Within the neovolcanic zones of Iceland many volcanoes grew upward through icecaps that have subsequently melted. These steep-walled and flat-topped basaltic subglacial volcanoes, called tuyas, are composed of a lower sequence of subaqueously erupted, pillowed lavas overlain by breccias and hyaloclastites produced by phreatomagmatic explosions in shallow water, capped by a subaerially erupted lava plateau. Glass and whole-rock analyses of samples collected from six tuyas indicate systematic variations in major elements showing that the individual volcanoes are monogenetic, and that commonly the tholeiitic magmas differentiated and became more evolved through the course of the eruption that built the tuya. At Herdubreid, the most extensively studies tuya, the upward change in composition indicates that more than 50 wt.% of the first erupted lavas need crystallize over a range of 60°C to produce the last erupted lavas. The S content of glass commonly decreases upward in the tuyas from an average of about 0.08 wt.% at the base to < 0.02 wt.% in the subaerially erupted lava at the top, and is a measure of the depth of water (or ice) above the eruptive vent. The extensive subsurface crystallization that generates the more evolved, lower-temperature melts during the growth of the tuyas, apparently results from cooling and degassing of magma contained in shallow magma chambers and feeders beneath the volcanoes. Cooling may result from percolation of meltwater down cracks, vaporization, and cycling in a hydrothermal circulation. Degassing occurs when progressively lower pressure eruption (as the volcanic vent grows above the ice/water surface) lowers the volatile vapour pressure of subsurface melt, thus elevating the temperature of the liquidus and hastening liquid-crystal differentiation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(91)90081-A","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Calk, L.C., 1991, Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 46, no. 1-2, p. 157-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(91)90081-A.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"180","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(91)90081-a","text":"External Repository"},{"id":371334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-14.5087,66.45589],[-14.73964,65.80875],[-13.60973,65.12667],[-14.90983,64.36408],[-17.79444,63.67875],[-18.65625,63.49638],[-19.97275,63.64363],[-22.76297,63.96018],[-21.77848,64.40212],[-23.95504,64.89113],[-22.1844,65.08497],[-22.22742,65.37859],[-24.32618,65.61119],[-23.65051,66.26252],[-22.13492,66.41047],[-20.57628,65.73211],[-19.05684,66.2766],[-17.79862,65.99385],[-16.16782,66.52679],[-14.5087,66.45589]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iceland\"}}]}","volume":"46","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calk, L. C.","contributorId":54261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016557,"text":"70016557 - 1991 - Microbial production of organic acids in aquitard sediments and its role in aquifer geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T17:33:15.279675","indexId":"70016557","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial production of organic acids in aquitard sediments and its role in aquifer geochemistry","docAbstract":"Microbial activity in aquifers plays an important part in the chemical evolution of ground water1–5. The most important terminal electron-accepting microbial processes in deeply buried anaerobic aquifers are iron reduction, sulphate reduction and methanogenesis5–8, each of which requires simple organic compounds or hydrogen (H2) as electron donors. Until now, the source of these compounds was unknown because the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and sedimentary organic carbon in aquifers are extremely low9–11. Here we show that rates of microbial fermentation exceed rates of respiration in organic-rich aquitards (low-permeability sediments stratigraphically adjacent to higher-permeability aquifer sediments), resulting in a net accumulation of simple organic acids in pore waters. In aquifers, however, respiration outpaces fermentation, resulting in a net consumption of organic acids. The concentration gradient that develops in response to these two processes drives a net diffusive flux of organic acids from aquitards to aquifers. Diffusion calculations demonstrate that rates of organic acid transport are sufficient to account for observed rates of microbial respiration in aquifers. This overall process effectively links the large pool of sedimentary organic carbon in aquitards to microbial respiration in aquifers, and is a principal mechanism driving groundwater chemistry changes in aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/349233a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., and Chapelle, F.H., 1991, Microbial production of organic acids in aquitard sediments and its role in aquifer geochemistry: Nature, v. 349, no. 6306, p. 233-235, https://doi.org/10.1038/349233a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"235","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"349","issue":"6306","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a565ae4b0c8380cd6d525","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207839,"text":"70207839 - 1991 - Probing the Earth's strength: Can we measure small stress at high pressure?