No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90028-S","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Chaffee, M., 1991, The international dissemination of scientific information: The AEG connection: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 40, no. 1-3, p. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90028-S.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224502,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad56e4b08c986b323b47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaffee, M.A.","contributorId":108049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016655,"text":"70016655 - 1991 - Denitrification in nitrate-contaminated groundwater: Occurrence in steep vertical geochemical gradients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T10:19:45","indexId":"70016655","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification in nitrate-contaminated groundwater: Occurrence in steep vertical geochemical gradients","docAbstract":"A relatively narrow vertical zone (5–6 m thick) of NO3− containing groundwater was identified using multilevel sampling devices in a sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, MA, USA. The aquifer has been chronically contaminated by surface disposal of treated sewage 0.3 km upgradient from the study area. The NO3− zone was anoxic and contained high concentrations of N2O (16.5 μM), suggesting that it was a zone of active denitrification. Denitrifying activity was confirmed with direct measurement using acetylene block incubations with aquifer core material; the peak rate was 2.4 nmol N reduced (g sed)−1 day−1. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon and N2 were close to atmospheric equilibrium in uncontaminated groundwater, but were more than 2 times higher within the contaminant plume. Excess CO2 and N2 suggested in situ formation with a stoichiometry of C and N mineralized via denitrification of 0.8 (C/N). Denitrification within the aquifer resulted in an increase in the natural δ15N of NO3− (from +13.6 to +42.0%.) and the N2 produced, with an isotopic enrichment factor, ϵ, of −13.9%.. Vertical profiles of NH4+ and δ15N of NH4+ indicated that dissimilatory reduction of NO3− to NH4+ was also occurring but mass balance calculations indicated that denitrification was the predominant process. These results demonstrate that a combination approach using field mass balance, stable isotope analysis, and laboratory incubations yields useful insight as to the significance of denitrification in aquifer sediments and that closely spaced vertical sampling is necessary to adequately quantify the processes controlling C and N transport and transformation within these environments.
Investigates the equilibria kyanite ??? sillimanite and kyanite ??? andalusite using the piston-cylinder apparatus to refine the phase relationships among Al2SiO3 polymorphs. Experiments at the US Geological Survey constrain the kyanite ??? sillimanite equilibrium to 14.3-14.6, 11.4-11.7, 9.5-10.0, and 6.0-6.5 kbar at 1000, 900, 800, and 600??C, respectively. At UCLA, experiments limite the equilibrium to 14.4-14.6, >12.9, 11.8-12.2 and 7.0-8.0 kbar at 1000, 950, 900, and 700??C, respectively. The equilibrium kyanite ??? andalusite was reversed between 7.4 and 8.0 kbar, 800??C at UCLA. -from Authors
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Bohlen, S.R., Montana, A., and Kerrick, D.M., 1991, Precise determinations of the equilibria kyanite <--> sillimanite and kyanite <--> andalusite and a revised triple point for Al2SiO5 polymorphs: American Mineralogist, v. 76, no. 3-4, p. 677-680.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"680","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8138e4b0c8380cd7b401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohlen, Steven R.","contributorId":17982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlen","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montana, Art","contributorId":94796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montana","given":"Art","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kerrick, Derrill M.","contributorId":68883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerrick","given":"Derrill","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016674,"text":"70016674 - 1991 - Ultrasonic velocity meter used in stream gaging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70016674","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Ultrasonic velocity meter used in stream gaging","docAbstract":"Many streams and canals in Florida are affected by tides or control structures and experience very low flow velocities at times. For example, the St. Johns River in northeastern Florida is affected by tides for about 140 miles upstream from its mouth and many canals in the Miami area of southeastern Florida are controlled by manmade structures and other elements that cause a variable backwater effect and very low flow velocities. For these conditions, it becomes necessary to obtain a continuous index of mean velocity as well as stage in order to compute discharge. Point-velocity sensing systems have been used to relate point velocity to mean velocity but their usefulness commonly is limited because of the lack of an exact relation. The ultrasonic velocity meter (UVM) provides an alternative approach to measuring a velocity index that can be related to mean velocity; one that provides an integrated velocity at a prescribed elevation across a stream. Six stations in the tidal-affected lower St. Johns River basin are presently equipped with UVM's. Measuring sections are as narrow as 100 feet and as wide as 900 feet. Multiple acoustic paths are used to measure wide sections in a straight reach of river; crossing paths are used to measure sections in a bend of the river. Because of low velocity and variable backwater conditions, flow also is measured with UVM's in 11 canals in the Miami area that drain into The Everglades. At some of the canal sites transducers have been permanently mounted and a 'portable' UVM module is used to obtain instantaneous velocity readings.