, riparian vegetation proved to be resilient to the impacts of grazing. We detected only a few significant treatment effects for above-ground biomass after succeeding growing seasons. Willows (<i>Salix</i> spp.) responded negatively to grazing whereas biomass of prairie cordgrass (<i>Spartina pectinata</i> Link) was greater on grazed plots. Yearly changes in above-ground biomass, especially dramatic following a severe flood in 1983, suggest that periodic, catastrophic flooding is a major perturbation to the ecosystem, and in conjunction with our results on grazing impacts, indicate that dormant-season grazing within Soil Conservation Service (SCS) guidelines is a comparatively minor impact within the floodplain. In addition, grazing impacts were probably further mitigated by a major forage supplement of cottonwood leaves which was available at the time of cattle introductions. This local forage supplement ultimately created a lighter grazing treatment than that originally prescribed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/4002401","usgsCitation":"Sedgwick, J., and Knopf, F., 1991, Prescribed grazing as a secondary impact in a western riparian floodplain: Journal of Range Management, v. 44, no. 4, p. 369-373, https://doi.org/10.2307/4002401.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479673,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/644765","text":"External Repository"},{"id":294185,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf44ce4b0e96537ddf819","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedgwick, J.A.","contributorId":25508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedgwick","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, F.L.","contributorId":26998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70138463,"text":"70138463 - 1991 - A method for the concentration of fine-grained rutile (TiO2) from sediment and sedimentary rocks by chemical leaching","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T17:34:38","indexId":"70138463","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T10:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for the concentration of fine-grained rutile (TiO2) from sediment and sedimentary rocks by chemical leaching","docAbstract":"<p>Quaternary marine sediment in the Gulf of Maine basins contains 0.7 to 1.0 wt percent TiO<sub>2</sub> (determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry). Most of this TiO<sub>2</sub> exists in the form of silt-size rutile crystals that are visible by using the petrographic microscope with transmitted light (Valentine and Commeau, 1990). The identification of rutile was confirmed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) system. To quantify the amount of TiO<sub>2</sub> in the sediment contributed by rutile and its polymorphs, anatase and brookite, it was necessary to eliminate as many of the other minerals as possible, especially titanium-bearing minerals such as ilmenite, ilmenomagnetite, biotite, hornblende, oyroxene, and sphene. We accomplished this by developing a method of chemical dissolution that removed the bulk of the raw material and left the TiO<sub>2</sub> minerals intact.</p>\n<p>Many methods using acids and bases have been developed over the years to dissolve rocks, minerals, and sediments for chemical analysis or to concentrate specific minerals (Dolcater et al., 1970; Church, 1971; Campbell, 1973, and the references cited therein). The method developed by Raman and Jackson (1965) to concentrate rutile and anatase in soils and sediments requires digesting the sample in concentrated hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 24 hours. However, Campbell (1973) found that digestion in HF for more than 2 hours results in a loss of anatase. The method of Dolcater et al. (1970) for concentrating titanium as a free oxide requires the use of hydrofluotitanic acid (H<sub>2</sub>TiF<sub>6</sub>), which is difficult to find on the commercial market. The acid can be prepared by the reaction of concentrated HF (48%) with an excess of TiO<sub>2</sub>, but the procedure requires 36 hours to complete and should be attempted with caution because it is highly exothermic. Jackson (1979) provides a detailed method for digesting soils, but many of the recommended pretreatment steps employ sodium compounds such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>), sodium citrate (Na<sub>3</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>7</sub>-2H<sub>2</sub>O), and sodium dithionate (Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), which are used for the removal of calcium carbonate, iron oxides, and phosphates. In combining the methods of Dolcater and Jackson, sodium compounds must be thoroughly washed from the sample because they form sodium fluotitanate (Na<sub>2</sub>TiF<sub>6</sub>) in the presence of hydrofluotitanic acid (Fig. 1K). French and Adams (1973) described an inexpensive method for decomposing silicates by HF digestion in polypropylene containers. Their technique was effective for a wide variety of rock types. However, it did not address the problem caused by the precipitation of insoluble fluorides, nor did it outline a procedure to concentrate any residue that remained.</p>\n<p>As no one method gave the results we required, we modified procedures described in the literature and developed a process that removes 96 to 98 wt percent of the raw sample material. The residue is composed of rutile and minor amounts of micro- and cryptocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;(Fig. 1A-J), barite (Fig. 1L), elemental carbon (coal), and insoluble fluorides (Fig. 1J). The fluorides precipitate during the decomposition of siliceous material in hydrofluoric acid (e.g., MgF<sub>2</sub> and MgAlF<sub>5</sub>-2.7H<sub>2</sub>O; Lanmyhr and Kringstad, 1966).