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:25:32.899515","indexId":"70207839","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-15T13:11:27","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probing the Earth's strength: Can we measure small stress at high pressure?","docAbstract":"Simulating the conditions and processes that occur in the Earth's deep interior has been a major goal of experimental geophysics since the 1920s. In particular, pioneers such as P. W. Bridgman, David Griggs, Hugh Heard, Mervyn Paterson, William Brace, and their colleagues sought to establish the basic relations between differential stresses and rock and mineral deformation under pressure-temperature conditions that favor such inelastic processes as brittle fracture, frictional sliding, plastic deformation, and dynamic metamorphism. This work has been applied to diverse problems in the Earth sciences, including the physical nature of earth quake sources, the forces that drive and resist plate movement, deformation under partial-melting conditions at the tops of mantle plumes, the flexure of the lithosphere, post-glacial rebound, and the origin of the preferred orientation of minerals and the resultant seismic anisotropy and metamorphic textures.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"De Gruyter","doi":"10.1524/ract.1991.5253.2.405","usgsCitation":"Marshall, B.D., and Futa, K., 1991, Lanthanide element mobility and Sm-Nd systematics in a contact metamorphic zone: Radiochimica Acta, v. 52-53, no. 2, p. 405-412, https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.1991.5253.2.405.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"405","endPage":"412","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371241,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52-53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, Brian D. 0000-0002-8093-0093 bdmarsha@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-0093","contributorId":520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Brian","email":"bdmarsha@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futa, Kiyoto 0000-0001-8649-7510 kfuta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-7510","contributorId":619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"Kiyoto","email":"kfuta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209149,"text":"70209149 - 1991 - Comparison of techniques that use the single scattering model to compute the quality factor Q from coda waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T15:45:09.448195","indexId":"70209149","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-10T10:43:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of techniques that use the single scattering model to compute the quality factor Q from coda waves","docAbstract":"Using simulated coda waves, the resolution of the single-scattering model to extract codaQ (Q c ) and its power law frequency dependence was tested. The back-scattering model ofAKI andCHOUET (1975) and the single isotropic-scattering model ofSATO (1977) were examined. The results indicate that: (1) The inputQ c models are reasonably well approximated by the two methods; (2) almost equalQ c values are recovered when the techniques sample the same coda windows; (3) lowQ c models are well estimated in the frequency domain from the early and late part of the coda; and (4) models with highQ c values are more accurately extracted from late code measurements.
The noble-gas elemental and isotopic composition in the Earth is significantly different from that of the present atmosphere, and provides an important clue to the origin and history of the Earth and its atmosphere. Possible candidates for the noble-gas composition of the primordial Earth include a solar-like component, a planetary-like component (as observed in primitive meteorites) and a component similar in composition to the present atmosphere. In an attempt to identify the contributions of such components, we have measured isotope ratios of helium and neon in fresh basaltic glasses dredged from Loihi seamount and the East Rift Zone of Kilauea1–3. We find a systematic enrichment in 20Ne and 21Ne relative to 22Ne, compared with atmospheric neon. The helium and neon isotope signatures observed in our samples can be explained by mixing of solar, present atmospheric, radiogenic and nucleogenic components. These data suggest that the noble-gas isotopic composition of the mantle source of the Hawaiian plume is different from that of the present atmosphere, and that it includes a significant solar-like component. We infer that this component was acquired during the formation of the Earth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/349149a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Honda, M., McDougall, I., Patterson, D., Doulgeris, A., and Clague, D., 1991, Possible solar noble-gas component in Hawaiian basalts: Nature, v. 349, no. 6305, p. 149-151, https://doi.org/10.1038/349149a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"151","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222813,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"349","issue":"6305","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e3ce4b0c8380cd7a400","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Honda, M.","contributorId":65993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honda","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDougall, I.","contributorId":106643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougall","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patterson, D.B.","contributorId":22092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doulgeris, A.","contributorId":78093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doulgeris","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207705,"text":"70207705 - 1991 - Sonobuoy seismic studies at ODP drill sites in Prydz Bay, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T14:38:23.691853","indexId":"70207705","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-07T11:15:50","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sonobuoy seismic studies at ODP drill sites in Prydz Bay, Antarctica","docAbstract":"Five sonobuoy