{"pageNumber":"4345","pageRowStart":"108600","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70171270,"text":"70171270 - 1991 - Sedimentation rates and capacity restoration options, Lago Loíza, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-26T11:50:19","indexId":"70171270","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-21T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sedimentation rates and capacity restoration options, Lago Loíza, Puerto Rico","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Fifth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","conferenceDate":"March 18-21, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission","usgsCitation":"Collar, P., and Guzman-Rios, S., 1991, Sedimentation rates and capacity restoration options, Lago Loíza, Puerto Rico, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, v. 2, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 18-21, 1991, p. 15-17-15-25.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"15-17","endPage":"15-25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321718,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e3be4b07e28b664dc02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collar, P.D.","contributorId":73234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collar","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guzman-Rios, Senen sgguzman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guzman-Rios","given":"Senen","email":"sgguzman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70209011,"text":"70209011 - 1991 - A rationale for the use of colonial fish-eating birds to monitor the presence of developmental toxicants in Great Lakes fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-11T12:36:53","indexId":"70209011","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-11T12:31:45","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A rationale for the use of colonial fish-eating birds to monitor the presence of developmental toxicants in Great Lakes fish","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71351-8","usgsCitation":"Fox, G., Gilbertson, M., Gilman, A., and Kubiak, T., 1991, A rationale for the use of colonial fish-eating birds to monitor the presence of developmental toxicants in Great Lakes fish: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 17, no. 2, p. 151-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71351-8.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"152","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, G.A.","contributorId":17725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbertson, Michael","contributorId":111420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbertson","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilman, A.P.","contributorId":181764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilman","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kubiak, T.J.","contributorId":89105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubiak","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70171496,"text":"70171496 - 1991 - Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T11:42:37","indexId":"70171496","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-08T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional Aquifer Systems of the United States, Aquifers of the Caribbean Islands, American Water Association Monograph Series No. 15","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"AWRA international symposium on Tropical hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","issn":"0894-847X","usgsCitation":"Renken, R.A., Gomez-Gomez, F., Quinones-Aponte, V., and Dacosta, R., 1991, Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico, <i>in</i> Regional Aquifer Systems of the United States, Aquifers of the Caribbean Islands, American Water Association Monograph Series No. 15, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 1990, p. 25-36.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500776e4b0ee97d51bb749","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631321,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631322,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631323,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Renken, Robert A. rarenken@usgs.gov","contributorId":269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"Robert","email":"rarenken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":631317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dacosta, Rafael","contributorId":93060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dacosta","given":"Rafael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70171507,"text":"70171507 - 1991 - Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T17:11:25","indexId":"70171507","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-07T10:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1045,"text":"Biotropica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"EXLDetailsDisplayVal\">On 18 September 1989 the western part of<span class=\"searchword\">Hurricane</span>&nbsp;<span class=\"searchword\">Hugo</span>&nbsp;crossed eastern&nbsp;<span class=\"searchword\">Puerto</span>&nbsp;<span class=\"searchword\">Rico</span>&nbsp;and the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF). Storm-facing slopes on the northeastern part of the island that were within 15 km of the eye and received greater than 200 mm of rain were most affected by the storm. In the LEF and nearby area, recurrence intervals associated with&nbsp;<span class=\"searchword\">Hurricane</span>&nbsp;<span class=\"searchword\">Hugo</span>&nbsp;were 50 yr for wind velocity, 10 to 31 yr for stream discharge, and 5 yr for rainfall intensity. To compare the magnitudes of the six hurricanes to pass over&nbsp;<span class=\"searchword\">Puerto</span><span class=\"searchword\">Rico</span>&nbsp;since 1899, 3 indices were developed using the standardized values of the product of: the maximum sustained wind speed at San Juan squared and storm duration; the square of the product of the maximum sustained wind velocity at San Juan and the ratio of the distance between the&nbsp;<span class=\"searchword\">hurricane</span>&nbsp;eye and San Juan to the distance between the eye and percentage of average annual rainfall delivered by the storm. Based on these indices,&nbsp;<span class=\"searchword\">Hurricane</span><span class=\"searchword\">Hugo</span>&nbsp;was of moderate intensity. However, because of the path of Hurricane Hugo, only one of these six storms (the 1932 storm) caused more damage to the LEF than Hurricane Hugo. Hurricanes of Hugo's magnitude are estimated to pass over the LEF once every 50-60 yr, on average.