The first two sections of this paper are concerned with defining and bounding communities, and describing those attributes of the community that are quantifiable and suitable for wildlife impact assessment purposes. Prior to the development or use of a community model, it is important to have a clear understanding of the concept of a community and a knowledge of the types of community attributes that can serve as outputs for the development of models. Clearly defined, unambiguous model outputs are essential for three reasons: (1) to ensure that the measured community attributes relate to the wildlife resource objectives of the study; (2) to allow testing of the outputs in experimental studies, to determine accuracy, and to allow for improvements based on such testing; and (3) to enable others to clearly understand the community attribute that has been measured.
\nThe third section of this paper described input variables that may be used to predict various community attributes. These input variables do not include direct measures of wildlife populations. Most impact assessments involve projects that result in drastic changes in habitat, such as changes in land use, vegetation, or available area. Therefore, the model input variables described in this section deal primarily with habitat related features.
\nSeveral existing community models are described in the fourth section of this paper. A general description of each model is provided, including the nature of the input variables and the model output. The logic and assumptions of each model are discussed, along with data requirements needed to use the model.
\nThe fifth section provides guidance on the selection and development of community models. Identification of the community attribute that is of concern will determine the type of model most suitable for a particular application. This section provides guidelines on selected an existing model, as well as a discussion of the major steps to be followed in modifying an existing model or developing a new model. Considerations associated with the use of community models with the Habitat Evaluation Procedures are also discussed.
\nThe final section of the paper summarizes major findings of interest to field biologists and provides recommendations concerning the implementation of selected concepts in wildlife community analyses.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.L., 1987, Community models for wildlife impact assessment: a review of concepts and approaches, v. 87, no. 2, vii, 41 p.","productDescription":"vii, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292931,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4dc6e4b0413fd75d6a6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Richard L.","contributorId":10368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185541,"text":"70185541 - 1987 - Monodisperse ferrous phosphate colloids in an anoxic groundwater plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:44:34","indexId":"70185541","displayToPublicDate":"1987-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monodisperse ferrous phosphate colloids in an anoxic groundwater plume","docAbstract":"Groundwater samples collected near a secondary-sewage infiltration site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts were examined for colloidal materials (10–1000 nm). In two wells the water contained a population of monodisperse 100-nm particles, detected using laser-light scattering and autocorrelation data processing. SEM and SEM-EDAX analysis of these colloidal materials collected on ultrafilters confirmed the laser light scattering result and revealed that these microparticles consisyed of primarily iron and phosphorus in a 1.86 Fe to 1.0 P stoichiometric ratio. Chemical analyses of the water samples, together with equilibrium solubility calculations, strongly suggest that the ion-activity product should exceed the solubility product of a 100-nm diameter predominantly vivianite-type (Fe3(PO4)2 · 8H2O) colloidal phase. In light of our results, we conclude that these microparticles were formed by sewage-derived phosphate combining with ferrous iron released from the aquifer solids, and that these colloids may be moving in the groundwater flow. Such a subsurface transport process could have major implications regarding the movement of particle-reactive pollutants traditionally viewed as non-mobile in groundwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(87)90011-8","usgsCitation":"Gschwend, P.M., and Reynolds, M.D., 1987, Monodisperse ferrous phosphate colloids in an anoxic groundwater plume: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 1, no. 3, p. 309-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(87)90011-8.","productDescription":"19 p. ","startPage":"309","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts ","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.850830078125,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -69.8291015625,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -69.8291015625,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -70.850830078125,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -70.850830078125,\n 41.36031866306708\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d1f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gschwend, Philip M.","contributorId":189502,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gschwend","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Matthew D.","contributorId":189741,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208789,"text":"70208789 - 1987 - Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1987- June 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-28T12:20:04","indexId":"70208789","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-28T12:18:05","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3771,"text":"Wildlife Disease Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1987- June 1987","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Converse, K.A., Windingstad, R., Franson, J.C., and Roffe, T., 1987, Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1987- June 1987: Wildlife Disease Newsletter, v. 23, no. 4, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":372741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":119535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Windingstad, R.","contributorId":15558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windingstad","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":177499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":783385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roffe, T.","contributorId":91051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roffe","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208661,"text":"70208661 - 1987 - Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T11:26:01","indexId":"70208661","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-24T11:22:29","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95","docAbstract":"Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, with emphasis on silicoflagellates, were studied in 62 samples from DSDP Sites 612 and 613 on the continental slope and rise off New Jersey. The mid-latitude assemblages correlate well with assemblages from California, Peru, and offshore of southern Brazil, but are distinctly different from high-latitude cold-water assemblages of the Falkland Plateau off southern Argentina. Coccoliths and silicoflagellates provide evidence for the presence of a fairly complete middle and upper Eocene sequence, represented by a composite of Sites 612 and 613. A major unconformity occurs at the middle Eocene to upper Eocene contact at Site 612.
