Univariate and multivariate analyses of 20 skull characters of 304 adult sea otters from throughout the geographic range strongly suggest that three subspecies should be recognized. The nominate form, Enhydra lutris lutris, occurs from the Kuril Islands north to the Commander Islands in the western Pacific Ocean. Individuals of E. l. lutris are characterized by large size and wide skulls with short nasal bones. E. l. nereis is found along the California coast and off San Nicolas Island, where the species recently has been reintroduced from coastal California. Specimens of E. l. nereis have narrow skulls with a long rostrum and small teeth, and usually lack the characteristic notch in the postorbital region found in most specimens of the other two subspecies. A new subspecies described by Don E. Wilson in this report, occurs throughout the Aleutian Islands and southward in the eastern Pacific to Washington. Specimens of the new subspecies are intermediate in size in most, but not all, characters and have longer mandibles than either of the other two subspecies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1381977","usgsCitation":"Wilson, D.E., Bogan, M., Brownell, R., Burdin, A., and Maminov, M., 1991, Geographic variation in sea otters, Enhydra lutris: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 72, no. 1, p. 22-36, https://doi.org/10.2307/1381977.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb26e4b08312ac7cf032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Don E.","contributorId":22254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bogan, Michael A.","contributorId":27128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brownell, R.L. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/70100287","usgsCitation":"1991, Branch of Geophysics 1990 bibliography, ii, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70100287.","productDescription":"ii, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286083,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70100287/report.pdf"},{"id":286084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70100287/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53558fcde4b0120853e8be60","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Thorsten, Freddy","contributorId":149247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorsten","given":"Freddy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577618,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ketterer, Pamela","contributorId":36054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketterer","given":"Pamela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577619,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70007057,"text":"70007057 - 1991 - Potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, for producing early life stage mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-09T17:16:16","indexId":"70007057","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T13:02:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, for producing early life stage mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","docAbstract":"The presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) in feral lake trout eggs (Salvelinus namaycush) may increase the risk of lake trout early life stage mortality in the Great Lakes. To assess the combined toxicity of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs to lake trout early development, toxic potencies, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), were determined for individual PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners, based on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) early life stage mortality. Newly fertilized rainbow trout eggs were injected with graded doses of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, or a PCDD, PCDF, or PCB congener. LD50 values were determined based on the egg dose that caused mortality from hatching onset to swim-up. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) were calculated as 2,3,7,8-TCDD LD50/congener LD50. TEFs were for PCDDs: 2,3,7,8-TCDD = 1.0; 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD = 0.730;and 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD = 0.319; for PCDFs: 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF = 0.359; 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF = 0.280; 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF = 0.034; and 2,3,7,8-TCDF = 0.028; and for PCBs: 3,3',4,4',5-PeCB = 0.005; 3,3',4,4'-TCB = 0.00016; 2,3,3',4,4'-PeCB and 2,3',4,4',5-PeCB < 0.00007. For PCDDs, fish-specific TEFs were 10- to 100-fold higher than TEFs determined in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells, but were similar to TEFs proposed for risk assessment. For PCDFs, fish specific TEFs were similar to TEFs determined in H4IIE cells and TEFs proposed for risk assessment. However, the most significant finding was that for the coplanar PCBs and mono-ortho-chlorinated analogues of the coplanar PCBs fish-specific TEFs were 1/14 to 1/80 less than both those determined in H4IIE cells and proposed for risk assessment. Using these fish-specific TEFs, the risk associated with exposure of early life stages of Sake trout to complex mixtures of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in the Great Lakes can be estimated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0166-445X(91)90074-J","collaboration":"Abstract has subscript/superscript to be fixed","usgsCitation":"Walker, M.K., and Peterson, R.E., 1991, Potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, for producing early life stage mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Aquatic Toxicology, v. 21, no. 3-4, p. 219-238, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(91)90074-J.","productDescription":"pp. 219-238","startPage":"219","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262482,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(91)90074-J"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e16acae4b0ff1e7c577ab4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, Mary K.","contributorId":102321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, Richard