Sediments from mercury-contaminated and uncontaminated reaches of the Carson River, Nevada, were assayed for sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, denitrification, and monomethylmercury (MeHg) degradation. Demethylation of [14C]MeHg was detected at all sites as indicated by the formation of 14CO2 and 14CH4. Oxidative demethylation was indicated by the formation of 14CO2 and was present at significant levels in all samples. Oxidized/reduced demethylation product ratios (i.e., 14CO2/14CH4 ratios) generally ranged from 4.0 in surface layers to as low as 0.5 at depth. Production of 14CO2 was most pronounced at sediment surfaces which were zones of active denitrification and sulfate reduction but was also significant within zones of methanogenesis. In a core taken from an uncontaminated site having a high proportion of oxidized, coarse-grain sediments, sulfate reduction and methanogenic activity levels were very low and 14CO2 accounted for 98% of the product formed from [14C]MeHg. There was no apparent relationship between the degree of mercury contamination of the sediments and the occurrence of oxidative demethylation. However, sediments from Fort Churchill, the most contaminated site, were most active in terms of demethylation potentials. Inhibition of sulfate reduction with molybdate resulted in significantly depressed oxidized/reduced demethylation product ratios, but overall demethylation rates of inhibited and uninhibited samples were comparable. Addition of sulfate to sediment slurries stimulated production of 14CO2 from [14C]MeHg, while 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid blocked production of 14CH4. These results reveal the importance of sulfate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria in oxidative demethylation of MeHg in anoxic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.61.7.2745-2753.1995","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R., Miller, L., Dowdle, P., Connell, T., and Barkay, T., 1995, Methylmercury oxidative degradation potentials in contaminated and pristine sediments of the Carson River, Nevada: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 61, no. 7, p. 2745-2753, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.7.2745-2753.1995.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2745","endPage":"2753","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480202,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.7.2745-2753.1995","text":"External Repository"},{"id":228282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Fort Churchill, Gardnerville","otherGeospatial":"Carson River, Lahontan Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.11007993146325,\n 39.46372555778021\n ],\n [\n -119.11007993146325,\n 39.42898700959935\n ],\n [\n -119.03810342868726,\n 39.42898700959935\n ],\n [\n -119.03810342868726,\n 39.46372555778021\n ],\n [\n -119.11007993146325,\n 39.46372555778021\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.33667026097825,\n 39.30105565830746\n ],\n [\n -119.33667026097825,\n 39.28157222129434\n ],\n [\n -119.24323922372122,\n 39.28157222129434\n ],\n [\n -119.24323922372122,\n 39.30105565830746\n ],\n [\n -119.33667026097825,\n 39.30105565830746\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.73726210258201,\n 38.92441685053868\n ],\n [\n -119.73726210258201,\n 38.865435078844115\n ],\n [\n -119.68725919560552,\n 38.865435078844115\n ],\n [\n -119.68725919560552,\n 38.92441685053868\n ],\n [\n -119.73726210258201,\n 38.92441685053868\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a561ee4b0c8380cd6d366","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dowdle, P.","contributorId":80439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdle","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Connell, T.","contributorId":35889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connell","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barkay, T.","contributorId":57617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barkay","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1002542,"text":"1002542 - 1995 - Estimating shallow subsidence in microtidal salt marshes of the southeastern United States: Kaye and Barghoorn revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:48","indexId":"1002542","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating shallow subsidence in microtidal salt marshes of the southeastern United States: Kaye and Barghoorn revisited","docAbstract":"Simultaneous measurements of vertical accretion and change in surface elevation relative to a shallow (3-5 m) subsurface datum were made in selected coastal salt marshes of Louisiana, Florida, and North Carolina to quantitatively test Kaye and Barghoorn's contention that vertical accretion is not a good surrogate for surface elevation change because of autocompaction of the substrate. Rates of subsidence of the upper 3-5 m of marsh substrate were calculated for each marsh as the difference between vertical accretion and elevation change measured with feldspar marker horizons and a sedimentation-erosion table. Surface elevation change was significantly lower than vertical accretion at each site after 2 years, indicating a significant amount of shallow subsidence had occurred, ranging from 0.45 to 4.90 cm. The highest rate of shallow subsidence occurred in the Mississippi delta. Results confirm Kaye and Barghoorn's contention that vertical accretion is not generally a good surrogate for elevation change because of processes occurring in the upper few meters of the substrate, including not only compaction but also apparently shrink-swell from water storage and/or plant production--decomposition at some sites. Indeed, surface elevation change was completely decoupled from vertical accretion at the Florida site. The assumption of a 1:1 relationship between accretionary and substrate processes. Consequently, the potential for coastal marsh submergence should be expressed as an elevation deficit based on direct measures of surface elevation change rather than accretion deficits. These findings also indicate the need for greater understanding of the influence of subsurface and small-scale hydrologic processes on marsh surface elevation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(95)00087-F","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., Reed, D., and Day, J., 1995, Estimating shallow subsidence in microtidal salt marshes of the southeastern United States: Kaye and Barghoorn revisited: Marine Geology, v. 128, no. 1-2, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(95)00087-F.","productDescription":"p. 1-9","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15637,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(95)00087-F","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7011.000000000000000"}],"volume":"128","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f5a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":65424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, D.J.","contributorId":40949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":41792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70196001,"text":"70196001 - 1995 - Hydrological processes and the water budget of lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T11:37:13","indexId":"70196001","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrological processes and the water budget of lakes","docAbstract":"Lakes interact with all components of the hydrological system: atmospheric water, surface water, and groundwater. The fluxes of water to and from lakes with regard to each of these components represent the water budget of a lake. Mathematically, the concept of a water budget is deceptively simple: income equals outgo, plus or minus change in storage. In practice, however, measuring the water fluxes to and from lakes accurately is not simple, because understanding of the various hydrological processes and the ability to measure the various hydrological components are limited.