seismic-refraction records were collected along the Leg 119 geophysical transect across the Prydz Bay shelf. Velocity-depth profiles are computed from the sonobuoy data and are used to produce a depth section for the principal acoustic unit boundaries observed in the seismic-reflection data along the transect. Traveltime curves generated by ray-tracing for models constructed from downhole velocity logs are compared to curves generated for models based solely on the sonobuoy data. This comparison reveals that sonobuoy data are less reliable for analysis of lithostratigraphy in vertically and laterally complex areas; however, the sonobuoy data can be used to accurately estimate the depth to a specific horizon in the reflection data to within 10 m. Near-surface velocities exceed 2.0 km/s at all sites, indicating likely overconsolidation of sediments due to glacial loading and erosion during periods of grounded ice sheets on the shelf. Sedimentary rock velocities exclusively were observed beneath the shelf to depths of 3 km. At the landward site a deep refraction is observed with a velocity and vertical gradient indicative of basement rock.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University, Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.119.1991","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., and Cooper, A.K., 1991, Sonobuoy seismic studies at ODP drill sites in Prydz Bay, Antarctica, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 119, p. 27-43, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.119.1991.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371036,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Prydz Bay, Antarctica","volume":"119","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cochrane, Guy R. 0000-0002-8094-4583 gcochrane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-4583","contributorId":2870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Guy","email":"gcochrane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207704,"text":"70207704 - 1991 - Seismic stratigraphy and structure of Prydz Bay, Antarctica: Implications from Leg 119 drilling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T14:41:05.445602","indexId":"70207704","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-07T11:04:50","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Seismic stratigraphy and structure of Prydz Bay, Antarctica: Implications from Leg 119 drilling","docAbstract":"Prydz Bay is situated on the MacRobertson Land coast of East Antarctica at the seaward end of a 700-km-long transverse rift zone, the Lambert Rift. New and reprocessed seismic reflection data are combined with drilling results from five Leg 119 sites across Prydz Bay to study the regional stratigraphy and structure of the continental shelf and upper slope.
Severe seismic multiples hamper interpretations, yet seven acoustic units separated by unconformities can be distinguished regionally. Only four units (sedimentary) have been drilled. More than 5 km of well- to poorly-stratified units beneath the inner shelf fill the northeast-trending Prydz Bay basin, which is related to, but separated from, the Lambert Graben. Basinal units overlie metamorphic basement (unit PS.5) and are continental nonmarine deposits of possible late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic age (unit PS.4, Site 740) and Early Cretaceous and younger(?) age (unit PS.2B, Site 741). Seaward, the basin is flanked by a buried and intruded(?) basement ridge (units PS.5 and PS.6). Continuous to distorted reflections cover the ridge and dip seaward in a prograding unit (unit PS.2A) beneath the outer shelf. Glaciomarine rocks of late Eocene to early Oligocene age comprise the innermost part of the unit PS.2A (Sites 742 and 739) and Holocene glacial rocks the outermost (Site 743); ages of intermediate parts of the unit are unknown. A flatlying unit of chaotic to continuous reflectors directly beneath the seafloor covers most of the northeast shelf (unit PS. 1, Sites 740, 741, 742, and 739), and is composed of compacted glacial diamictites of late Miocene and younger age.
We suspect that significant rifting and glacial events have caused acoustic disconformities beneath Prydz Bay. The principal rifting events began with earliest rifting of Gondwana in late Paleozoic time (units PS.5 to PS.4) and culminated with continental breakup in Early Cretaceous time (units PS.4 to PS.2B). The advent of East Antarctic glaciation in late Eocene to early Oligocene time (units PS.2B to PS.2A) and the grounding of ice sheets across the shelf in midand late-Cenozoic times (unit PS.l to underlying units) created the principal glacial disconformities. The seaward-prograding glacial sequences beneath the outermost shelf record numerous post-early Oligocene glacial events and likely sea-level changes that can only be partially mapped with existing seismic and drilling data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University, Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.119.181.1991","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A.K., Stagg, H., and Geist, E.L., 1991, Seismic stratigraphy and structure of Prydz Bay, Antarctica: Implications from Leg 119 drilling, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 119, p. 5-25, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.119.181.1991.