Thermal evolution models are presented for Ganymede, assuming a mostly differentiated initial state of a water ocean overlying a rock layer. The only heat sources are assumed to be primordial heat (provided by accretion) and the long-lived radiogenic heat sources in the rock component. As Ganymede cools, the ocean thins, and two ice layers develop, one above composed of ice I, and the other below composed of high-pressure polymorphs of ice. Subsolidus convection proceeds separately in each ice layer, its transport of heat calculated using a simple parameterized convection scheme and the most recent data on ice rheology. The model requires that the average entropy of the deep ice layer exceeds that of the ice I layer. If the residual ocean separating these layers becomes thin enough, then a Rayleigh-Taylor-like (“diapiric”) instability may ensue, driven by the greater entropy of the deeper ice and merging the two ice mantles into a single convective layer. This instability is not predicted by linear analysis but occurs for plausible finite amplitude perturbations associated with large Rayleigh number convection. The resulting warm ice diapirs may lead to a dramatic “heat pulse” at the surface and to fracturing of the lithosphere, and may be directly or indirectly responsible for resurfacing and grooved terrain formation on Ganymede. The timing of this event depends rather sensitively on poorly known rheological parameters, but could be consistent with chronologies deduced from estimated cratering rates. Irrespective of the occurrence or importance of the heat pulse, we find that lithospheric fracturing requires rapid stress loading (on a time scale ⪅104 years). Such a time scale can be realized by warm ice diapirism, but not directly by gradual global expansion. In the absence of any quantitative and self-consistent model for the resurfacing of Ganymede by liquid water, we favor resurfacing by warm ice flows, which we demonstrate to be physically possible, a plausible consequence of our models, compatible with existing observations, and a hypothesis testable by Galileo. We discuss core formation as an alternative driver for resurfacing, and conclude that it is less attractive. We also consider anew the puzzle of why Callisto differs so greatly from Ganymede, offering several possible explanations. The models presented do not provide a compelling explanation for all aspects of Ganymedean geological evolution, since we have identified several potential problems, most notably the apparently extended period of grooved terrain formation (several hundred million years), which is difficult to reconcile with the heat pulse phenomenon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(87)90009-1","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., and Stevenson, D.J., 1987, Thermal evolution of a differentiated Ganymede and implications for surface features: Icarus, v. 69, no. 1, p. 91-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(87)90009-1.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ganymede","volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5de4b034bf6a856a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevenson, David J.","contributorId":211426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70007042,"text":"70007042 - 1987 - Metal contamination of fish in low-pH lakes and potential implications for piscivorous wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T14:00:59","indexId":"70007042","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T13:56:14","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Metal contamination of fish in low-pH lakes and potential implications for piscivorous wildlife","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the 52nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Wiener, J., 1987, Metal contamination of fish in low-pH lakes and potential implications for piscivorous wildlife, v. 52, pp. 645-657.","productDescription":"pp. 645-657","startPage":"645","endPage":"657","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f6e4b07b8813a554dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121575,"text":"70121575 - 1987 - Notes on some mammals of north-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T13:58:22","indexId":"70121575","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T13:55:27","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2920,"text":"Occasional Papers of the Museum at Texas Tech University","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Notes on some mammals of north-central Texas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Occasional Papers of the Museum at Texas Tech University","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Texas Tech University Museum","publisherLocation":"Lubbock, TX","usgsCitation":"Jones, C., Suttkus, R., and Bogan, M., 1987, Notes on some mammals of north-central Texas: Occasional Papers of the Museum at Texas Tech University, v. 115, p. 1-21.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.65,31.05 ], [ -106.65,36.5 ], [ -93.51,36.5 ], [ -93.51,31.05 ], [ -106.65,31.05 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f8597ae4b03f038c5c1884","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, C.","contributorId":42914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suttkus, R.D.","contributorId":18834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suttkus","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogan, Michael A.","contributorId":27128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121407,"text":"70121407 - 1987 - Mitigation evaluation data base draft user's guide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T13:52:59","indexId":"70121407","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T13:52:40","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"NERC-88/01","title":"Mitigation evaluation data base draft user's guide","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., and Roelle, J.E., 1987, Mitigation evaluation data base draft user's guide, 46 p.","productDescription":"46 p.","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707dfe4b05ec1f2431bff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, D. B.","contributorId":79553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roelle, J. E.","contributorId":91066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201403,"text":"70201403 - 1987 - Hydromagnetic constraints on deep zonal flows in the giant planets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T13:49:14","indexId":"70201403","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T13:48:19","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":917,"text":"Astrophysical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydromagnetic constraints on deep zonal