</span><span>&nbsp;</span></p>","publisher":"Association for Tropical Biology","publisherLocation":"Malden, MA","doi":"10.2307/2388247","issn":"00063606","usgsCitation":"Scatena, F., and Larsen, M.C., 1991, Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico: Biotropica, v. 23, no. 4, p. 317-323, https://doi.org/10.2307/2388247.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"323","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1235109","text":"External Repository"},{"id":322066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5750076fe4b0ee97d51bb6bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scatena, F.N.","contributorId":44766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scatena","given":"F.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":631525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016872,"text":"70016872 - 1991 - Quasi-static fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T17:18:40.742354","indexId":"70016872","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quasi-static fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite","docAbstract":"The failure process in a brittle granite sample can be stabilized by controlling axial stress to maintain a constant rate of acoustic emission. As a result, the post-failure stress curve can be followed quasistatically, extending to hours the fault growth process which normally would occur violently in a fraction of a second. Using a procedure originally developed to locate earthquakes, acoustic emission arrival-time data are inverted to obtain three-dimensional locations of microseisms. These locations provide a detailed view of fracture nucleation and growth.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/350039a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., Byerlee, J., Kuksenko, V., Ponomarev, A., and Sidorin, A., 1991, Quasi-static fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite: Nature, v. 350, no. 6313, p. 39-42, https://doi.org/10.1038/350039a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"350","issue":"6313","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a927be4b0c8380cd808a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuksenko, V.","contributorId":15771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuksenko","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ponomarev, A.","contributorId":70120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponomarev","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sidorin, A.","contributorId":106648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidorin","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70171301,"text":"70171301 - 1991 - Hydrochemistry of the south coastal plain aquifer system of Puerto Rico and its relation to surface water recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T09:32:31","indexId":"70171301","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-06T06:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrochemistry of the south coastal plain aquifer system of Puerto Rico and its relation to surface water recharge","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Gomez-Gomez, F., 1991, Hydrochemistry of the south coastal plain aquifer system of Puerto Rico and its relation to surface water recharge, <i>in</i> International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology, v. 15, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 1990, p. 57-75.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"75","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e33e4b07e28b664dbc0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631647,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631648,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631649,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70170504,"text":"70170504 - 1991 - Minnesota floods and drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T12:21:12","indexId":"70170504","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Minnesota floods and drought","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Water Summary 1988-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2375","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Carlson, G., 1991, Minnesota floods and drought, chap. <i>of</i> National Water Summary 1988-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2375, p. 345-352.","productDescription":"8 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571b4b31e4b071321fe31cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, G.H.","contributorId":26277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5223028,"text":"5223028 - 1991 - Spatial heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA and allozymes among populations of white-tailed deer and mule deer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T13:42:23.405142","indexId":"5223028","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2333,"text":"Journal of Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA and allozymes among populations of white-tailed deer and mule deer","docAbstract":"<p><span>A white-tailed deer (</span><i>Odocoileus virginianus</i><span>) population in northeastern Minnesota and a mule deer (</span><i>O. hemionus</i><span>) population in the Bridger Mountains Montana, have previously been shown to be spatially subdivided into contiguous subpopulations. We assessed the degree of genetic differentiation among subpopulations and tested the hypothesis that differentiation will be greater for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) than for nuclear-encoded allozymes. Differentiation of the white-tailed deer subpopulations was significant for two allozyme loci but not for mtDNA, and the overall degree of differentiation was low. Gene flow, recent founding of the subpopulations, and polygamous breeding structure may all have contributed to this pattern. Greater differentiation was evident among disjunct populations than between the contiguous subpopulations of white-tailed deer. The contiguous mule deer subpopulations were significantly differentiated for mtDNA and one allozyme locus. Differentiation was greater for mtDNA than for allozymes. These results are consistent with demographic data that indicate mule deer males disperse more than do females. Disjunct mule deer populations may be similar or dramatically different in mtDNA haplotype frequencies that do not necessarily vary with geographic distance. Current and historical gene flow and breeding structure will influence population genetic patterns.