E.","contributorId":47626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138488,"text":"70138488 - 1991 - The neotectonic setting of Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T18:52:43","indexId":"70138488","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The neotectonic setting of Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The island of Puerto Rico, in the northeast Caribbean, lies within a broad deformation zone between the Caribbean and North American plates. The simplest model for the tectonic setting of Puerto Rico has major strike-slip movement on nearly east-west lines in the vicinity of the Puerto Rico Trench coupled to a small counterclockwise rotation of a Puerto Rico block within the broader plate boundary zone. This simple model is attractive because it predicts the tectonic regime south of Puerto Rico, and provides an explanation for a possible component of extension across the Puerto Rico Trench west of 65.5°W. GLORIA long-range sidescan sonar data and seismic reflection profiles have been used to test this model by mapping the major tectonic features across the plate boundary north and south of Puerto Rico. To the north, the new data help to resolve between conflicting models, of underthrusting or strike-slip motion at the Puerto Rico Trench. No direct evidence of compression is seen, although evidence for normal and strike-slip movement is abundant. This, combined with regional considerations, leads us to conclude that the main east-west-trending part of the Puerto Rico Trench between 65.5°W and 68°W lies within a strike-slip regime, although oblique convergence occurs both to the east and west where the plate boundary trends east-southeast. To the south of Puerto Rico, underthrusting of the Caribbean plate beneath the island decreases from west to east, and it is ultimately replaced by extension in the Virgin Islands Basin east of 65°W.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0144:TNSOPR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Masson, D., and Scanlon, K.M., 1991, The neotectonic setting of Puerto Rico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 1, p. 144-154, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0144:TNSOPR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"144","endPage":"154","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297342,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.587890625,\n 17.43451055152291\n ],\n [\n -65.2587890625,\n 17.43451055152291\n ],\n [\n -65.2587890625,\n 19.02057711096681\n ],\n [\n -67.587890625,\n 19.02057711096681\n ],\n [\n -67.587890625,\n 17.43451055152291\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c6de4b08de9379b37dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masson, D.G.","contributorId":44160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masson","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scanlon, Kathryn M.","contributorId":6816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":33100,"text":"b1995PQ - 1995 - Strontium isotope evidence for the age of the Vaqueros Formation and latest Oligocene marine transgression in the northern Santa Maria Province, Central California. Stratigraphic sections and gamma-ray spectrometry from five outcrops of the Monterey Formation in southwestern California; Naples Beach, Point Pedermales, Lion's Head, Shell Beach, and Point Buchon","indexId":"b1995PQ","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"P,Q","title":"Strontium isotope evidence for the age of the Vaqueros Formation and latest Oligocene marine transgression in the northern Santa Maria Province, Central California. Stratigraphic sections and gamma-ray spectrometry from five outcrops of the Monterey Formation in southwestern California; Naples Beach, Point Pedermales, Lion's Head, Shell Beach, and Point Buchon"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":33103,"text":"b1995RS - 1998 - Volcanic rocks of the Santa Maria Province, California; Age and tectonic inferences from a condensed(?) succession of Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene strata, Big Pine Mountain area, Santa Barbara County, California","indexId":"b1995RS","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"R,S","title":"Volcanic rocks of the Santa Maria Province, California; Age and tectonic inferences from a condensed(?) succession of Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene strata, Big Pine Mountain area, Santa Barbara County, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":33104,"text":"b1995TUV - 1998 - Paleogeography of the western Transverse Range province, California; new evidence from the late Oligocene and early Miocene Vaqueros Formation; Stratigraphy of the fine-grained facies of the Sisquoc Formation, Santa Maria Basin, California; paleoceanographic and tectonic implications; The Sisquoc Formation-Foxen Mudstone boundary in the Santa Maria Basin, California; sedimentary response to the new tectonic regime","indexId":"b1995TUV","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"T,U,V","title":"Paleogeography of the western Transverse Range province, California; new evidence from the late Oligocene and early Miocene Vaqueros Formation; Stratigraphy of the fine-grained facies of the Sisquoc Formation, Santa Maria Basin, California; paleoceanographic and tectonic implications; The Sisquoc Formation-Foxen Mudstone boundary in the Santa Maria Basin, California; sedimentary response to the new tectonic regime"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":33105,"text":"b1995WX - 1998 - Cenozoic deformation of the Franciscan Complex, eastern Santa Maria Basin, California. Regional thermal maturity of surface rocks, onshore Santa Maria Basin and Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin area, California","indexId":"b1995WX","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"W,X","title":"Cenozoic deformation of the Franciscan Complex, eastern Santa Maria Basin, California. Regional thermal maturity of surface rocks, onshore Santa Maria Basin and Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin area, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":33113,"text":"b1995HI - 1995 - Conglomerates of the upper middle Eocene to lower Miocene Sespe Formation along the Santa Ynez Fault; implications for the geologic history of the eastern Santa Maria Basin area, California. Reconnaissance bulk-rock and clay mineralogies of argillaceous Great Valley an Franciscan strata, Santa Maria Basin Province, California","indexId":"b1995HI","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"H,I","title":"Conglomerates of the upper middle Eocene to lower Miocene Sespe Formation along the Santa Ynez Fault; implications for the geologic history of the eastern Santa Maria Basin area, California. Reconnaissance bulk-rock and clay mineralogies of argillaceous Great Valley an Franciscan strata, Santa Maria Basin Province, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":5},{"subject":{"id":33122,"text":"b1995MNO - 1996 - Age of the Lospe Formation (early Miocene) and origin of the Santa Maria Basin, California. Petroleum source potential and thermal maturity of the Lospe Formation (lower Miocene) near Point Sal, onshore Santa Maria Basin, California. Obispo Formation, California; remobilized pyroclastic material","indexId":"b1995MNO","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"M,N,O","title":"Age of the Lospe Formation (early Miocene) and origin of the Santa Maria Basin, California. Petroleum source potential and thermal maturity of the Lospe Formation (lower Miocene) near Point Sal, onshore Santa Maria Basin, California. Obispo Formation, California; remobilized pyroclastic material"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":6},{"subject":{"id":34343,"text":"b1995L - 1995 - Recognition of middle Miocene foraminifers in highly indurated rocks of the Monterey Formation, coastal Santa Maria Province, central California","indexId":"b1995L","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"Recognition of middle Miocene foraminifers in highly indurated rocks of the Monterey Formation, coastal Santa Maria Province, central California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":7},{"subject":{"id":47896,"text":"b1995B - 1991 - Distribution and juxtaposition of Mesozoic lithotectonic elements in the basement of the Santa Maria Basin, California","indexId":"b1995B","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Distribution and juxtaposition of Mesozoic lithotectonic elements in the basement of the Santa Maria Basin, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":8},{"subject":{"id":47897,"text":"b1995C - 1993 - Cooccurrence of Fe-, Fe-Ca-, and Ca-phosphate minerals in concretions within the Monterey Formation; a record of uplift of the Santa Maria Basin, California","indexId":"b1995C","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Cooccurrence of Fe-, Fe-Ca-, and Ca-phosphate minerals in concretions within the Monterey Formation; a record of uplift of the Santa Maria Basin, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":9},{"subject":{"id":47898,"text":"b1995DE - 1994 - Sedimentology of the conglomeratic lower member of the Lospe Formation (lower Miocene), Santa Maria Basin, California. Provenance of sandstone clasts in the lower Miocene Lospe Formation near Point Sal, California","indexId":"b1995DE","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"D,E","title":"Sedimentology of the conglomeratic lower member of the Lospe Formation (lower Miocene), Santa Maria Basin, California. Provenance of sandstone clasts in the lower Miocene Lospe Formation near Point Sal, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":10},{"subject":{"id":47899,"text":"b1995FG - 1994 - The thermal regime of Santa Maria Province, California. Phosphorus geochemistry, diagenesis, and mass balances of the Miocene Monterey Formation at Shell Beach, California","indexId":"b1995FG","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"F,G","title":"The thermal regime of Santa Maria Province, California. Phosphorus geochemistry, diagenesis, and mass balances of the Miocene Monterey Formation at Shell Beach, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":11},{"subject":{"id":52705,"text":"b1995JK - 1995 - Neogene geohistory analysis of Santa Maria Basin, California, and its relationship to transfer of Central California to the Pacific Plate. Diatom biochronology of the Sisquoc Formation in the Santa Maria Basin, California, and its paleoceanographic and tectonic implications","indexId":"b1995JK","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"J,K","title":"Neogene geohistory analysis of Santa Maria Basin, California, and its relationship to transfer of Central California to the Pacific Plate. Diatom biochronology of the Sisquoc Formation in the Santa Maria Basin, California, and its paleoceanographic and tectonic implications"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":12},{"subject":{"id":52706,"text":"b1995YZ - 1999 - Miocene extension and post-Miocene transpression offshore of south-central California. Structure and tectonics of the central offshore Santa Maria and Santa Lucia basins, California: Results from the PG&E/EDGE seismic reflection survey","indexId":"b1995YZ","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"Y,Z","title":"Miocene extension and post-Miocene transpression offshore of south-central California. Structure and tectonics of the central offshore Santa Maria and Santa Lucia basins, California: Results from the PG&E/EDGE seismic reflection survey"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":13},{"subject":{"id":58125,"text":"b1995AA - 2004 - Quaternary tectonic setting of South-Central coastal California","indexId":"b1995AA","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"chapter":"AA","title":"Quaternary tectonic setting of South-Central coastal California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":14},{"subject":{"id":58126,"text":"b1995BB - 2004 - Style and rate of quaternary deformation of the Hosgri Fault Zone, offshore south-central coastal California","indexId":"b1995BB","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"chapter":"BB","title":"Style and rate of quaternary deformation of the Hosgri Fault Zone, offshore south-central coastal California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":15},{"subject":{"id":70044461,"text":"b1995CC - 2013 - Characterization of the Hosgri Fault Zone and adjacent structures in the offshore Santa Maria Basin, south-central California","indexId":"b1995CC","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"CC","title":"Characterization of the Hosgri Fault Zone and adjacent structures in the offshore Santa Maria Basin, south-central California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":16}],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T14:50:34","indexId":"b1995","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:58:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1995","title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1995","usgsCitation":"U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991, Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1995, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1995.