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics and chemistry of lakes","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-85132-2_2","isbn":"978-3-642-85134-6","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 1995, Hydrological processes and the water budget of lakes, chap. of Physics and chemistry of lakes, p. 37-62, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85132-2_2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352433,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff20d0e4b0da30c1bfd5e1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lerman, Abraham","contributorId":203297,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lerman","given":"Abraham","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730874,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imboden, Dieter M.","contributorId":203298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Imboden","given":"Dieter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730875,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gat, Joel R.","contributorId":190595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gat","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730876,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000808,"text":"1000808 - 1995 - Wetland and aquatic macrophytes as indicators of anthropogenic hydrologic disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T14:12:29.9257","indexId":"1000808","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wetland and aquatic macrophytes as indicators of anthropogenic hydrologic disturbance","docAbstract":"Hydrologic disturbance can affect wetland and aquatic macrophyte communities by creating temporal changes in soil moisture or water depth. Such disturbances are natural and help maintain wetland diversity; however, anthropogenic changes in wetland hydrology may have negative effects on wetlands. Since plant communities respond to habitat alterations, observations of plant-community changes may be used to recognize effects of hydrologic disturbances that are otherwise not well understood. A number of plants, including Typha angustifolia (narrow-leaf cattail) and Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), are recognized as disturbance species; they are often found in roadside ditches, in wetlands that have been partially drained, or in low areas that have been flooded. Other species commonly occur on mudflats exposed by lowering of water levels. In addition, wetland shrubs and trees invade or die as a result of draining or flooding. In more subtle terms, the relative composition of plant communities can change without the addition or loss of species, and zonation patterns may develop or change as a result of altered hydrology. Remote sensing (photointerpretation) and field vegetation studies, coupled with monitoring of water levels, are recommended for gaining an understanding of hydrologic disturbances in wetlands.","language":"English","publisher":"Natural Areas Association","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, D.A., 1995, Wetland and aquatic macrophytes as indicators of anthropogenic hydrologic disturbance: Natural Areas Journal, v. 15, no. 3, p. 240-248.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"240","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403891,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43911524"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3cd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185368,"text":"70185368 - 1995 - Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. l. The contribution of regional groundwater discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:35:33","indexId":"70185368","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. l. The contribution of regional groundwater discharge","docAbstract":"Upward discharge of fresh groundwater into a mid-Atlantic intertidal wetland contributed 62% of the water needed to replace evapotranspiration losses from the sediment during an 11 day period in September. Infiltration during flooding by tides provided most of the balance; thus there was a net advection of salt into the sediment. The amount of groundwater discharge was estimated from changes in water storage in the sediment, as inferred from measurements of hydraulic head made every 10 min. We argue that this approach is inherently more accurate than calculating the flux as the product of hydraulic conductivity and head gradient. Evapotranspiration was estimated from direct measurements of net radiation. On an annual time-scale, our results suggest that groundwater discharge at this site may exceed the evapotranspiration flux during months of reduced evapotranspiration. Should this occur, groundwater-driven advection would supplement diffusion, during flooding, in removing salt from the sediment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)02561-O","usgsCitation":"Nuttle, W.K., and Harvey, J.W., 1995, Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. l. The contribution of regional groundwater discharge: Journal of Hydrology, v. 164, no. 1-4, p. 89-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02561-O.","productDescription":"19 p. ","startPage":"89","endPage":"107","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337929,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b96e4b0236b68f82951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nuttle, William K.","contributorId":189603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nuttle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187050,"text":"70187050 - 1995 - Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:21:14","indexId":"70187050","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho","docAbstract":"This study was initiated to determine the general effects of potential flow reductions in the middle Snake River (Swan Falls Dam downstream to the Idaho-Oregon border) on its riparian vegetation. Considerable water from the river is currently used to irrigate the adjacent Snake River Plain, and increased demand for water in the future is likely. The problem was subdivided into several research components including: field investigation of the existing riparian vegetation and river environment, hydrological modeling to calculate the effects of one flow scenario on hydrological regime, and integration of vegetation and hydrological modeling results with a Geographic Information System (GIs) to map the riverbed, island, and bank conditions under the scenario flow. Field work was conducted in summer 1990. Riparian vegetation along 40 U.S. Geological Survey cross-sections was sampled at approximately 1.25 mile intervals within the 50 mile long study area. Cross-section and flow data were provided by the U.S. Geological. Survey. GIs mapping of land/water cover using ARC/INFO was based on 1987 aerial photographs. Riverbed contour maps were produced by linking cross-section data, topographic contouring software (anudem), and GIs. The maps were used to spatially display shallow areas in the channel likely to become vegetated under reduced flow conditions. The scenario would reduce flow by approximately 20% (160 MAF) and lower the river an average of 0.5 ft. The scenario flow could cause a drop in the elevation of the riparian zone comparable to the drop in mean river level and expansion of the lower riparian zone into shallow areas of the channel. The GIs maps showed that the shallow areas of the channel more likely to become vegetated under the scenario flow are located in wide reaches near islands. Some possible ecological consequences of the scenario flow include a greater area of riparian habitat, reduced flow velocity and sedimentation in shallow channels leading to channel deactivation, increased island visitation and nest predation by predatory mammals due to loss of a water barrier between some islands and banks, and larger populations of alien plant species in the new riparian vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(95)00048-A","usgsCitation":"Johnson, W.C., Dixon, M.D., Simons, R.W., Jenson, S., and Larson, K., 1995, Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho: Geomorphology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 159-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(95)00048-A.