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111045","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., Nelson, M., and Pac, D., 1991, Spatial heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA and allozymes among populations of white-tailed deer and mule deer: Journal of Heredity, v. 82, no. 2, p. 118-127, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111045.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, M. A.","contributorId":80216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, M.E.","contributorId":102021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pac, D.F.","contributorId":33589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pac","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70242906,"text":"70242906 - 1991 - Unified theory on power laws for flow resistance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-21T17:11:20.422153","indexId":"70242906","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T12:06:06","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unified theory on power laws for flow resistance","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two general power formulas, one for hydraulically smooth flows and the other for fully rough flows, are derived in a rational way from the widely accepted logarithmic formulas for the velocity profile and the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor. A regression analysis based on the method of least squares is used to determine the valid range of the local velocity (or normal distance from the wall) in the power formula. Some older empirical formulas, such as Lacey's, Manning's, Blasius', and Hazen‐Williams', and their valid ranges, are actually explained analytically by the results. Incomplete self‐similarity of the power law, in which the exponent and the associated coefficient vary with the similarity parameters, such as the Reynolds number and the relative roughness, is elucidated through the parametric representations of the power formulas and their counterparts based on the logarithmic law. This paper examines the concept and rationale behind the power formulation of uniform turbulent shear flows, thereby addressing some critical issues in the modeling of flow resistance based on the power law.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:3(371)","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., 1991, Unified theory on power laws for flow resistance: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 117, no. 3, p. 371-389, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:3(371).","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"389","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Cheng-lung","contributorId":30752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Cheng-lung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70125928,"text":"70125928 - 1991 - Atmospheric deposition and solute export in giant sequoia: Mixed conifer watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T16:10:17.603735","indexId":"70125928","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T09:52:23","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric deposition and solute export in giant sequoia: Mixed conifer watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Atmospheric depostion and stream discharge and solutes were measured for three years (September 1984 — August 1987) in two mixed conifer watersheds in Sequoia National Park, in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. The Log Creek watershed (50 ha, 2067–2397 m elev.) is drained by a perennial stream, while Tharp's Creek watershed (13 ha, 2067–2255 m elev.) contains an intermittent stream. Dominant trees in the area include&nbsp;</span><i>Abies concolor</i><span>&nbsp;(white fir),&nbsp;</span><i>Sequoiadendron giganteum</i><span>&nbsp;(giant sequoia),&nbsp;</span><i>A. magnifica</i><span>&nbsp;(red fir), and&nbsp;</span><i>Pinus lambertiana</i><span>&nbsp;(sugar pine). Bedrock is predominantly granite and granodiorite, and the soils are mostly Pachic Xerumbrepts. Over the three year period, sulfate (SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>2−</sup><span>), nitrate (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><span>), and chloride (Cl</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) were the major anions in bulk precipitation with volume-weighted average concentrations of 12.6, 12.3 and 10.0 μeq/1, respectively. Annual inputs of NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N, NH</span><sub>4</sub><span>-N and SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>-S from wet deposition were about 60 to 75% of those reported from bulk deposition collectors. Discharge from the two watersheds occurs primarily during spring snowmelt. Solute exports from Log and Tharp's Creeks were dominated by HCO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><span>, Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;and Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, while H</span><sup>+</sup><span>, NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><span>, NH</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;and PO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>3−</sup><span>&nbsp;outputs were relatively small. Solute concentrations were weakly correlated with instantaneous stream flow for all solutes (r</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;&lt;0.2) except HCO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;(Log Cr. r</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;= 0.72; Tharp's Cr. r</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;= 0.38), Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;(Log Cr. r</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;= 0.56; Tharp's Cr. r</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;= 0.47), and silicate (Log Cr. r</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;= 0.71; Tharp's Cr. r</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;= 0.49). Mean annual atmospheric contributions of NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N (1.6 kg ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>), NH</span><sub>4</sub><span>-N (1.7 kg ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>), and SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>-S (1.8 kg ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>), which are associated with acidic deposition, greatly exceed hydrologic losses. Annual watershed yields (expressed as eq ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) of HCO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;exceeded by factors of 2.5 to 37 the annual atmospheric deposition of H</span><sup>+</sup><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00002608","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., Melack, J., Esperanza, A.M., and Parsons, D.J., 1991, Atmospheric deposition and solute export in giant sequoia: Mixed conifer watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California: Biogeochemistry, v. 12, no. 3, p. 207-230, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002608.