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289223,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Maria Province","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.9094,34.3514 ], [ -120.9094,35.4376 ], [ -119.1293,35.4376 ], [ -119.1293,34.3514 ], [ -120.9094,34.3514 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286e7e4b07b8813a55488"} ,{"id":33199,"text":"b1990 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: North Slope Basin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47557,"text":"b1990C - 1992 - Age of tephra beds at the Ocean Point dinosaur locality, North Slope, Alaska, based on K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar analyses","indexId":"b1990C","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Age of tephra beds at the Ocean Point dinosaur locality, North Slope, Alaska, based on K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar analyses"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33199,"text":"b1990 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: North Slope Basin","indexId":"b1990","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: North Slope Basin"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47558,"text":"b1990E - 1991 - Pollen zonation and correlation of Maastrichtian marine beds and associated strata, Ocean Point dinosaur locality, North Slope, Alaska","indexId":"b1990E","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Pollen zonation and correlation of Maastrichtian marine beds and associated strata, Ocean Point dinosaur locality, North Slope, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33199,"text":"b1990 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: North Slope Basin","indexId":"b1990","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: North Slope Basin"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":47559,"text":"b1990F - 1991 - A new Tolypella from the Ocean Point dinosaur locality, North Slope, Alaska, and the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene nitelloid charophytes","indexId":"b1990F","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"A new Tolypella from the Ocean Point dinosaur locality, North Slope, Alaska, and the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene nitelloid charophytes"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33199,"text":"b1990 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: North Slope Basin","indexId":"b1990","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: North Slope Basin"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T14:53:05","indexId":"b1990","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:52:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1990","title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: North Slope Basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1990","usgsCitation":"U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991, Evolution of sedimentary basins: North Slope Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1990, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1990.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -166.85,68.0 ], [ -166.85,71.39 ], [ -141.0,71.39 ], [ -141.0,68.0 ], [ -166.85,68.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286e8e4b07b8813a5548e"} ,{"id":70126486,"text":"70126486 - 1991 - Cannibalism of nestling American kestrels by their parents and siblings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T12:52:59","indexId":"70126486","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:51:28","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cannibalism of nestling American kestrels by their parents and siblings","docAbstract":"We examined the frequency of cannibalism of nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) in north-central Saskatchewan. We investigated human disturbance and food shortages as possible causes of it. Cannibalism of nestlings by their parents and siblings was confirmed by observation and by the presence of partially eaten carcasses, or inferred from the sudden disappearance of a nestling between frequent nest checks. Cannibalism occurred at 8% of 48 nests in 1988, and 18% of 92 nests in 1989. Not all nestlings that died were cannibalized. Where nestling mortality occurred, carcasses were eaten in at least 20% of nests in 1988, and 63% of nests in 1989. The chicks that were cannibalized died at a significantly younger age than those that died but were not cannibalized. The mass and age of the parent and the laying date were not associated with the occurrence of cannibalism. We found no strong evidence of a causal link between human disturbance and nestling mortality or cannibalism; however, the abundance of small mammal prey was inversely related to the frequency of cannibalism between years, and there were fewer prey and lower prey delivery rates in territories where cannibalism occurred than in territories where nestling mortality did not occur. The fact that some nestlings died but were not eaten suggests that such mortality was unrelated to food shortages. The food advantage of cannibalism may not outweigh potential disadvantages such as disease transmission.