The genus Bachmannocena Locker is emended and proposed as a replacement for genus Mesocena Ehrenberg for ring silicoflagellates. Six new silicoflagellates and one new diatom are described: Bachmannocena apiculata monolineata Bukry, n. subsp., Corbisema amicula Bukry, n. sp., C. bimucronata elegans Bukry, n. subsp., C. hastata incohata Bukry, n. subsp., C. jerseyensis Bukry, n. sp., Dictyocha acuta Bukry, n. sp., and Coscinodiscus eomonoculus Bukry, n. sp. Also, one new replacement name, B. paulschulzn Bukry, nom. nov., and 24 new combinations are proposed for genus Bachmannocena.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.95.112.1987","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1987, Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 95, p. 395-415, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.95.112.1987.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"415","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.95.112.1987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208660,"text":"70208660 - 1987 - North Atlantic Quaternary silicoflagellates, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T11:16:04","indexId":"70208660","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-24T11:06:54","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North Atlantic Quaternary silicoflagellates, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94","docAbstract":"Quaternary silicoflagellates from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Mid-Atlantic Leg 94 are generally sparse and dissolution-thinned. Mesocena quadrangula, a low-latitude biostratigraphic guide species, occurs at all four sites studied (606, 607, 609, and 611), allowing identification of low-latitude zones—Dictyocha aculeata Zone, Mesocena quadrangula Zone, and Dictyocha stapedia stapedia Zone. A lack of cool-water Distephanus speculum speculum reflects warm relative paleotemperature values (Ts 74 to 98) for Leg 94. Comparison with assemblages at coastal DSDP Hole 397, off Africa, shows that Hole 397 has more abundant D. speculum speculum, suggesting that upwelling nutrient supply may significantly affect the total numbers of this species. The siliceous record of Leg 94 is sporadic, with several levels of nonpreservation that make paleotemperature trends difficult to establish by silicoflagellates. The northern range of M. quadrangula is extended to 52°50'N at Hole 611C. Opal phytoliths occur at southern Holes 606 and 607. These grasslands-produced nannofossils, representing eolian sedimentation from northwestern Africa, were likely distributed most widely during arid glacial intervals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.94.117.1987","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1987, North Atlantic Quaternary silicoflagellates, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 94, no. 1-2, p. 779-783, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.94.117.1987.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"779","endPage":"783","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.94.117.1987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372554,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Atlantic Ocean ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -39.7265625,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -18.6328125,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -18.6328125,\n 58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -39.7265625,\n 58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -39.7265625,\n 35.460669951495305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221503,"text":"70221503 - 1987 - Alaskan Cretaceous-Tertiary floras and Arctic origins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-18T21:53:06.517019","indexId":"70221503","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-01T16:48:43","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3001,"text":"Paleobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alaskan Cretaceous-Tertiary floras and Arctic origins","docAbstract":"Cretaceous floras in Alaska, when compared to those at mid-latitudes, generally indicate later appearances in Alaska of major clades and major leaf morphologies. Compared to mid-latitude floras, Alaskan Late Cretaceous floras contain few major clades. The Alaskan clades diversified but at a low taxonomic level. Migrational pathways into high latitudes were probably along streams. Similar patterns characterized the Alaskan Tertiary, although some southward migrations of lineages occurred during the Neogene. Review of other Arctic paleontological data from Ellesmere Island, previously used to suggest that the Arctic was a major center of origin during the Late Cretaceous, indicates that the ages of supposedly substantiating dinoflagellate floras were misinterpreted. When the dinoflagellate data are interpreted according to standard methodology, first occurrences of genera and species groups on Ellesmere are, like the Alaskan occurrences, later than first occurrences at middle latitudes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0094837300008599","usgsCitation":"Spicer, R.A., Wolfe, J.A., and Nichols, D.J., 1987, Alaskan Cretaceous-Tertiary floras and Arctic origins: Paleobiology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 73-83, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300008599.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spicer, Robert A.","contributorId":80681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, Jack A.","contributorId":102474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, Douglas J.","contributorId":87184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121605,"text":"70121605 - 1987 - Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T15:28:03","indexId":"70121605","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-01T15:08:59","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to management","docAbstract":"Riparian area planning and management is a major national issues today--something that should have been the case a century ago. A century of additive effects of land use has resulted in major impacts on many riparian stream habitats and their fisheries, wildlife, and domestic livestock use. Before scientists can evaluate the influences of various land and water uses on riparian environments, they must first understand these environments. This means being able to detect and measure with confidence the natural and artificial variation and instantaneous conditions of the riparian habitat. These conditions must then be related to the production capability of riparian habitat and any extraneous factors affecting this production potential.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station","publisherLocation":"Ogden, UT","usgsCitation":"Platts, W.S., Armour, C., Booth, G., Bryant, M., Bufford, J., Cuplin, P., Jensen, S., Lienkaemper, G., Minshall, G., Monsen, S., Nelson, R., Sedell, J., and Tuhy, J., 1987, Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to management, 177 p.","productDescription":"177 p.","numberOfPages":"177","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f8596de4b03f038c5c1854","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Platts, William S.","contributorId":32599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Platts","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armour, C.L.","contributorId":42530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armour","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Booth, G.D.","contributorId":90651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bryant, M.","contributorId":94949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bufford, J.L.","contributorId":32098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufford","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cuplin, P.","contributorId":62148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuplin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jensen, S.","contributorId":47590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lienkaemper, G.W.","contributorId":17162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Minshall, G.W.","contributorId":16381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minshall","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Monsen, S.T.","contributorId":69489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monsen","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Nelson, R.L.","contributorId":53252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sedell, J.R.","contributorId":53706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedell","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Tuhy, J.S.","contributorId":89462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuhy","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":5222178,"text":"5222178 - 1987 - The Husting dilemma: A methodological note","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T16:56:50.644573","indexId":"5222178","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-01T12:19:03","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Husting dilemma: A methodological note","docAbstract":"Recently, Gill (1985) discussed the interpretation of capture history data resulting from his own studies on the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens , and work by Husting (1965) on spotted salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum. Gill (1985) noted that gaps in capture histories (years in which individuals were not captured, preceded and followed by years in which they were) could result from either of two very different possibilities: (1) failure of the animal to return to the fenced pond to breed (the alternative Husting (1965) favored), or (2) return of the animal to the breeding pond, but failure of the investigator to capture it and detect its presence. The authors agree entirely with Gill (1985) that capture history data such as his or those of Husting (1965) should be analyzed using models that recognize the possibility of 'census error,' and that it is important to try to distinguish between such 'error' and skipped breeding efforts. The purpose of this note is to point out the relationship between Gill's (1985:347) null model and certain capture-recapture models, and to use capture-recapture models and tests to analyze the original data of Husting (1965).","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1938822","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J.D., Hepp, G.R., Pollock, K.H., and Hines, J.E., 1987, The Husting dilemma: A methodological note: Ecology, v. 68, no. 1, p. 213-217, https://doi.org/10.2307/1938822.