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991","conferenceLocation":"Nashville, TN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628167","usgsCitation":"Fayard, L., 1991, Ultrasonic velocity meter used in stream gaging, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA, 29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991, p. 763-768.","startPage":"763","endPage":"768","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc06e4b08c986b3289a3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shane Richard M.","contributorId":128320,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shane Richard M.","id":536340,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fayard, L.D.","contributorId":46571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fayard","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016700,"text":"70016700 - 1991 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1988-1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:11:16","indexId":"70016700","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1988-1989","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 201 moderate-to-large earthquakes occurring from 1988 to 1989. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(91)90019-E","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., and Needham, R., 1991, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1988-1989: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 67, no. 3-4, p. 221-230, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(91)90019-E.","startPage":"221","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267322,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(91)90019-E"},{"id":224602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d45e4b0c8380cd7028d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, R.E.","contributorId":73613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016804,"text":"70016804 - 1991 - More wells will expand knowledge of Knox group, Black Warrior basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T17:40:34","indexId":"70016804","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2941,"text":"Oil & Gas Journal","printIssn":"0030-1388","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"More wells will expand knowledge of Knox group, Black Warrior basin","docAbstract":"The Cambrian-Ordovician Knox group of the Black Warrior basin in Alabama and Mississippi has attracted the interest of the oil industry because of recent significant discoveries of oil and gas in the age-equivalent Arbuckle group carbonates of the Arkoma, Ardmore, and Anadarko basins of Oklahoma. The geologic setting of these areas is described. Oil and gas potential is assessed and the Knox production history is given. Source rock potential is outlined.","language":"English","publisher":"PennWell Corporation","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Raymond, D.E., 1991, More wells will expand knowledge of Knox group, Black Warrior basin: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 89, no. 20, p. 58-62.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351797,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-89/issue-20/in-this-issue/exploration/more-wells-will-expand-knowledge-of-knox-group-black-warrior-basin.html"}],"volume":"89","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e2ee4b0c8380cd70857","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raymond, Dorothy E.","contributorId":9002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016613,"text":"70016613 - 1991 - Defining the Devonian: 1979-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T09:40:08","indexId":"70016613","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2614,"text":"Lethaia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Defining the Devonian: 1979-89","docAbstract":"Describes the work of the Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy which has attempted to achieve consensus on each of the Devonian boundaries, based mainly on biostratigraphic information. The base of the Devonian system and each of the Devonian stages are defined. -S.J.Stone
","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1991.tb01185.x","issn":"00241164","usgsCitation":"Oliver, W.A., and Chlupac, I., 1991, Defining the Devonian: 1979-89: Lethaia, v. 24, no. 1, p. 119-122, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1991.tb01185.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe3ae4b0c8380cd4ebdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oliver, W. A. Jr.","contributorId":21619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chlupac, I.","contributorId":64394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chlupac","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014562,"text":"1014562 - 1991 - Developmental differences in the responsiveness of gill Na+, K+ and -ATPase to cortisol salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-28T15:32:33.442226","indexId":"1014562","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Developmental differences in the responsiveness of gill Na+, K+ and -ATPase to cortisol salmonids","title":"Developmental differences in the responsiveness of gill Na+, K+ and -ATPase to cortisol salmonids","docAbstract":"The ability of cortisol to increase gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity was examined in several salmonid species during development. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) parr were unresponsive to cortisol in vitro (10 μg/ml for 2 days) in November. Responsiveness was significant from January to March, peaking in January just prior to seasonal increases in gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Gill tissue became unresponsive to in vitro cortisol in April when in vivo gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity peaked. The ability of cortisol to stimulate gill, Na+, K+-ATPase activity in postemergent fry (2–3 months after hatching) was examined in chum (O. keta), chinook (O. tschawytscha), coho, and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Initial levels of gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity were elevated in chum salmon, which normally migrate as fry. Cortisol (10 μg/ml for 4 days in vitro) increased gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity in chum salmon fry (48% above initial levels), had a limited but significant effect in chinook salmon fry, and had no effect in coho and Atlantic salmon fry. In an in vivo experiment, Atlantic salmon previously exposed to simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) and continuous light (L24) received four cortisol injections of 2 μg · g−1 every third day. SNP fish responded with increased gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity (+66%), whereas L24 fish were not affected. Atlantic salmon presmolts with initially low levels of gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity responded to cortisol in vitro, whereas smolts with initially high levels of gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity were unresponsive. Triiodothyronine (0.01–10 μg/ml), prolactin (0.1–10 μg/ml), growth hormone (0.1–10 μg/ml), insulin (0.01–10 μg/ml), and bovine insulin-like growth factor I (0.01–1 μg/ml) did not affect gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity in vitro, individually or with cortisol (1–10 μg/ml). Thus, changes in responsiveness to cortisol occur during salmonid development, vary among species, and may be important in the heterochrony that characterizes the parr-smolt transformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-6480(91)90054-A","usgsCitation":"McCormick, S., Dickhoff, W.W., Duston, J., Nishioka, R.S., and Bern, H.A., 1991, Developmental differences in the responsiveness of gill Na+, K+ and -ATPase to cortisol salmonids: General and Comparative Endocrinology, v. 84, no. 2, p. 308-317, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(91)90054-A.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"308","endPage":"317","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132296,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":320601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickhoff, Walton W.","contributorId":85133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickhoff","given":"Walton","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duston, J.","contributorId":31717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duston","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nishioka, R. S.","contributorId":69915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nishioka","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bern, H. A.","contributorId":61771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bern","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014962,"text":"70014962 - 1991 - Tektites in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary rocks on Haiti and their bearing on the Alvarez impact extinction hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-03T13:25:45.073446","indexId":"70014962","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tektites in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary rocks on Haiti and their bearing on the Alvarez impact extinction hypothesis","docAbstract":"Relic tektites are associated with a Pt-group metal abundance anomaly and shocked minerals in a thin marl bed that marks the K-T boundary on Haiti. The presence of these three impact-produced materials at the precise K-T boundary enormously strengthens the Alvarez impact extinction hypothesis. The tektites occur in smectite spherules that have external shapes typical of tektites. Their chemical and physical properties are broadly similar to those of other tektite groups, except that the Haitian tektites have lower Si and higher Fe, Ca, and Na. On average, they contain more Sc, V, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Sn, and Ba and less Cr, Ni, Co, B, Mn, and Hf than Other tektite groups. Amounts of rare earth elements (REE) in the tektites indicate that their progenitor materials were not melted mafic or ultramafic oceanic crust; rather they were sedimentary deposits having a bulk composition of andesite. Rare tektites contain unusually high amounts of CaO (∼20%) and S (0.4%), and these data suggest that some target materials consisted of CaSO4. Anhydrite beds occur in the subsurface at two candidate impact sites (Chicxulub and Manson). Sm-Nd isotopic data for the tektites indicate that the melted precursor sediments were most likely deposited less than −400 m.y. between the Late Cretaceous and Silurian periods. Major chemical changes accompanied the diagenetic change of glass to smectite. The Haitian tektites are the first datable impact products in K-T boundary rocks, and 40Ar-39Ar ages of the glass show that the K-T boundary and impact event are coeval at 64.5±0.1 Ma.
The thermodynamic properties of minerals retrieved from consideration of solid-solid and dehydration equilibria with calorimetric reference values, and those of aqueous species derived from studies of electrolytes, are not consistent with experimentally measured high-temperature solubilities in the systems K2O- and Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-HCl (e.g., K-fs — Ms — Qtz — K+ — H+). This introduces major inaccuracies into the computation of ionic activity ratios and the acidities of diagenetic, metamorphic, and magmatic hydrothermal fluids buffered by alkali silicate-bearing assemblages. We report a thermodynamic analysis of revised solubility equilibria in these systems that integrates the thermodynamic properties of minerals obtained from phase equilibria studies (Berman, 1988) with the properties of aqueous species calculated from a calibrated equation of state (Shock and Helgeson, 1988). This was achieved in two separate steps.