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"173","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 43.135065496929165\n ],\n [\n -116.31500244140626,\n 43.135065496929165\n ],\n [\n -116.31500244140626,\n 43.78299262890581\n ],\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 43.78299262890581\n ],\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 43.135065496929165\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8d8e4b0b7ea5452410b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, W. Carter","contributorId":189219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dixon, Mark D.","contributorId":48055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simons, Robert W.","contributorId":33632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenson, Susan","contributorId":191180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jenson","given":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larson, Kevin","contributorId":191179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70174715,"text":"70174715 - 1995 - Year-to-year fluctuation of the spring phytoplankton bloom in south San Francisco Bay: An example of ecological variability at the land-sea interface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-21T09:02:49","indexId":"70174715","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Year-to-year fluctuation of the spring phytoplankton bloom in south San Francisco Bay: An example of ecological variability at the land-sea interface","docAbstract":"Estuaries are transitional ecosystems at the interface of the terrestrial and marine realms. Their unique physiographic position gives rise to large spatial variability, and to dynamic temporal variability resulting, in part, from a variety of forces and fluxes at the oceanic and terrestrial boundaries. River flow, in particular, is an important mechanism for delivering watershed-derived materials such as fresh water, sediments, and nutrients; each of these quantities in turn directly influences the physical structure and biological communities of estuaries. With this setting in mind, we consider here the general proposition that estuarine variability at the yearly time scale can be caused by annual fluctuations in river flow. We use a “long-term” (15-year) time series of phytoplankton biomass variability in South San Francisco Bay (SSFB), a lagoon-type estuary in which phytoplankton primary production is the largest source of organic carbon (Jassby et al. 1993).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological time","language":"English","publisher":"Springer ","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4615-1769-6_10","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., and Jassby, A.D., 1995, Year-to-year fluctuation of the spring phytoplankton bloom in south San Francisco Bay: An example of ecological variability at the land-sea interface, chap. of Ecological time, p. 139-149, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1769-6_10.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"149","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 37.785910776551354\n ],\n [\n -122.35610961914062,\n 37.81629348024509\n ],\n [\n -122.30255126953126,\n 37.8271414168374\n ],\n [\n -122.32177734375,\n 37.79893346559687\n ],\n [\n -122.25860595703125,\n 37.792422407988575\n ],\n [\n -122.21466064453125,\n 37.763115548102924\n ],\n [\n -122.18582153320312,\n 37.69577435330179\n ],\n [\n -122.14462280273436,\n 37.61640705577992\n ],\n [\n -122.13912963867188,\n 37.580500850738936\n ],\n [\n -122.09655761718749,\n 37.58811876638322\n ],\n [\n -122.05947875976562,\n 37.51844023887861\n ],\n [\n -121.95510864257811,\n 37.47594794878128\n ],\n [\n -121.92901611328125,\n 37.45632796865522\n ],\n [\n -122.02102661132814,\n 37.42906945530329\n ],\n [\n -122.08831787109375,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -122.13775634765625,\n 37.48575600784828\n ],\n [\n -122.244873046875,\n 37.55111016010861\n ],\n [\n -122.33276367187499,\n 37.59682400108367\n ],\n [\n -122.3712158203125,\n 37.606616172899535\n ],\n [\n -122.39593505859376,\n 37.678386041261184\n ],\n [\n -122.39593505859376,\n 37.70772645289051\n ],\n [\n -122.36297607421874,\n 37.73162487017297\n ],\n [\n -122.39730834960938,\n 37.77505678240509\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 37.785910776551354\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5788b7c2e4b0d27deb387069","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185718,"text":"70185718 - 1995 - Phosphate dynamics in an acidic mountain stream: Interactions involving algal uptake, sorption by iron oxide, and photoreduction ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T07:51:28","indexId":"70185718","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phosphate dynamics in an acidic mountain stream: Interactions involving algal uptake, sorption by iron oxide, and photoreduction ","docAbstract":"Acid mine drainage streams in the Rocky Mountains typically have few algal species and abundant iron oxide deposits which can sorb phosphate. An instream injection of radiolabeled phosphate (32P0,) into St. Kevin Gulch, an acid mine drainage stream, was used to test the ability of a dominant algal species, Ulothrix sp., to rapidly assimilate phosphate. Approximately 90% of the injected phosphate was removed from the water column in the 175-m stream reach. When shaded stream reaches were exposed to full sunlight after the injection ended, photoreductive dissolution of iron oxide released sorbed 32P, which was then also removed downstream. The removal from the stream was modeled as a first-order process by using a reactive solute transport transient storage model. Concentrations of 32P mass-’ of algae were typically lo-fold greater than concentrations in hydrous iron oxides. During the injection, concentrations of 32P increased in the cellular P pool containing soluble, low-molecular-weight compounds and confirmed direct algal uptake of 32P0, from water. Mass balance calculations indicated that algal uptake and sorption on iron oxides were significant in removing phosphate. We conclude that in stream ecosystems, PO, sorbed by iron oxides can act as a dynamic nutrient reservoir regulated by photoreduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1995.40.5.0938","usgsCitation":"Tate, C.M., Broshears, R.E., and McKnight, D.M., 1995, Phosphate dynamics in an acidic mountain stream: Interactions involving algal uptake, sorption by iron oxide, and photoreduction : Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, no. 5, p. 938-946, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.5.0938.