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council","publisherLocation":"Ottawa","doi":"10.1139/z91-205","usgsCitation":"Bortolotti, G.R., Wiebe, K.L., and Iko, W.M., 1991, Cannibalism of nestling American kestrels by their parents and siblings: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 69, no. 6, p. 1447-1453, https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-205.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1447","endPage":"1453","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294336,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-205"}],"volume":"69","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb1de4b08312ac7cef9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bortolotti, Gary R.","contributorId":71491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bortolotti","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiebe, Karen L.","contributorId":101199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiebe","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iko, William M. ikob@usgs.gov","contributorId":2289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iko","given":"William","email":"ikob@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":502092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70126485,"text":"70126485 - 1991 - Tantilla bocourti (Gunther) Bocourt's Black-Headed Snake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T12:50:32","indexId":"70126485","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:49:55","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Tantilla bocourti (Gunther) Bocourt's Black-Headed Snake","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"McDiarmid, R., and Folke, S., 1991, Tantilla bocourti (Gunther) Bocourt's Black-Headed Snake, chap. of Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb32e4b08312ac7cf0df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Folke, S.H.","contributorId":79587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folke","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170332,"text":"70170332 - 1991 - Evaluation of unsaturated zone air permeability through pneumatic tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T06:20:31","indexId":"70170332","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of unsaturated zone air permeability through pneumatic tests","docAbstract":"Predicting the steady state distribution of air pressure in the unsaturated zone resulting from a pneumatic test provides a method for determining air-phase permeability. This technique is analogous to the inverse problem of well hydraulics; however, air flow is more complicated than ground water flow because of air compressibility, the Klinkenberg effect, variations in air density and viscosity that result from temperature fluctuations in the unsaturated zone and the possibility of inducing water movement during the pneumatic test. An analysis of these complicating factors reveals that, when induced water movement can be neglected, a linear version of the airflow equation can provide an appropriate approximation for the purpose of determining air-phase permeability. Two analytical solutions for steady state, two-dimensional, axisymmetric airflow to a single well partially screened in the unsaturated zone are developed. One solution applies where there is a stratum of relatively low air permeability, separating the stratum in which the well is completed, from the atmosphere. The other solution applies where there is no separating stratum between the domain and atmosphere. In both situations the water table forms the lower horizontal boundary. Applications of both solutions to determine air permeability from data collected during pneumatic tests are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR01655","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., and Hult, M.F., 1991, Evaluation of unsaturated zone air permeability through pneumatic tests: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 10, p. 2605-2617, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR01655.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2605","endPage":"2617","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320136,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57160536e4b0ef3b7ca91ff2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hult, Marc F.","contributorId":18344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125964,"text":"70125964 - 1991 - Regional patterns of terrestrial amphibian communities in Oregon and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T12:40:01","indexId":"70125964","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:37:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285","title":"Regional patterns of terrestrial amphibian communities in Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Bury, R., Corn, P., and Aubry, K., 1991, Regional patterns of terrestrial amphibian communities in Oregon and Washington, chap. of Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests, p. 341-343.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"343","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294149,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.88,41.99 ], [ -124.88,48.96 ], [ -116.46,48.96 ], [ -116.46,41.99 ], [ -124.88,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf44ee4b0e96537ddf830","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bury, R.B.","contributorId":25497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bury","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corn, P.S.","contributorId":63751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aubry, K.B.","contributorId":90656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aubry","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125963,"text":"70125963 - 1991 - Small mammal communities in the Oregon Coast Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T12:36:23","indexId":"70125963","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:35:08","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285","title":"Small mammal communities in the Oregon Coast Range","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Corn, P., and Bury, R., 1991, Small mammal communities in the Oregon Coast Range, chap. of Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests, p. 241-242.