First, new values of the free energies and enthalpies of formation at 25°C and 1 bar for the alkali silicates muscovite and albite were retrieved from the experimental solubility equilibria at 300°C and Psat. Because the latter have stoichiometric reaction coefficients different from those for solid-solid and dehydration equilibria, our procedure preserves exactly the relative thermodynamic properties of the alkali-bearing silicates (Berman, 1988). Only simple arithmetic adjustments of −1,600 and −1,626 (
Second, new values of the dissociation constant of HCl were retrieved from the solubility equilibria at temperatures and pressures from 300–600°C and 0.5–2.0 kbars using a simple model for aqueous speciation. The results agree well with the conductance-derived dissociation constants from Franck (1956a,b) for temperatures from 300–550°C. Compared to the conductance-derived results of Frantz and Marshall (1984), our dissociation constants agree well at the highest densities, but are greater at lower densities. At the lowest density, at 600°C and 1 kbar, the discrepancy of 0.9 log units is within the overall uncertainties associated with our experimental results and those associated with deriving dissociation constants from conductance measurements in highly associated solutions (Oelkers and Helgeson, 1988). Finally, we also report an equation of state fit to the standard thermodynamic properties of the aqueous HCl molecule that is consistent with a wide array of independently determined dissociation constants of HCl and permits interpolation and extrapolation of the dissociation constant of HCl to 1000°C and 5.0 kbars.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90157-Z","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Sverjensky, D., Hemley, J., and d’Angelo, W.M., 1991, Thermodynamic assessment of hydrothermal alkali feldspar-mica-aluminosilicate equilibria: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 4, p. 989-1004, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90157-Z.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"989","endPage":"1004","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479772,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90157-z","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb26ee4b08c986b3257cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sverjensky, D.A.","contributorId":84913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sverjensky","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemley, J.J.","contributorId":59556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemley","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"d’Angelo, W. M.","contributorId":55027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"d’Angelo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015609,"text":"70015609 - 1991 - Volcanic ash dispersed in the Wyodak-Anderson coal bed, Powder River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T21:49:32.403029","indexId":"70015609","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic ash dispersed in the Wyodak-Anderson coal bed, Powder River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Minerals derived from air-fall volcanic ash were found in two zones in the upper Paleocene Wyodak-Anderson coal bed of the Fort Union Formation in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming, and are the first reported evidence of such volcanic material in this thick (> 20 m) coal bed. The volcanic minerals occur in zones that are not visually obvious because they contain little or no clay. These zones were located by geophysical logs of the boreholes and X-ray radiography of the cores. The zones correspond to two of a series of incremental core samples of the coal bed that have anomalous concentrations of Zr, Ba, Nb, Sr, and P2O5. Two suites of minerals were found in both of the high-density zones. A primary suite (not authigenic) consists of silt-sized quartz grains, biotite, and minor zircon. A minor suite consists of authigenic minerals, including calcite, pyrite, kaolinite, quartz, anatase, barite, and an alumino-phosphate (crandallite?). The original volcanic ash is inferred to have consisted of silica glass containing phenocrysts of quartz, biotite, zircon, and possibly, associated feldspars, pyroxenes, and amphiboles. The glass, as well as the less stable minerals, probably dissolved relatively quickly and contributed to the minor authigenic mineral suite or was removed from the peat as a result of the prevailing hydrologic conditions present in a raised peat formation. This type of volcanic ash suggests that suggests that volcanic material could have rained on the peat; this fallout may have also had a fertilizing effect on the peat by providing nutrients essential for plant growth thus contributing to the thick accumulations of the Wyodak-Anderson bed. Notwithstanding, the presence of these minerals provides evidence for the contribution by volcanic sources to the mineral content of coal, but not as tonsteins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(91)90119-5","usgsCitation":"Triplehorn, D.M., Stanton, R., Ruppert, L., and Crowley, S.S., 1991, Volcanic ash dispersed in the Wyodak-Anderson coal bed, Powder River Basin, Wyoming: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 4, p. 567-575, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(91)90119-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"575","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.86854711563365,\n 45.025434453783475\n ],\n [\n -106.86854711563365,\n 43.88766281418526\n ],\n [\n -105.23459206358783,\n 43.88766281418526\n ],\n [\n -105.23459206358783,\n 45.025434453783475\n ],\n [\n -106.86854711563365,\n 45.025434453783475\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2dce4b08c986b32adf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triplehorn, Don M.","contributorId":73211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Triplehorn","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":118763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015048,"text":"70015048 - 1991 - Collected papers from the sixth annual meeting of the society for organic petrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015048","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Collected