{"pageNumber":"4354","pageRowStart":"108825","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":28020,"text":"wri894101 - 1991 - Ground-water conditions in Amargosa Desert, Nevada-California, 1952-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T19:08:15.746472","indexId":"wri894101","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4101","title":"Ground-water conditions in Amargosa Desert, Nevada-California, 1952-87","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894101","usgsCitation":"Kilroy, K., 1991, Ground-water conditions in Amargosa Desert, Nevada-California, 1952-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4101, Report: iv, 93 p.; 4 Plates: 20.28 x 21.51 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894101.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 93 p.; 4 Plates: 20.28 x 21.51 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56853,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56854,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56855,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56856,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56857,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414013,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49233.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117,\n              36.95\n            ],\n            [\n              -117,\n              36.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              36.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              36.95\n            ],\n            [\n              -117,\n              36.95\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d2a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilroy, K. C.","contributorId":49795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilroy","given":"K. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28840,"text":"wri914000 - 1991 - Selenium and associated trace elements in soil, rock, water and streambed sediment of the proposed Sandstone Reservoir, south-central Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T18:39:38.65441","indexId":"wri914000","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4000","title":"Selenium and associated trace elements in soil, rock, water and streambed sediment of the proposed Sandstone Reservoir, south-central Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914000","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., and Barclay, C., 1991, Selenium and associated trace elements in soil, rock, water and streambed sediment of the proposed Sandstone Reservoir, south-central Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4000, Report; vi, 69 p.; 1 Plate: 39.31 x 31.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914000.","productDescription":"Report; vi, 69 p.; 1 Plate: 39.31 x 31.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415180,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47444.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57716,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4000/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57715,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4000/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158932,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4000/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Sandstone Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.5,\n              41.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.5,\n              41.0833\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.2917,\n              41.0833\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.2917,\n              41.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.5,\n              41.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a00e4b07f02db5f7c94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barclay, C. S.","contributorId":34142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180756,"text":"70180756 - 1991 - Smolt quality assessment of spring Chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T12:05:04","indexId":"70180756","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Smolt quality assessment of spring Chinook salmon","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Zaugg, W., Dickhoff, W., Beckman, B., Mahnken, C., Winans, G., Newcomb, T., Schreck, C., Palmisano, A., Schrock, R., Wedemeyer, G., Ewing, R., and Hopley, C., 1991, Smolt quality assessment of spring Chinook salmon.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58945333e4b0fa1e59b867ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zaugg, W.S.","contributorId":57568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickhoff, W.W.","contributorId":179039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dickhoff","given":"W.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beckman, B.R.","contributorId":51941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckman","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahnken, C.V.W.","contributorId":89636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahnken","given":"C.V.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winans, G.A.","contributorId":113084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winans","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Newcomb, T.W.","contributorId":179040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newcomb","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Palmisano, A.N.","contributorId":152185,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palmisano","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schrock, R. M.","contributorId":27218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrock","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wedemeyer, Gary","contributorId":94244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedemeyer","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ewing, R.D.","contributorId":23708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewing","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Hopley, C.W.","contributorId":179041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopley","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70197521,"text":"70197521 - 1991 - Neogene rotations and quasicontinuous deformation of the Pacific Northwest continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-08T16:00:22","indexId":"70197521","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neogene rotations and quasicontinuous deformation of the Pacific Northwest continental margin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Paleomagnetically determined rotations about vertical axes of 15 to 12 Ma flows of the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group of Oregon and Washington decrease smoothly with distance from the plate margin, consistent with a simple physical model for continental deformation that assumes the lithosphere behaves as a thin layer of fluid. The average rate of northward translation of the continental margin since 15 Ma calculated from the rotations, using this model, is about 15 mm/yr, which suggests that much of the tangential motion between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates since middle Miocene time has been taken up by deformation of North America. The fluid-like character of the large-scale deformation implies that the brittle upper crust follows the motions of the deeper parts of the lithosphere.