We present the results of a Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) investigation of the upper 2–5 km of the eastern Alaska Range in the vicinity of the Denali fault based on seismic reflection/refraction data, laboratory measurements of rock velocities, and structural mapping. The Denali fault is a major dextral slip structure mappable for more than 2000 km separating the Wrangellia and adjacent terranes to the south from the Yukon‐Tanana and adjacent terranes to the north. Geologic mapping suggests over 400 km of dextral slip has occurred on the fault, yet within the upper 1.5 km of the crust along the TACT corridor, basement rocks juxtaposed along the Denali fault reveal no significant seismic velocity differences, although the fault zone itself is associated with a minor lowering of velocity. The lack of seismic velocity contrast adjacent to the fault is in agreement with laboratory measurements of elastic wave velocities of samples from terranes bordering the fault. Laboratory measurements of elastic wave velocities of the metasedimentary mica‐quartz schists comprising the Yukon‐Tanana basement are highly anisotropic because of preferred orientation of mica and predict significant variations in velocity accompanying variations in foliation dip. Although other interpretations are possible, the northward shallowing of foliation dip of basement rocks in the Yukon‐Tanana terrane combined with the strong anisotropy associated with these highly foliated rocks can explain an observed northward increase in seismic velocity within this terrane. Seismic reflections from basement rocks within the Yukon‐Tanana terrane may originate from variations in anisotropy with depth and/or changes in composition reflecting different proportions of sandstone and shale in the protolith.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/91JB00905","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T.M., Nokleberg, W.J., Christensen, N., Lutter, W.J., Geist, E.L., and Fisher, M.A., 1991, Seismic reflection/refraction mapping of faulting and regional dips in the eastern Alaska Range: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 96, no. B6, p. 10233-10249, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB00905.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"10233","endPage":"10249","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375496,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Alaska Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.490234375,\n 59.17592824927136\n ],\n [\n -137.900390625,\n 59.17592824927136\n ],\n [\n -137.900390625,\n 63.074865690586634\n ],\n [\n -152.490234375,\n 63.074865690586634\n ],\n [\n -152.490234375,\n 59.17592824927136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christensen, N.I.","contributorId":28016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"N.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lutter, William J.","contributorId":74366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207768,"text":"70207768 - 1991 - The measurement of mangrove characteristics in southwest Florida using spot multispectral data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-09T15:40:56","indexId":"70207768","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T15:32:26","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The measurement of mangrove characteristics in southwest Florida using spot multispectral data","docAbstract":"An intensive in situ sampling program near Marco Island, Florida during 19–23 October 1988 collected information on mangrove type, maximum canopy height, and percent canopy closure. These data were correlated with selected vegetation index information derived from analysis of SPOT multispectral (XS) data obtained on 21 October 1988. The Normalized Difference (ND) vegetation index information was the most highly correlated index with percent canopy closure (r=0.91). Percent canopy closure information can be used as a surrogate for mangrove density which is of great value when predicting which parts of the mangrove ecosystem are at greatest risk after an oil spill occurs. Such information is very valuable when constructing oil spill Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Maps for tropical regions of the world.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/10106049109354302","usgsCitation":"Jensen, J.R., Lin, H., Yang, X., Ramsey III, E., Davis, B.M., and Thoemke, C.W., 1991, The measurement of mangrove characteristics in southwest Florida using spot multispectral data: Geocarto International, v. 6, no. 2, p. 13-21, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049109354302.","productDescription":"9 p,","startPage":"13","endPage":"21","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371126,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Cape Romano Ten Thousand Islands Aquatic Preserve, Kice Island, Marco Island, Rookery Bay Aquatic Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.77810668945312,\n 25.76464852241932\n ],\n [\n -81.34140014648438,\n 25.76464852241932\n ],\n [\n -81.34140014648438,\n 25.987057633133684\n ],\n [\n -81.77810668945312,\n 25.987057633133684\n ],\n [\n -81.77810668945312,\n 25.76464852241932\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jensen, John R.","contributorId":216821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lin, Hongyue","contributorId":221628,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lin","given":"Hongyue","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yang, Xinghe","contributorId":221629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Xinghe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davis, Bruce M. bmdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":4227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Bruce","email":"bmdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thoemke, Chris W.","contributorId":221630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thoemke","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70170198,"text":"70170198 - 1991 - Mechanisms controlling the transport of organic chemicals in subsurface environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T11:26:07","indexId":"70170198","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mechanisms controlling the transport of organic chemicals in subsurface environments","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program---Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Aiken, G., Capel, P., Furlong, E., Hult, M.F., and Thorn, K.A., 1991, Mechanisms controlling the transport of organic chemicals in subsurface environments, chap. of U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program---Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991, p. 633-637.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"633","endPage":"637","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570ccab6e4b0ef3b7ca14723","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70209663,"text":"70209663 - 1991 - Relations among hydrocarbon reservoirs, epigenetic sulfidization, and rock magnetization; Examples from the South Texas coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T17:32:51.292857","indexId":"70209663","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T11:48:32","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations among hydrocarbon reservoirs, epigenetic sulfidization, and rock magnetization; Examples from the South Texas coastal plain","docAbstract":"This paper focuses on the association between concentrations of iron disulfide (FeS 2 ) minerals in the shallow subsurface and underlying hydrocarbon accumulations. Such FeS 2 concentrations are the result of migration of either H 2 S or organic constituents from the underlying hydrocarbons. The H 2 S from reservoirs is produced inorganically from sulfate in the reservoir rocks at high temperature (>90 degrees C) and migrates to shallower beds to react inorganically with iron to form FeS 2 . Organic constituents from reservoirs, in contrast, provide nourishment for sulfate reducing bacteria in shallow relatively cool (<90 degrees C) beds. Sandstone in the Ray Point uranium district in Live Oak County, Texas contains abundant FeS 2 which formed both from deep-seated H 2 S and from H 2 S produced in the shallow subsurface by bacteria that utilized organic materials from depth. Deep petroleum reservoirs were physically connected to near-surface (<100 m) beds containing epigenetic FeS 2 by the Oakville fault. Epigenetic iron sulfide formation occurred in at least four episodes over at least five million years. Evidence from the Ray Point district and elsewhere in Texas illustrates that sulfidization reactions have destroyed magnetic iron-titanium oxide minerals in the vicinity of major growth faults, resulting in a systematic decrease in magnetic susceptibility and magnitude of remanent magnetization in the vicinity of such faults. Growth faults which tap hydrocarbon deposits may be detectable using aeromagnetic methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1443092","usgsCitation":"Goldhaber, M.B., and Reynolds, R.L., 1991, Relations among hydrocarbon reservoirs, epigenetic sulfidization, and rock magnetization; Examples from the South Texas coastal plain: Geophysics, v. 56, no. 6, p. 748-757, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443092.