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.585302,37.721679 ], [ -119.585302,37.739329 ], [ -119.553287,37.739329 ], [ -119.553287,37.721679 ], [ -119.585302,37.721679 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf41ce4b0e96537ddf635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melack, John M.","contributorId":25481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melack","given":"John M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esperanza, Anne M.","contributorId":56165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esperanza","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parsons, David J.","contributorId":39249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70243192,"text":"70243192 - 1991 - Slip rate, earthquake recurrence, and seismogenic potential of the Rodgers Creek Fault Zone, northern California: Initial results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T14:39:31.89408","indexId":"70243192","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T09:33:19","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip rate, earthquake recurrence, and seismogenic potential of the Rodgers Creek Fault Zone, northern California: Initial results","docAbstract":"<p><span>Instrumental seismicity defines a seismic gap along the Rodgers Creek fault zone (RCFZ) between Santa Rosa and San Pablo Bay. Results of a paleoseismicity study within the gap, using offset channels in late Holocene alluvial deposits as piercing points, indicate a&nbsp;</span><i>minimum</i><span>&nbsp;slip rate of 2.1 to 5.8 mm/yr for the past 1300 years, a preferred range for the&nbsp;</span><i>maximum</i><span>&nbsp;recurrence interval of 248 to 679 years, and a surface offset of 2 +0.3, −0.2 m during the most recent event. The RCFZ has produced past M7 earthquakes, and historical seismicity data indicate a&nbsp;</span><i>minimum</i><span>&nbsp;elapsed time of 182 years since the most recent earthquake of this size.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91GL00465","usgsCitation":"Budding, K.E., Schwartz, D.P., and Oppenheimer, D.H., 1991, Slip rate, earthquake recurrence, and seismogenic potential of the Rodgers Creek Fault Zone, northern California: Initial results: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 18, no. 3, p. 447-450, https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL00465.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"450","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416658,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Rodgers Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.02346838200202,\n              38.80232759324389\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.02346838200202,\n              38.053878971224805\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.90527996846316,\n              38.053878971224805\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.90527996846316,\n              38.80232759324389\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.02346838200202,\n              38.80232759324389\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Budding, Karin E.","contributorId":32164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budding","given":"Karin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200 dschwartz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":1940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","email":"dschwartz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oppenheimer, David H. oppen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"David","email":"oppen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70171494,"text":"70171494 - 1991 - Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T15:40:28","indexId":"70171494","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T07:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquifers of the Caribbean Islands, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 23-27, 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","issn":"0894-847X","usgsCitation":"Renken, R.A., Gomez-Gomez, F., Quinones-Aponte, V., and Dacosta, R., 1991, Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico, <i>in</i> Aquifers of the Caribbean Islands, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 23-27, 1990, p. 25-36.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500776e4b0ee97d51bb746","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631311,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631312,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Renken, Robert A. rarenken@usgs.gov","contributorId":269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"Robert","email":"rarenken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":631306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dacosta, Rafael","contributorId":93060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dacosta","given":"Rafael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70178244,"text":"70178244 - 1991 - Decreased survival of rainbow trout exposed to no. 2 fuel oil caused by sublethal preexposure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T13:23:57","indexId":"70178244","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decreased survival of rainbow trout exposed to no. 2 fuel oil caused by sublethal preexposure","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rainbow trout (</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>) were exposed for 21 d to sublethal levels of No. 2 fuel oil (2FO). The four exposure concentrations ranged from 12 to 100 mg/L 2FO dispersed in water and resulted in 0 to 12% mortality. Following this exposure period (preexposure) the ability of preexposed trout to survive exposure to acutely lethal levels of 2FO was observed. Preexposure to either 50 or 100 mg/L 2FO consistently resulted in decreased survival and a lower LC50 for a given observation period. Unfortunately, because the LC50 determinations were not obtained independently, they could not be used to test statistically the effects of preexposure on survival. Therefore, two proportional hazard modeling techniques were applied to the data to test for effects due to preexposure. Both modeling techniques indicated that preexposure results in decreased survival of rainbow trout exposed to acutely toxic levels of 2FO. Thus, in contrast to preexposure to metals, which results in acclimation, preexposure to 2FO results in decreased survival.