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0978:NRAQDO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"England, P., and Wells, R., 1991, Neogene rotations and quasicontinuous deformation of the Pacific Northwest continental margin: Geology, v. 19, no. 10, p. 978-981, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0978:NRAQDO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"978","endPage":"981","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112478e4b034bf6a81dfb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"England, Philip","contributorId":205498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"England","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70168943,"text":"70168943 - 1991 - The volcanic record that gets away","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-08T16:36:00","indexId":"70168943","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The volcanic record that gets away","docAbstract":"<p>Volcanologists are accustomed to looking at the record in the rocks to read volcanic history. They map the extent of airfalls, the thickness and distribution of ignimrites and mudflows, and the nature and extent of lava flows. From these data they infer the story of previous eruptive episodes that are a key to what we may expect in the future. BUt some important volcanic events are not recorded. Without observations at present-day active volcanoes we would know little about the volcanic gas emitted, the kidns of gases, or the volume and the extent o the gas cloud.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Stoiber, R., 1991, The volcanic record that gets away: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 147-148.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"148","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318702,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e005f5e4b015c306fd0fcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoiber, R.E.","contributorId":51020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoiber","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168527,"text":"70168527 - 1991 - The nature of earthquake prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-18T16:19:06","indexId":"70168527","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The nature of earthquake prediction","docAbstract":"<p>Earthquake prediction is inherently statistical. Although some people continue to think of earthquake prediction as the specification of the time, place, and magnitude of a future earthquake, it has been clear for at least a decade that this is an unrealistic and unreasonable definition. the reality is that earthquake prediction starts from the long-term forecasts of place and magnitude, with very approximate time constraints, and progresses, at least in principle, to a gradual narrowing of the time window as data and understanding permit. Primitive long-term forecasts are clearly possible at this time on a few well-characterized fault systems. Tightly focuses monitoring experiments aimed at short-term prediction are already underway in Parkfield, California, and in the Tokai region in Japan; only time will tell how much progress will be possible.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Lindh, A., 1991, The nature of earthquake prediction: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 117-119.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"119","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318130,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c6f94de4b0946c65240766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindh, A.G.","contributorId":24784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindh","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168674,"text":"70168674 - 1991 - Don’t fence us in","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-23T16:24:20","indexId":"70168674","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Don’t fence us in","docAbstract":"<p>When I was a graduate student around 1950 I used to read the entire Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. it was a pwoerful and inspiring educational experience, with an effect quite different from that of the more usual process of looking up a few articles in the chain of references in a subject of current interest. Reading the entire journal reveals how ideas, techniques, and seismologists appear and evolve. It is likely the best substitute for a firsthand personal experience with the early development of the field. And in spite of, or perhaps because of, the missteps, the wasted effort, and the lack of sophistication that those first volumes reveal, the reader can sense the opportunity and be inspired by the vibrancy of the young subject.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Oliver, J., 1991, Don’t fence us in: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 106-108.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"106","endPage":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318349,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cd90d1e4b0b1892d9e82b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oliver, J.","contributorId":167156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oliver","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168526,"text":"70168526 - 1991 - Seismicity and volcanism; a global perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-18T15:59:54","indexId":"70168526","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity and volcanism; a global perspective","docAbstract":"<p>Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are episodic, related phenomena, resulting from an unstable, evolving Earth. Earthquakes span at least 2 orders of magnitude of energy release (2 of Richter magnitude), and volcanic eruptions at least 3 orders of magnitude in both volume and energy. The largest known earthquakes, of magnitude about 9.5 (as in Chile in 1960), occur somewhere on Earth on average once in less than 100 years. By contrast, the largest volcanic eruptions may exceed 10,00 km<sup>3</sup> in volume, with intervals between them averaging more than 1 million years. The largest documented eruptions have ejected some 3,000 km<sup>3</sup> of material and occur globally on average once in 50,000 to 100,000 years. No known seismic phenomenon has a comparable return interval.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Latter, J.H., 1991, Seismicity and volcanism; a global perspective: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 96-98.