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"938","endPage":"946","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338456,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Kevin's Gulch ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4150333404541,\n 39.27817818049477\n ],\n [\n -106.33752822875977,\n 39.27817818049477\n ],\n [\n -106.33752822875977,\n 39.32394034012386\n ],\n [\n -106.4150333404541,\n 39.32394034012386\n ],\n [\n -106.4150333404541,\n 39.27817818049477\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7635e4b0ee37af29e4c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tate, Cathy M. cmtate@usgs.gov","contributorId":3438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Cathy","email":"cmtate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":686522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broshears, Robert E.","contributorId":40675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":686524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019064,"text":"70019064 - 1995 - Channel degradation in southeastern Nebraska Rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019064","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Channel degradation in southeastern Nebraska Rivers","docAbstract":"Many stream channels in southeastern Nebraska were dredged and straightened during 1904-15. The resulting channels were both shorter and steeper than the original channels. Tests for time trends were conducted using the nonparametric Kendall tau test to see if the channels have responded to these changes. Tests were conducted on the stages associated with specific discharges and on measurement characteristics at gaging stations. Tests also were conducted on hydrologic forcing variables (annual mean precipitation, annual peak discharges, annual mean discharge, and annual mean base flows). The null hypothesis (that the data were free from trend) was rejected for stages associated with the mean of the annual discharges for 6 of 7 gaging stations in the study area, but was accepted for all 3 gages on the main stem of the Missouri River. The trends at the 6 streamflow gaging stations were for decreasing stages (degrading channels) for specific discharges. The rates of change ranged from about 0.2 to 0.5 m per decade. Mean stream bed elevations computed for individual discharge measurements at these streamflow gaging stations confirmed that the channels are degrading. However, neither the precipitation nor flow variables show evidence of trends. The tendency for the channels to degrade thus cannot be attributed to changes in runoff characteristics and are assumed to be a response to the channel modifications in the early 1900's. Indications are that the channels presently are continuing to degrade.","largerWorkTitle":"Watershed Management Symposium - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 Watershed Management Symposium","conferenceDate":"14 August 1995 through 16 August 1995","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Wahl, K.L., and Weiss, L.S., 1995, Channel degradation in southeastern Nebraska Rivers, in Watershed Management Symposium - Proceedings, San Antonio, TX, USA, 14 August 1995 through 16 August 1995, p. 250-259.","startPage":"250","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f451e4b0c8380cd4bc74","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ward Rim J.","contributorId":128413,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Ward Rim J.","id":536445,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, Kenneth L.","contributorId":61024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weiss, Linda S. lsweiss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Linda","email":"lsweiss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":381567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018927,"text":"70018927 - 1995 - Hydrologic effects of increased urbanization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70018927","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic effects of increased urbanization","docAbstract":"Urban areas in Perris Valley, California, have more than tripled during the last 20 years, resulting in increased storm-runoff volumes and peak discharges. To quantify the effects of increased urbanization, rainfall-runoff models of the basin were developed to simulate runoff for 1970-75 and 1990-93 conditions. Hourly rainfall data for 1949-93 were used with the rainfall-runoff models to simulate a long-term record of storm runoff. The hydrologic effects of increased urbanization from 1970-75 to 1990-93 conditions were analyzed by comparing the frequency of annual peak discharges and runoff volumes, and a duration analysis of storm peak discharges. The maximum annual-peak discharge for the 1990-93 model simulation was 32 percent higher than the discharge for 1970-75 model simulation. However, the frequency analysis of each time series indicated the 100-year peak discharges for each study period were identical.","largerWorkTitle":"International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Water Resources. Part 1 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"14 August 1995 through 18 August 1995","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Guay, J.R., 1995, Hydrologic effects of increased urbanization, in International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings, v. 2, San Antonio, TX, USA, 14 August 1995 through 18 August 1995, p. 1193-1197.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1197","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3618e4b0c8380cd60437","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Espey William H.Combs Phil G.","contributorId":128391,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Espey William H.Combs Phil G.","id":536442,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Guay, Joel R.","contributorId":22403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guay","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":87315,"text":"87315 - 1995 - The California Desert Conservation Area database for vegetation, wildlife, soils and hydrology with examples of research needs for land management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-28T15:45:12","indexId":"87315","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The California Desert Conservation Area database for vegetation, wildlife, soils and hydrology with examples of research needs for land management","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The California desert: An Introduction to natural resources and man's Impact","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"J. Latting Books","publisherLocation":"Riverside, CA","usgsCitation":"Berry, K., Rado, T., and Mack, P., 1995, The California Desert Conservation Area database for vegetation, wildlife, soils and hydrology with examples of research needs for land management, chap. of The California desert: An Introduction to natural resources and man's Impact, p. 513-567.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"513","endPage":"567","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":128186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad2e4b07f02db681b9e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Latting, J.L.","contributorId":111546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latting","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504960,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowlands, P.G.","contributorId":113182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowlands","given":"P.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504961,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Berry, K.H.","contributorId":17934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rado, T.A.","contributorId":79420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rado","given":"T.