</p>\n<p>Most of the sample analyzed by the method described were marine muds collected from the Gulf of Maine (Valentine and Commeau, 1990). The silt and clay fraction (up to 99 wt% of the sediment) is composed of clay minerals (chiefly illite-mica and chlorite), silt-size quartz and feldspar, and small crystals (2-12 um) of rutile and hematite. The bulk sediment samples contained an average of 2 to 3 wt percent CaCO<sub>3</sub>. Tiher samples analyzed include red and gray Carboniferous and Triassic sandstones and siltstones exposed around the Bay of Fundy region and Paleozoic sandstones, siltstones, and shales from northern Maine and New Brunswick. These rocks are probable sources for the fine-grained rutile found in the Gulf of Maine.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.86.4.878","usgsCitation":"Commeau, J.A., and Valentine, P.C., 1991, A method for the concentration of fine-grained rutile (TiO2) from sediment and sedimentary rocks by chemical leaching: Economic Geology, v. 86, no. 4, p. 878-882, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.86.4.878.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"878","endPage":"882","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297325,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://economicgeology.org/content/86/4/878.full.pdf"}],"volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b1ce4b08de9379b324b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Commeau, Judith A.","contributorId":32137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Commeau","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014905,"text":"70014905 - 1991 - Collimated neutron probe for soil water content measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T15:01:01.074259","indexId":"70014905","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Collimated neutron probe for soil water content measurements","docAbstract":"<p><span>The use of uncollimated (undirected) neutron moisture meters is common in the biological and geophysical sciences. A collimated neutron probe was designed to enable measurements in specific directions from the access tube. To determine the size and shape of soil volume affecting the neutron counts, experiments were conducted to evaluate: (i) the vertical distance of soil above and below the probe that influences neutron counts, (ii) the horizontal distance away from the probe into the soil that influences neutron counts, (iii) the angle of soil viewed by the probe from the collimator, and (iv) the three-dimensional thermal-neutron density field. The distance and the angular dimensions of the volume of influence were defined as the horizontal distance of neutron penetration from the edge of the probe, the vertical distance above and below the center of the effective measurement point of the probe, and the angle from the center of the probe, which would allow the determination of relative water content to within 95%. The vertical distance was ≈0.5 m, the horizontal distance was ≈0.2 m, and the angle of soil viewed by the probe from the collimator was ≈120°. Thermal neutrons detected from distances or angles larger than these values influence the determination of relative water content by 5% or less.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040003x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Klenke, J., and Flint, A.L., 1991, Collimated neutron probe for soil water content measurements: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 55, no. 4, p. 916-923, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040003x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"916","endPage":"923","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225410,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7b4e4b0c8380cd4cc71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klenke, J.M.","contributorId":53535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klenke","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222972,"text":"5222972 - 1991 - Changes in mallard breeding populations in relation to production and harvest rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-02T16:10:59.105548","indexId":"5222972","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in mallard breeding populations in relation to production and harvest rates","docAbstract":"<p>We used breeding population, band recovery, and hunter harvest data to examine whether rates of productivity and harvest correlated with annual changes in mallard (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) breeding populations. Percent change in the size of the breeding population correlated positively with an index of production rate and negatively with an index of harvest rate (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.37, <i>F</i> = 8.34,<i> P</i> &lt; 0.005). Average harvest rate indices did not differ (<i>W</i> = 126, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.32) between periods of increasing (1961-69) and decreasing (1970-85) populations. Indices to production tended to be lower (<i>W</i> = 143, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.08) during 1970-85 (<span>x̄</span> = 0.064) compared to 1961-69 (<span>x̄</span> = 1.096).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808979","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R., and Sauer, J.R., 1991, Changes in mallard breeding populations in relation to production and harvest rates: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 55, no. 3, p. 483-487, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808979.