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"98","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318129,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c6f947e4b0946c65240757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Latter, J. H.","contributorId":167023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Latter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168931,"text":"70168931 - 1991 - The intensities and magnitudes of volcanic eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-08T15:13:52","indexId":"70168931","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The intensities and magnitudes of volcanic eruptions","docAbstract":"<p>Ever since 1935, when C.F Richter devised the earthquake magnitude scale that bears his name, seismologists have been able to view energy release from earthquakes in a systematic and quantitative manner. The benefits have been obvious in terms of assessing seismic gaps and the spatial and temporal trends of earthquake energy release. A similar quantitative treatment of volcanic activity is of course equally desirable, both for gaining a further understanding of the physical principles of volcanic eruptions and for volcanic-hazard assessment. A systematic volcanologic data base would be of great value in evaluating such features as volcanic gaps, and regional and temporal trends in energy release. &nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Sigurdsson, H., 1991, The intensities and magnitudes of volcanic eruptions: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 142-146.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"146","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318690,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e005f1e4b015c306fd0fb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sigurdsson, H.","contributorId":167404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sigurdsson","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70169019,"text":"70169019 - 1991 - Reducing volcanic risk; are we winning some battles but losing the war?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-10T14:38:06","indexId":"70169019","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reducing volcanic risk; are we winning some battles but losing the war?","docAbstract":"<p>Historically, significant advances in volcanology have been catalyzed by volcanic disasters or crises, reflecting the the simple fact that volcanoes seem to receive serious scientific and public attention only when they cause, or threaten to cause, trouble. For example, three deadly eruptions in 1902, Mount Pelee, Santa Maria, and Soufriere (St.Vincent), spurred the movement to establish permanent volcano observatories there. Profoundly impresses by the devastation cused by Mont Pelee, Thomas A. Jaggar, Jr. founded the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) in 1912. Since then, studies conducted at HVO and new observatories have been pivotal in transforming the nascent science of volcanology into the multidisciplinary science that it is today.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R., 1991, Reducing volcanic risk; are we winning some battles but losing the war?: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 133-137.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"137","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318801,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e2a8cbe4b0f59b85d391ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70195828,"text":"70195828 - 1991 - A geological assessment of shoreline erosion, U.S. Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T14:57:36","indexId":"70195828","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A geological assessment of shoreline erosion, U.S. Great Lakes","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological hazards: Proceedings of Beijing International Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Geological hazards: Beijing International Symposium","conferenceDate":"Oct. 20-25, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Beijing, China","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Publishing House","usgsCitation":"Folger, D.W., 1991, A geological assessment of shoreline erosion, U.S. Great Lakes, <i>in</i> Geological hazards: Proceedings of Beijing International Symposium, Beijing, China, Oct. 20-25, 1991, p. 484-484.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"484","endPage":"484","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a5de4b0da30c1bfd7e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Folger, D. W.","contributorId":97126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70197522,"text":"70197522 - 1991 - Off-fault ground ruptures in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California: Ridge-top spreading versus tectonic extension during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T23:57:45.486451","indexId":"70197522","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Off-fault ground ruptures in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California: Ridge-top spreading versus tectonic extension during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake","docAbstract":"<p>The&nbsp;<i>M<sub>s</sub></i>&nbsp;7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake of 18 October 1989 produced abundant ground ruptures in an 8 by 4 km area along Summit Road and Skyland Ridge in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Predominantly extensional fissures formed a left-stepping, crudely en echelon pattern along ridges of the hanging-wall block southwest of the San Andreas fault, about 12 km northwest of the epicenter. The fissures are subparallel to the San Andreas fault and appear to be controlled by bedding planes, faults, joints, and other weak zones in the underlying Tertiary sedimentary strata of the hanging-wall block. The pattern of extensional fissures is generally consistent with tectonic extension across the crest of the uplifted hanging-wall block. Also, many displacements in Laurel Creek canyon and along the San Andreas and Sargent faults are consistent with right-lateral reverse faulting inferred for the mainshock. Additional small tensile failures along the axis of the Laurel anticline may reflect growth of the fold during deep-seated compression. However, the larger ridge-top fissures commonly have displacements that are parallel to the north-northeast regional slope directions and appear inconsistent with east-northeast extension expected from this earthquake. Measured cumulative displacements across the ridge crests are at least 35 times larger than that predicted by the geodetically determined surface deformation. These fissures also occur in association with ubiquitous landslide complexes that were reactivated by the earthquake to produce the largest concentration of co-seismic slope failures in the epicentral region. The anomalously large displacements and the apparent slope control of the geometry and displacement of many co-seismic surface ruptures lead us to conclude that gravity is an important driving force in the formation of the ridge-top fissures. Shaking-induced gravitational spreading of ridges and downslope movement may account for 90¿ or more of the observed displacements on the linear fissures. Similar fissures occurred in the same area and elsewhere near the San Andreas fault during the predominantly right-lateral 1906 San Francisco earthquake and suggest that the Loma Prieta ground ruptures may, in large part, be independent of fault kinematics.