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"217","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c2ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":140652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":335719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hepp, Gary R.","contributorId":8191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hepp","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32529,"text":"32529 - 1987 - Counties as of February 1, 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-04T10:42:03","indexId":"32529","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-01T10:37:18","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Counties as of February 1, 1987","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National atlas of the United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/32529","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Counties as of February 1, 1987 (Rev. 1987.), 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/32529.","productDescription":"1 map","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"7500000","projection":"Albers Equal Area projection","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.4,18.9 ], [ 172.4,71.4 ], [ -66.9,71.4 ], [ -66.9,18.9 ], [ 172.4,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Rev. 1987.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e09e4ce4b0beb42bdca3c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014803,"text":"70014803 - 1987 - Geologic setting of a new Paleocene mammal locality in the northern Powder River basin, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-12T16:08:42.578278","indexId":"70014803","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting of a new Paleocene mammal locality in the northern Powder River basin, Montana","docAbstract":"During 1984, over 2300 km of multichannel seismic-reflection data were recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey in the western Ross Sea and Iselin Bank regions. A temporary loss and sinking of the streamer led to increasing the streamer tow depth to 20 m, which resulted in some attenuation of frequencies in the 30-50 Hz range but no significant difference in resolution of the stacked data. Severe water bottom multiples were encountered and removed by dip-filtering, weighted stacking, and severe post-NMO muting.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Anarctic continental margin geology and geophysics of the Western Ross Sea","language":"English","publisher":"CircumPacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources","usgsCitation":"Dadisman, S.V., Ryan, H.F., and Mann, D.M., 1987, Recording and processing procedures for multi-channel seismic-reflection data collected in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica, chap. of The Anarctic continental margin geology and geophysics of the Western Ross Sea, v. 5B, p. 17-26.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297043,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/circ_pac/6/17_b.htm"},{"id":310877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ross Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -185.80078125,\n -65.5129625532949\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n -67.67608458198099\n ],\n [\n -127.265625,\n -73.72659470212253\n ],\n [\n -148.53515625,\n -75.80211845876491\n ],\n [\n -152.2265625,\n -77.27385473785674\n ],\n [\n -157.85156249999997,\n -77.157162522661\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n -78.24243607612065\n ],\n [\n -164.8828125,\n -78.56048828398782\n ],\n [\n -176.30859375,\n -78.09829559916763\n ],\n [\n -180.703125,\n -77.73028235402455\n ],\n [\n -189.140625,\n -77.3895040053973\n ],\n [\n -192.65625,\n -77.27385473785674\n ],\n [\n -194.4140625,\n -77.65534600967777\n ],\n [\n -195.64453125,\n -77.8418477505252\n ],\n [\n -196.875,\n -77.03941844273027\n ],\n [\n -197.40234375,\n -75.84516854027044\n ],\n [\n -195.82031249999997,\n -74.1160468394894\n ],\n [\n -191.95312499999997,\n -73.57816726137321\n ],\n [\n -189.84375,\n -72.76406472320436\n ],\n [\n -189.31640625,\n -71.58053179556501\n ],\n [\n -186.328125,\n -65.87472467098547\n ],\n [\n -185.80078125,\n -65.5129625532949\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5634963fe4b048076347ff5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dadisman, Shawn V. sdadisman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"Shawn","email":"sdadisman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":537736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, Holly F. hryan@usgs.gov","contributorId":2375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Holly","email":"hryan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mann, Dennis M.","contributorId":50528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208054,"text":"70208054 - 1987 - The stable isotopic composition of a phosphorite deposit: δ13C, δ34S, and δ18O","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-19T17:31:32.888555","indexId":"70208054","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-25T10:12:57","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1369,"text":"Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The stable isotopic composition of a phosphorite deposit: δ13C, δ34S, and δ18O","title":"The stable isotopic composition of a phosphorite deposit: δ13C, δ34S, and δ18O","docAbstract":"The stable isotopes of carbon and sulfur in a major marine sedimentary phosphate deposit from the northwestern United States (the Phosphoria Formation of Permian age) characterize the chemical properties of the depositional environment. The δ34S and δ13C analyses suggest deposition under conditions of variable redox from a solution the acidity of which was controlled by reaction with carbonate rocks and exchange with seawater. The δ18O concentration of apetite indicates phosphatization in a shallow sea, during three glacial and intervening interglacial stages. These data tend to corroborate the interpretation of field studies by others, that the apatite formed on a continental shelf in an area of intense oceanic upwelling during several episodes of sea level change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0198-0149(87)90044-6","usgsCitation":"Piper, D.Z., and Kolodny, Y., 1987, The stable isotopic composition of a phosphorite deposit: δ13C, δ34S, and δ18O: Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 34, no. 5-6, p. 897-911, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90044-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"897","endPage":"911","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371549,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolodny, Y.","contributorId":11337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolodny","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207970,"text":"70207970 - 1987 - Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T16:09:14","indexId":"70207970","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-21T15:56:01","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"The Rocky Mountain region is one of the most topographically distinct and impressive parts of North America. The Rocky Mountains rise abruptly above the bordering regions, particularly on the east and northeast where they are flanked by plains, less so on the west and southwest where they are bounded by high plateaus. The Rocky Mountains comprise more than 100 individually named ranges that form a belt extending for slightly more than 5,000 km, from near Santa Fe, New Mexico, on the south to the Bering Sea on the north (Fig. 1). The belt varies in width from less than 100 km in the Canadian Rockies to nearly 600 km in the Middle Rockies of Wyoming and northeast Utah. The summits of the ranges rise 1,500 to 2,100 m above adjacent lowlands, to heights 1,800 to 4,400 m above sea level. The Southern Rockies of Colorado have the greatest amount of area, between 3,300 and 4,400 m, and the highest peak, Mount Elbert (4,400 m). The largest area of low mountains is in the Northern Rockies of Idaho and Montana, where summits are commonly only 2,100 to 2,400 m above sea level.