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"748","endPage":"757","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374119,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Live Oak County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-98.0037,28.6896],[-98.0894,28.6599],[-98.0167,28.5323],[-97.8084,28.1788],[-97.8136,28.1757],[-97.8896,28.1253],[-97.8991,28.1185],[-97.9007,28.1167],[-97.9018,28.1135],[-97.9008,28.1108],[-97.9009,28.1071],[-97.902,28.1048],[-97.9047,28.0998],[-97.9059,28.0934],[-97.9041,28.0846],[-97.9021,28.079],[-97.9013,28.0726],[-97.8988,28.0684],[-97.8963,28.0646],[-97.8943,28.0609],[-97.8923,28.0595],[-98.2338,28.0607],[-98.3343,28.06],[-98.3358,28.4775],[-98.336,28.4982],[-98.3363,28.6117],[-98.099,28.7882],[-98.0037,28.6896]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Live Oak\",\"state\":\"TX\"}}]}","volume":"56","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldhaber, Martin B. 0000-0002-1785-4243 mgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":1339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"Martin","email":"mgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243195,"text":"70243195 - 1991 - Regional study of mineral resources in Nevada: Insights from three-dimensional analysis of gravity and magnetic anomalies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T15:58:54.998952","indexId":"70243195","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T10:51:52","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional study of mineral resources in Nevada: Insights from three-dimensional analysis of gravity and magnetic anomalies","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional interpretation of the basins of Nevada was developed based on statewide data bases of digital-gravity, magnetic, geologic, well, and topographic information. An iterative technique was applied to isostatic residual gravity anomalies in Nevada in order to define the location and shape of pre-Tertiary basement and to produce a gravity map that reflects variations of density within the pre-Tertiary basement. The dominant feature of the basement gravity of Nevada is an enormous area of low gravity that spans the entire state between latitudes 37°N and 40.5°N. This regional low strongly correlates with the distribution of middle and late Tertiary volcanic rocks and may reflect silicic intrusions within the mid-crust and upper crust that are the counterparts of volcanic rocks at the surface. Although 80% of Nevada is covered by Cenozoic deposits, these deposits are thicker than 1 km over only about 20% of the state. The remaining 60% of Nevada may have pre-Tertiary basement rocks within reach of current mineral-exploration techniques.
Aeromagnetic profiles from the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) were analyzed in order to produce a map showing the location of shallow magnetic sources in Nevada. This analysis shows that 46% of the state has magnetic sources, generally Mesozoic and Cenozoic igneous rocks, within 1 km of the surface. A linear magnetic anomaly in north-central Nevada has been interpreted by others as a rift zone active during middle Miocene time. The rift also is evident in NURE magnetic profiles, but our interpretation suggests that the magnetic expression of the rift continues south-southeast with similar strike to at least 38°N and perhaps to the amagmatic zone (lat. 37°N). The survival since the middle Miocene of this narrow crustal feature, essentially linear over a distance of 500 km, is difficult to interpret in light of later Basin and Range deformation. Our analysis of gravity anomalies shows that many deep Cenozoic basins are located near the rift, yet only two basins cut across it, and at least five others change strike near the rift, as if to avoid it. The rift may have remained linear because it is associated with crustal structures that acted to resist subsequent deformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0795:RSOMRI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Blakely, R.J., and Jachens, R.C., 1991, Regional study of mineral resources in Nevada: Insights from three-dimensional analysis of gravity and magnetic anomalies: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 6, p. 795-803, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0795:RSOMRI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"803","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"103","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C. jachens@usgs.gov","contributorId":1180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"jachens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70124273,"text":"70124273 - 1991 - QuickMAP","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T10:14:09","indexId":"70124273","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T10:12:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1567,"text":"Environmental Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"QuickMAP","docAbstract":"QuickMAP, a prototype desktop mapping system (DMS), uses easy to learn, simple to use windows, menus, and dialogues to provide support in natural resources decision-making.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Software","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd.","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1016/0266-9838(91)90037-Q","usgsCitation":"Baugh, T., and Osborn, R.G., 1991, QuickMAP: Environmental Software, v. 6, no. 2, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-9838(91)90037-Q.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293654,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293653,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-9838(91)90037-Q"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9b7e4b0239f1986bad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baugh, T.M.","contributorId":35246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baugh","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osborn, R. G.","contributorId":76700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osborn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210205,"text":"70210205 - 1991 - Archean and Proterozoic crustal evolution: Evidence from crustal seismology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-20T14:21:39.505648","indexId":"70210205","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T09:20:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Archean and Proterozoic crustal evolution: Evidence from crustal seismology","docAbstract":"Seismic-velocity models for Archean and Proterozoic provinces throughout the world are analyzed. The thickness of the crust in Archean provinces is generally found to be about 35 km (except at collisional boundaries), whereas Proterozoic crust has a significantly greater thickness of about 45 km and has a substantially thicker high-velocity (>7.0 km/s) layer at the base. We consider two models that may explain these differences. The first model attributes the difference to a change in the composition of the upper mantle. The higher temperatures in the Archean mantle led to the eruption of komatiitic lavas, resulting in an ultradepleted lithosphere unable to produce significant volumes of basaltic melt. Proterozoic crust developed above fertile mantle, and subsequent partial melting resulted in basaltic underplating and crustal inflation. In the second model, convection in the hot Archean mantle is considered to have been too turbulent to sustain stable long-lived subduction zones. By the Proterozoic the mantle had cooled sufficiently for substantial island and continental arcs to be constructed, and the high-velocity basal layer was formed by basaltic underplating.