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"483","endPage":"487","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198108,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United 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Robert E.","contributorId":113220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":138949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185485,"text":"70185485 - 1991 - Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T13:59:31","indexId":"70185485","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems","docAbstract":"<p>Organic electrolytes are a common component of natural waters and are known to be important in many rock-water interactions. The influence of organic electrolytes on silica mobility, quartz solubility, and quartz dissolution kinetics, however, is less well understood. While there is mounting evidence supporting the presence of an aqueous organic-silica complex in natural waters, the significance of this species is difficult to characterize because of competing interactions in mixed inorganic-organic electrolyte environments. In the experiments reported here, the kinetics of quartz dissolution in dilute aqueous organic-acid solutions between 25 and 70°C were investigated to determine the influence of both organic and inorganic electrolytes.</p><p>Batch-reactor dissolution experiments in inorganic and organic electrolyte solutions were designed to investigate the hypothesis that organic acids at circum-neutral pH accelerate the dissolution and increase the solubility of quartz in water. Results suggest that multi-functional organic acids such as citrate and oxalate accelerate quartz dissolution by decreasing the activation energy by approximately 20%. The increase in dissolution rate was accompanied by a 100% increase in apparent quartz solubility at 25°C. Experiments using inorganic electrolytes, in contrast, increase the rate of quartz dissolution without decreasing the activation energy, and without increasing solubility.</p><p>From these data, a model for both a solution complex between dissolved organic acid and monomeric silicic acid, and an activated complex on quartz surfaces is proposed. The model suggests that dissolved organic compounds in natural waters at near-neutral pH and low temperatures are capable of accelerating the dissolution of quartz and increasing its solubility.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90023-X","usgsCitation":"Bennett, P.C., 1991, Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1781-1797, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90023-X.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"1781","endPage":"1797","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338078,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Philip C.","contributorId":30567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003907,"text":"1003907 - 1991 - Fall and winter distribution of Canada geese in the Mississippi flyway","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-29T16:59:16.102986","indexId":"1003907","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fall and winter distribution of Canada geese in the Mississippi flyway","docAbstract":"<p>Canada geese (<i>Branta canadensis</i>) from northern Manitoba and northern Ontario were marked with leg bands and neck bands and observed throughout the Mississippi flyway from 1978 to 1989. We used observations of neck-banded geese within each state to determine the relative fall/winter distribution of the Eastern Prairie Population (EPP) and the Mississippi Valley Population (MVP). Mississippi Valley geese were affiliated with states east of the Mississippi River; EPP geese were affiliated with states west of the Mississippi River. However, we found geographic differences in population distribution within several states. Significant annual changes in distribution also occurred in most states. Management of Mississippi flyway geese should consider the differences in both population dynamics and spatial and temporal distributions of MVP and EPP geese in determining state and flyway harvest objectives.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808973","usgsCitation":"Samuel, M., Rusch, D.H., Abraham, K., Gillespie, M.M., Prevett, J.P., and Swenson, G.W., 1991, Fall and winter distribution of Canada geese in the Mississippi flyway: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 55, no. 3, p. 449-456, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808973.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"456","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486827,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3808973","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United 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Paul","contributorId":24730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prevett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swenson, George W.","contributorId":33270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70014957,"text":"70014957 - 1991 - Variability of an unsaturated sand unit underlying a radioactive- waste trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T14:53:23.393734","indexId":"70014957","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of an unsaturated sand unit underlying a radioactive- waste trench","docAbstract":"<p><span>Properties of soils vary considerably within any field. This study was conducted to investigate the variability in properties of an unsaturated sand unit that lies at a depth of 13 m below land surface. Four-hundred-forty soil core samples, obtained from a 1.75 by 18-m horizontal plane within a sand unit underlying a waste trench, were used to describe the variability of moisture content, tritium concentration, and several physical properties. A simple model based on unit-gradient theory was used to calculate fluxes of water and tritium through the study plane. The effects of including spatial variability of properties in model calculations were examined. The sand was uniform in terms of median particle size, bulk density, and proposity, but several variables, including