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mack, P.D.","contributorId":36882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174589,"text":"70174589 - 1995 - A computer model of long-term salinity in San Francisco Bay: Sensitivity to mixing and inflows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T09:17:32","indexId":"70174589","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1523,"text":"Environment International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A computer model of long-term salinity in San Francisco Bay: Sensitivity to mixing and inflows","docAbstract":"A two-level model of the residual circulation and tidally-averaged salinity in San Francisco Bay has been developed in order to interpret long-term (days to decades) salinity variability in the Bay. Applications of the model to biogeochemical studies are also envisaged. The model has been used to simulate daily-averaged salinity in the upper and lower levels of a 51-segment discretization of the Bay over the 22-y period 1967–1988. Observed, monthly-averaged surface salinity data and monthly averages of the daily-simulated salinity are in reasonable agreement, both near the Golden Gate and in the upper reaches, close to the delta. Agreement is less satisfactory in the central reaches of North Bay, in the vicinity of Carquinez Strait. Comparison of daily-averaged data at Station 5 (Pittsburg, in the upper North Bay) with modeled data indicates close agreement with a correlation coefficient of 0.97 for the 4110 daily values. The model successfully simulates the marked seasonal variability in salinity as well as the effects of rapidly changing freshwater inflows. Salinity variability is driven primarily by freshwater inflow. The sensitivity of the modeled salinity to variations in the longitudinal mixing coefficients is investigated. The modeled salinity is relatively insensitive to the calibration factor for vertical mixing and relatively sensitive to the calibration factor for longitudinal mixing. The optimum value of the longitudinal calibration factor is 1.1, compared with the physically-based value of 1.0. Linear time-series analysis indicates that the observed and dynamically-modeled salinity-inflow responses are in good agreement in the lower reaches of the Bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0160-4120(95)00075-V","usgsCitation":"Uncles, R., and Peterson, D.H., 1995, A computer model of long-term salinity in San Francisco Bay: Sensitivity to mixing and inflows: Environment International, v. 21, no. 5, p. 647-656, https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(95)00075-V.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"656","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/5bea63788c864113890cdbb00b337246","text":"External Repository"},{"id":325194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 37.385435182627226\n ],\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 38.23170796744926\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 38.23170796744926\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 37.385435182627226\n ],\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 37.385435182627226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662ce4b0d27deb36e16d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27122,"text":"wri954035 - 1995 - Shallow infiltration processes at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: neutron logging data 1984-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T11:01:57","indexId":"wri954035","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4035","title":"Shallow infiltration processes at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: neutron logging data 1984-93","docAbstract":"To determine site suitability of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as a potential high-level radioactive waste repository, a study was devised to characterize net infiltration. This study involves a detailed data set produced from 99 neutron boreholes that consisted of volumetric water-content readings with depth from 1984 through 1993 at Yucca Mountain. Boreholes were drilled with minimal disturbance to the surrounding soil or rock in order to best represent field conditions. Boreholes were located in topographic positions representing infiltration zones identified as ridgetops, sideslopes, terraces, and active channels. Through careful field calibration, neutron moisture logs, collected on a monthly basis and representing most of the areal locations at Yucca Mountain, illustrated that the depth of penetration of seasonal moisture, important for escaping loss to evapotranspiration, was influenced by several factors. It was increased (1) by thin soil cover, especially in locations where thin soil is underlain by fractured bedrock; (2) on ridgetops; and (3) during the winter when evapotranspiration is low and runoff is less frequent. This data set helps to provide a seasonal and areal distribution of changes in volumetric water content with which to assess hydrologic processes contributing to net infiltration.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954035","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., and Flint, A.L., 1995, Shallow infiltration processes at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: neutron logging data 1984-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4035, iv, 46 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954035.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366909,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.50314331054688,\n 36.9092741551487\n ],\n [\n -116.37611389160155,\n 36.9092741551487\n ],\n [\n -116.37611389160155,\n 36.961963124877656\n ],\n [\n -116.50314331054688,\n 36.961963124877656\n ],\n [\n -116.50314331054688,\n 36.9092741551487\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f404f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25116,"text":"fs04495 - 1995 - United States Geological Survey: Programs in Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T11:39:14","indexId":"fs04495","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"044-95","title":"United States Geological Survey: Programs in Utah","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been collecting hydrologic data relating to the occurrence, quantity, and quality of water resources in Utah since 1889. The USGS maintains a network of about 200 gaging stations on rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs in Utah and parts of Wyoming, Idaho, and Arizona and monitors about 1,100 wells throughout the State (fig. 1). Within this network, water-quality samples are collected at 15 surface-water sites and about 185 wells. Additional water-quality samples are collected throughout Utah as part of investigative studies in which the hydrology of specific areas is examined.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/fs04495","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, United States Geological Survey: Programs in Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 044-95, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs04495.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1831,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/wid/html/ut.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54096,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ee61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25111,"text":"fs02895 - 1995 - United States Geological Survey, programs in Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-02T09:42:21","indexId":"fs02895","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"028-95","title":"United States Geological Survey, programs in Nevada","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been collecting and interpreting natural-resources data in Nevada for more than 100 years. This long-term commitment enables planners to manage better the resources of a State noted for paradoxes. Although Nevada is one of the most sparsely populated States in the Nation, it has the fastest growing population (fig. 1). Although 90 percent of the land is rural, it is the fourth most urban State. Nevada is the most arid State and relies heavily on water resources.