Knowledge of carbon dioxide concentration in desert soils is required in theoretical models of the development of pedogenic and ground-water calcium carbonate. Most studies have concentrated on medium- to fine-textured soils in temperate to humid environments. Very little data exist for CO2 concentrations in stony, coarse-textured deposits such as those making up alluvial fans and fluvial terraces. The purpose of this study was to obtain CO2 concentration data in stony, coarse-textured, uncultivated soils in a desert environment.
Soil gas samples were collected from two sites—Yucca Wash and Rock Valley—at the Nevada Test Site in southern Nevada between June 1985 and June 1986 to determine soil CO2 concentrations and their seasonal and depth variations in the soil profile. Soil CO2 concentrations ranged from 0.03 volume percent in winter and summer to 0.25 volume percent in spring. During the summer, fall, and winter, CO2 concentrations were close to atmospheric levels and varied randomly with depth. In spring, CO2 varied with root density, highest concentrations occurring between 40 and 80 cm of depth. Maximum CO2 values decrease and occur at progressively deeper levels toward the end of spring. Biological activity appears to be limited throughout the year because of the arid climate. During the winter and spring, soil CO2 appears to be more dependent on temperature than moisture, whereas in the summer and fall it appears to be dependent on moisture.
Soil gas samples were also collected during the spring from three sites in the Kyle Canyon area in southern Nevada to determine the variation of soil CO2 levels with changes in elevation and vegetation. Soil CO2 values increased from 0.04 to 0.24 volume percent with increasing elevation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Williams & Wilkins","doi":"10.1097/00010694-199106000-00003","usgsCitation":"Terhune, C.L., and Harden, J.W., 1991, Seasonal variations of carbon dioxide concentrations in stony, coarse-textured desert soils of southern Nevada, USA: Soil Science, v. 151, no. 6, p. 417-429, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199106000-00003.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"429","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Kyle Canyon, Nevada Test Site, Rock Valley, Yucca Wash","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.57215965832935,\n 36.935357940977156\n ],\n [\n -116.55667759182593,\n 36.880290507621226\n ],\n [\n -116.52411186573303,\n 36.82689268256301\n ],\n [\n -116.46538678589307,\n 36.75250083047368\n ],\n [\n -116.36768960761447,\n 36.65689425228052\n ],\n [\n -116.18305583300328,\n 36.67744891655387\n ],\n [\n -116.01168537274322,\n 36.68344299281007\n ],\n [\n -115.93427504022664,\n 36.705702614953026\n ],\n [\n -115.9033109072208,\n 36.75445630760139\n ],\n [\n -116.01488855891635,\n 36.80704979320976\n ],\n [\n -116.1157889233688,\n 36.7865298001729\n ],\n [\n -116.21508769473465,\n 36.75488404241885\n ],\n [\n -116.29075201792368,\n 36.72793209163633\n ],\n [\n -116.3708316722509,\n 36.89718704619213\n ],\n [\n -116.3574850631961,\n 36.95650847263279\n ],\n [\n -116.34734164031606,\n 37.00445333355934\n ],\n [\n -116.41514241431304,\n 37.03130788631145\n ],\n [\n -116.57058710746847,\n 37.04409243246313\n ],\n [\n -116.57215965832935,\n 36.935357940977156\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.66874653036014,\n 36.27684846767032\n ],\n [\n -115.6818215433292,\n 36.27383572110618\n ],\n [\n -115.67955261978994,\n 36.25887786528443\n ],\n [\n -115.67207851871952,\n 36.25005246295588\n ],\n [\n -115.65966617229866,\n 36.238104293741145\n ],\n [\n -115.6476542241497,\n 36.231860379706816\n ],\n [\n -115.62629964966244,\n 36.2398266650315\n ],\n [\n -115.61237372956018,\n 36.24111841859431\n ],\n [\n -115.59529006997016,\n 36.25091352170193\n ],\n [\n -115.57927413910473,\n 36.25586442535618\n ],\n [\n -115.57006497885705,\n 36.2557568003521\n ],\n [\n -115.54898044038076,\n 36.25844738098267\n ],\n [\n -115.52255415445245,\n 36.262429270251275\n ],\n [\n -115.4966617328867,\n 36.263828264238356\n ],\n [\n -115.46983504868697,\n 36.27028483482704\n ],\n [\n -115.47303823486017,\n 36.27415852094177\n ],\n [\n -115.48077926811187,\n 36.28115218964544\n ],\n [\n -115.51024087546422,\n 36.28287361199655\n ],\n [\n -115.54088601561787,\n 36.27824720333986\n ],\n [\n -115.56744576763631,\n 36.282012905566816\n ],\n [\n -115.59253739265878,\n 36.27738644589441\n ],\n [\n -115.60815292525282,\n 36.28136736951646\n ],\n [\n -115.62550351702359,\n 36.277171255049836\n ],\n [\n -115.65620071784916,\n 36.26899356341566\n ],\n [\n -115.66874653036014,\n 36.27684846767032\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"151","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terhune, Christina L.","contributorId":21413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Terhune","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185802,"text":"70185802 - 1991 - Agricultural research to improve water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T11:00:41","indexId":"70185802","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Agricultural research to improve water quality","docAbstract":"ime courses for ingest~on, retention and release via feces of microbial food was investigated
using 2 b~valves w~th d~fferent feeding strategies, Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma
balthica. The results showed 2 pathways for the uptake of food material in these clams. The first is
represented by an initlal label pulse in the feces. The second pathway operates over longer time
periods. Inert \"Cr-labeled beads were used to determine time frames for these pathways. The first
pathway, involving extracellular digestion and intestinal uptake, is relatively inefficient In the
digestion of bacter~al cells by P amurensis but more efficient in M. balthica. The second pathway,
involving intracellular digestion withln the digestive gland of both clams, was highly efficient in
absorb~ng bacterial carbon, and was responsible for most chromium uptake. Differences in the overall
retention of microbial \"Cr and I4C relate not to gut-passage times but to the processing and release
strategies of the food material by these 2 clams.