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"25","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.119.181.1991","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Prydz Bay, Antarctica","volume":"119","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stagg, Howard","contributorId":11498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Howard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016559,"text":"70016559 - 1991 - Seismic quiescence at Parkfield due to detachment faulting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T17:43:22.749332","indexId":"70016559","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic quiescence at Parkfield due to detachment faulting","docAbstract":"On the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California, rates of seismicity1,2 and geodetic line shortening3,4have been lower since 1986 than before. Wyss et al.1,3interpret the rate decreases as precursors to an imminent moderate earthquake (magnitude M = 5.5−6) and estimate the earthquake time to be March 1991 ± 1 yr. The earthquake was previously predicted to occur in 1988 ± 5 yr based on five of six similar earthquakes which occurred at intervals ∼22 yr, the last one in 19665. Here I present a model that attributes the rate changes to the initiation of slip on a subhorizontal detachment fault under the pending rupture area. In this model, the slip starts late in the seismic cycle, and diminishes the loading rate on the nearby San Andreas, thus acting as a buffer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/349058a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Stuart, W., 1991, Seismic quiescence at Parkfield due to detachment faulting: Nature, v. 349, no. 6304, p. 58-61, https://doi.org/10.1038/349058a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222814,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.79955759411564,\n 36.02700466266464\n ],\n [\n -120.79955759411564,\n 35.814739144143886\n ],\n [\n -120.37722086639064,\n 35.814739144143886\n ],\n [\n -120.37722086639064,\n 36.02700466266464\n ],\n [\n -120.79955759411564,\n 36.02700466266464\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"349","issue":"6304","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b3ce4b08c986b3176ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuart, W.D.","contributorId":65865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19112,"text":"ofr91237 - 1991 - Simulation of the effects of proposed tide gates on circulation, flushing, and water quality in residential canals, Cape Coral, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T18:12:46.766791","indexId":"ofr91237","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-237","title":"Simulation of the effects of proposed tide gates on circulation, flushing, and water quality in residential canals, Cape Coral, Florida","docAbstract":"Decades of dredging and filling of Florida's low-lying coastal wetlands have produced thousands of miles of residential tidal canals and adjacent waterfront property. Typically, these canals are poorly flushed, and over time, accumulated organic-rich bottom materials, contribute to an increasingly severe degraded water quality. One-dimensional hydrodynamic and constituent-transport models were applied to two dead-end canal systems to determine the effects of canal system interconnection using tide gates on water circulation and constituent flushing. The model simulates existing and possible future circulation and flushing conditions in about 29 miles of the approximately 130 miles of tidally influenced canals in Cape Coral, located on the central west coast of peninsular Florida.\r\n\r\nModel results indicate that tidal water-level differences between the two canal systems can be converted to kinetic energy, in the form of increased water circulation, but the use of one-way tide gate interconnections. Computations show that construction of from one to four tide gates will cause replacement of a volume of water equivalent to the total volume of canals in both systems in 15 to 9 days, respectively. Because some canals flush faster than others, 47 and 21 percent of the original canal water will remain in both systems 50 days after start of operation of one and four tide gates, respectively. Some of the effects that such increased flushing are expected to have include reduced density stratification and associated dissolved-oxygen depletion in canal bottom waters, increased localized reaeration, and more efficient discharge of stormwater runoff entering the canals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91237","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, C., 1991, Simulation of the effects of proposed tide gates on circulation, flushing, and water quality in residential canals, Cape Coral, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-237, v, 43 p.., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91237.","productDescription":"v, 43 p..","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":48555,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0237/ofr91237.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":150676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0237/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Cape Coral","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.19627380371094,\n 26.48901134262387\n ],\n [\n -81.88179016113281,\n 26.48901134262387\n ],\n [\n -81.88179016113281,\n 26.713720362159577\n ],\n [\n -82.19627380371094,\n 26.713720362159577\n ],\n [\n -82.19627380371094,\n 26.48901134262387\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