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620100308","usgsCitation":"Steadman, B.L., Stubblefield, W.A., Lapoint, T.W., Bergman, H., and Kaiser, M., 1991, Decreased survival of rainbow trout exposed to no. 2 fuel oil caused by sublethal preexposure: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 10, no. 3, p. 355-363, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620100308.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"363","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5822f23de4b0ef3123a9704a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steadman, B. L.","contributorId":176635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steadman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stubblefield, W. A.","contributorId":176736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stubblefield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lapoint, T. W.","contributorId":176737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lapoint","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bergman, H.L.","contributorId":73553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaiser, M.S.","contributorId":37836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70016874,"text":"70016874 - 1991 - Evidence of strong earthquake shaking in the lower Wabash Valley from prehistoric liquefaction features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-19T16:13:47.598674","indexId":"70016874","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of strong earthquake shaking in the lower Wabash Valley from prehistoric liquefaction features","docAbstract":"<p><span>Earthquake-induced liquefaction features in Holocene sediments provide evidence of strong prehistoric shaking, magnitude&nbsp;</span><i>m</i><sub>b</sub><span>&nbsp;6.2 to 6.7, in the Wabash Valley bordering Indiana and Illinois. The source of the one or more earthquakes responsible was almost certainly in or near the Wabash Valley. The largest event is interpreted to have occurred between 7500 and 1500 years ago on the basis of archeological, pedological, and stratigraphic relations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.251.4997.1061","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S., Bleuer, N., Munson, C., Munson, P., Martin, W., McWilliams, K., Tabaczynski, D., Odum, J.K., Rubin, M., and Eggert, D.L., 1991, Evidence of strong earthquake shaking in the lower Wabash Valley from prehistoric liquefaction features: Science, v. 251, no. 4997, p. 1061-1063, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.251.4997.1061.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1061","endPage":"1063","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224809,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Wabash Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.83811820783973,\n              41.135029195651754\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.83811820783973,\n              38.07473153099974\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.1985378372508,\n              38.07473153099974\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.1985378372508,\n              41.135029195651754\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.83811820783973,\n              41.135029195651754\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"251","issue":"4997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d6de4b0c8380cd52ff1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, S. 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F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bleuer, N.R.","contributorId":64103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleuer","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munson, C.A.","contributorId":14483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Munson, P.J.","contributorId":20805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, W.S.","contributorId":43229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McWilliams, K.M.","contributorId":69420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McWilliams","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tabaczynski, D.A.","contributorId":70654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabaczynski","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rubin, M.","contributorId":88079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Eggert, Donald L.","contributorId":19286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggert","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":33640,"text":"Indiana Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":374722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70175820,"text":"70175820 - 1991 - Water use in Minnesota, 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:51:16","indexId":"70175820","displayToPublicDate":"1991-02-28T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5186,"text":"Water Use Map Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"title":"Water use in Minnesota, 1985","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"State of Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Trotta, L.C., 1991, Water use in Minnesota, 1985: Water Use Map Series, Sheet.","productDescription":"Sheet","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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,{"id":70016945,"text":"70016945 - 1991 - Seismic excitation by the space shuttle Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T17:29:15.061075","indexId":"70016945","displayToPublicDate":"1991-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic excitation by the space shuttle Columbia","docAbstract":"<p><span>Seismic stations in southern California recorded the atmospheric shock waves generated by the space shuttle Columbia on its return to the Edwards Air Force base on 13 August 1989 (Fig. 1). In addition to the shock wave, the broad-band IRIS–TERRAscope station at Pasadena recorded a distinct pulse with a period of ~2–3 seconds, which arrived 12.5 seconds before the shock wave (Fig. 2). This pulse was also recorded at the University of Southern California, near downtown Los Angeles, where it arrived 3 seconds after the shock wave. The origin of this pulse could not be readily identified. We show here that it was a seismic P wave excited by the motion of high-rise buildings in downtown Los Angeles, which were hit by the shock wave. The proximity of the natural period of the high-rise buildings to that of the Los Angeles basin enabled efficient energy transfer from shock wave to seismic wave.