Historically, mining and agriculture have formed the basis of the economy; now tourism and urban development also have become important. The USGS works with more than 40 local, State, and other Federal agencies in Nevada to provide natural-resources information for immediate and long-term decisions.
Subjects included in this fact sheet:
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954175","usgsCitation":"Bartholomay, R.C., Orr, B.R., Liszewski, M.J., and Jensen, R.G., 1995, Hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected radiochemical and chemical constituents in water, Snake River Plain aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, 1989 through 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4175, v, 47 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954175.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.5,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 44.4167\n ],\n [\n -113.5,\n 44.4167\n ],\n [\n -113.5,\n 43.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61160c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orr, Brennon R.","contributorId":18747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Brennon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liszewski, Michael J.","contributorId":46980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liszewski","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jensen, Rodger G.","contributorId":27420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"Rodger","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":6582,"text":"fs21795 - 1995 - Guidelines for writing hydrologic reports","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:02","indexId":"fs21795","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"217-95","title":"Guidelines for writing hydrologic reports","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs21795","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Guidelines for writing hydrologic reports: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 217-95, 1 sheet : ill. ; 28 x 43 cm. folded to 28 x 22 cm. ill. ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs21795.","productDescription":"1 sheet : ill. ; 28 x 43 cm. folded to 28 x 22 cm. ill. ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":873,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/wid/FS_217-95/guide.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0217/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34050,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0217/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24122,"text":"ofr95383 - 1995 - Geophysical log data from Basalt Aquifers near Waipahu on the Island of Oahu and Pahoa on the Island of Hawaii, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T11:25:12","indexId":"ofr95383","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-383","title":"Geophysical log data from Basalt Aquifers near Waipahu on the Island of Oahu and Pahoa on the Island of Hawaii, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Two relatively new geophysical logging techniques, the digitally enhanced borehole acoustic televiewer and the heat-pulse flowmeter, were tested from 1987 to 1991 at two sites in Hawaii: Waipahu on the island of Oahu, and Pahoa on the island of Hawaii. Although these data were obtained in an effort to test and improve these two logging techniques, the measurements are of interest to hydrologists studying the aquifers in Hawaii. This report presents a review of the measurements conducted during this effort and summarizes the data obtained in a form designed to make that data available to hydrologists studying the movement of ground water in Hawaiian aquifers. Caliper logs obtained at the Waipahu site indicate the distribution of openings in interbed clinker zones between relatively dense and impermeable basalt flows. The flowmeter data indicate the pattern of flow induced along seven observation boreholes that provide conduits between interbed zones in the vicinity of the Mahoe Pumping Station at the Waipahu site. The televiewer image logs obtained in some of the Waipahu Mahoe boreholes do not show any significant vertical or steeply dipping fractures that might allow communication across the dense interior of basalt flows. Acoustic televiewer logs obtained at the Pahoa site show that a number of steeply dipping fractures and dikes cut across basalt flows. Although flow under ambient hydraulic-head conditions in the Waipahu Mahoe Observation boreholes is attributed to hydraulic gradients associated with pumping from a nearby pumping station, flow in the Waipio Deep Observation borehole on Oahu and flow in the Scientific Observation borehole on Hawaii are attributed to the effects of natural recharge and downward decreasing hydraulic heads associated with that recharge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95383","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Hess, A.E., 1995, Geophysical log data from Basalt Aquifers near Waipahu on the Island of Oahu and Pahoa on the Island of Hawaii, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-383, vii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95383.","productDescription":"vii, 62 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0383/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53276,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0383/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -158.5,21 ], [ -158.5,22 ], [ -157.5,22 ], [ -157.5,21 ], [ -158.5,21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69977e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":38191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, Alfred E.","contributorId":91900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72595,"text":"fs11395 - 1995 - U.S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water-Resources Program in Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-29T06:23:17","indexId":"fs11395","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"113-95","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water-Resources Program in Nebraska","docAbstract":"Federal, State, and local agencies share keen\ninterests in appraising the Nation's water\nresources and in seeking solutions to waterrelated\nproblems. The U.S. Geological Survey\n(USGS) Federal-State Cooperative\nWater-Resources Program was initiated in\n1895 to address the diversity in missions\nand areas of responsibility of various agencies\nthrough joint planning and funding of\nhydrologic data collection, investigations,\nand research. During the 100-year history of\nthe cooperative program, the USGS has performed\nmany data-collection and investigation\nactivities in cooperation with a variety\nof State and local agencies to help meet\ntheir goals and to carry out the principal\nmission of the Water Resources Division of\nthe USGS--to further the understanding of\nwater reSources throughout the Nation. The\n.cooperative program represents almost 50\npercent of USGS water-related activities in\nNebraska and is a vital component in\naddressing water issues of local, State, and\nNational interest.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs11395","usgsCitation":"Weiss, L.S., 1995, U.S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water-Resources Program in Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-95, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11395.