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0810051480","usgsCitation":"Ponti, D.J., and Wells, R., 1991, Off-fault ground ruptures in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California: Ridge-top spreading versus tectonic extension during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 81, no. 5, p. 1480-1510, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0810051480.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"1480","endPage":"1510","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354868,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/81/5/1480/119497/off-fault-ground-ruptures-in-the-santa-cruz"},{"id":354869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.26218327718883,\n              37.37731406960248\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.26218327718883,\n              36.80228898963584\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.53712401965575,\n              36.80228898963584\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.53712401965575,\n              37.37731406960248\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.26218327718883,\n              37.37731406960248\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112478e4b034bf6a81dfb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponti, Daniel J. 0000-0002-2437-5144 dponti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-5144","contributorId":1020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","email":"dponti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70168540,"text":"70168540 - 1991 - Mid-continent earthquake zones; lessons from New Madrid, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-23T15:24:34","indexId":"70168540","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-continent earthquake zones; lessons from New Madrid, Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>Many seismically active regions occur throughout the world as concentrated zones surrounded by the relatively stable crust of shields or platforms. Examples occur in central and eastern North America, northeastern Brazil, Australia, Norway, Svalbard, Greenland, and other places. Some of these zones, such as those at New Madrid, Missouri, and in the St. Lawrence Valley on the Canadian border, extend over relatively large areas and are marked by a high level of seismicity. Others, such as that near Anna Ohio, are smaller, and the level of activity is lower. Some zones are occasinoally sites for major earthquakes which, if they are in populated regions, can cause widespread destrucion and loss of life.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Mitchell, B.J., 1991, Mid-continent earthquake zones; lessons from New Madrid, Missouri: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 120-123.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"120","endPage":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318143,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"New Madrid","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.58526611328125,\n              36.6254475139069\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.43832397460938,\n              36.640875904982344\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.43008422851562,\n              36.49749349301181\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.57290649414062,\n              36.49418152677429\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.59625244140625,\n              36.62434536776987\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.58526611328125,\n              36.6254475139069\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c6f942e4b0946c6524073e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitchell, B. J.","contributorId":167029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mitchell","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016889,"text":"70016889 - 1991 - The tholeiite to alkalic basalt transition at Haleakala Volcano, Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-01T18:23:36.228305","indexId":"70016889","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The tholeiite to alkalic basalt transition at Haleakala Volcano, Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<div id=\"Abs1-section\" class=\"c-article-section\"><div id=\"Abs1-content\" class=\"c-article-section__content\"><p>Previous studies of alkalic lavas erupted during the waning growth stages (&lt;0.9 Ma to present) of Haleakala volcano identified systematic temporal changes in isotopic and incompatible element abundance ratios. These geochemical trends reflect a mantle mixing process with a systematic change in the proportions of mixing components. We studied lavas from a 250-m-thick stratigraphic sequence in Honomanu Gulch that includes the oldest (∼1.1 Ma) subaerial basalts exposed at Haleakaka. The lower 200 m of section is intercalated tholeiitic and alkalic basalt with similar isotopic (Sr, Nd, Pb) and incompatible element abundance ratios (e.g., Nb/La, La/Ce, La/Sr, Hf/Sm, Ti/Eu). These lava compositions are consistent with derivation of alkalic and tholeiitic basalt by partial melting of a compositionally homogeneous, clinopyroxene-rich, garnet lherzolite source. The intercalated tholeiitic and alkalic Honomanu lavas may reflect a process which tapped melts generated in different portions of a rising plume, and we infer that the tholeiitic lavas reflect a melting range of ∼10% to 15%, while the intercalated alkalic lavas reflect a range of ∼6.5% to 8% melting. However, within the uppermost 50 m of section.<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr decreases from 0.70371 to 0.70328 as eruption age decreased from ∼0.97 Ma to 0.78 Ma. We infer that as lava compositions changed from intercalated tholeiitic and alkalic lavas to only alkalic lavas at ∼0.93 Ma, the mixing proportions of source components changed with a MORB-related mantle component becoming increasingly important as eruption age decreased.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00306433","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., Frey, F., Garcia, M., Dalrymple, G.B., and Hart, S., 1991, The tholeiite to alkalic basalt transition at Haleakala Volcano, Maui, Hawaii: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 106, no. 2, p. 183-200, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00306433.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Haleakala Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.280517578125,\n              20.675190117067377\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.21253967285156,\n              20.675190117067377\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.21253967285156,\n              20.72978628596697\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.280517578125,\n              20.72978628596697\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.280517578125,\n              20.675190117067377\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0fbe4b08c986b325191","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, C.-Y.","contributorId":41973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"C.