In late 1988, parallel studies of Lake Five‐O (pH 5.14) in the Florida panhandle and Lake Barco (pH 4.50) in north central Florida were initiated to develop hydrologic and major ion budgets of these lakes as part of an overall effort to improve understanding of the hydrologic, depositional, and biogeochemical factors that control acid‐neutralizing capacity (ANC) in seepage lakes. Preliminary findings from these studies indicate that earlier perceptions of lake hydrology and mechanisms of ANC regulation in Florida seepage lakes may have to be revised. The traditional perspective of seepage lakes in the Florida panhandle views these systems as dominated by precipitation inputs and that ANC regulation is due largely to in‐lake processes. Our results for Lake Five‐O show modest to steep hydraulic gradients almost entirely around the lake. In addition, the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the surficial aquifer is high (8–74 m day−1), indicating that large quantities of groundwater flow into Lake Five‐O. Calculations of net groundwater flow from hydrologic budgets also indicate that groundwater may comprise at least 38 to 46% of the total inflow. For Lake Barco, net flow estimates of the minimum groundwater inflow range from 5 to 14% of total inflow. Enrichment factor and ion flux calculations for Lake Five‐O and Lake Barco indicate that terrestrial as well as in‐lake processes contribute significantly to ANC regulation. The extent that terrestrial processes contribute to ANC generation is directly related to the magnitude of groundwater inflow as well as the degree of ion enrichment or depletion that occurs in the surficial aquifer. Net ANC generation in both study lakes was dominated by anion retention (NO3− and SO42−). Where previous studies concluded that in‐lake reduction was the primary sink for SO42−, our preliminary calculations show that adsorption of SO42− within the watershed is perhaps twice as important as in‐lake reduction as a source of ANC. Net base cation enrichment in both lakes was negligible.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR01435","usgsCitation":"Pollman, C.D., Lee, T.M., Andrews, W.J., Sacks, L.A., Gherini, S., and Munson, R., 1991, Preliminary analysis of the hydrologic and geochemical controls on acid‐neutralizing capacity in two acidic seepage lakes in Florida: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 9, p. 2321-2335, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR01435.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2321","endPage":"2335","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":381072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, George W.","contributorId":101308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacLeod, Norman S.","contributorId":13643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242952,"text":"70242952 - 1991 - Upper Triassic Barranca Group; Nonmarine and shallow-marine rift-basin deposits of northwestern Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T20:15:44.812504","indexId":"70242952","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T14:53:40","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Upper Triassic Barranca Group; Nonmarine and shallow-marine rift-basin deposits of northwestern Mexico","docAbstract":"The 3,000-m-thick Upper Triassic Barranca Group in the Sierra de San Javier in east-central Sonora, Mexico, is composed, in ascending order, of the Arrayanes, Santa Clara, and Coyotes Formations. The Arrayanes and Santa Clara Formations are composed of fluvial and marine-delta deposits of quartzose and arkosic sandstone, conglomerate, shale, and siltstone; the Santa Clara Formation includes minor amounts of coal and tuff. A sharp contact (perhaps an unconformity) separates the Santa Clara Formation from the overlying Coyotes Formation. The Coyotes consists of alluvial-fan deposits of pebble-to-boulder conglomerate. Paleocurrents were southward during deposition of the Arrayanes and Santa Clara Formations and southwestward during deposition of the Coyotes Formation, assuming that no major post-deposition tectonic rotation has occurred. The Santa Clara Formation has been dated paleontologically as Late Triassic; the age of the entire group is unknown, but is commonly assumed to also be Late Triassic. The Barranca Group in the Sierra de San Javier rests unconformably on a sequence of eugeosynclinal chert, argillite, quartzite, and carbonate rock of Paleozoic age, and is unconformably overlain by the Tarahumara Volcanics, which have been dated no more precisely than latest Triassic to earliest Cenozoic.
The thick, coarse, and laterally variable deposits of the Barranca Group indicate deposition in a basin, or basins, flanked by areas of high relief. Much of the Barranca in Sonora appears to have been deposited in a single basin, which is delineated by the occurrence of major outcrops of the Barranca Group in an east-west-trending belt about 110 km long and 40 km wide. The elongate shape of this basin and the interpretation of flanking areas of high relief suggests a basin of rift origin. If so, the Barranca Group is part of a broad zone of rift-related Upper Triassic sequences in northern Mexico that apparently formed by transtensional and/or extensional faulting.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies of Sonoran geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE254-p19","usgsCitation":"Stewart, J., and Roldan-Quintana, J., 1991, Upper Triassic Barranca Group; Nonmarine and shallow-marine rift-basin deposits of northwestern Mexico, chap. of Studies of Sonoran geology: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 254, p. 19-36, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE254-p19.