Centrifugal force is an alternative to large pressure gradients for the measurement of low values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). With a head of water above a porous medium in a centrifuge bucket, both constant-head and falling-head measurements are practical at forces up to at least 1800 times normal gravity. Darcy's law applied to the known centrifugal potential leads to simple formulas for Ksat that are analogous to those used in the standard gravity-driven constant- and falling-head methods. Both centrifugal methods were tested on several fine-textured samples of soil and ceramic with Ksat between about 10−10 and 10−9 m/s. The results were compared to falling-head gravity measurements. The comparison shows most measurements agreeing to within 20% for a given sample, much of the variation probably resulting from run-to-run changes in sample structure. The falling-head centrifuge method proved to be especially simple in design and operation and was more accurate than the constant-head method. With modified apparatus, Ksat measurements less than 10−10 m/s should be attainable.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00367","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., and Mello, K.A., 1991, Centrifugal techniques for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 6, p. 1263-1269, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00367.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1263","endPage":"1269","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338090,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mello, Karen A.","contributorId":189694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mello","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209072,"text":"70209072 - 1991 - Effects of color on cadmium and lead levels in avian contour feathers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-13T07:59:36","indexId":"70209072","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-31T07:53:53","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of color on cadmium and lead levels in avian contour feathers","docAbstract":"The use of feathers has been proposed as a noninvasive tissue for biomonitoring metal levels in birds and their ecosystems. We examined cadmium and lead levels in black and white contour feathers from common (Sterna hirundo) and sooty (S. fuscata) terns, and black skimmers (Rynchops niger) to determine if there were significant differences in metal levels related to the melanin content of the feathers. There were no significant differences in metals in black versus white body feathers in any of the three species; correlations between metal residues from individual birds were low. © 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF01065843","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Gochfeld, M., Saliva, J., Lesser, F., Shukla, T., Bertrand, D., and Burger, J., 1991, Effects of color on cadmium and lead levels in avian contour feathers: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 20, no. 4, p. 523-526, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065843.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"523","endPage":"526","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gochfeld, Michael","contributorId":223278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gochfeld","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saliva, Jorge","contributorId":28562,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saliva","given":"Jorge","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lesser, Fred","contributorId":223279,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lesser","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shukla, Tara","contributorId":223280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shukla","given":"Tara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bertrand, Dale","contributorId":223281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bertrand","given":"Dale","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burger, Joanna","contributorId":28536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"Joanna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70203622,"text":"70203622 - 1991 - The federal effort to evaluate coastal wetland mitigation: A report by the National Ocean Pollution Policy Board's Habitat Loss and Modification Working Group","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T14:02:12.105487","indexId":"70203622","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-28T09:12:26","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5145,"text":"Technical Memorandum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"CS/NOPPO 91-2","title":"The federal effort to evaluate coastal wetland mitigation: A report by the National Ocean Pollution Policy Board's Habitat Loss and Modification Working Group","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ocean Pollution Program","usgsCitation":"Kiraly, S.J., Cross, F.A., and Buffington, J., 1991, The federal effort to evaluate coastal wetland mitigation: A report by the National Ocean Pollution Policy Board's Habitat Loss and Modification Working Group: Technical Memorandum CS/NOPPO 91-2, iii, 10 p.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364170,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/10184"},{"id":364171,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kiraly, Sari J.","contributorId":215873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiraly","given":"Sari","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cross, Ford A.","contributorId":215874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cross","given":"Ford","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buffington, John D.","contributorId":215875,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buffington","given":"John D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209946,"text":"70209946 - 1991 - Holocene Treeline Fluctuations in the Northern San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A., as Indicated by Radiocarbon-Dated Conifer Wood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-06T19:01:43.092564","indexId":"70209946","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-06T13:49:06","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene Treeline Fluctuations in the Northern San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A., as Indicated by Radiocarbon-Dated Conifer Wood","docAbstract":"An early to mid-Holocene warm period with greater than present-day monsoonal circulation is indicated by evidence in the northern San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. Fifty radiocarbon ages of coniferous wood fragments, and several other radiocarbon ages of willow fragments, woody peat, and organic sediment associated with conifer remains, recovered from six sites at or above present-day treeline indicate that during the first half of the Holocene treeline was higher than present.