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frey, F.A.","contributorId":12618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garcia, M.O.","contributorId":47868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"M.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hart, S.R.","contributorId":70921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70188802,"text":"70188802 - 1991 - Effects of oil pollution on marine bird populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-25T17:25:27","indexId":"70188802","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of oil pollution on marine bird populations","docAbstract":"<p>Worldwide oil pollution has killed millions of marine birds in this century but it has been difficult to directly link these losses to population declines. Estimated bird losses from acute spills and chronic pollution are not precise because we usually do not know the proportion of birds killed at sea that are detected on beach surveys or the origin of those birds. Data required to assess effects on populations (abundance, distribution, productivity, recruitment and mortality rates) are inadequate or absent for many species. Local populations may sometimes be devastated by oil pollution, but whether these losses are biologically significant to global populations, especially in light of natural or human-induced sources of mortality, is debatable. In this paper. We review the evidence for effects of oil on marine bird populations, discuss four case histories, and address the debate concerning short- and long-term effects on avian populations.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The effects of oil on wildlife: Research, rehabilitation, and general concerns; Proceedings from the oil symposium, Herndon, Virginia, October 16-18, 1990","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"The Oil Symposium","conferenceDate":"October 16-18, 1990","conferenceLocation":"Herndon, VA","language":"English","publisher":"Sheridan Press","publisherLocation":"Hanover, PA","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., Carter, H., and Nettleship, D.N., 1991, Effects of oil pollution on marine bird populations, <i>in</i> The effects of oil on wildlife: Research, rehabilitation, and general concerns; Proceedings from the oil symposium, Herndon, Virginia, October 16-18, 1990, Herndon, VA, October 16-18, 1990, p. 125-141.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5950cbaae4b062508e3b1cfc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"White, Jan","contributorId":111468,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33748,"text":"International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":700434,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, Harry R.","contributorId":79546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Harry R.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":700437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nettleship, David N.","contributorId":35374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nettleship","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":12590,"text":"Canadian Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":700438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016805,"text":"70016805 - 1991 - Prospecting for zones of contaminated ground-water discharge to streams using bottom-sediment gas bubbles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T22:31:51.339925","indexId":"70016805","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prospecting for zones of contaminated ground-water discharge to streams using bottom-sediment gas bubbles","docAbstract":"<p>Decomposition of organic-rich bottom sediment in a tidal creek in Maryland results in production of gas bubbles in the bottom sediment during summer and fall. In areas where volatile organic contaminants discharge from ground water, through the bottom sediment, and into the creek, part of the volatile contamination diffuses into the gas bubbles and is released to the atmosphere by ebullition. Collection and analysis of gas bubbles for their volatile organic contaminant content indicate that relative concentrations of the volatile organic contaminants in the gas bubbles are substantially higher in areas where the same contaminants occur in the ground water that discharges to the streams. Analyses of the bubbles located an area of previously unknown ground-water contamination.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00523.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., and Lorah, M.M., 1991, Prospecting for zones of contaminated ground-water discharge to streams using bottom-sediment gas bubbles: Groundwater, v. 29, no. 3, p. 333-340, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00523.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"340","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f52e4b0c8380cd7f6c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":374544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016643,"text":"70016643 - 1991 - Rock chemistry and fluid inclusion studies as exploration tools for ore deposits in the Sila batholith, southern Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:46:17.131533","indexId":"70016643","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock chemistry and fluid inclusion studies as exploration tools for ore deposits in the Sila batholith, southern Italy","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id7\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p>The Sila batholith is the focus of an extensive petrogenetic research program, which includes an assessment of its potential to host granite-related ore deposits. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques were applied to major- and minor-element rock geochemical data. The analysis indicates that the highest potential for mineralization occurs in corundum-normative, peraluminous, unfoliated, relatively late-stage plutons. The plutons are enriched in Rb, Nb, Ta and U, but depleted in Fe, Mg and Sr. The K/Rb, Ba/Rb, Rb/Sr and Rb<sup>3</sup>/Ba·Sr·K indices and high<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i>-factor scores of Si-K-Rb are typical of mineralized granitic rocks.</p><p>A reconnaissance fluid inclusion study indicates that the sub-solidus rock was infiltrated by solutions of widely different temperatures (50–416°C) and variable salinities (0 to ∼26 wt.% NaCl equivalent). The higher-temperature solutions probably represent granite or magmatic-related Hercynian fluids, whereas the lower-temperature fluids may be either Hercynian or Alpine in age. Fluids with characteristics typical of mineralized “porphyry” systems have not been recognized.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90044-U","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"de Vivo, B., Ayuso, R., Belkin, H., Lima, A., Messina, A., and Viscardi, A., 1991, Rock chemistry and fluid inclusion studies as exploration tools for ore deposits in the Sila batholith, southern Italy: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 40, no. 1-3, p. 291-310, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90044-U.