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416175,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Sonora","otherGeospatial":"Sierra de San Javier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.2169189607509,\n 29.305530961822583\n ],\n [\n -111.2169189607509,\n 28.25118850584873\n ],\n [\n -109.0924751899056,\n 28.25118850584873\n ],\n [\n -109.0924751899056,\n 29.305530961822583\n ],\n [\n -111.2169189607509,\n 29.305530961822583\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"254","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Perez-Segura, Efren","contributorId":106450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez-Segura","given":"Efren","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870340,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacques-Ayala, Cesar","contributorId":27692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacques-Ayala","given":"Cesar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870341,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roldan-Quintana, Jaime","contributorId":84453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roldan-Quintana","given":"Jaime","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25170,"text":"25170 - 1991 - Conterminous U.S. AVHRR companion disc: USA-USGS-EDC-AVHRR-9107","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T14:20:39","indexId":"25170","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T14:19:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Conterminous U.S. AVHRR companion disc: USA-USGS-EDC-AVHRR-9107","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/25170","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991, Conterminous U.S. AVHRR companion disc: USA-USGS-EDC-AVHRR-9107, 1 computer laser optical disk, https://doi.org/10.3133/25170.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disk","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc05e4b0b58d96eeb571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006447,"text":"70006447 - 1991 - Limnological aspects of the St. Clair River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T09:43:18","indexId":"70006447","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T14:19:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limnological aspects of the St. Clair River","docAbstract":"To better characterize neoplasm epizootics in the Great Lakes basin and their association with families of contaminants, we sampled five locations: the Fox and Menominee rivers, Lake Michigan; Munuscong Lake, St. Mary's River; and the Black and Cuyahoga rivers, Lake Erie. Frequencies of external and liver tumors were determined for brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) from all locations except the Black River and for walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) from the Lake Michigan and St. Mary's River sites. Sediment samples were analyzed for metals, polychlorinated aromatics, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Liver neoplasms occurred in brown bullhead from the Cuyahoga River and Munuscong Lake; brown bullhead captured from Munuscong Lake were older than those collected from the other locations. Brown bullhead from these same two rivers had elevated hepatosomatic indexes. No liver neoplasms were found in brown bullhead from the Fox and Menominee rivers, although polychlorinated aromatics were highest in both Fox River sediment and Fox and Menominee brown bullhead, and arsenic was highest in Menominee River sediment and fish. Liver neoplasms in brown bullhead from the Cuyahoga River fit the prevailing hypothesis that elevated PAH in sediment can induce cancer in wild fish. The cause of the liver neoplasms in Munuscong Lake brown bullhead is undetermined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00024749","usgsCitation":"Griffiths, R.W., Thornley, S., and Edsall, T.A., 1991, Limnological aspects of the St. Clair River: Hydrobiologia, v. 219, no. 1, p. 97-123, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024749.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":260205,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024749","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"Michigan;Ontario","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.75,42.5 ], [ -82.75,43 ], [ -82.4,43 ], [ -82.4,42.5 ], [ -82.75,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"219","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a479ce4b0c8380cd678f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffiths, Ronald W.","contributorId":11994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thornley, Stewart","contributorId":107559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornley","given":"Stewart","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70242951,"text":"70242951 - 1991 - Molluscan paleoecology and sedimentation patterns of the Cenomanian-Turonian extinction interval in the southern Colorado Plateau region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T19:56:35.570988","indexId":"70242951","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T14:07:43","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Molluscan paleoecology and sedimentation patterns of the Cenomanian-Turonian extinction interval in the southern Colorado Plateau region","docAbstract":"Lithology, carbonate and organic carbon geochemistry, and molluscan macrofauna were investigated in fine-grained clay-dominated strata spanning the Cenomanian-Turonian Stage boundary in the southern Colorado Plateau region. Analyses of these data show basinal and onshore to offshore changes in sedimentologic and molluscan assemblage trends through the upper Cenomanian Sciponoceras gracile and Neocardioceras juddii and lower Turonian Watinoceras coloradoense Biozones.
Diverse infaunal/epifaunal bivalve assemblages are best developed in the Sciponoceras gracile Biozone and at the more clay-rich nearshore sections. Gastropod and infaunal bivalve abundance and diversity decrease in an offshore and up-section direction as carbonate and organic carbon percentages generally increase.
The Neocardioceras juddii Biozone precedes the stage boundary and is characterized in Utah and Arizona by pulsed increases in organic carbon and detrital-feeding gastropods, and by a shift in infaunal bivalve dominance toward species adapted for soft-substrate conditions. These data suggest that pulses of increased organic detrital resources and decreased substrate firmness were associated with the stage boundary extinctions.