A substantial part of the Rocky Mountain region consists of lowlands, in the form of basins and fault-bounded troughs and trenches that lie between ranges. The Rocky Mountain Trench is perhaps the most spectacular fault-bounded lowland, even if it is not the most representative. It extends north from Flathead Lake, Montana, more than 1,500 km, and forms
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic Systems of North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-CENT-v2.211","usgsCitation":"Madole, R.F., Bradley, W., Loewenherz, D., Ritter, D., Rutter, N., and Thorn, C., 1987, Rocky Mountains, chap. of Geomorphic Systems of North America, v. 2, p. 211-257, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-CENT-v2.211.","productDescription":"47 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"257","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madole, Richard F. 0000-0002-9081-570X madole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":1340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"Richard","email":"madole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, W.C.","contributorId":221699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loewenherz, D.S.","contributorId":221700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loewenherz","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ritter, D.F.","contributorId":221701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ritter","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rutter, N.W.","contributorId":221702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rutter","given":"N.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thorn, C.E.","contributorId":221703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorn","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207854,"text":"70207854 - 1987 - Ionic conductivity of quartz: DC time dependence and transition in charge carriers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T14:53:28.827147","indexId":"70207854","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-15T16:23:03","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ionic conductivity of quartz: DC time dependence and transition in charge carriers","docAbstract":"The time dependence of DC electrical conductivity in the c-axis direction of quartz can be accounted for by a transition in charge carriers from interstitial alkali impurities to interstitial H. The diffusive transport rates of Li, Na, and K are rapid parallel to c and have been shown to be responsible for the highly anisotropic electrical conductivity measured at short times. With increasing time, however, conductivities parallel to c decrease progressively to values that are roughly equal to those measured perpendicular to c. Comparison of these ultimate, nearly isotropic conductivities with those derived from recent measurements of H diffusion parallel and perpendicular to c suggests that H interstitials are the principal charge carriers at long times. The transient decrease in conductivities parallel to c is interpreted to result from depletion of initial alkali impurities, whereas the steady-state conductivities measured at long times may be sustained by the steady supply of H by the dissociation of atmospheric water vapor. The mobility of H along the c axis is anomalously low and at variance with the trend of increasing mobility with decreasing ionic radius exhibited by Cs, Rb, K, Na, and Li. Although the elastic lattice distortions required for H transport are insignificant in comparison with those required by the larger alkali impurities, the strong association of H interstitials with Al substitutions for Si may be responsible for the relatively low H mobilities.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kronenberg, A.K., and Kirby, S.H., 1987, Ionic conductivity of quartz: DC time dependence and transition in charge carriers: American Mineralogist, v. 72, no. 7-8, p. 739-747.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"739","endPage":"747","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kronenberg, A. K.","contributorId":94787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kronenberg","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207782,"text":"70207782 - 1987 - Inorganic and organic geochemistry of Eocene to Cretaceous strata recovered from the lower continental rise, North American Basin, Site 603, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T15:54:15.603156","indexId":"70207782","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-10T11:26:47","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inorganic and organic geochemistry of Eocene to Cretaceous strata recovered from the lower continental rise, North American Basin, Site 603, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 93","docAbstract":"About one hundred samples of sediments and rocks recovered in Hole 603B were analyzed for type, abundance, and isotopic composition of organic matter, using a combination of Rock-Eval pyrolysis, C-H-N-S elemental analysis, and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Concentrations of major, minor, and trace inorganic elements were determined with a combination of X-ray fluorescence and induction-coupled plasma spectrometry.
The oldest strata recovered in Hole 603B (lithologic Unit V) consist of interbedded light-colored limestones and marlstones, and black calcareous claystones of Neocomian age. The inorganic and organic geochemical results suggest a very terrigenous aspect to the black claystones. The organic geochemical results indicate that the limestones and marlstones contain a mixture of highly degraded marine and terrestrial organic matter. Comparison of the Neocomian carbonates at Site 603 with those on the other side of the North Atlantic, off Northwest Africa at Site 367, shows that the organic matter at Site 367 contains more marine organic matter, as indicated by higher pyrolysis hydrogen indices and lighter values of δ13C. Comparison of inorganic geochemical results for the carbonate lithologies at Site 603 with those for carbonate lithologies at Site 367 suggests that the Site 603 carbonates may contain clastic material from both North American and African sources. The black claystones at Site 603, on the other hand, probably were derived almost entirely from North American clastic sources.
Lithologic Unit IV overlying the Neocomian carbonates, consists of interbedded red, green, and black claystones. The black claystones at Site 603 contain more than ten times the organic carbon concentration of the interbedded green claystones. The average concentration of organic carbon in the black claystones (2.8%), however, is low relative to most mid-Cretaceous black claystones and shales in the Atlantic, particularly those found off Northwest Africa. The geochemical data all suggest that the organic matter in the black claystones is more abundant but generally more degraded than the organic matter in the green claystones, and that it was derived mainly from terrestrial sources and deposited in oxygenated bottom waters. The increased percentage of black claystone beds in the upper Cenomanian section, and the presence of more hydrogen-rich organic matter in this part of the section, probably resulted from the increased production and accumulation of marine organic matter that is represented worldwide near the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary in deep-sea and land sections. A few upper Cenomanian black claystone samples that have hydrogen indices > 150 also contain particularly high concentrations of V and Zn. Most samples of black claystone, however, are not particularly metal-rich compared with other black claystones and shales. Compared with red claystones from lithologic Unit IV, the green and black claystones are enriched in many trace transition elements, especially V, Zn, Cu, Co, and Pb.
The main difference between the \"carbonaceous\" claystones of lithologic Unit IV and \"variegated\" or \"multicolored\" claystones of the overlying Upper Cretaceous to lower Tertiary Unit III is the absence of black claystone beds. As observed at several other sites (105 and 386), the multicolored claystones at Site 603 are somewhat enriched in several trace transition elements—especially Cu, Ni, and Cr—relative to most deep-sea clays. The multicolored claystones are not enriched in Fe and Mn, and therefore are not \"metalliferous\" sediments in the sense of those found at several locations in the eastern Pacific. The source of the slightly elevated concentrations of transition metals in the multicolored claystones probably is upward advection and diffusion of metals from the black claystones of the underlying Hatteras Formation.