Radiocarbon ages of coniferous wood fragments recovered from the remains of Lake Emma, a former glacial tarn above present-day treeline, indicate that between 9600 and 5400 BP treeline in the northern San Juan Mountains was at least 80 m higher than present. Furthermore, a radiocarbon age of a large spruce fragment with a complacent annual-ring record suggests that at about 8000 BP timberline may have been at least 140 m higher than present. These data suggest that during the early to mid-Holocene average July temperatures were at least 0.5 to 0.9°C higher than present. Radiocarbon ages and stratigraphy from bogs in the study area near present-day treeline suggest that between 5400 and 3500 BP treeline was near its present-day limits. After 3500 BP treeline was generally lower than present although short climatic ameliorations, with accompanying rises in treeline, may have occurred at about 3100 and 2400 BP.
Deuterium concentrations previously determined for the cellulose of 18 conifer fragments from the Lake Emma site indicate a 70‰ decrease in deuterium from 9600 BP to present. These data indicate that the early Holocene increase in July solar radiation may have resulted in the intensification of the Arizona monsoon at that time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis, Ltd.","doi":"10.2307/1551601","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P.E., Trimble, D.A., and Rubin, M., 1991, Holocene Treeline Fluctuations in the Northern San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A., as Indicated by Radiocarbon-Dated Conifer Wood: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 23, no. 3, p. 223-246, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551601.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"246","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374500,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Northern San Juan Mountains ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.094482421875,\n 37.64794668685352\n ],\n [\n -107.61932373046875,\n 37.64794668685352\n ],\n [\n -107.61932373046875,\n 37.99291593373803\n ],\n [\n -108.094482421875,\n 37.99291593373803\n ],\n [\n -108.094482421875,\n 37.64794668685352\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, Paul E. pcarrara@usgs.gov","contributorId":1342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"Paul","email":"pcarrara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trimble, Deborah A.","contributorId":68298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, Meyer","contributorId":107283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Meyer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003117,"text":"1003117 - 1991 - Rotenone persistence in freshwater ponds: Effects of temperature and sediment adsorption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-31T15:07:01.852818","indexId":"1003117","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rotenone persistence in freshwater ponds: Effects of temperature and sediment adsorption","docAbstract":"The persistence of rotenone was compared between a cement-lined pond (0.04 hectare) and an earthen-bottom pond (0.02 hectare) treated with 5 μL Noxfish/L (250 μg rotenone/L) during spring, summer, and fall. Water temperatures on the days of treatment in each season were 8, 22, and 15°C, respectively. Both ponds were filled with pond water from a common source 1 week before each of the three treatments. Water samples (filtered and unfiltered) and sediment samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to monitor the decrease of rotenone until residues were at or below the detection limit (<2.0 μg/L for water and < 25 ng/g for sediments). The loss of rotenone from water generally followed a first-order rate ofdecay. Rotenone disappeared two to three times faster in the earthen pond than in the concrete pond. The rotenone half-life times in the spring, summer, and fall treatments were 3.7, 1.3, and 5.2 d, respectively, in the concrete pond, and 1.8, 0.7, and 1.8 d in the earthen pond. Rates of decay in both ponds were directly correlated with water temperature. Filtered water samples from both ponds contained less rotenone than unfiltered water, indicating that some rotenone was bound to suspended material. The highest concentration of rotenone in sediment samples was 102 ng/g; residues decreased to below the detection limit within 14 d in the spring treatment and within 3 d in the summer and fall treatments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1991)011<0226:RPIFPE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., Gingerich, W., Davis, R.A., and Gilderhus, P., 1991, Rotenone persistence in freshwater ponds: Effects of temperature and sediment adsorption: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 11, no. 2, p. 226-231, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1991)011<0226:RPIFPE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"226","endPage":"231","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cb74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gingerich, W.H.","contributorId":83481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, R. A.","contributorId":83488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilderhus, P.A.","contributorId":60156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilderhus","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016710,"text":"70016710 - 1991 - Geology and geochemistry of three sedimentary-rock-hosted disseminated gold deposits in Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-19T17:12:59.685846","indexId":"70016710","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and geochemistry of three sedimentary-rock-hosted disseminated gold deposits in Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China","docAbstract":"Five sedimentary-rock-hosted disseminated gold deposits have been discovered since 1980 in southwestern Guizhou Province (PRC). Submicron-sized gold is disseminated in silty carbonate and carbonaceous shale host rocks of Permian and Triassic age. Arsenic, antimony, mercury, and thallium accompany the gold. Associated hydrothermal alteration resulted in decarbonatization of limestone, silicification, and argillization, and depletion of base metals, barium, and many other elements. Organic material occurs in most host rocks and ores. It was apparently devolatilized during a regional heating event that preceded hydrothermal activity, and thus was not mobilized during mineralization, and did not affect gold deposition.