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aade8e4b0c8380cd86fc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de Vivo, B.","contributorId":50549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vivo","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayuso, R. A. 0000-0002-8496-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":27079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lima, A.","contributorId":74884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lima","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Messina, A.","contributorId":84084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messina","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Viscardi, A.","contributorId":14579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viscardi","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1013317,"text":"1013317 - 1991 - Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T11:18:57.434475","indexId":"1013317","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae)","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">Mitochondrial-DNA restriction-site maps were constructed for several cervid taxa in the subfamilies Cervinae and Odocoileinae. Parsimony analyses of restriction sites and pair-wise analyses of genetic distances resulted in dendrograms congruent with the subfamily designations. Relationships within the Odocoileinae determined from genetic distances generally were concordant with those for nuclear-encoded allozymes and morphology. However, mitochondrial-DNA relationships were incongruent with some generic designations and intraspecific divergence in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Odocoileus hemionus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>was greater than that between some genera. Because mitochondrial DNA exhibits considerable intraspecific variation and is inherited as a single locus, relationships based on mitochondrial DNA may not be concordant with true species phylogenies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1382139","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., 1991, Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 72, p. 553-556, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382139.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"556","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, M. A.","contributorId":80216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016670,"text":"70016670 - 1991 - The possible role of thiosulfate in the precipitation of 34S-rich barite in some Mississippi Valley-type deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70016670","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The possible role of thiosulfate in the precipitation of 34S-rich barite in some Mississippi Valley-type deposits","docAbstract":"The precipitation of extremely 34S-rich barite in the late stage of mineralization in the Mississippi Valleytype deposits of the Illinois-Kentucky district (U.S.A.) may be explained by reactions involving thiosulfate (S2O3=). Inorganic processes are known to concentrate 34S in the sulfonate site of thiosulfate and 32S in the sulfate site. In the mineralizing solution, these inorganic processes may have fractionated sulfur between the two sites by about 40 per mil. At the low temperatures of the late barite stage of mineralization, bacteria are known to metabolize thiosulfate by various reactions. In one of these, dissimilatory reduction, hydrogen sulfide and sulfite are produced. Isotopically light sulfite is preferentially reduced to sulfide by bacteria to leave a residual sulfite enriched in 34S. Part of the residual sulfite may be oxidized to form isotopically heavy sulfate; part may recombine with hydrogen sulfide to form thiosulfate. The recombination also enriches the sulfonate site in 34S and the sulfane site in 32S. Recycling the newly formed thiosulfate through the above steps further enriches sulfite and sulfate from oxidation of sulfite in 34S. During genesis of the ores, the aggregate effect of these reactions may have been the precipitation of extremely 34S-rich barite. The sequence of reactions suggested above requires the presence of organic matter. Previously proposed reactions to account for the precipitation of sulfide minerals and fluorite and for the carbonate paragenesis also require the presence of organic matter. Thus, organic matter in the host rocks may cause the various ore-zone reactions and account for the localization of the ores. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00202366","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Spirakis, C., 1991, The possible role of thiosulfate in the precipitation of 34S-rich barite in some Mississippi Valley-type deposits: Mineralium Deposita, v. 26, no. 1, p. 60-65, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00202366.","startPage":"60","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205574,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202366"},{"id":224937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baea6e4b08c986b324248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spirakis, C.S.","contributorId":46088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spirakis","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016687,"text":"70016687 - 1991 - Modeling the reflectance spectrum of Callisto 0.25 to 4.1μm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T11:19:34","indexId":"70016687","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the reflectance spectrum of Callisto 0.25 to 4.1μm","docAbstract":"<p><span>The reflectance spectrum of Callisto from 0.2 to 4.1 &mu;m is modeled using a simultaneous intimate plus areal mixture solution of ice and dark material which satisfies absorption band depths and reflectance levels. The model uses the radiative transfer theory based on Hapke's (1981,&nbsp;</span><i>J. Geophys. Res.</i><span>&nbsp;86, 3039&ndash;3054) work, optical constants of materials and includes effects of grain size and abundance of each material. The best-fitting models contain 20&ndash;45 wt% ice in the optical surface. The models indicate that the ice component of the surface is fairly large gained and that the ice cannot account for major spectral features beyond approximately 2.5 &mu;m. In this spectral region other hydrated minerals must dominate. A variety of reasonably well-fitting models were found and the amount of ice determined for these best fits was mathematically removed from the original Callisto spectrum. All of the spectra determined for the non-material were quite similar to each other and have absorption features that resemble hydrated silicates bearing both oxidation states of iron. Certain features in the Callisto non-ice spectrum can be duplicated by mixtures of Fe- and Mg-end member serpentines. Discrepancies indicate that other phases, possibly opaque minerals, are also required to match the entire spectrum. The unusual Fe-serpentines are commonly found in the matrices of primitive cabodnaceous chondrites, suggesting that other matrix phases may also be likely candidates for the Callisto non-ice material.