The red, orange, and green claystone beds of lithologic Unit II (Eocene), like those of Unit III, really represent a continuation of deposition of multicolored claystone that began after the deposition of the Neocomian carbonates. The color of the few black beds that occur within this unit results from high concentrations of manganese oxide rather than high concentrations of organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Deep Sea Drilling Project","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.93.146.1987","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., and Arthur, M., 1987, Inorganic and organic geochemistry of Eocene to Cretaceous strata recovered from the lower continental rise, North American Basin, Site 603, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 93: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 93, p. 1093-1137, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.93.146.1987.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"1093","endPage":"1137","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488881,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.93.146.1987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371157,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201411,"text":"70201411 - 1987 - I. Thermal evolution of Ganymede and implications for surface features. II. Magnetohydrodynamic constraints on deep zonal flow in the giant planets. III. A fast finite-element algorithm for two-dimensional photoclinometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T15:18:10.64313","indexId":"70201411","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-09T14:46:20","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"I. Thermal evolution of Ganymede and implications for surface features. II. Magnetohydrodynamic constraints on deep zonal flow in the giant planets. III. A fast finite-element algorithm for two-dimensional photoclinometry","docAbstract":"The work is divided into three independent papers:
PAPER I:
Thermal evolution models are presented for Ganymede, assuming a mostly differentiated initial state of a water ocean overlying a rock layer. The only heat sources are assumed to be primordial heat (provided by accretion) and the long-lived radiogenic heat sources in the rock component. As Ganymede cools, the ocean thins, and two ice layers develop, one above composed of ice I, and the other below composed of high-pressure polymorphs of ice. Subsolidus convection proceeds separately in each ice layer, its transport of heat calculated using a simple parameterized convection scheme and the most recent data on ice rheology. The model requires that the average entropy of the deep ice layer exceed that of the ice I layer. If the residual ocean separating these layers becomes thin enough, then a Rayleigh-Taylor-like (\"diapiric\") instability may ensue, driven by the greater entropy of the deeper ice and merging the two ice mantles into a single convective layer. This instability is not predicted by linear analysis but occurs for plausible finite amplitude perturbations associated with large Rayleigh number convection. The resulting warm ice diapirs may lead to a dramatic \"heat pulse\" at the surface and to fracturing of the lithosphere, and may be directly or indirectly responsible for resurfacing and grooved terrain formation on Ganymede. The timing of this event depends rather sensitively on poorly known rheological parameters but could be consistent with chronologies deduced from estimated cratering rates. Irrespective of the occurrence or importance of the heat pulse, we find that lithospheric fracturing requires rapid stress loading (on a timescale ≾ 104) years). Such a timescale can be realized by warm ice diapirism, but not directly by gradual global expansion. In the absence of any quantitative and self-consistent model for the resurfacing of Ganymede by liquid water, we favor resurfacing by warm ice flows,which we demonstrate to be physically possible, a plausible consequence of our models, compatible with existing observations, and a hypothesis testable by Galileo. We discuss core formation as an alternative driver for resurfacing, and conclude that it is less attractive. We also consider anew the puzzle of why Callisto differs so greatly from Ganymede, offering several possible explanations. The models presented do not provide a compelling explanation for all aspects of Ganymedean geological evolution, since we have identified several potential problems, most notably the apparently extended period of grooved terrain formation (several hundred million years), which is difficult to reconcile with the heat pulse phenomenon.
PAPER II:
The observed zonal flows of the giant planets will, if they penetrate below the visible atmosphere, interact significantly with the planetary magnetic field outside the metalized core. The appropriate measure of this interaction is the Chandrasekhar number Q = (H2)/(4πρνα2λ) (where H = radial component of the magnetic field, ν = eddy viscosity, λ = magnetic diffusivity, α-1 = lengthscale on which λ varies); at depths where Q ≳ 1 the velocity will be forced to oscillate on a small lengthscale or decay to zero. We estimate the conductivity due to semiconduction in H2 (Jupiter, Saturn) and ionization in H2O (Uranus, Neptune) as a function of depth; the value λ ≃ 1010 cm2s-1 needed for Q = 1 is readily obtained well outside the metallic core (where λ ≃ 102 cm2s-1).
These assertions are quantified by a simple model of the equatorial zonal jet in which the flow is assumed uniform on cylinders concentric with the spin axis, and the viscous and magnetic torques on each cylinder are balanced. We solve this \"Taylor constraint\" simultaneously with the dynamo equation to obtain the velocity and magnetic field in the equatorial plane. With this model we reproduce the widely differing jet widths of Jupiter and Saturn (though not the flow at very high or low latitudes) using ν = 2500 cm2s-1, consistent with the requirement that viscous dissipation not exceed the specific luminosity. A model Uranian jet consistent with the limited Voyager data can also be constructed, with appropriately smaller ν, but only if one assumes a two-layer interior. We tentatively predict a wide Neptunian jet.
For Saturn (but not Jupiter or Uranus) the model has a large magnetic Reynolds number where Q = 1 and hence exhibits substantial axisymmetrization of the field in the equatorial plane. This effect may or may not persist at higher latitudes. The one-dimensional model presented is only a first step. Variation of the velocity and magnetic field parallel to the spin axis must be modeled in order to answer several important questions, including: 1) What is the behavior of flows at high latitudes, whose Taylor cylinders are interrupted by the region with Q ≳ 1? 2) To what extent is differential rotation in the envelope responsible for the spin-axisymmetry of Saturn's magnetic field?
PAPER III:
It is shown that the problem of two-dimensional photoclinometry (PC) -- the reconstruction of a surface z(x,y) from a brightness image B(x,y) -- may be formulated in a natural way in terms of finite elements. The resulting system of equations is underdetermined as a consequence of the lack of boundary conditions for z, but a unique solution may be chosen by minimizing a function S expressing the \"roughness\" of the surface. An efficient PC algorithm based on this formulation is presented, requiring ~ 10.66 (four-byte) memory locations and ~104 floating multiplications/additions per pixel, and incorporating: 1) Minimization of the roughness by the penalty method, which yields the smallest set of equations. 2) Iterative solution of the nonlinear equations by Newton's method. 3) Solution of the linearized equations by an inner iterative cycle of successive over-relaxation, which takes advantage of the extreme sparseness of the system. 4) Multigridding, in which the solutions to the smaller problems obtained by reducing the resolution are used recursively to greatly speed convergence at the higher resolutions, and 5) A rapid noniterative initial estimate of z obtained by exploiting the special symmetry of the equations obtained in the first linearization.
The algorithm is extensively demonstrated on 200 by 200 pixel synthetic \"images\" generated from digital topographic data for northern Utah over a range of phase angles. Rms error in the solution is ~ 22 m, out of ~ 660 m total relief. The error is dominated by \"stripes\" with the same azimuth as the light source, resulting from use of the roughness criterion in lieu of boundary conditions; the rms error along profiles parallel to the stripes is only ~ 2-8 m, depending on the phase angle. Satisfactory solutions are obtained even in the presence of quantization error, noise, and moderate blur in the image.