The Paoli silver-copper deposit is located in south-central Oklahoma, 56 km south-southeast from Norman, Oklahoma. It was mined for high-grade silver-copper near the beginning of this century, and intensive exploratory drilling during the early 1970's delineated unmined portions of the deposit. A collaborative study between the U.S.G.S., the Kansas Geological Survey, and the University of Missouri-Rolla was undertaken to provide new information on the character of red bed copper deposits of the Midcontinent region.
The Paoli deposit has been interpreted to occur as a roll-front type of deposit. The silver and copper mineralization occurs within paleochannels in the Permian Wellington Formation. The silver-copper interfaces appear to be controlled by oxidation-reduction interfaces that are marked by grey to red color changes in the host sandstone. Ore microscopic examinations of polished thin sections show that unoxidized ore consists of chalcocite, digenite, chalcopyrite, covellite and pyrite; and oxidized ores are characterized by covellite, bornite, hematite and goethite. In sandstone-hosted ores, chalcocite and digenite replace dolomite and border clastic quartz grains. In siltstone-hosted ores, the copper sulfide grains have varied shapes; most are irregular in shape and 5–25 μm across, others have euhedral shapes suggestive of pyrite crystal replacements, and some are crudely spherical and are 120–200 μm across. Chalcopyrite is the predominant copper sulfide at depth. Covellite and malachite replace chalcocite and digenite near the surface.
Silver only occurs as native silver; most as irregularly shaped grains 40–80 μm across, but some as cruciform crystals that are up to 3.5 mm across. The native silver has been deposited after copper sulfides, and locally replaces chalcocite.
Surficial nodules of pyrite, malachite and hematite locally are present in outcrops at the oxidation-reduction fronts. Polished sections of the nodules show that malachite forms a cement around quartz sand grains, and brecciated pyrite grains are surrounded by rims of hematite and goethite. Dolomite is the principal sandstone cement. Cathodoluminescence microscopic study of the mineral has shown that it was deposited during seven periods before the copper sulfide mineralization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-1368(91)90024-2","usgsCitation":"Thomas, C., Hagni, R., and Berendsen, P., 1991, Ore microscopy of the Paoli silver-copper deposit, Oklahoma: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 6, no. 2-3, p. 229-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(91)90024-2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"244","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224698,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","city":"Paoli","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.30989669582416,\n 34.856450315481666\n ],\n [\n -97.30989669582416,\n 34.80414468979322\n ],\n [\n -97.21983169312097,\n 34.80414468979322\n ],\n [\n -97.21983169312097,\n 34.856450315481666\n ],\n [\n -97.30989669582416,\n 34.856450315481666\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f6ee4b0c8380cd75ab9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, C.A.","contributorId":14385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hagni, R.D.","contributorId":33064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagni","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berendsen, P.","contributorId":68037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berendsen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70242958,"text":"70242958 - 1991 - Torsional response of unique building","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T22:11:48.430426","indexId":"70242958","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T16:58:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2467,"text":"Journal of Structural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Torsional response of unique building","docAbstract":"Acceleration response records obtained during the October 1, 1987 Whittier‐Narrows earthquake
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0537:CAROHL>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Marincovich, L., and Powell, C.L., 1991, Comment and reply on \"High-latitude application of 87Sr/86Sr: Correlation of Nuwok beds on North Slope, Alaska, to standard Oligocene chronostratigraphy\": Geology, v. 19, no. 5, p. 537-539, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0537:CAROHL>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"539","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416203,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.3536288889399,\n 68.1637492873993\n ],\n [\n -163.16556382899793,\n 67.15482882287046\n ],\n [\n -155.88289960068357,\n 66.68838933868983\n ],\n [\n -148.1054578276538,\n 67.062993724944\n ],\n [\n -140.98346490393845,\n 68.83858326907597\n ],\n [\n -141.06236748576708,\n 69.66689615100529\n ],\n [\n -143.1514000042599,\n 70.2728337309675\n ],\n [\n -145.12234922788826,\n 70.13441815055631\n ],\n [\n -150.45066167583477,\n 70.69426825705506\n ],\n [\n -157.09845626796022,\n 71.56735428830947\n ],\n [\n -157.97815216195426,\n 71.04043203291579\n ],\n [\n -159.6396174874516,\n 71.03023252873388\n ],\n [\n -161.40786436406935,\n 70.47061792488981\n ],\n [\n -162.05421733303544,\n 70.44732520093135\n ],\n [\n -163.4306088738599,\n 69.84019061212635\n ],\n [\n -163.93602736502288,\n 69.23980326182436\n ],\n [\n -165.30411753687525,\n 69.04920065811456\n ],\n [\n -166.68976201637173,\n 69.05056192888972\n ],\n [\n -166.93086671009814,\n 68.32840119317947\n ],\n [\n -166.3536288889399,\n 68.1637492873993\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marincovich, Louie Jr.","contributorId":53403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marincovich","given":"Louie","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Charles L. II 0000-0002-1913-555X cpowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-555X","contributorId":3243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Charles","suffix":"II","email":"cpowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70268277,"text":"70268277 - 1991 - Research center analyses health problems of endangered species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-18T21:21:58.774443","indexId":"70268277","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T16:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1498,"text":"Endangered Species Technical Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Research center analyses health problems of endangered species","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Windingstad, R., 1991, Research center analyses health problems of endangered species: Endangered Species Technical Bulletin, v. 16, no. 5, p. 4-6.