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287714,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0113-95/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.0535,39.9999 ], [ -104.0535,43.0017 ], [ -95.3083,43.0017 ], [ -95.3083,39.9999 ], [ -104.0535,39.9999 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db6131c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, Linda S. lsweiss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Linda","email":"lsweiss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49745,"text":"ofr95356 - 1995 - National Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division fiscal year 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-08T14:11:39.466168","indexId":"ofr95356","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-356","title":"National Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division fiscal year 1994","docAbstract":"This report provides current information about the National Research Program (NRP) of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division (WRD) during fiscal year 1994. Organized by NRP's six research disciplines ecology, geomorphology and sediment transport, ground-water chemistry, ground-water hydrology, surface-water chemistry, and surface-water hydrology the volume contains a summary of the problem, objective, approach, and progress for each project that was active during fiscal year 1994. It also contains bibliographic information that, because of the long-term nature of the program, covers a 5-year period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95356","usgsCitation":"1995, National Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division fiscal year 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-356, x, 451 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95356.","productDescription":"x, 451 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":86281,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0356/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":176663,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0356/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6987a2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Nichols, Martha L.","contributorId":55457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Martha L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749287,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54649,"text":"wdrMARI941 - 1995 - Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-24T20:59:59.176727","indexId":"wdrMARI941","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MA-RI-94-1","title":"Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1994","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1994 water year for Massachusetts and Rhode Island consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents of lakes and reservoirs; and ground-water levels. This report contains discharge records for 83 gaging stations, month end contents of 4 lakes and reservoirs, water quality at 31 gaging stations, and water levels for 136 observation wells. Data also are included for 60 low-flow partial-record stations. Miscellaneous hydrologic data were collected at various sites that were not a part of the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous discharge measurements and quality of ground water. A few pertinent stations in bordering States are also included in this report. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMARI941","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Gadoury, R.A., Socolow, R., Girouard, G., and Ramsbey, L., 1995, Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MA-RI-94-1, xvi, 314 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMARI941.","productDescription":"xvi, 314 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181398,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1994/mari-94-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":496060,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1994/mari-94-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, Rhode Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.50297488831188,\n 42.97016577848564\n ],\n [\n -73.50297488831188,\n 41.11994266161375\n ],\n [\n -69.8918541821574,\n 41.11994266161375\n ],\n [\n -69.8918541821574,\n 42.97016577848564\n ],\n [\n -73.50297488831188,\n 42.97016577848564\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb697","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gadoury, R. A.","contributorId":26334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gadoury","given":"R.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Socolow, R.S.","contributorId":17639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Socolow","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Girouard, G.G.","contributorId":88017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girouard","given":"G.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramsbey, L.R.","contributorId":78393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsbey","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58008,"text":"ofr95332 - 1995 - U.S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water-Resources Program fiscal year 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-29T15:50:46","indexId":"ofr95332","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-332","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water-Resources Program fiscal year 1994","docAbstract":"The Federal-State Cooperative Program is a major U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) activity for the collection, analysis, and reporting of information on the quantity, quality, and use of the Nation's water resources. The fundamental characteristic of the program is that most of the work is undertaken by the USGS through joint-funding agreements, with State, regional, and local agencies providing at least one-half the funds. The main objectives of the program are (1) to collect, on a systematic basis, data needed for the continuing determination and evaluation of the quantity, quality, and use of the Nation's water resources; and (2) to appraise the availability and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and ground water through data analysis and interpretive water-resources investigations and research. During fiscal year (FY)1994, Cooperative Program activities were underway in offices in every State, Puerto Rico, and several territories in concert with about 1,100 cooperating agencies. In FY 1994, Federal funding of $63.5 million was matched by cooperating agencies, which also provided more than $25 million unmatched for a total program of about $152 million. This amounted to nearly 40 percent of the total funds for the USGS's water-resources activities. This report presents examples of FY 1994 investigations, as well as updated information on hydrologic data collection activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95332","usgsCitation":"Gilbert, B.K., 1995, U.S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water-Resources Program fiscal year 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-332, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95332.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":346265,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0332/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0332/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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for precipitation-runoff modeling system, north fork, American River and east fork, Carson River watersheds, California","docAbstract":"As part of its Global Change Hydrology Program, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is investigating the potential effects of climate change on the water resources of several river basins in the United States. The American River Basin in California represents the windward slope of the north-central Sierra Nevada, and the California part of the Carson River Basin, most of which is in Nevada, represents the leeward slope. Parts of the American River and Carson River Basins—the North Fork American River and East Fork Carson River watersheds, both in California—were studied to determine the sensitivity of water resources to potential climate change. The water resources of both basins are derived primarily from snowmelt. A geographic information system (GIS) data base has been created to facilitate paired-basin analysis. The GIS data base incorporates (1) land-surface data, which include elevation, land use and land cover, soil type, and geology; (2) hydrologic data, such as stream networks and streamflow-gaging stations; and (3) climatic data, such as snow-course, snow-telemetry, radiosonde, and meteorological data. Precipitation-runoff models were developed and calibrated for the North Fork watershed within the American River Basin and for the East Fork watershed within the Carson River Basin. (These watersheds were selected to represent the climatic and physiographic variability of the two larger basins.) Synthesized climate scenarios then were used in the model to predict potential effects of climate change.