Applications of the PC algorithm to both remote sensing and photomicrography are sketched; a photoclinometric map of a low-relief Precambrian era fossil is presented as an example of the latter. Prospects for dealing with photometrically inhomogeneous surfaces, and an extension of the method to the analysis of side-looking radar data (\"radarclinometry\") are also discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"California Institute of Technology","publisherLocation":"Pasadena, California","doi":"10.7907/T5PT-S948","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., 1987, I. Thermal evolution of Ganymede and implications for surface features. II. Magnetohydrodynamic constraints on deep zonal flow in the giant planets. III. A fast finite-element algorithm for two-dimensional photoclinometry, 272 p., https://doi.org/10.7907/T5PT-S948.","productDescription":"272 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360219,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ganymede","publicComments":"Submitted for a Doctorate degree in Philosophy.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5de4b034bf6a856a40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015242,"text":"70015242 - 1987 - Disruption of the Mauna Loa magma system by the 1868 Hawaiian earthquake: Geochemical evidence.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-25T15:53:36.764042","indexId":"70015242","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disruption of the Mauna Loa magma system by the 1868 Hawaiian earthquake: Geochemical evidence.","docAbstract":"To test whether a catastrophic earthquake could affect an active magma system, mean abundances (adjusted for \"olivine control\") of titanium, potassium, phosphorus, strontium, zirconium, and niobium of historic lavas erupted from Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii, after 1868 were analyzed and were found to decrease sharply relative to lavas erupted before 1868. This abrupt change in lava chemistry, accompanied by a halved lava-production rate for Mauna Loa after 1877, is interpreted to reflect the disruptive effects of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in 1868. This interpretation represents a documentable case of changes in magmatic chemical variations initiated or accelerated by a major tectonic event.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.235.4785.196","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., Rhodes, J.M., Sparks, J.W., Lockwood, J.P., and Lipman, P.W., 1987, Disruption of the Mauna Loa magma system by the 1868 Hawaiian earthquake: Geochemical evidence.: Science, v. 235, no. 4785, p. 196-199, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4785.196.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"196","endPage":"199","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224356,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.81094624422556,\n 19.664865974236278\n ],\n [\n -155.81094624422556,\n 19.254007449706776\n ],\n [\n -155.256113794053,\n 19.254007449706776\n ],\n [\n -155.256113794053,\n 19.664865974236278\n ],\n [\n -155.81094624422556,\n 19.664865974236278\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"235","issue":"4785","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0225e4b0c8380cd4fedf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":370421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhodes, J. Michael","contributorId":215130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhodes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparks, J. W.","contributorId":84083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lockwood, John P. 0000-0002-6562-0222","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6562-0222","contributorId":30976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lipman, P. W.","contributorId":93470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"P.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":28607,"text":"wri874142 - 1987 - Analysis of trends in water-quality data for water conservation area 3A, the Everglades, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T18:06:27.081865","indexId":"wri874142","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T20:50:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4142","title":"Analysis of trends in water-quality data for water conservation area 3A, the Everglades, Florida","docAbstract":"Rainfall and water-quality data bases from the South Florida Water Management District were used to evaluate water quality trends at 10 locations near or in Water Conservation Area 3A in The Everglades. The Seasonal Kendall test was applied to specific conductance, orthophosphate-phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total nitrogen regression residuals for the period 1978-82. Residuals of orthophosphate and nitrate quadratic models, based on antecedent 7-day rainfall at inflow gate S-11B, were the only two constituent-structure pairs that showed apparent significant (p < 0.05) increases in constituent concentrations. Elimination of regression models with distinct residual patterns and data outlines resulted in 17 statistically significant station water quality combinations for trend analysis. No water quality trends were observed.
The 1979 Memorandum of Agreement outlining the water quality monitoring program between the Everglades National Park and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers stressed collection four times a year at three stations, and extensive coverage of water quality properties. Trend analysis and other rigorous statistical evaluation programs are better suited to data monitoring programs that include more frequent sampling and that are organized in a water quality data management system. Pronounced areal differences in water quality suggest that a water quality monitoring system for Shark River Slough in Everglades National Park include collection locations near the source of inflow to Water Conservation Area 3A. (Author 's abstract)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri874142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Mattraw, H.C., Scheidt, D.J., and Federico, A.C., 1987, Analysis of trends in water-quality data for water conservation area 3A, the Everglades, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4142, iv, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874142.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57435,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4142/wri874142.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":123628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4142/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park, Water Conservation Area 3A","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.82916259765625,\n 25.759082934951692\n ],\n [\n -80.69732666015625,\n 25.762793355586627\n ],\n [\n -80.45974731445312,\n 26.061717616104055\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 26.0629512662096\n ],\n [\n -80.44464111328125,\n 26.11475283424124\n ],\n [\n -80.45974731445312,\n 26.149274465676672\n ],\n [\n -80.70968627929688,\n 26.152972606566966\n ],\n [\n -80.78521728515625,\n 26.159135914254378\n ],\n [\n -80.78109741210938,\n 25.98150251402977\n ],\n [\n -80.83740234375,\n 25.980268007469803\n ],\n [\n -80.83602905273436,\n 25.923466700919274\n ],\n [\n -80.8648681640625,\n 25.794945475649673\n ],\n [\n -80.82916259765625,\n 25.759082934951692\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Bottomland hardwood wetlands are the natural cover type of many floodplain ecosystems in the southeastern United States. They are dynamic, productive systems that depend on intermittent flooding and moving water for maintenance of structure and function. Many of the diverse functions performed by bottomland hardwoods (e.g., flood control, sediment trapping, fish and wildlife habitat) are directly or indirectly valued by humans. Balanced decisions regarding bottomland hardwoods are often hindered by a limited ability to accurately specify the functions being performed by these systems and, furthermore, by an inability to evaluate these functions in economic terms. This report addresses these informational needs. It focuses on the bottomland hardwoods of eastern Texas and Oklahoma, serving as an introduction and entry to the literature. It is not intended to serve as a substitute for reference to the original literature.