saturated hydraulic conductivity (</span><i>K</i><sub>s</sub><span>) and tritium concentration, showed considerable variability. In general, correlation coefficients calculated between variables were low. Spatial correlation structures were identified for moisture content, tritium concentration, and a few particle-size variables, but were absent for&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;and most other variables. Variances of&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;and field-measured volumetric moisture content (θ) were lower than published values for soils. Model-calculated fluxes of water and tritium that accounted for spatial variability of properties were considerably higher than those that did not account for the variability. Model results were more sensitive to changes in θ and residual moisture content (each parameters of the relative hydraulic conductivity function) than to changes in&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>s</sub><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040001x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., and Miller, P., 1991, Variability of an unsaturated sand unit underlying a radioactive- waste trench: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 55, no. 4, p. 899-907, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040001x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"899","endPage":"907","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Sheffield","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.84909352846984,\n              41.430360108761136\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.84909352846984,\n              41.290549512327715\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.6214582233875,\n              41.290549512327715\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.6214582233875,\n              41.430360108761136\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.84909352846984,\n              41.430360108761136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc135e4b08c986b32a4a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Patrick C.","contributorId":57880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Patrick C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185807,"text":"70185807 - 1991 - Evaluation of hydraulic conductivities calculated from multi-port permeameter measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T11:07:39","indexId":"70185807","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of hydraulic conductivities calculated from multi-port permeameter measurements","docAbstract":"<p><span>A multiport permeameter was developed for use in estimating hydraulic conductivity over intact sections of aquifer core using the core liner as the permeameter body. Six cores obtained from one borehole through the upper 9 m of a stratified glacial-outwash aquifer were used to evaluate the reliability of the permeameter. Radiographs of the cores were used to assess core integrity and to locate 5- to 10-cm sections of similar grain size for estimation of hydraulic conductivity. After extensive testing of the permeameter, hydraulic conductivities were determined for 83 sections of the six cores. Other measurement techniques included permeameter measurements on repacked sections of core, estimates based on grain-size analyses, and estimates based on borehole flowmeter measurements. Permeameter measurements of 33 sections of core that had been extruded, homogenized, and repacked did not differ significantly from the original measurements. Hydraulic conductivities estimated from grain-size distributions were slightly higher than those calculated from permeameter measurements; the significance of the difference depended on the estimating equation used. Hydraulic conductivities calculated from field measurements, using a borehole flowmeter in the borehole from which the cores were extracted, were significantly higher than those calculated from laboratory measurements and more closely agreed with independent estimates of hydraulic conductivity based on tracer movement near the borehole. This indicates that hydraulic conductivities based on laboratory measurements of core samples may underestimate actual field hydraulic conductivities in this type of stratified glacial-outwash aquifer.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00543.x","usgsCitation":"Wolf, S.H., Celia, M.A., and Hess, K.M., 1991, Evaluation of hydraulic conductivities calculated from multi-port permeameter measurements: Groundwater, v. 29, no. 4, p. 516-525, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00543.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"516","endPage":"525","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338567,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc81fe4b02ff32c68572c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, Steven H.","contributorId":189682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolf","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Celia, Michael A.","contributorId":189683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Celia","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222957,"text":"5222957 - 1991 - Historical changes in laying date, clutch size, and nest success of American black ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-29T17:17:03.591058","indexId":"5222957","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical changes in laying date, clutch size, and nest success of American black ducks","docAbstract":"<p>The breeding population of American black ducks (<i>Anas rubripes</i>) on Chesapeake Bay has declined over the past 30 years. We tested whether there have been changes in laying date, clutch size, and nest success of breeding black ducks on islands in Chesapeake Bay between the 1950's and 1980's. None of these variables differed significantly between decades, suggesting that other factors must be responsible for the decline in locally breeding black ducks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808975","usgsCitation":"Krementz, D.G., Stotts, V.D., Stotts, D.B., Hines, J., and Funderburk, S.L., 1991, Historical changes in laying date, clutch size, and nest success of American black ducks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 55, no. 3, p. 462-466, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808975.