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.6129,41.9918 ], [ -124.6129,46.292 ], [ -122.3959,46.292 ], [ -122.3959,41.9918 ], [ -124.6129,41.9918 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf456e4b0e96537ddf882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corn, P.S.","contributorId":63751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bury, R.B.","contributorId":25497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bury","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223031,"text":"5223031 - 1991 - Status and conservation of parrots and parakeets in the Greater Antilles, Bahama Islands, and Cayman Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-29T16:28:38.964605","indexId":"5223031","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1048,"text":"Bird Conservation International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status and conservation of parrots and parakeets in the Greater Antilles, Bahama Islands, and Cayman Islands","docAbstract":"In the 1490S a minimum of 28 species of psittacines occurred in the West Indies. Today, only 43% (12) of the species survive. All macaws and most parakeet species have been lost. Although the surviving parrot fauna of the Greater Antilles, Cayman Islands, and Bahama Islands has fared somewhat better than that of the Lesser Antilles, every species has undergone extensive reductions of populations and all but two have undergone extensive reductions in range, mostly as a result of habitat loss, but also from persecution as agricultural pests, conflicts with exotic species, harvesting for pets, and natural disasters. The Cayman Brae Parrot Amazona leucocephala hesterna, with its tiny population (lessthan 150 individuals in the wild) and range, and the Puerto Rican Parrot A. vittata, with 22-23 birds in the wild and 56 individuals in captivity, must be considered on the of extinction and in need of (in the tatter's case, continuing) aggressive programmes of research and management. Other populations declining in numbers and range include the Yellow-billed Amazona collaria, and Black-billed A. agilis Parrots of Jamaica, Hispaniolan Parakeet Aratinga chloroptera, Hispaniolan Parrot Amazona ventralis, Cuban Parrot A. leucocephala leucocephala and, most seriously, Cuban Parakeet Aratinga euops. The population of the Grand Cayman Parrot (Amazona leucocephala caymanensis), although numbering only about 1,000 birds, appears stable and the current conservation programme gives hope for the survival of the race. An active conservation and public education programme has begun for the Bahama Parrot A. l. bahamensis, which still occurs in good numbers on Great Inagua Island, but is threatened on Abaco Island. Recommendations for conservation of parrots and parakeets in the region include (1) instituting term programmes of research to determine distribution, status, and ecology of each species; (2) developing conservation programmes through education and management approaches that are culturally, politically, and economically sensitive to the region; and providing and protecting habitat within suitably sized reserves.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0959270900000599","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J.W., 1991, Status and conservation of parrots and parakeets in the Greater Antilles, Bahama Islands, and Cayman Islands: Bird Conservation International, v. 1, no. 3, p. 187-214, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270900000599.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479690,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000599","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":196383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas, Cayman Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.6328522948994,\n 19.895055730679644\n ],\n [\n -81.89880632071144,\n 19.895055730679644\n ],\n [\n -81.89880632071144,\n 18.93041963728473\n ],\n [\n -79.6328522948994,\n 18.93041963728473\n ],\n [\n -79.6328522948994,\n 19.895055730679644\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.22807137916418,\n 27.11358083198519\n ],\n [\n -79.22807137916418,\n 22.792323283064263\n ],\n [\n -74.25333348186761,\n 22.792323283064263\n ],\n [\n -74.25333348186761,\n 27.11358083198519\n ],\n [\n -79.22807137916418,\n 27.11358083198519\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e09a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, James W.","contributorId":39886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222392,"text":"5222392 - 1991 - Effects of mercury, selenium, and organochlorine contaminants on reproduction of Forster's terns and black skimmers nesting in a contaminated Texas bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-06T17:12:12.920589","indexId":"5222392","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:18:02","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of mercury, selenium, and organochlorine contaminants on reproduction of Forster's terns and black skimmers nesting in a contaminated Texas bay","docAbstract":"Mean mercury (0.40 μg/g), and geometric mean DDE (1.6 μg/g) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (2.3 μg/g) concentrations in Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) eggs from Lavaca Bay were higher than those in tern eggs from a reference area in San Antonio Bay, but residues were not correlated with hatching success. Nest success was similar between bays. Selenium levels in Lavaca Bay tern eggs (0.71 μg/g) were also comparable to those in eggs from the reference area (0.68 μg/g).
Clutch size (3.1 to 3.4) of Lavaca Bay black skimmers (Rynchops niger) was no different than that (3.4) at a reference colony near Laguna Vista. Nest success was similar among three Lavaca Bay colonies, but success was lower at one Lavaca Bay colony (40%) than at Laguna Vista (65%). Mean mercury (0.46 μg/g) and selenium (0.75 μg/g) concentrations in skimmer eggs from Lavaca Bay were higher than those (0.19, 0.33 μg/g) from Laguna Vista; however, concentrations of neither contaminant were related to hatching success. DDE concentrations in Lavaca Bay skimmer eggs (3.4 μg/g) were similar to those from Laguna Vista (3.2 μg/g) and DDE was negatively correlated with hatching success. PCBs were higher in eggs from Lavaca Bay (1.3 μg/g) than Laguna Vista (0.8 μg/g). Organochlorine and metal contaminants in most eggs were below embryotoxic levels. Eggshell thinning in Forster's terns (7%) and black skimmers (5%) was below that associated with lowered reproduction.