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(91)90180-2","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., and Clark, R.N., 1991, Modeling the reflectance spectrum of Callisto 0.25 to 4.1μm: Icarus, v. 89, no. 2, p. 305-317, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(91)90180-2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"317","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c4ee4b0c8380cd6fbac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, Wendy M.","contributorId":93508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvin","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016688,"text":"70016688 - 1991 - The effect of scale on the interpretation of geochemical anomalies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:43:18.747671","indexId":"70016688","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of scale on the interpretation of geochemical anomalies","docAbstract":"<p>The purpose of geochemical surveys changes with scale. Regional surveys identify areas where mineral deposits are most likely to occur, whereas intermediate surveys identify and prioritize specific targets. At detailed scales specific deposit models may be applied and deposits delineated.</p><p>The interpretation of regional geochemical surveys must take into account scale-dependent difference in the nature and objectives of this type of survey. Overinterpretation of regional data should be resisted, as should recommendations to restrict intermediate or detailed follow-up surveys to the search for specific deposit types or to a too limited suite of elements. Regional surveys identify metallogenic provinces within which a variety of deposit types and metals are most likely to be found. At intermediate scale, these regional provinces often dissipate into discrete clusters of anomalous areas. At detailed scale, individual anomalous areas reflect local conditions of mineralization and may seem unrelated to each other. Four examples from arid environments illustrate the dramatic change in patterns of anomalies between regional and more detailed surveys.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90029-T","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Theobald, P., Eppinger, R., Turner, R.L., and Shiquan, S., 1991, The effect of scale on the interpretation of geochemical anomalies: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 40, no. 1-3, p. 9-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90029-T.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab4ce4b08c986b322d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Theobald, P. K.","contributorId":45293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eppinger, R. G.","contributorId":100837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eppinger","given":"R. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, R. L.","contributorId":93903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shiquan, S.","contributorId":67227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiquan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016691,"text":"70016691 - 1991 - Distribution of metals between particulate and gaseous forms in a volcanic plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016691","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of metals between particulate and gaseous forms in a volcanic plume","docAbstract":"In order to gain information on the distribution of metals between particles and gaseous forms in the plume of Kilauea volcano, a filter designed to collect metals associated with particles was followed in series by two other collectors intended to trap metals present in gaseous (atomic, molecular, or complexed) form: first an acid-bubbler bath and then a cold trap. Of the six metals measured, all of the In, Tl and Bi, and almost all of the Cd, Pb and Cu were found on the filter. None of any of the metals was detected in the acid-bubbler bath. Masses equivalent to 0.3% of the amount of Cd on the filter, 0.4% of the amount of Pb, and 9.3% of the Cu, were measured in the cold trap. The results indicate that all or nearly all of the six metals were partitioned to the particulate portion of the physical mixture of gases and particles that constitutes a volcanic plume, but that there may be systematic differences between chalcophile metals in the ways they are partitioned between particulate and gaseous phases in a cooled plume, and possibly differences in the acidity or other chemical properties of the molecular phases. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00280229","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., 1991, Distribution of metals between particulate and gaseous forms in a volcanic plume: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 53, no. 5, p. 395-400, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280229.","startPage":"395","endPage":"400","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205482,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280229"},{"id":224455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02e1e4b0c8380cd5023b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016692,"text":"70016692 - 1991 - Superposed deposits of thick coal on the eastern edge of the Illinois Basin and their association with underlying geologic features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T00:45:40.265249","indexId":"70016692","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Superposed deposits of thick coal on the eastern edge of the Illinois Basin and their association with underlying geologic features","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>Comparison of maps produced from publicly available data (drillers' logs, electrical logs and mine maps) provides a basis for inferring a deep-seated influence on the distribution of superposed deposits of thick coal (&gt;1.4 m) in four Middle Pennsylvania (Desmoinesian Series) coal beds in three mining districts of west-central Indiana. Thick sandstone (&gt;18 m) is common in areas between and around the mining districts, but less than 3 percent of the study area (consisting of 3200 km<sup>2</sup>) is underlain by both thick coal and thick sandstone. Only thick sandstone associated with the Survant Coal Member (Linton Formation), and informally referred to by us “Survant sandstone”, exists in all of the thin-coal areas. After comparison with published maps by other authors, it is inferred that distribution of the Survant sandstone, which was deposited immediately after a long period of slow deposition associated with the Colchester Coal Member (Linton Formation), may reflect topographic expression of long-term subsidence associated with differential thinning of much deeper Silurian strata (580 m below).</p><p>Although the findings of this study provide the basis for a conceptual geologic model with a hypothetical structure that is amenable to statistical testing, such analysis should be undertaken only after the data are analyzed for randomness, spatial autocorrelation, linearity and normality.