\nThe first section of the report is a review of the major functions of bottomland hardwoods, grouped under the headings of hydrology, water quality, productivity, detritus, nutrients, and habitat. Although the hydrology of these areas is diverse and complex, especially with respect to groundwater, water storage at high flows can clearly function to attenuate peak flows, with possible reductions in downstream flooding damage. Water moving through a bottomland hardwood system carries with it various organic and inorganic constituents, including sediment, organic matter, nutrients, and pollutants. When waterborne materials are introduced to bottomland hardwoods (from river flooding or upland runoff), they may be retained, transformed, or transported. As a result, water quality may be significantly altered and improved. The fluctuating and flowing water regime of bottomland hardwoods is associated with generally high net primary productivity and rapid fluxes of organic matter and nutrients. These, in turn, support secondary productivity in the bottomland hardwoods and downstream through detrital export. A large number of studies detail the extensive utilization of bottomland hardwoods by animals. Several basic habitat components contribute to this support function, including:
\n1. Fluctuating water levels and permanent bodies of water,
\n2. Hard mast (e.g., acorns),
\n3. Dens and cavities,
\n4. High soil fertility,
\n5. Diversity of food and cover,
\n6. Predominance of woody plant communities,
\n7. Close proximity of diverse structural features, and
\n8. Linear features providing movement corridors.
\nThe second section of the report focuses on the bottomlands of eastern Texas and Oklahoma, including topics such as climate, soils, water resources, historical perspective, vegetation, and fauna. Considerable attention is given to structural characteristics in this section, in order to provide contrasts with bottomland hardwood ecosystems in other areas. In general, the bottomland hardwoods of eastern Texas and Oklahoma are very similar to those elsewhere in the southeastern United States. Differences include the occurrence and relative importance of some community types and plant species and the greater importance of reservoir construction as a source of bottomland hardwoods loss in eastern Texas and Oklahoma. Again, information on faunal utilization is extensive relative to the information available concerning other functions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Wilkinson, D., Schneller-McDonald, K., Olson, R., and Auble, G., 1987, Synopsis of wetland functions and values: bottomland hardwoods with special emphasis on eastern Texas and Oklahoma, v. 87, no. 12, 132 p.","productDescription":"132 p.","numberOfPages":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292918,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma;Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.22,29.75 ], [ -103.22,37.01 ], [ -93.51,37.01 ], [ -93.51,29.75 ], [ -103.22,29.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"87","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85992e4b03f038c5c1932","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkinson, D.L.","contributorId":98235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneller-McDonald, K.","contributorId":18279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneller-McDonald","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, R.W.","contributorId":12382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Auble, G.T.","contributorId":19505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70226910,"text":"70226910 - 1987 - The physics of debris flows — A conceptual assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T14:05:49.315476","indexId":"70226910","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T16:09:12","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The physics of debris flows — A conceptual assessment","docAbstract":"Debris flows exhibit conspicuous dynamic interactions among their solid and fluid constituents. Key features of the interactions are neglected in traditional theories that treat debris flows as viscoplastic continua or as uniformly dispersed grain flows, but improved understanding of grain-grain and fluid-grain interactions has emerged from recent experimental and theoretical research. Grain-flow research has extended the concepts of statistical thermodynamics to consider inelastic grain collisions and to predict energy-dissipation, velocity, and grain-concentration distributions in flowing, granular materials. Research on fluid-grain interactions has focussed on fluctuating solid and fluid stresses in the vicinity of colliding grains and on energy dissipation in deforming solid-fluid mixtures. Insights born from these new approaches have practical ramifications for interpretive and predictive studies of debris flows.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Erosion and sedimentation in the Pacific Rim","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Erosion and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim","conferenceDate":"August 3-7, 1987","conferenceLocation":"Corvallis, OR","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., and Denlinger, R.P., 1987, The physics of debris flows — A conceptual assessment, in Erosion and sedimentation in the Pacific Rim, Corvallis, OR, August 3-7, 1987, p. 155-165.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393163,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iahs.info/Publications-News.do?category=7"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Beschta, R. 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Geological Survey's Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program. The goal of this program is a reduction of earthquake hazards through the incorporation of research findings on these hazards into land-use planning decisions. An important objective of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program is assessment of the potential for earthquake-induced ground failure in areas of high seismicity.","language":"English","publisher":"Woodward-Clyde Consultants","publisherLocation":"Santa Ana, CA","usgsCitation":"Moriwaki, Y., and Idriss, I., 1987, Evaluation of ground failure susceptibility, opportunity, and potential in the urban area of Anchorage, Alaska : final technical report, Report: 134 p.; Insert: 5 p.; Plate 1: 36.83 inches x 10.58 inches, Plate 2: 47.80 inches x 10.44 inches, Plate 3: 41.67 inches x 10.68 inches, Plate 4: 37.71 inches x 10.71 inches, Plate 6: 22.65 inches x 10.67 inches, Plate 7: 41.20 x 9.99 inches.","productDescription":"Report: 134 p.; Insert: 5 p.; Plate 1: 36.83 inches x 10.58 inches, Plate 2: 47.80 inches x 10.44 inches, Plate 3: 41.67 inches x 10.68 inches, Plate 4: 37.71 inches x 10.71 inches, Plate 6: 22.65 inches x 10.67 inches, Plate 7: 41.20 x 9.99 inches","numberOfPages":"134","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276807,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047706.jpg"},{"id":278726,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047706/report.pdf"},{"id":278719,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047706/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":278721,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047706/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":278722,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047706/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":278720,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047706/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":278723,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047706/plate-6.pdf"},{"id":278724,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047706/insert.pdf"},{"id":278725,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047706/plate-7.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150.060281,61.058056 ], [ -150.060281,61.378056 ], [ -149.740281,61.378056 ], [ -149.740281,61.058056 ], [ -150.060281,61.058056 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52148fe2e4b06d85e08fb4f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moriwaki, Yoshiharu","contributorId":25857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moriwaki","given":"Yoshiharu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Idriss, I.M.","contributorId":105412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Idriss","given":"I.