The stage boundary is marked by a change to depauperate epifaunal assemblages at western sections. At all sections, the base of the Watinoceras coloradoense Biozone is reflected by an abrupt increase in carbonate and decrease in organic carbon percentages as well as by the immigration of Mytiloides bivalves. Periods of progressive recovery through this biozone were associated with carbonate-rich depositional periods.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stratigraphy, depositional environments; and sedimentary tectonics of the western margin, Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE260-p113","usgsCitation":"Elder, W.P., 1991, Molluscan paleoecology and sedimentation patterns of the Cenomanian-Turonian extinction interval in the southern Colorado Plateau region, chap. of Stratigraphy, depositional environments; and sedimentary tectonics of the western margin, Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 260, p. 113-137 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE260-p113.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"137 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.44635708281928,\n 31.67477553544309\n ],\n [\n -110.4826591162562,\n 31.305705394814055\n ],\n [\n -108.19272191603122,\n 31.310148411772133\n ],\n [\n -108.17254551941721,\n 31.732165777923413\n ],\n [\n -106.44893898858143,\n 31.738727883450323\n ],\n [\n -106.44683891981603,\n 31.957945800692997\n ],\n [\n -103.01943064423071,\n 31.95946326252215\n ],\n [\n -102.96541137253982,\n 36.97805654453573\n ],\n [\n -102.00694980962649,\n 36.97321191816752\n ],\n [\n -101.99012353311267,\n 40.99551017135374\n ],\n [\n -111.88492738941491,\n 41.11865673628003\n ],\n [\n -112.22484384810875,\n 39.97764436337124\n ],\n [\n -113.92099875532938,\n 36.2484653943898\n ],\n [\n -113.74762207636505,\n 35.0921640810035\n ],\n [\n -110.44635708281928,\n 31.67477553544309\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Nations, J. Dale","contributorId":304411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nations","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dale","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870336,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eaton, Jeffrey G.","contributorId":304412,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eaton","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870337,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Elder, William P.","contributorId":61058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198954,"text":"70198954 - 1991 - Assessing the solubilities and reaction kinetics of aluminous minerals in soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-27T14:07:39","indexId":"70198954","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T14:05:44","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Assessing the solubilities and reaction kinetics of aluminous minerals in soils","docAbstract":"The use of chemical thermodynamics and reaction kinetics is necessary to quantitatively model the transformation of aluminous minerals and their dissolved constituents in soils and other geochemical systems. Soils are thermodynamically open systems subject to atmospheric and biological forces and do not attain overall thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to either mass or time. However, local or partial equilibrium conditions may persist for particular minerals and their dissolved constituents. Igneous and metamorphic primary minerals break down chemically to yield disordered gels or colloids and constituent ions, which can then reorganize or precipitate to form more stable hydrous oxides, silicates, carbonates or other mineral species. Naturally-occurring iron and aluminum hydrous oxides and kaolin clays, abundant in highly weathered soils, are commonly believed to be the ultimate, stable end products of weathering reactions, but usually are thermodynamically metastable with respect to more perfectly ordered, synthetic specimens. Thermodynamic stability is no guaranty of mineral persistence; with sufficient time, even the most perfectly crystallized, stable mineral will yield to the solubilizing assault of undersaturated surface waters. All of the dissolution and precipitation reactions of soil minerals are driven by energy differences in the thermodynamic stabilities of reactants and products, and the velocities (or kinetics) of such reactions are regulated by variables of the hydrogeochemical environment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Solid acidity","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-74442-6_6","usgsCitation":"May, H.M., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1991, Assessing the solubilities and reaction kinetics of aluminous minerals in soils, chap. of Solid acidity, p. 125-148, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74442-6_6.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"148","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11243ce4b034bf6a81deb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, Howard M.","contributorId":27202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":743566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125979,"text":"70125979 - 1991 - Multipurpose wetlands phase 1: effectiveness of constructed wetlands as an integral part of total water resources management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T14:04:09","indexId":"70125979","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T14:03:28","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Multipurpose wetlands phase 1: effectiveness of constructed wetlands as an integral part of total water resources management","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"Eastern Municipal Water District","publisherLocation":"San Jacinto, CA","usgsCitation":"Bureau of Reclamation, 1991, Multipurpose wetlands phase 1: effectiveness of constructed wetlands as an integral part of total water resources management, 100 p.","productDescription":"100 p.","numberOfPages":"100","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294182,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf43fe4b0e96537ddf783","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bureau of Reclamation","contributorId":127878,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Bureau of Reclamation","id":535672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70125398,"text":"70125398 - 1991 - Sensitivity of desert cryptograms to air pollutants: soil crusts and rock lichens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-16T13:59:51","indexId":"70125398","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T13:58:23","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Technical Report NPS/NRAQD/NRTR-91/02","title":"Sensitivity of desert cryptograms to air pollutants: soil crusts and rock lichens","docAbstract":"Parks throughout the West are being faced with increasing air pollution threats from current or proposed industries near their boundaries. For this reason, it is important to understand the effects these industries may have on desert ecosystems. Rock lichens can be excellent biomonitors, acting as early warning systems of impending damage to other components of the desert ecosystem. Cryptogamic crusts, consisting mostly of cyanobacteria and lichens, may not only be excellent bioindicators, but also are an essential part of the desert ecosystem. Their presence is critical for soil stability as well as for the contribution of nitrogen to the ecosystem in a form available to higher plants. Air pollutants, such as emissions from coal-fired power plants, may threaten the healthy functioning of these non-vascular plants. The purpose of this study is to determine if, in fact, air pollutants do have an impact on the physiological functioning of cryptogamic crusts or rock lichens in desert systems and, if so, to what extent.