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(91)90035-H","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Harper, D., and Olyphant, G., 1991, Superposed deposits of thick coal on the eastern edge of the Illinois Basin and their association with underlying geologic features: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 17, no. 3-4, p. 273-296, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(91)90035-H.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"296","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224456,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f5ae4b08c986b31e4ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harper, D.","contributorId":28752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olyphant, G.A.","contributorId":51023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olyphant","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016696,"text":"70016696 - 1991 - Importance of closely spaced vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in groundwater studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T09:15:15","indexId":"70016696","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of closely spaced vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in groundwater studies","docAbstract":"Vertical gradients of selected chemical constituents, bacterial populations, bacterial activity and electron acceptors were investigated for an unconfined aquifer contaminated with nitrate and organic compounds on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Fifteen-port multilevel sampling devices (MLS's) were installed within the contaminant plume at the source of the contamination, and at 250 and 2100 m downgradient from the source. Depth profiles of specific conductance and dissolved oxygen at the downgradient sites exhibited vertical gradients that were both steep and inversely related. Narrow zones (2-4 m thick) of high N2O and NH4+ concentrations were also detected within the contaminant plume. A 27-fold change in bacterial abundance; a 35-fold change in frequency of dividing cells (FDC), an indicator of bacterial growth; a 23-fold change in 3H-glucose uptake, a measure of heterotrophic activity; and substantial changes in overall cell morphology were evident within a 9-m vertical interval at 250 m downgradient. The existence of these gradients argues for the need for closely spaced vertical sampling in groundwater studies because small differences in the vertical placement of a well screen can lead to incorrect conclusions about the chemical and microbiological processes within an aquifer.Vertical gradients of selected chemical constituents, bacterial populations, bacterial activity and electron acceptors were investigated for an unconfined aquifer contaminated with nitrate and organic compounds on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Fifteen-port multilevel sampling devices (MLS's) were installed within the contaminant plume at the source of the contamination, and at 250 and 2100 m downgradient from the source. Depth profiles of specific conductance and dissolved oxygen at the downgradient sites exhibited vertical gradients that were both steep and inversely related. Narrow zones (2-4 m thick) of high N2O and NH4+ concentrations were also detected within the contaminant plume. A 27-fold change in bacterial abundance; a 35-fold change in frequency of dividing cells (FDC), an indicator of bacterial growth; a 23-fold change in 3H-glucose uptake, a measure of heterotrophic activity; and substantial changes in overall cell morphology were evident within a 9-m vertical interval at 250 m downgradient. The existence of these gradients argues for the need for closely spaced vertical sampling in ground-water studies because small differences in the vertical placement of a well screen can lead to incorrect conclusions about the chemical and microbiological processes within an aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(91)90032-V","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Harvey, R., and LeBlanc, D., 1991, Importance of closely spaced vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in groundwater studies: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 7, no. 3, p. 285-300, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(91)90032-V.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"300","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205505,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(91)90032-V"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3936e4b0c8380cd61846","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016723,"text":"70016723 - 1991 - Weathering and its effect upon geochemical dispersion at the polymetallic Wagga Tank deposit, N.S.W., Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:39:13.022329","indexId":"70016723","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weathering and its effect upon geochemical dispersion at the polymetallic Wagga Tank deposit, N.S.W., Australia","docAbstract":"<p>The Wagga Tank Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag-Au deposit comprises multiple, steeply dipping and structurally controlled sulfide lodes within Early Devonian turbidites and volcaniclastics. Complete weathering at the prospect extends to 100 m below the current land surface. Detailed geochemical studies of drill-derived regolith material were supplemented by extensive mineralogical investigations and enable the major features of the weathered profile to be delineated.</p><p>The profile consists of soil with reworked portions of a ferruginous lateritic capping within a largely transported overburden. Below the soil, some residual ferruginous capping (characterized by maghemite) occurs above a kaolinite-rich zone which passes into goethitic saprolite containing alunitejarosite family minerals. This lateritic profile was developed during the Tertiary period prior to the Late Miocene onset of more arid conditions. Within the goethitic saprolite, Pb and some Au have remained in their Miocene positions. However, the distributions of Cu and Zn largely reflect the effect of post-Miocene aridity. Thus, these elements (and some Au) are concentrated as supergene minerals at the current water table, with isolated zones higher in the weathered profile reflecting former levels of the water table.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90050-5","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Scott, K.M., Rabone, G., and Chaffee, M., 1991, Weathering and its effect upon geochemical dispersion at the polymetallic Wagga Tank deposit, N.S.W., Australia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 40, no. 1-3, p. 413-426, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90050-5.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"413","endPage":"426","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224986,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfb7e4b08c986b32ea6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, K. M.","contributorId":8119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rabone, G.","contributorId":105862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabone","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chaffee, M.A.","contributorId":108049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}