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"6","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Windingstad, R.","contributorId":15558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windingstad","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":940685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70242955,"text":"70242955 - 1991 - Kinematic model of a continuous Heart Mountain allochthon: Discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T21:04:10.222648","indexId":"70242955","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T15:51:49","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinematic model of a continuous Heart Mountain allochthon: Discussion","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Nelson, W.H., 1991, Kinematic model of a continuous Heart Mountain allochthon: Discussion: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 5, p. 718-719.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"718","endPage":"719","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103%3C0718:KMOACH%3E2.3.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Heart Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.06574338548361,\n 44.68250404638832\n ],\n [\n -109.08351649369034,\n 44.70194221949751\n ],\n [\n -109.11933614253685,\n 44.69650018865943\n ],\n [\n -109.13273433180017,\n 44.693973357616045\n ],\n [\n -109.1718351698541,\n 44.678421201146904\n ],\n [\n -109.1718351698541,\n 44.65177843547184\n ],\n [\n -109.15105430487407,\n 44.63037757094625\n ],\n [\n -109.12562508851758,\n 44.606438164836675\n ],\n [\n -109.09007887210467,\n 44.60332337029078\n ],\n [\n -109.04004073669299,\n 44.62512342486278\n ],\n [\n -109.02910343933524,\n 44.6552796435563\n ],\n [\n -109.06574338548361,\n 44.68250404638832\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Willis H.","contributorId":84777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Willis","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70126916,"text":"70126916 - 1991 - Human disturbance of an avian scavenging guild","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T09:26:21","indexId":"70126916","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T09:25:32","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Human disturbance of an avian scavenging guild","docAbstract":"In order to investigate the effects of human activities on relationships within foraging guilds, we examined inacanus dynamics of eagles, crows, and gulls scavenging on spawned salmon in the Pacific Northwest. We examined several hypotheses that postulate the asymmetric foraging relationships of the three guild members and that reveal the influence of competition and facilitation in these relationships. Spatial and temporal patterns of resource use by the three primary guild members varied with the presence and absence of human activity at experimental feeding stations. At control (undisturbed) stations, eagles preferred to feed >100 m from vegetative cover, whereas gulls fed <50 m from cover. At experimental (disturbed) stations, eagles rarely fed, and feeding activity by gulls increased at both near and far stations. Crows often fed on alternate food sources in fields adjacent to the river, especially when salmon carcasses were scarce, whereas eagles and gulls rarely did so. We also examined if and how the behavior of single guild members changes in the presence or absence of other guild members. In the absence of eagles, gulls and crows preferred stations far from cover, numbers of both increased at feeding stations, birds were distributed nearer to carcasses, and they fed more. We emphasize that guild theory lends important insights to our understanding of the effects of human disturbance on wildlife communities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","doi":"10.2307/1941814","usgsCitation":"Skagen, S.K., Knight, R., and Orians, G.H., 1991, Human disturbance of an avian scavenging guild: Ecological Applications, v. 1, no. 1, p. 215-225, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941814.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294456,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294455,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941814"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252eb7e4b0e641df8a7022","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Richard L.","contributorId":46014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orians, Gordon H.","contributorId":97833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orians","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243191,"text":"70243191 - 1991 - Tholeiitic and alkalic basalts of the oldest Pacific Ocean crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T14:08:01.115416","indexId":"70243191","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T08:55:37","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3531,"text":"Terra Nova","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tholeiitic and alkalic basalts of the oldest Pacific Ocean crust","docAbstract":"Approximately 160 Ma old basaltic lavas obtained from ODP Site 801 in the Pigafetta Basin represent the first Jurassic oceanic crust recovered in the Pacific Ocean and the oldest in situ oceanic crust discovered anywhere. The basement consists of an upper alkali olivine basalt sequence and a lower tholeiitic sequence separated by a yellow Fe-rich hydrothermal sedimentary deposit. The aphyric and sparsely plagiodase-olivine±spinel phyric tholeiites exhibit depleted, open–system fractionated characteristics with trace element abundances and Pb–Nd isotopic compositions similar to normal mid-ocean ridge basalts (N-MORB). The aphyric alkali basalts, although showing some overlap in isotopic composition with MORB, exhibit strong similarities in terms of incompatible element abundances to ocean island basalts (OIB). They could represent either OIB-type off-axis volcanism or an alkalic event possibly associated with the waning stages of spreading axis volcanism in the Pigafetta Basin. All lavas have undergone low-grade anoxic smectite–carbonate alteration, although flows underlying the Fe-rich sediments have suffered hydrothermal alteration and fracturing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00143.x","usgsCitation":"Floyd, P., Castillo, P.R., and Pringle, C.M., 1991, Tholeiitic and alkalic basalts of the oldest Pacific Ocean crust: Terra Nova, v. 3, no. 3, p. 257-264, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00143.