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/349781a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Kanamori, H., Mori, J., Anderson, D., and Heaton, T.H., 1991, Seismic excitation by the space shuttle Columbia: Nature, v. 349, no. 6312, p. 781-782, https://doi.org/10.1038/349781a0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"781","endPage":"782","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225138,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","otherGeospatial":"Los Angeles basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.70146546213616,\n              34.21522566989562\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.70146546213616,\n              33.866161021283446\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.23548554081532,\n              33.866161021283446\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.23548554081532,\n              34.21522566989562\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.70146546213616,\n              34.21522566989562\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"349","issue":"6312","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b14e4b08c986b317588","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kanamori, H.","contributorId":55438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, D.L.","contributorId":68713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heaton, T. H.","contributorId":64671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70138468,"text":"70138468 - 1991 - The detection of coastal-trapped waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:11:32","indexId":"70138468","displayToPublicDate":"1991-02-15T10:15:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The detection of coastal-trapped waves","docAbstract":"<p>We outline a simple method for estimating the cross-spectral matrix of coastal-trapped wave amplitudes,A, from a set of oceanographic observations. Specifically, we propose that A may be estimated by (M'M)<sup>-1</sup>M'UM(M'M)<sup>-1</sup> where a prime denote conjugate transpose, U is the sample cross-spectral matrix of observations and M is a matrix which has the spatial form of the waves for columns. In general, M will be complex and frequency-dependent. We discuss the bias of this estimator and show how to estimate the variance of the power and cross spectra of wave amplitudes. We also outline an ad hoc scheme for assessing the predictive skill of the coastal trapped wave representation and finally give some advice on how to interpret A. Although the method is presented in the context of shelf circulation and coastal trapped waves, it may be applied to any linear system where the spatial forms of the waves are known and the cross-spectral matrix of their amplitudes is required.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/90JC02218","usgsCitation":"Haines, J.W., Thompson, K., and Wiens, D.P., 1991, The detection of coastal-trapped waves: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 96, no. C2, p. 2593-2597, https://doi.org/10.1029/90JC02218.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2593","endPage":"2597","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297328,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"C2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c6be4b08de9379b37ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haines, John W. 0000-0002-6475-8924 jhaines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6475-8924","contributorId":509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"John","email":"jhaines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, K.","contributorId":104445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiens, Doug P.","contributorId":138774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiens","given":"Doug","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208294,"text":"70208294 - 1991 - National workshop on gas hydrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T11:47:23","indexId":"70208294","displayToPublicDate":"1991-02-03T11:35:11","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"National workshop on gas hydrates","docAbstract":"<p><span>The range of present knowledge on the subject of gas hydrates and related federal research programs was the topic of discussion at the National Workshop on Gas Hydrates, April 23–24. The intention of the meeting was to provide the impetus for an expanded and broader‐based national research program in both academia and government. Held at the U.S. Geological Survey National Center, Reston, Va., the workshop was organized by Michael D. Max, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.; William P. Dillon, USGS, Woods Hole, Mass.; and Rodney D. Malone, U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Morgantown, W.Va. The 33 attendees represented academia (33%), federal agencies (58%), and industry (9%).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90EO00346","usgsCitation":"Max, M., Dillon, W.P., Malone, R., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1991, National workshop on gas hydrates: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 72, no. 44, p. 474-746, https://doi.org/10.1029/90EO00346.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"474","endPage":"746","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Max, M.D.","contributorId":17366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Max","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":781293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malone, R.D.","contributorId":205033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malone","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70170915,"text":"70170915 - 1991 - Particle size distributions by Pipet and sedigraph","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:03:12","indexId":"70170915","displayToPublicDate":"1991-02-01T13:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Particle size distributions by Pipet and sedigraph","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, Volume 1","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"5th Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference","conferenceDate":"March 18-21, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project","publisherLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","usgsCitation":"Hotchkiss, R., 1991, Particle size distributions by Pipet and sedigraph, <i>in</i> Proceedings: Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, Volume 1, v. 1, Las Vegas, NV, March 18-21, 1991, p. 47-54.