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"462","endPage":"466","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.48656506420139,\n              39.37143990116732\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.48656506420139,\n              37.15481920136784\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7834400642017,\n              37.15481920136784\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7834400642017,\n              39.37143990116732\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.48656506420139,\n              39.37143990116732\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688590","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krementz, David G. 0000-0002-5661-4541 dkrementz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-4541","contributorId":2827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"David","email":"dkrementz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stotts, Vernon D.","contributorId":86724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stotts","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stotts, Daniel B.","contributorId":90003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Funderburk, Steven L.","contributorId":114008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funderburk","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70242860,"text":"70242860 - 1991 - Mediterranean seabed in digital shaded relief","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-20T14:32:04.02597","indexId":"70242860","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-25T09:22:24","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mediterranean seabed in digital shaded relief","docAbstract":"<p><span>Relief-shaded images made from a large digital depth model (DDM) provide a fresh view of regional tectonism and submarine geomorphology in the central Mediterranean. The 1-km spatial resolution is better than that afforded by the 5-arc-minute worldwide digital bathymetry (DBDB5). These computer pictures enable information on seafloor morphology to be visualized and communicated in much the same way that relief maps made from digital elevation models are used to interpret subaerial topography. The images shown here (partially joined along 19°E) were taken from a new shaded-relief map of the entire Mediterranean seafloor and parts of the Bay of Biscay and Black Sea between latitude 307deg;–46°N and longitude 6°W–37°E.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90EO00215","usgsCitation":"Mark, R., Pike, R.J., Bortoluzzi, G., and Ligi, M., 1991, Mediterranean seabed in digital shaded relief: Eos Science News, v. 72, no. 26, p. 273-274, https://doi.org/10.1029/90EO00215.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"274","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Algeria, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Libya, Malta, Tunisia, Turkey","otherGeospatial":"Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Tyrhennian Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              5.547669812166873,\n              42.96796696759395\n            ],\n            [\n              4.964799520493159,\n              36.57631543741138\n            ],\n            [\n              6.535538140696502,\n              36.56454370993073\n            ],\n            [\n              9.619008932703878,\n              37.09674026973461\n            ],\n            [\n              10.277006997756558,\n              36.486849520268265\n            ],\n            [\n              10.512874278911255,\n              35.15112695926665\n            ],\n            [\n              9.432604815215257,\n              34.047387762660804\n            ],\n            [\n              11.325143510959407,\n              32.76808983986493\n            ],\n            [\n              14.86337433370673,\n              32.14252124475183\n            ],\n            [\n              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\"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mark, Robert K.","contributorId":30648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bortoluzzi, Giovanni","contributorId":304278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bortoluzzi","given":"Giovanni","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ligi, Marco","contributorId":304279,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ligi","given":"Marco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70180732,"text":"70180732 - 1991 - Development of a biotinylated DNA probe for detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T01:44:10.252219","indexId":"70180732","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a biotinylated DNA probe for detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus","docAbstract":"<p>A nonrad~oact~ve DNA probe assay was developed to detect and ~dent~fy infect~ous hernatopoiet~c necrosls virus (IHNV) uslng a dot blot format The probe a synthet~c DNA oligonucleot~de labeled enzymatlcally w~th biotln hybnd~zed spec~f~cally w~th nucleocaps~d mRNA extracted from Infected cells early In the vlrus repl~cation cycle A rap~d guan~dln~um th~ocyanate based RNA extraction method uslng RNAzol B and rn~crocentrifuge tubes eff~c~ently pioduced h~gh qual~ty RNA from 3 commonly used f~sh cell llnes, CHSE-214, CHH-1, and EPC The probe reacted with 6 d~verse ~solates of IHNV, but d~d not react \\nth 2 related rhabdovlruses of fish viral hemorrhagic septlcemla vlrus and H~rame rhabdovlrus The b~ot~nylated probe was sensltlve detect~ng plcogram levels of target mRNA Detect~on and ~dentif~cat~on of IHNV requ~red 2d when cells wele lnoculated at n~ultiplic~t~es of infect~on (MOI) greater than 2 Flve days were necessary to detect and identify IHNV In cells lnoculated at a MO1 of 0 0002 </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Reseach","doi":"10.3354/DAO011057","usgsCitation":"Deering, R., Arakawa, C., Oshima, K., O’Hara, P., Landolt, M., and Winton, J., 1991, Development of a biotinylated DNA probe for detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 11, p. 57-65, https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO011057.