","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha734","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.L., and Reece, B.D., 1995, Watershed characterization for precipitation-runoff modeling system, north fork, American River and east fork, Carson River watersheds, California: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 734, 1 maps on 1 sheet :col ;11 x 14 cm. and 11 x 10 cm., on sheet 109 x 104 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha734.","productDescription":"1 maps on 1 sheet :col ;11 x 14 cm. and 11 x 10 cm., on sheet 109 x 104 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":252271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/734/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":251445,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/734/report.pdf","size":"37","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251446,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/734/plate-1.pdf","size":"11336","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"545000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.91666666666667,38.35 ], [ -119.91666666666667,38.75 ], [ -119.58333333333333,38.75 ], [ -119.58333333333333,38.35 ], [ -119.91666666666667,38.35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":277442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reece, Brian D. bdreece@usgs.gov","contributorId":2129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reece","given":"Brian","email":"bdreece@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":277443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47862,"text":"fs21395 - 1995 - Seasonal/yearly salinity variations in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T10:58:55","indexId":"fs21395","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"213-95","title":"Seasonal/yearly salinity variations in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"The ability of resource agencies to manage fish, wildlife and freshwater supplies of San Francisco Bay estuary requires an integrated knowledge of the relations between the biota and their physical environment. A key factor in these relations is the role of salinity in determining both the physical and the biological character of the estuary. The saltiness of the water, and particularly its seasonal and interannual patterns of variability, affects which aquatic species live where within the estuary. Salinity also determines where water can and cannot be diverted for human consumption and irrigated agriculture, and plays a role in determining the capacity of the estuary to cleanse itself of wastes. In short, salinity is a fundamental property of estuarine physics and chemistry that, in turn, determines the biological characteristics of each estuary. Freshwater is a major control on estuarine salinity. Most freshwater supplied to the Bay is from river flow through the Delta, which is primarily runoff from the Sierra Nevada. Most contaminants in San Francisco Bay are from the Sacramento/San Joaquin Valley and the local watershed around the Bay rather than the sea or atmosphere. Land is the primary source of freshwater and freshwater serves as a tracer of land-derived substances such as the trace metals (copper, lead and selenium), pesticides and plant nutrients (nitrate and phosphate). The U.S. Geological Survey is collaborating with other agencies and institutions in studying San Francisco Bay salinity using field observations and numerical simulations to define the physical processes that control salinity. The issues that arise from salinity fluctuations, however, differ in the northern and southern parts of the bay. In North Bay we need to know how salinity responds to freshwater flow through the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta; this knowledge will benefit water managers who determine how much delta flow is needed a) to protect freshwater supplies for municipal water use and b) modulate salinity for a healthy estuary. In South Bay we need to know where the freshwater comes from (the distant Delta or local streams) to sort out the sources of a) contamination or b) dilution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs21395","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D., Cayan, D.R., Dettinger, M., DiLeo, J.S., Hager, S.E., Knowles, N., Nichols, F.H., Schemel, L.E., Smith, R.E., and Uncles, R.J., 1995, Seasonal/yearly salinity variations in San Francisco Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 213-95, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs21395.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_213_95.jpg"},{"id":4060,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/hydroclimate/sal_variations/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco ","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.54974365234374,\n 37.42906945530332\n ],\n [\n -121.57745361328125,\n 37.42906945530332\n ],\n [\n -121.57745361328125,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -122.54974365234374,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -122.54974365234374,\n 37.42906945530332\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623747","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, David H.","contributorId":82776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"David H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiLeo, Jeanne Sandra","contributorId":101515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLeo","given":"Jeanne","email":"","middleInitial":"Sandra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hager, Stephen E.","contributorId":34774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - 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1995 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 12, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":68110,"text":"ha730M - 1995 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 12, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont","indexId":"ha730M","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"M","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 12, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T15:37:02","indexId":"ha730M","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"M","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 12, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont","docAbstract":"The State of New York and the six New England States of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island compose Segment 12 of this Atlas (fig. 1). The seven States have a total land area of about 116,000 square miles (table 1); all but a small area in southwestern New York has been glaciated.
Population in the States of Segment 12 totals about 30,408,000 (table 1) and is concentrated in southern and eastern Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and especially New York (fig. 1). The northern part of the segment and the mountainous areas of New York and much of New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine are sparsely populated.
The percentage of population supplied from ground-water sources during 1980 was 54 to 60 percent in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont (table 1). Nearly all rural, domestic, and small-community water systems obtain water from wells that are, in comparison with other sources, the safest and the least expensive to install and maintain. Where water demand is great-in the urban areas of New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island-sophisticated reservoir, pipeline, and purification systems are economically feasible and are needed to meet demands. Surface water is the principal source of supply in these four States, and ground water was used to supply only 24 to 35 percent of their population during 1980 (table 1).
","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730M","isbn":"0607868732","usgsCitation":"Olcott, P.G., 1995, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 12, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730M.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"M1","endPage":"M28","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11490,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_m/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730m/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":115251,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730m/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"56.57 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