papers from the sixth annual meeting of the society for organic petrology","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","language":"English","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., Crelling, J., and Kaegi, D., 1991, Collected papers from the sixth annual meeting of the society for organic petrology, in Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 4.","startPage":"397","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7ade4b0c8380cd4cc4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.D.","contributorId":56371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crelling, J.C.","contributorId":84909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crelling","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaegi, D.D.","contributorId":50664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaegi","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015582,"text":"70015582 - 1991 - Marinas, mines, and mudpots. Building a feature-based production system at the U.S. geological survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:58","indexId":"70015582","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Marinas, mines, and mudpots. Building a feature-based production system at the U.S. geological survey","docAbstract":"By the mid-1990's, the U.S. Geological Survey expects to produce spatial data according to its new data model, Digital Line Graph-Enhanced (DLG-E). This new data model currently defines more than 200 unique feature types that describe the geographic phenomena portrayed on the series of 1:24,000-scale topographic maps. Characteristics of features are encoded as attributes, and linkages between features are expressed as relationships. Ultimately, features are tied to the spatial components that represent their location and (or) shape. Developing the ability to manipulate the features that compose the DLG-E world presents many new challenges in the design of a data production system. Primary among these challenges is controlling the attribution and value of each feature type to ensure consistency in data content. Methods are under development at the U.S. Geological Survey to provide automated control over the DLG-E data production process.","largerWorkTitle":"GIS/LIS 1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention","conferenceTitle":"1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention","conferenceDate":"28 October 1991 through 1 November 1991","conferenceLocation":"Atlanta, GA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASPRS","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD, United States","usgsCitation":"Chappell, G.B., and Neff, K.C., 1991, Marinas, mines, and mudpots. Building a feature-based production system at the U.S. geological survey, in GIS/LIS 1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention, Atlanta, GA, USA, 28 October 1991 through 1 November 1991.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a51c4e4b0c8380cd6bf18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chappell, Gary B.","contributorId":50663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chappell","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neff, Kathryn C.","contributorId":102637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neff","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016858,"text":"70016858 - 1991 - Comparison of organic geochemistry and metal enrichment in two black shales: Cambrian Alum Shale of Sweden and Devonian Chattanooga Shale of United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016858","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of organic geochemistry and metal enrichment in two black shales: Cambrian Alum Shale of Sweden and Devonian Chattanooga Shale of United States","docAbstract":"In most black shales, such as the Chattanooga Shale and related shales of the eastern interior United States, increased metal and metalloid contents are generally related to increased organic carbon content, decreased sedimentation rate, organic matter type, or position in the basin. In areas where the stratigraphic equivalents of the Chattanooga Shale are deeply buried and and the organic material is thermally mature, metal contents are essentially the same as in unheated areas and correlate with organic C or S contents. This paradigm does not hold for the Cambrian Alum Shale Formation of Sweden where increased metal content does not necessarily correlate with organic matter content nor is metal enrichment necessarily related to land derived humic material because this organic matter is all of marine source. In southcentral Sweden the elements U, Mo, V, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb are all enriched relative to average black shales but only U and Mo correlate to organic matter content. Tectonically disturbed and metamorphosed allochthonous samples of Alum Shale on the Caledonian front in western Sweden have even higher amounts for some metals (V, Ni, Zn and Ba) relative to the autochthonous shales in this area and those in southern Sweden. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00195256","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Leventhal, J., 1991, Comparison of organic geochemistry and metal enrichment in two black shales: Cambrian Alum Shale of Sweden and Devonian Chattanooga Shale of United States: Mineralium Deposita, v. 26, no. 2, p. 104-112, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00195256.","startPage":"104","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205516,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195256"},{"id":224614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f87de4b0c8380cd4d12f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leventhal, J.S.","contributorId":60640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leventhal","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016662,"text":"70016662 - 1991 - Uranium and minor-element partitioning in Fe-Ti oxides and zircon from partially melted granodiorite, Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T12:18:03","indexId":"70016662","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium and minor-element partitioning in Fe-Ti oxides and zircon from partially melted granodiorite, Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"Crystal-liquid