DDE and PCBs were detected in 9 Caspian tern (S. caspia) eggs; maximum concentrations were 4.7 and 5.4 μg/g. Caspian tern and least tern (S. albifrons) eggs contained low (⩽0.9 μg/g) concentrations of mercury and selenium.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01065325","usgsCitation":"King, K.A., Custer, T.W., and Quinn, J.S., 1991, Effects of mercury, selenium, and organochlorine contaminants on reproduction of Forster's terns and black skimmers nesting in a contaminated Texas bay: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 20, no. 1, p. 32-40, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065325.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197541,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lavaca Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.67233179859754,\n 28.73346489398736\n ],\n [\n -96.67233179859754,\n 28.56458954818794\n ],\n [\n -96.4862213120137,\n 28.56458954818794\n ],\n [\n -96.4862213120137,\n 28.73346489398736\n ],\n [\n -96.67233179859754,\n 28.73346489398736\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Kirke A.","contributorId":17727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Kirke","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3170-6519 tcuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":2835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quinn, J. S.","contributorId":59749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quinn","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70147541,"text":"70147541 - 1991 - Proterozoic geology and ore deposits of Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-04T11:09:12","indexId":"70147541","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Proterozoic geology and ore deposits of Arizona","docAbstract":"Proterozoic rocks in Arizona have been the focus of interest for geologists since the late 1800's. Early investigations, led by the U.S. Geological Survey, focused on the extensive ore deposits hosted by Proterozoic rocks. By the 1960's, these studies, combined with theses from academic institutions and the efforts of the Arizona Geological Survey, had produced a rich data base of geologic maps, primarily of the central part of the Transition Zone. The chronological significance of these maps became much better known with the application of U-Pb geochronology by L.Y. Silver and his students starting in the 1960's. The 1970's and early 1980's were marked by numerous contributions from Masters and Ph.D students at a variety of academic institutions, and continued work by the U.S. Geological Survey. Interest in ore deposits persisted and there was an increasing interest in interpretation of the tectonic history of Proterozoic rocks in terms of plate tectonic models, as summarized in papers by Phillip Anderson, Ed DeWitt, Clay Conway, Paul Lindberg, and J.L Anderson in the 1989 Arizona Geological Society Digest 17: \"Geologic Evolution of Arizona\". The present volume: \"Proterozoic Geology and Ore deposits of Arizona\" builds upon A.G.S. Digest 17, and presents the results of geologic investigations from the latter part of the 1980's. A number of the papers are condensed versions of MS theses done by students at Northern Arizona University. These papers are based upon 1:10,000 mapping and structural analysis of several areas in Arizona. The geologic maps from each of these studies are available separately as part of the Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Map Series. These detailed maps, plus the continuing mapping efforts of the U.S.G.S. and students at other academic institutions, form an ever improving data base for continuing attempts to understand the Proterozoic geology and ore deposits of Arizona
","language":"English","publisher":"Arizona Geological Society","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","usgsCitation":"Karlstrom, K.E., 1991, Proterozoic geology and ore deposits of Arizona, v. 19, 332 p.","productDescription":"332 p.","numberOfPages":"332","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":300042,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55489850e4b0a658d7960d79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karlstrom, Karl E.","contributorId":75597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlstrom","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70126201,"text":"70126201 - 1991 - Behavior, ecology, and life history of new world otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-19T12:16:48","indexId":"70126201","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T12:13:49","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Behavior, ecology, and life history of new world otters","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the V. International Otter Colloquium","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the V. International Otter Colloquium","conferenceDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Hankensbüttel","language":"English","publisher":"Gruppe Naturschutz","publisherLocation":"Hankensbüttel","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., 1991, Behavior, ecology, and life history of new world otters, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541d4598e4b0f68901ec3098","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":501918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70125960,"text":"70125960 - 1991 - Bear feeding activity at alpine insect aggregation sites in the Yellowstone ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T12:00:50","indexId":"70125960","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T11:59:31","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bear feeding activity at alpine insect aggregation