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"65","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489788,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao011057","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a03782e4b099f50d3e050a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deering, R.E.","contributorId":178851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deering","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arakawa, C.K.","contributorId":152140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arakawa","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oshima, K.H.","contributorId":96165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oshima","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Hara, P.J.","contributorId":179020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Hara","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Landolt, M.L.","contributorId":73148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landolt","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5222978,"text":"5222978 - 1991 - Open marsh water management in the mid-Atlantic region:  Aerial surveys of waterbird use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-13T10:10:52","indexId":"5222978","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Open marsh water management in the mid-Atlantic region:  Aerial surveys of waterbird use","docAbstract":"Nine marsh sites were selected in Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey to assess the importance of ponds created by Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) to migratory birds.  At eight of the nine sites, OMWM ponds were paired with areas of similar-sized natural ponds.  Eleven aerial surveys were conducted, mostly in fall and winter of 1987 and 1988 to compare relative use of ponds and sites by black ducks (Anas rubripes), other waterfowl, shorebirds, wading birds, gulls, and other species of birds.  We noted a high degree of variation in bird use.  Seasonal effects were significant, but treatment (OMWM vs. natural ponds) effect was not.  Water/marsh (W/M) area ratio was positively correlated with waterfowl and black ducks, but pond number was not.  Larger ponds (>0.25 ha) tended to be used more than smaller ponds by most bird species.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF03160850","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., Dawson, D., Stotts, D.B., McAllister, L., and Geissler, P., 1991, Open marsh water management in the mid-Atlantic region:  Aerial surveys of waterbird use: Wetlands, v. 11, no. 2, p. 209-228, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160850.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Mid Atlantic Region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.5689697265625,\n              37.86618078529668\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.795166015625,\n              37.86618078529668\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.795166015625,\n              39.73253798438173\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5689697265625,\n              39.73253798438173\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5689697265625,\n              37.86618078529668\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a29ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stotts, Daniel B.","contributorId":90003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McAllister, L.S.","contributorId":97595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5222773,"text":"5222773 - 1991 - Interactive effects of boron, selenium, and dietary protein on survival, growth and physiology in mallard ducklings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T12:23:54","indexId":"5222773","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-16T12:18:02","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive effects of boron, selenium, and dietary protein on survival, growth and physiology in mallard ducklings","docAbstract":"<p><span>High concentrations of boron (B) and selenium (Se) have been found in aquatic food chains associated with irrigation drainwater. Total biomass of invertebrates, a major source of protein for wild ducklings, is sometimes diminished in agricultural drainwater ponds contaminated with Se and B. Day-old mallard (</span><i>Anas platyrhynchos</i><span>) ducklings received an untreated diet (controls) containing 22% protein or diets containing 15 ppm (μg/g) Se (as selenomethionine), 60 ppm Se, 1,000 ppm B (as boric acid), 15 ppm Se with 1,000 ppm B, or 60 ppm Se with 1,000 ppm B. In a concurrent experiment, the above sequence was repeated with a protein-restricted (7%) but isocaloric diet. After four weeks, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological examination. With 22% protein and 60 ppm Se in the diet, duckling survival and growth was reduced and histopathological lesions of the liver occurred. Boron alone caused some reduction in growth. Several interactive effects occurred between B and Se, including further reduction in growth, and increases in plasma glutathione reductase activity, hematocrit, hemoglobin and plasma protein concentrations. With 7% protein, the growth of controls was less than that with 22% protein, 60 ppm Se caused 100% mortality, and growth effects of 15 ppm Se and 1,000 ppm B alone were more pronounced than with 22% protein. Selenium accumulation increased in the liver with 7% protein. Interactive effects were greater for Se and B with 7% protein than with 22% protein and included significant mortality and enhanced accumulation of Se in the liver. These findings suggest the potential for more severe toxicological effects of Se and B independently and interactively on duckling survival and development when dietary protein is diminished.