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33503,"text":"b1724 - 1987 - Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: Southwestern Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47434,"text":"b1724D - 1988 - Mineral resources of the Quigg West Wilderness Study Area, Granite County, Montana","indexId":"b1724D","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Mineral resources of the Quigg West Wilderness Study Area, Granite County, Montana"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33503,"text":"b1724 - 1987 - Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: Southwestern Montana","indexId":"b1724","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: Southwestern Montana"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47531,"text":"b1724E - 1991 - Mineral resources of the Sleeping Giant Wilderness Study Area, Lewis and Clark County, Montana","indexId":"b1724E","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Mineral resources of the Sleeping Giant Wilderness Study Area, Lewis and Clark County, Montana"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33503,"text":"b1724 - 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1987 - Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: Southwestern Montana","indexId":"b1724","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: Southwestern Montana"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":52195,"text":"b1724C - 1987 - Mineral resources of the Farlin Creek Wilderness Study Area, Beaverhead County, Montana","indexId":"b1724C","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Mineral resources of the Farlin Creek Wilderness Study Area, Beaverhead County, Montana"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33503,"text":"b1724 - 1987 - Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: Southwestern Montana","indexId":"b1724","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: Southwestern Montana"},"id":5}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T22:48:45.819662","indexId":"b1724","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T15:42:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1724","title":"Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: Southwestern Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1724","usgsCitation":"U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987, Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: Southwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1724, 5 v., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1724.","productDescription":"5 v.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.05,44.3582 ], [ -116.05,49.0014 ], [ -104.0396,49.0014 ], [ -104.0396,44.3582 ], [ -116.05,44.3582 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bbc17ce4b084059e8bfee9"} ,{"id":33502,"text":"b1757 - 1987 - Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: southern Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47438,"text":"b1757C - 1988 - Mineral resources of the Ferris Mountains Wilderness Study Area, Carbon County, Wyoming","indexId":"b1757C","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Mineral resources of the Ferris Mountains Wilderness Study Area, Carbon County, Wyoming"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33502,"text":"b1757 - 1987 - Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: southern Wyoming","indexId":"b1757","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: southern Wyoming"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47439,"text":"b1757D - 1988 - Mineral resources of the Sweetwater Canyon Wilderness Study Area, Fremont County, Wyoming","indexId":"b1757D","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Mineral resources of the Sweetwater Canyon Wilderness Study Area, Fremont County, Wyoming"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33502,"text":"b1757 - 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1987 - Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: southern Wyoming","indexId":"b1757","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: southern Wyoming"},"id":10}],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-07T15:39:09","indexId":"b1757","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T15:37:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","title":"Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: southern Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1757","usgsCitation":"Merewether, E.A., Kulik, D.M., and Ryan, G.S., 1987, Mineral resources of wilderness study areas: southern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1757, 10 v., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1757.","productDescription":"10 v.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289493,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.0569,40.9947 ], [ -111.0569,45.0059 ], [ -104.0522,45.0059 ], [ -104.0522,40.9947 ], [ -111.0569,40.9947 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bbc17ce4b084059e8bfee7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merewether, Edward A.","contributorId":25870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merewether","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulik, D. M.","contributorId":46948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulik","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, George S.","contributorId":67951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70114250,"text":"rp168 - 1987 - Mourning dove nesting: Seasonal patterns and effects of September hunting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T16:56:54.647152","indexId":"rp168","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T15:36:20","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"168","title":"Mourning dove nesting: Seasonal patterns and effects of September hunting","docAbstract":"A nationwide State-Federal cooperative study was initiated in 1978 to examine effects of September hunting on nesting mourning doves (Zenaida macroura). This study was designed to (1) determine the proportion of the annual total of dove nesting activity and production that occurs in September and October, and (2) determine if survival rates of mourning dove eggs and nestlings are lower in zones where early September dove hunting is permitted than in zones where it is prohibited.
\nDuring 1979 and 1980, 6,950 active nests were monitored to obtain data on nesting patterns. Nest initiation was estimated using two measurements, backdating from hatch dates and counting numbers of nests found for the first time. The nationwide percentage of the annual total of nests that were initiated in September and October was 1.0% based on backdating from hatch dates and 2.7% based on nests found for the first time. Nesting activity was measured by numbers of eggs and nestlings present in weekly counts. Nationally, 4.5% of the annual nesting activity occurred in September and October. The activity of 80% of the observed nests was within the period of 22 April to 4 September. The measure of production used in this study was numbers of young fledged. Nationally, 10.3% of all observed fledging occurred in September and October. Because a decline in nests found in the latter half of the nesting season preceded the 1 September start of hunting, we concluded that the reduction in nesting activity at the end of the season is a natural phenomenon and is not caused by hunting disturbance.
\nIn a separate part of this study, we estimated survival rates in adjacent hunted and nonhunted zones from data on 668 nests. The estimated daily survival rates for individual eggs and nestlings were 95.8% in the nonhunted and 95.0% in the hunted zones; the corresponding fledging rates were 33 and 26%, respectively. The fledging rates are lower because they are the daily survival rates operating over a 26-day nesting period. Neither differences in survival nor fledging rates between nonhunted and hunted zones were found to be statistically significant (P > 0.05). We determined that the statistical test was powerful enough to detect a reduction due to hunting from a hypothetical 96.0 to 94.2% in daily nestling survival rates (from 35 to 21 o/o in fledging rates) with 80% probability. An undetected reduction in fledging rate of that magnitude would probably reduce the overall fledging rate by less than 1 percentage point, because only a small proportion of the nesting doves are exposed to hunting for the full 26-day nesting cycle.
\nIn conclusion, we found that only a small proportion of total annual nesting attempts occurred after the start of hunting season. There was no statistically significant difference in survival rates in zones where hunting was permitted compared with zones where it was prohibited. We concluded from this study that dove hunting under current regulations has no substantial effect on recruitment of fledglings into the mourning dove population.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Geissler, P.H., Dolton, D., Field, R., Coon, R.A., Percival, H.F., Hayne, D.W., Soileau, L.D., George, R.R., Dunks, J.H., and Bunnell, S.D., 1987, Mourning dove nesting: Seasonal patterns and effects of September hunting: Resource Publication 168, iv, 33 p.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289884,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/rp/0168/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53aa9df9e4b065055fab1672","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geissler, Paul H.","contributorId":33746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dolton, David D.","contributorId":100452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolton","given":"David D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, Rebecca","contributorId":86692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coon, Richard A.","contributorId":46827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Percival, H. Franklin percivalf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.","email":"percivalf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hayne, Don W.","contributorId":61750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayne","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Soileau, Lawrence D.","contributorId":106805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soileau","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"George, Ronnie R.","contributorId":90218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"Ronnie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dunks, James H.","contributorId":72067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunks","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Bunnell, S. Dwight","contributorId":100292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dwight","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ]}