sites in the Yellowstone ecosystem","docAbstract":"Bears (Ursidae) were observed from fixed-wing aircraft on or near alpine talus in the Shoshone National Forest between 15 June and 15 September in 1981–1989. Bears fed on insect aggregations at 6 known and 12 suspected alpine talus sites, disproportionately more at elevations > 3350 m, on slopes > 30°, and on south- and west-facing aspects. While at these sites, bears almost exclusively ate invertebrates, typically army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris). Subadult grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) appeared to be underrepresented at the sites, and proportionate representation of adult females with young appeared to decrease between 15 June and 15 September. Overall, observations of bears at these sites increased between 1981 and 1989. We suggest that alpine insect aggregations are an important food source for bears in the Shoshone National Forest, especially in the absence of high-quality foraging alternatives in July and August of most years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council","publisherLocation":"Ottawa","doi":"10.1139/z91-341","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D.J., Gillin, C.M., Benson, S.A., and Knight, R.R., 1991, Bear feeding activity at alpine insect aggregation sites in the Yellowstone ecosystem: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 69, no. 9, p. 2430-2435, https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-341.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2430","endPage":"2435","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294144,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-341"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"69","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf41ce4b0e96537ddf639","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattson, David J. david_mattson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"David","email":"david_mattson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillin, Colin M.","contributorId":21438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillin","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benson, Scott A.","contributorId":91033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knight, Richard R.","contributorId":68660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70074736,"text":"70074736 - 1991 - Electromagnetic terrain conductive and ground penetrating radar investigation at and near the Ciba-Geigy Superfund site, Ocean County, New Jersey: quality control assurance plan and results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-03T13:03:47","indexId":"70074736","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T11:59:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Electromagnetic terrain conductive and ground penetrating radar investigation at and near the Ciba-Geigy Superfund site, Ocean County, New Jersey: quality control assurance plan and results","docAbstract":"Ground water is the principal source of drinking water in the\nvicinity of the Ciba-Geigy Superfund site near Toms River, Ocean County,\nNew Jersey. The presence of earlier identified point sources of\norganic-compound and, to a lesser extent, metals contamination dt the\nCiba-Geigy Toms River Chemical Company Plant has resulted-in severe\ndegradation of ground-water quality and has increased the potentiil for\nwater-supply problems (NUS Corporation, 1988). The point sources of\ncontamination include a manufacturing area, a backfilled-lagoons area, a\nformer fire-prevention training area, several sludge-disposal areas, and\na drum-disposal area. A borrow area also is considered a potential\nsource of contamination (Camp Dresser 6 McKee, Inc., 1989).\nThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requested that the U.S.\nGeological Survey evaluate the hydrogeologic conditions in the Kirkwood-\nCohansey aquifer system (Zapecza, 1989) and the extent of ground-water\ncontamination on the property of the plant (which includes the Superfund\nsite) and in Winding River Park, which borders the Toms River\nimmediately to the east of the Superfund site (Barton, 1989). This\ninvestigation included an electromagnetic-induction survey covering\n45 line miles throughout the site and a ground-penetrating-radar survey\nin part of the borrow area.\nThe quality assurance/quality control plan (QA/QC) for the\nelectromagnetic-induction survey established guidelines for performance,\nsystem audits, and data validation, and set control limits for\ninstrument and procedural precision. The QA/QC plan for the groundpenetrating-\nradar survey sets guidelines for performance and system\naudits.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems","conferenceTitle":"4th EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems","conferenceDate":"1991-03-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Knoxville, TN","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","publisherLocation":"Golden, CO","usgsCitation":"Barton, G., and Ivahnenko, T., 1991, Electromagnetic terrain conductive and ground penetrating radar investigation at and near the Ciba-Geigy Superfund site, Ocean County, New Jersey: quality control assurance plan and results, p. 357-359.","productDescription":"p. 357-359","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281889,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Ocean County","otherGeospatial":"Ciby-geigy Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.553105,39.475198 ], [ -74.553105,40.172355 ], [ -73.965414,40.172355 ], [ -73.965414,39.475198 ], [ -74.553105,39.475198 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd574ee4b0b290850f7670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Gary J. gbarton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Gary J.","email":"gbarton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivahnenko, Tamara 0000-0002-1124-7688 ivahnenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1124-7688","contributorId":93524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivahnenko","given":"Tamara","email":"ivahnenk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}