partitioning in Fe-Ti oxides and zircon was studied in partially melted granodiorite blocks ejected during the climactic eruption of Mt. Mazama (Crater Lake), Oregon. The blocks, which contain up to 33% rhyolite glass (75 wt% SiO2), are interpreted to be portions of the magma chamber walls that were torn off during eruption. The glass is clear and well homogenized for all measured elements except Zr. Results for Fe-Ti oxides give DUoxide/liq ≈ 0.1. Partitioning of Mg, Mn, Al, Si, V, and Cr in Fe-Ti oxides indicates that grains surrounded by glass are moderately well equilibrated with the melt for many of the minor elements, while those that are inclusions in relict plagioclase are not. Uranium and ytterbium inhomogeneities in zircons indicate that the zircons have only partially equilibrated with the melt and that uranium appears to have been diffusing out of the zircons faster than the zircons were dissolving. Minimum U, Y, and P concentrations in zircons give maximum DUzrc/liq = 13,DYzrc/liq = 23, and DPzrc/liq = 1, but these are considerably lower than reported by other workers for U and Y. Based on our measurements and given their low abundances in most rocks, Fe-Ti oxides probably do not play a major role in U-Th fractionation during partial melting. The partial melts were undersaturated with zircon and apatite, but both phases are present in our samples. This demonstrates an actual case of non-equilibrium source retention of accessory phases, which in general could be an important trace-element fractionation mechanism. Our results do not support the hypothesis that liquid structure is the dominant factor controlling trace-element partitioning in high-silica rhyolites. Rough calculations based on Zr gradients in the glass indicate that the samples could have been partially molten for 800 to 8000 years.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90004-O","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tourrette, T., Burnett, D., and Bacon, C., 1991, Uranium and minor-element partitioning in Fe-Ti oxides and zircon from partially melted granodiorite, Crater Lake, Oregon: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 2, p. 457-469, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90004-O.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"469","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","volume":"55","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd87e4b08c986b329096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourrette, T.Z.L.","contributorId":66426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourrette","given":"T.Z.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnett, D.S.","contributorId":80426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnett","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001406,"text":"1001406 - 1991 - Brood parasitism among waterfowl nesting on islands and peninsulas in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T13:43:07.114922","indexId":"1001406","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brood parasitism among waterfowl nesting on islands and peninsulas in North Dakota","docAbstract":"During 1985 and 1986 I studied interspecific brood parasitism among seven species of waterfowl nesting on 36 islands and 24 peninsulas in central North Dakota. On islands, 40% of 178 nests were parasitized with an average of 4.3 parasitic eggs, and on peninsulas 2% of 275 nests were parasitized with an average of 2.2 parasitic eggs. Redheads (Aythya americana) were the primary parasite, adding eggs to 92% of all parasitized nests. Species nesting in open cover were parasitized at a higher rate than species nesting in dense cover. Nests with parasitic eggs had fewer host eggs and there was a negative association between the number of parasitic eggs and the success of host eggs. Parasitized nests had lower success, but additional parasitic eggs had no added influence on nest success. Interspecific brood parasitism had significant negative effects on dabbling ducks on islands but Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) were little affected. Even so, the number of young hatched per nest was much higher on islands because of the high loss of eggs to predators on the mainland. Parasitic eggs were deposited during the middle of the nesting season, but the peak of parasitic laying occurred before the peak of normal nesting.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368949","usgsCitation":"Lokemoen, J.T., 1991, Brood parasitism among waterfowl nesting on islands and peninsulas in North Dakota: Condor, v. 93, p. 340-345, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368949.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"340","endPage":"345","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503053,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol93/iss2/12","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lokemoen, J. T.","contributorId":79049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lokemoen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014946,"text":"70014946 - 1991 - A comparison of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in young and old continental lithospheric mantle: Patagonia and eastern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T15:55:27.243607","indexId":"70014946","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":941,"text":"Australian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in young and old continental lithospheric mantle: Patagonia and eastern China","docAbstract":"It is commonly accepted that beneath the continental crust lies a keel of lithospheric mantle, which extends 50–200 kilometres downward to a transition zone into the asthenosphere. The chemical and physical properties of this reservoir are best known through studies of the basalts and xenoliths that provide samples of the subcrustal mantle. Although sharing many characteristics with oceanic island basalts, some continental basalts become increasingly distinct isotopically as crustal age increases, strongly supporting a permanent association between crust and mantle. Consequently, the distinctive trace element and isotope composition of the lithospheric mantle is able to give important clues to its origin and evolution.