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"264","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 162.40995586037883,\n 56.61459069136319\n ],\n [\n 150.41140906451074,\n 47.06118463334306\n ],\n [\n 142.60717113696023,\n 43.14710995297989\n ],\n [\n 139.88344541002107,\n 39.976707326188546\n ],\n [\n 138.70078818492743,\n 35.76233510272773\n ],\n [\n 140.13694806332848,\n 24.01011872166336\n ],\n [\n 141.2569189237189,\n 14.69707237603626\n ],\n [\n 136.38724325986482,\n 7.535226034049799\n ],\n [\n 154.39660634466549,\n -6.826830859355837\n ],\n [\n 162.54878736777994,\n -12.690339360572466\n ],\n [\n 177.46203440679392,\n -19.663454104044362\n ],\n [\n 191.34875315679375,\n -17.32984059925262\n ],\n [\n 218.77062815679255,\n -17.999807229554023\n ],\n [\n 204.00500315679136,\n 58.0661583113168\n ],\n [\n 190.64562815679108,\n 53.735606521632064\n ],\n [\n 178.86828440679182,\n 53.212501611521844\n ],\n [\n 170.95812815679216,\n 54.96489565662765\n ],\n [\n 162.40995586037883,\n 56.61459069136319\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Floyd, P.A.","contributorId":14107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Floyd","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castillo, P. R.","contributorId":302629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castillo","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":65520,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pringle, C. M.","contributorId":72902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pringle","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185491,"text":"70185491 - 1991 - Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:58:34","indexId":"70185491","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement","docAbstract":"A large-scale natural gradient tracer experiment was conducted on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to examine the transport and dispersion of solutes in a sand and gravel aquifer. The nonreactive tracer, bromide, and the reactive tracers, lithium and molybdate, were injected as a pulse in July 1985 and monitored in three dimensions as they moved as far as 280 m down-gradient through an array of multilevel samplers. The bromide cloud moved horizontally at a rate of 0.42 m per day. It also moved downward about 4 m because of density-induced sinking early in the test and accretion of areal recharge from precipitation. After 200 m of transport, the bromide cloud had spread more than 80 m in the direction of flow, but was only 14 m wide and 4–6 m thick. The lithium and molybdate clouds followed the same path as the bromide cloud, but their rates of movement were retarded about 50% relative to bromide movement because of sorption onto the sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00241","usgsCitation":"LeBlanc, D.R., Garabedian, S.P., Hess, K.M., Gelhar, L.W., Quadri, R.D., Stollenwerk, K.G., and Wood, W., 1991, Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 895-910, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00241.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"895","endPage":"910","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.60774162535756\n ],\n [\n -70.46905517578125,\n 41.60774162535756\n ],\n [\n -70.46905517578125,\n 41.703165313736655\n ],\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.703165313736655\n ],\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.60774162535756\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gelhar, Lynn W.","contributorId":189690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gelhar","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Quadri, Richard D.","contributorId":189692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quadri","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70185487,"text":"70185487 - 1991 - Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 2. Analysis of spatial moments for a nonreactive tracer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:58:59","indexId":"70185487","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 2. Analysis of spatial moments for a nonreactive tracer","docAbstract":"A large-scale natural gradient tracer test was conducted to examine the transport of reactive and nonreactive tracers in a sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. As part of this test the transport of bromide, a nonreactive tracer, was monitored for about 280 m and quantified using spatial moments. The calculated mass of bromide for each sampling date varied between 85% and 105% of the injected mass using an estimated porosity of 0.39, and the center of mass moved at a nearly constant horizontal velocity of 0.42 m per day. A nonlinear change in the bromide longitudinal variance was observed during the first 26 m of travel distance, but afterward the variance followed a linear trend, indicating the longitudinal dispersivity had reached a constant value of 0.96 m. The transverse dispersivities were much smaller; transverse horizontal dispersivity was 1.8 cm, and transverse vertical dispersivity was about 1.5 mm.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00242","usgsCitation":"Garabedian, S.P., LeBlanc, D.R., Gelhar, L.W., and Celia, M.A., 1991, Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 2. Analysis of spatial moments for a nonreactive tracer: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 911-924, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00242.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"911","endPage":"924","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.57273864746094,\n 41.6010669423553\n ],\n [\n -70.44708251953125,\n 41.6010669423553\n ],\n [\n -70.44708251953125,\n 41.697013213237994\n ],\n [\n -70.57273864746094,\n 41.697013213237994\n ],\n [\n -70.57273864746094,\n 41.6010669423553\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBlanc, Dennis R.","contributorId":189689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gelhar, Lynn W.","contributorId":189690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gelhar","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Celia, Michael A.","contributorId":189683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Celia","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185800,"text":"70185800 - 1991 - Extent of reaction in open systems with multiple heterogeneous reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T10:37:11","indexId":"70185800","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5349,"text":"American Institute of Chemical Engineers ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extent of reaction in open systems with multiple heterogeneous reactions","docAbstract":"The familiar batch concept of extent of reaction is reexamined for systems of reactions occurring in open systems. Because species concentrations change as a result of transport processes as well as reactions in open systems, the extent of reaction has been less useful in practice in these applications. It is shown that by defining the extent of the equivalent batch reaction and a second contribution to the extent of reaction due to the transport processes, it is possible to treat the description of the dynamics of flow through porous media accompanied by many chemical reactions in a uniform, concise manner. This approach tends to isolate the reaction terms among themselves and away from the model partial differential equations, thereby enabling treatment of large problems involving both equilibrium and kinetically controlled reactions. Implications on the number of coupled partial differential equations necessary to be solved and on numerical algorithms for solving such problems are discussed. Examples provided illustrate the theory applied to solute transport in groundwater flow.