flows in the giant planets","docAbstract":"The observed zonal flows of the giant planets will, if they penetrate below the visible atmosphere, interact significantly with the planetary magnetic field outside the metallized core. The appropriate measure of this interaction is the Chandrasekhar number Q = H^2 /4πρνα^2 λ (H = radial component of the magnetic field, ν = eddy viscosity, λ = magnetic diffusivity, α^-1 = length scale on which λ varies); at depths where Q ≳ 1, the velocity will be forced to oscillate on a small length scale or decay to zero. We estimate the conductivity due to semiconduction in H_2 (Jupiter, Saturn) and ionization in H_(2)0 (Uranus, Neptune) as a function of depth; the value λ ≈ 10^10 cm^2 s^-1 needed for Q = 1 is readily obtained well outside the metallic core (where A ≈ 10^2 cm^2 s^-1). These assertions are quantified by a simple model of the equatorial zonal jet in which the flow is assumed uniform on cylinders concentric with the spin axis, and viscous and magnetic torques on each cylinder are balanced. We solve this \"Taylor constraint\" simultaneously with the dynamo equation to obtain the velocity and magnetic field in the equatorial plane. With this model we reproduce the widely differing jet widths of Jupiter and Saturn (though not the flow at very high or low latitudes) using v = 2500 cm^2 s^-1, consistent with the requirement that viscous dissipation not exceed the specific luminosity. A model Uranian jet consistent with the limited Voyager data can also be constructed, with appropriately smaller v, but only if one assumes a two-layer interior. We tentatively predict a wide Neptunian jet. For Saturn (but not Jupiter or Uranus) the model has a large magnetic Reynolds number where Q = 1 and hence exhibits substantial axisymmetrization of the field in the equatorial plane. This effect may or may not persist at higher latitudes. The one-dimensional model presented is only a first step. Variation of the velocity and magnetic field parallel to the spin axis must be modeled in order to answer several important questions, including: (1) What is the behavior of flows at high latitudes, whose Taylor cylinders are interrupted by the region with Q > 1? (2) To what extent is differential rotation in the envelope responsible for the spinaxisymmetry of Saturn's magnetic field?
","language":"English","publisher":"American Astronomical Society","doi":"10.1086/165248","issn":"0004-637X","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., and Stevenson, D.J., 1987, Hydromagnetic constraints on deep zonal flows in the giant planets: Astrophysical Journal, v. 316, no. 2, p. 836-846, https://doi.org/10.1086/165248.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"836","endPage":"846","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140312-094653599","text":"External Repository"},{"id":360215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Neptune; Saturn; Uranus","volume":"316","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5ee4b034bf6a856a4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevenson, David J.","contributorId":211426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121399,"text":"70121399 - 1987 - Refuge management analyses: water management alternatives at Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T13:31:33","indexId":"70121399","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T13:30:13","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"NEC-87/13","title":"Refuge management analyses: water management alternatives at Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology Center","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Roelle, J.E., Hamilton, D.B., Auble, G.T., and Asherin, D., 1987, Refuge management analyses: water management alternatives at Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge, 35 p.","productDescription":"35 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Havana","otherGeospatial":"Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.050143,40.348287 ], [ -90.050143,40.436011 ], [ -89.906316,40.436011 ], [ -89.906316,40.348287 ], [ -90.050143,40.348287 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707dfe4b05ec1f2431c0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelle, J. E.","contributorId":91066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, D. B.","contributorId":79553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Asherin, D.A.","contributorId":21870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asherin","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70234320,"text":"70234320 - 1987 - Characteristics of anelastic reflection-refraction coefficients with implications for calculation of synthetic seismograms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-08T18:22:22.740533","indexId":"70234320","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T13:10:23","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Characteristics of anelastic reflection-refraction coefficients with implications for calculation of synthetic seismograms","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Indo-U.S. workshop on earthquake disaster mitigation research proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Indo-U.S. Workshop on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research","conferenceDate":"January 19-23, 1987","conferenceLocation":"New Delhi, India","language":"English","publisher":"University of Roorkee","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., 1987, Characteristics of anelastic reflection-refraction coefficients with implications for calculation of synthetic seismograms, in Indo-U.S. workshop on earthquake disaster mitigation research proceedings, v. 1, New Delhi, India, January 19-23, 1987, p. IV-65-IV-75.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"IV-65","endPage":"IV-75","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121549,"text":"70121549 - 1987 - Post-fire demography of resprout and seedling establishment by Adenostoma fasciculatum in the California chaparral","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T13:09:08","indexId":"70121549","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T13:06:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Post-fire demography of resprout and seedling establishment by Adenostoma fasciculatum in the California chaparral","docAbstract":"Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) forms the dominant element of chaparral ecosystems in California. This evergreen, ericoid-leaved shrub occurs as a codominant in mixed chaparral or an overwhelming dominant in chamise chaparral, being present in over 70% of the chaparral stands in the state (Hanes 1971). No other chaparral shrub approaches A. fasciculatum in community importance. Unlike the