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055918","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., Sanderson, C.J., LeCaptain, L.J., Cromartie, E., and Pendleton, G., 1991, Interactive effects of boron, selenium, and dietary protein on survival, growth and physiology in mallard ducklings: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 288-294, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055918.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"288","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0cf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanderson, C. J.","contributorId":16531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanderson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeCaptain, L. J.","contributorId":91056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCaptain","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cromartie, E.","contributorId":13926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cromartie","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pendleton, G.W.","contributorId":51688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendleton","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5222590,"text":"5222590 - 1991 - Developmental toxicity of diphenyl ether herbicides in nestling American kestrels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T12:47:42","indexId":"5222590","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developmental toxicity of diphenyl ether herbicides in nestling American kestrels","docAbstract":"Beginning the day after hatching, American kestrel (Falco sparverius) nestlings were orally dosed for 10 consecutive days with 5 microliters/g of corn oil (controls) or one of the diphenyl ether herbicides (nitrofen, bifenox, or oxyfluorfen) at concentrations of 10, 50, 250, or 500 mg/kg in corn oil. At 500 mg/kg, nitrofen resulted in complete nestling mortality, bifenox in high (66%) mortality, and oxyfluorfen in no mortality. Nitrofen at 250 mg/kg reduced nestling growth as reflected by decreased body weight, crownrump length, and bone lengths including humerus, radiusulna, femur, and tibiotarsus. Bifenox at 250 mg/kg had less effect on growth than nitrofen, but crownrump, humerus, radiusulna, and femur were significantly shorter than controls. Liver weight as a percent of body weight increased with 50 and 250 mg/kg nitrofen. Other manifestations of impending hepatotoxicity following nitrofen ingestion included increased hepatic GSH peroxidase activity in all nitrofentreated groups, and increased plasma enzyme activities for ALT, AST, and LDHL in the 250mg/kg group. Bifenox ingestion resulted in increased hepatic GSH peroxidase activity in the 50and 250mg/kg groups. Nitrofen exposure also resulted in an increase in total plasma thyroxine (T4) concentration. These findings suggest that altricial nestlings are more sensitive to diphenyl ether herbicides than young or adult birds of precocial species.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor& Francis Online","doi":"10.1080/15287399109531571","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., Spann, J.W., LeCaptain, L.J., Bunck, C., and Rattner, B., 1991, Developmental toxicity of diphenyl ether herbicides in nestling American kestrels: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 34, no. 3, p. 323-336, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399109531571.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269446,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287399109531571"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65ddab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spann, J. W.","contributorId":93435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spann","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeCaptain, L. J.","contributorId":91056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCaptain","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bunck, C.M.","contributorId":72337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70016604,"text":"70016604 - 1991 - 40Ar/39Ar age of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary tektites from Haiti","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-19T15:34:58.231649","indexId":"70016604","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"40Ar/39Ar age of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary tektites from Haiti","docAbstract":"<p><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar dating of tektites discovered recently in Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary marine sedimentary rocks on Haiti indicates that the K-T boundary and impact event are coeval at 64.5 ± 0.1 million years ago. Sanidine from a bentonite that lies directly above the K-T boundary in continental, coal-bearing, sedimentary rocks of Montana was also dated and has a&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar age of 64.6 ± 0.2 million years ago, which is indistinguishable statistically from the age of the tektites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.252.5012.1539","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Izett, G., Dalrymple, G.B., and Snee, L., 1991, 40Ar/39Ar age of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary tektites from Haiti: Science, v. 252, no. 5012, p. 1539-1542, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5012.1539.