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57330633e4b0dae0d5dcd20b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hotchkiss, R.H.","contributorId":169248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hotchkiss","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014792,"text":"1014792 - 1991 - Tolerance of subyearling American shad to short-term exposure to gas supersaturation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T16:55:04.504664","indexId":"1014792","displayToPublicDate":"1991-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tolerance of subyearling American shad to short-term exposure to gas supersaturation","docAbstract":"<p><span>Subyearling American shad&nbsp;</span><i>Alosa sapidissima</i><span>&nbsp;normally migrate from rivers in the fall and may encounter changes in gas supersaturation levels while traversing hydroelectric dams. To determine whether changes in behavior or survival occur during these events, we exposed subyearling American shad to five levels of gas supersaturation that included pressure increases above equilibrium (▵P) from 10 to 205 mm Hg (101–128% saturation) for 4 h. Multifactor analysis of variance showed no significant differences in behavior or survival of fish before or after treatment. Gas bubbles were observed on external tissues of fish only at the highest treatment level (▵P = 205 mm Hg). Factor analysis elucidated three categories of behavioral organization under experimental conditions: boundary, social, and nonsocial behavior. Under gas supersaturation conditions thought to occur in dammed rivers of the eastern USA, the behavior of subyearling American shad does not appear to be affected in a way that might reduce survival during migration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1991)011<0067:TOSAST>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Backman, T.W., Ross, R.M., and Krise, W.F., 1991, Tolerance of subyearling American shad to short-term exposure to gas supersaturation: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 11, no. 1, p. 67-71, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1991)011<0067:TOSAST>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b393","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Backman, T. W. H.","contributorId":84307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Backman","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krise, W. F.","contributorId":50842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krise","given":"W.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208229,"text":"70208229 - 1991 - Report of 1st discussion group: The last interglacial in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere: Terrestrial and marine evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-31T09:58:06","indexId":"70208229","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-31T09:44:46","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Report of 1st discussion group: The last interglacial in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere: Terrestrial and marine evidence","docAbstract":"<p>The paleoclimatic informations preserved at some selected sites from high northern latitudes correlative with the last interglacial maximum of Isotopic Substage 5e have been compiled on a hemisphere scale. The mapped compilation reveals much warmer climate conditions on average than present in both terrestrial and marine environments, and indicates a northward shift of subpolar and boreal bioclimatic zones. The data also suggest that temperature and precipitation gradients were significantly different than those of the Holocene, with particularly efficient latitudinal and eastward transport of warm air masses.</p><p>The paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate trends through the last interglacial<span>&nbsp;</span><i>sensu lato</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(Isotopic Stage 5) are more difficult to assess because the chronostratigraphical framework is poorly constrained. Nevertheless, the data suggest important regionalism in the climatostratigraphical trends. In particular, the large amplitude climatic cyclicity that characterizes the last interglacial of Europe is barely observed elsewhere. Moreover, by the end of the last interglacial (Isotopic Substage 5a), conditions slightly cooler than present are recorded in western Europe, while relatively warm conditions, similar to today, apparently prevailed in circumpolar regions adjacent to the North Atlantic despite the onset of ice growth.</p><p>The last interglacial provides paleosynoptic situations, unlike those of the present, that may contribute to understanding interactions within the environmental system on a hemispheric scale. There is, however, an imperative need for uniformization of data sets and for more accurate chronological control on regional scales.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(91)90038-P","usgsCitation":"Anderson, P., Borisova, O., de Beaulieu, J.#., De Vernal, A., Eiriksson, J., Funder, S., Gibbard, P., Hamilton, T.D., Harrison, S.P., Houmark- Nielsen, M., Huntley, B., Knudsen, K., Larsen, E., Maher, L., Matthews, J., Miller, G., Raukas, A., Reeh, N., Robertsson, A., Rutter, N., Schweger, C.E., Sejrup, H., Sher, A., Telka, A., Turner, C., Velichko, A., and Ward, B., 1991, Report of 1st discussion group: The last interglacial in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere: Terrestrial and marine evidence: Quaternary International, v. 10-12, p. 9-28, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(91)90038-P.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, P.","contributorId":102682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borisova, O.","contributorId":222049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borisova","given":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Beaulieu, J. #NAME?","contributorId":49567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Beaulieu","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Vernal, Anne","contributorId":42057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Vernal","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eiriksson, J.","contributorId":222050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eiriksson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Funder, S.","contributorId":24243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funder","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gibbard, P.","contributorId":222051,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibbard","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hamilton, T. D.","contributorId":36921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Harrison, S. 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