The mantle under newly‐created crust is typified by a radiogenic isotope variability that emphasizes the materials from which the continental lithosphere is assembled. Old lithospheric mantle, on the other hand, exhibits more evolved isotopic patterns that attest to the existence of long‐lived, chemically complex systems. A comparison of the Pb, Sr and Nd isotopes in alkalic to sub‐alkalic basalt derived from Phanerozoic (Patagonia) and Middle Archaean to Early Proterozoic (eastern China) subcrustal mantle is useful for identifying ‘end‐member’ components of the lithosphere. One component, having an isotopic composition close to PREMA, either continues to evolve virtually unchanged after incorporation into the lithosphere or is, itself, a relatively new addition even to old lithosphere. Another component, beginning with the isotopic composition of BSE, undergoes significant reduction in U/Pb and Sm/Nd (but not Rb/Sr) upon incorporation into the lithosphere and, with time, shows an increasingly retarded evolution of 206Pb/204Pb and negative εNd‐values approaching the isotopic composition of EMI.
Five models are discussed that relate the isotopic composition of the continental lithospheric mantle to that of other parts of the terrestrial system, which may be involved in its origin and evolution. The potential locations of the contributing components and the mechanisms and timing of their assembly into lithosphere are considered. Current knowledge, however, does not allow us to distinguish unequivocally among the various scenarios for the creation and evolution of this reservoir.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1991.9665290","usgsCitation":"Savino, J.F., and Miller, J.E., 1991, Crayfish (Orconectes virilis) feeding on young lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): effect of rock size: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 6, no. 2, p. 161-170, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1991.9665290.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"170","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683786","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savino, Jacqueline F. jsavino@usgs.gov","contributorId":2213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savino","given":"Jacqueline","email":"jsavino@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, John E.","contributorId":26654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014943,"text":"70014943 - 1991 - Use of longitudinal strain in identifying driving and resisting elements of landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T12:07:46.994618","indexId":"70014943","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of longitudinal strain in identifying driving and resisting elements of landslides","docAbstract":"Observations of deformation at the surfaces of landslides in Utah and Hawaii indicate that the upslope parts of the land-slides have stretched and the downslope parts have shortened parallel with the direction of movement. The maximum displacement of each landslide occurs in a relatively undeformed zone between the zones of shortening and stretching. The pattern of deformation at the surface of these landslides may be useful in analyzing their mechanics by helping to constrain the longitudinal forces in limit-equilibrium stability analysis. We used earth-pressure calculations to determine the range of possible longitudinal forces (per unit width) for active failure in the zone of stretching and for passive failure in the zone of shortening of one of the Hawaiian landslides. Longitudinal forces computed by stability analysis, assuming homogeneous strength, exceeded the possible forces in much of the upslope half of the landslide. Consequently, we assumed inhomogeneous strength and adjusted shear-strength parameters at each segment of the slip surface until the longitudinal forces computed by stability analysis agreed with those computed by earth-pressure theory, and the factor of safety approached unity. The distribution of longitudinal forces computed for inhomogeneous strength indicated that the boundary between driving and resisting elements of the landslide is near the thickest part of the slide, in agreement with a simple formula for the location of the boundary.
Epidemiological criteria were used to examine the influence of environmental contamination on reproductive success of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush,) in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Most of the information was obtained from lake trout eggs collected in southeastern Lake Michigan and reared in the laboratory. Two separate end points that measure reproductive success—egg hatchability and fry survival‐were used in the evaluation. Strong evidence for maternally derived polychlorinated biphenyls causing reduced egg hatchability were observed for the time order, strength of association, and coherence criteria. Equally strong evidence for organic environmental contaminants, also of maternal origin, causing a swim‐up fry mortality syndrome were presented for the strength of association, specificity, replication, and coherence criteria. The epidemiological approach for demonstrating cause‐and‐effect relations was useful because of the difficulty in demonstrating definite proof of causality between specific environmental contaminants and reproductive dysfunction in feral fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/15287399109531536","usgsCitation":"Mac, M.J., and Edsall, C., 1991, Environmental contaminants and the reproductive success of lake trout in the Great Lakes: An epidemiological approach: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 33, no. 4, p. 375-394, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399109531536.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"394","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6024a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, Carol C.","contributorId":39726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Carol C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}