\nSome results have already been obtained. Both rock lichens and cryptogamic crusts exhibit physiological damage in the vicinity of the Navajo Generating Station in Page, Arizona. Increased electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll degradation, along with reduced nitrogen fixation, have been found. Preliminary studies comparing sensitivity between substrates indicate that crusts on limestone and sandstone substrates may be more sensitive than those on gypsum.
","largerWorkTitle":"Acid rain and air pollution in desert park areas","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., 1991, Sensitivity of desert cryptograms to air pollutants: soil crusts and rock lichens, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"112","endPage":"119","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54195154e4b091c7ffc8e83f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70125396,"text":"70125396 - 1991 - Wetland development and management alternatives for the proposed Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-16T13:55:05","indexId":"70125396","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T13:53:09","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Wetland development and management alternatives for the proposed Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., and Roelle, J.E., 1991, Wetland development and management alternatives for the proposed Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge, 40 p.","productDescription":"40 p.","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.780599,38.318656 ], [ -87.780599,38.399285 ], [ -87.098092,38.399285 ], [ -87.098092,38.318656 ], [ -87.780599,38.318656 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54195165e4b091c7ffc8e915","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":501386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roelle, J. E.","contributorId":91066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70126506,"text":"70126506 - 1991 - User's guide to the wetland creation/restoration data base, version 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T12:19:17","indexId":"70126506","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T13:53:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"User's guide to the wetland creation/restoration data base, version 2","docAbstract":"Wetland creation or restoration projects are frequently proposed as mitigation for unavoidable wetland losses, as components of wetland enhancement programs, and as tools to accomplish specific objectives such as waterfowl production or flood control. There is considerable controversy concerning the effectiveness of such projects as well as the most appropriate and efficient techniques to employ. The importance of the resource and the long time scales involved in fully evaluating a creation or restoration effort make it imperative to consider existing information as fully as possible in the development and evaluation of wetland creation or restoration proposals.
To aid in the evaluation of wetland/creation efforts, the U.s. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Ecology Research Center, has developed the Wetland Creation/Restoration (WCR) Data Base. The data base is a highly indexed or keyworded bibliography of wetland creation or restoration articles. (\"Articles\" refers to any type of publication that deals specifically with wetland creation/restoration projects or studies.) The scope of the articles is international, although most of them are concerned with projects conducted in the United States. Information coded for each article includes author; citation; type of wetland and its location in terms of state, ecoregion, and FWS region; type of study undertaken; objectives in creating or restoring the wetland; actions performed to realize those objectives; length of time encompassed by the study; evaluation of results and responses to the wetland creation/restoration actions; and a listing of plant species significant to the project. A brief annotation summarizes the article and includes any significant additional information that may not be adequately reflected in the above described fields.
Many of these articles describe only one or two components of a total wetland restoration effort. Planning a project that is designed to restore a wetland system (including at least some of its functions) is similar to constructing a picture from a number of puzzle pieces--missing pieces represent data gaps or information that is not available. Articles range from specific case studies, to overviews of restoration methods and techniques, to planning restoration projects and assessing programmatic and administrative backgrounds and interactions.
In this data base, the term \"restoration\" is applied loosely to include rehabilitation of wetlands. It may refer to a number of situations or actions including, but not limited to:
1. breaching dikes or plugging drains;
2. water pollution clean-up;
3. conversion of eutrophic conditions;
4. wastewater treatment;
5. recolonization of previously disturbed or denuded areas;
6. amelioration of adverse conditions (erosion, wave, or wind action);
7. soil treatment --mulching, fertilization;
8. rerouting streams --may include construction of meander patterns;
9. monitoring natural vegetation; or
0. excluding grazers (geese, cattle) and monitoring results.
This report describes the format and content of Version 2 of the WCR data base. Version 2 differs from the previous version described in SchnellerMcDonald et al. (1988): several fields have been dropped and condensed and new records have been added. Version 2 includes all records distributed with the earlier version and its updates. We recommend you replace any previous version with Version 2.
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