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1539","endPage":"1542","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224743,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Haiti","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.44672913932065,\n              20.12020055382635\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.73829701924586,\n              18.3498518752792\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.0579196130151,\n              17.96750074358431\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.67095321747738,\n              17.96750074358431\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.72287496900586,\n              19.86012080281192\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.61938129157959,\n              20.16346469034243\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.44672913932065,\n              20.12020055382635\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"252","issue":"5012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e25fe4b0c8380cd45b1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izett, G. A.","contributorId":21131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izett","given":"G. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70125397,"text":"70125397 - 1991 - Proceedings of the Second National U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Geographic Information Systems Workshop, June 10-13, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-16T13:57:31","indexId":"70125397","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-13T13:56:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Proceedings of the Second National U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Geographic Information Systems Workshop, June 10-13, 1991","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Second National U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Geographic Information Systems Workshop","conferenceDate":"1991-06-10T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology Research Center","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"D’Erchia, F., 1991, Proceedings of the Second National U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Geographic Information Systems Workshop, June 10-13, 1991, 140 p.","productDescription":"140 p.","numberOfPages":"140","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5419514de4b091c7ffc8e7e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Erchia, F.","contributorId":83847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Erchia","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70126936,"text":"70126936 - 1991 - Application of GIS to evaluate Sandhill Crane nest site characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T10:20:42","indexId":"70126936","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-13T10:19:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Application of GIS to evaluate Sandhill Crane nest site characteristics","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"National U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Geographic Information Systems workshop","conferenceTitle":"National U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Geographic Information Systems workshop","conferenceDate":"1991-06-10T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Baker, B., and Mangus, W., 1991, Application of GIS to evaluate Sandhill Crane nest site characteristics, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252e9ee4b0e641df8a6e77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, B.W.","contributorId":18707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangus, W.L.","contributorId":58580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangus","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016690,"text":"70016690 - 1991 - Resource constraints in petroleum production potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-19T15:28:23.999091","indexId":"70016690","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resource constraints in petroleum production potential","docAbstract":"Geologic reasons indicate that the dominant position of the Middle East as a source of conventional petroleum will not be changed by new discoveries elsewhere. The share of world crude oil production coming from the Middle East could increase, within 10 to 20 years, to exceed 50 percent, under even modest increases in world consumption. Nonconventional resources of oil exist in large quantities, but because of their low production rates they can at best only mitigate extant trends. Increased production of natural gas outside the United States, however, offers an opportunity for geographically diversified energy supplies in the near future.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.253.5016.146","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Masters, C., Root, D.H., and Attanasi, E.D., 1991, Resource constraints in petroleum production potential: Science, v. 253, no. 5016, p. 146-152, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5016.146.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"146","endPage":"152","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"253","issue":"5016","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9eee4b0c8380cd8605a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masters, C.D.","contributorId":96664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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