majority of chaparral shrubs which respond to fire by either resprouting or reseeding, A. fasciculatum, utilizes both reproductive strategies (Wells 1969; Keeley and Zedler 1978; see also Hilbert in this volume). Although there have been numerous studies of succession in chamise chaparral (Horton and Kraebel 1955; Hanes 1971), no research to date has focused on the important questions of the demography of resprouting and seedling establishment by A. fasciculatum in the first few years following chaparral fires. Is there significant mortality of chamise burls during fires? How do fire seasonality and intensity affect resprout survival and growth? How do chamise seedlings compete with resprouts for establishment in postfire stands? What factors limit chamise seedling survival and growth? These are all important questions. In this paper we present results of a three-year study of the demographics of resprout mortality and growth and of seedling establishment for A. fasciculatum following burn and clip treatments at two seasons of the year in mature stands of chamise chaparral in the southern Sierra Nevada, California.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Functional Analysis in Mediterranean Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-70868-8_40","usgsCitation":"Rundel, P., Baker, G., Parsons, D., and Stohlgren, T., 1987, Post-fire demography of resprout and seedling establishment by Adenostoma fasciculatum in the California chaparral, chap. of Functional Analysis in Mediterranean Ecosystems, v. 6, p. 575-596, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70868-8_40.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"596","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292880,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292879,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70868-8_40"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f8597ee4b03f038c5c1897","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rundel, P.W.","contributorId":79068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundel","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, G.A.","contributorId":98650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parsons, D.J.","contributorId":47721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70234319,"text":"70234319 - 1987 - On the aftershock sequence of the earthquake of January 31, 1986 in northeastern Ohio; effects of bandwidth and local geology on observed high-frequency ground motion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-08T18:07:47.415956","indexId":"70234319","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T12:56:53","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"On the aftershock sequence of the earthquake of January 31, 1986 in northeastern Ohio; effects of bandwidth and local geology on observed high-frequency ground motion","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake ground motion estimation in eastern North America proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Earthquake Ground Motion Estimation in Eastern North America","language":"English","publisher":"Nuclear Regulatory Commission","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., and Glassmoyer, G., 1987, On the aftershock sequence of the earthquake of January 31, 1986 in northeastern Ohio; effects of bandwidth and local geology on observed high-frequency ground motion, in Earthquake ground motion estimation in eastern North America proceedings, p. 8-42.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404940,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.0184326171875,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -82.034912109375,\n 40.39258071969131\n ],\n [\n -80.5133056640625,\n 40.39258071969131\n ],\n [\n -80.52429199218749,\n 42.020732852644294\n ],\n [\n -81.441650390625,\n 41.76721469421018\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 41.566141964768384\n ],\n [\n -82.0184326171875,\n 41.53325414281322\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glassmoyer, G.","contributorId":62751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039245,"text":"70039245 - 1987 - Monitoring active volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-03T01:02:04","indexId":"70039245","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T12:51:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Monitoring active volcanoes","docAbstract":"One of the most spectacular, awesomely beautiful, and at times destructive displays of natural energy is an erupting volcano, belching fume and ash thousands of meters into the atmosphere and pouring out red-hot molten lava in fountains and streams. Countless eruptions in the geologic past have produced volcanic rocks that form much of the Earth's present surface. The gradual disintegration and weathering of these rocks have yielded some of the richest farmlands in the world, and these fertile soils play a significant role in sustaining our large and growing population. Were it not for volcanic activity, the Hawaiian Islands with their sugar cane and pineapple fields and magnificent landscapes and seascapes would not exist to support their residents and to charm their visitors. Yet, the actual eruptive processes are catastrophic and can claim life and property.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039245","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1987, Monitoring active volcanoes: General Information Product, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039245.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261466,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039245/report.pdf"},{"id":261467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039245/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d83e4b0c8380cd70409","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121548,"text":"70121548 - 1987 - Instream water use in the United States: water laws and methods for determining flow requirements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T12:54:53","indexId":"70121548","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T12:48:30","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Water-Supply Paper 2350","title":"Instream water use in the United States: water laws and methods for determining flow requirements","docAbstract":"Water use generally is divided into two primary classes - offstream use and instream use. In offstream use, sometimes called out-of-stream or diversionary use, water is withdrawn (diverted) from a stream or aquifer and transported to the place of use. Examples are irrigated agriculture, municipal water supply, and industrial use. Each of these offstream uses, which decreases the volume of water available downstream from the point of diversion, is discussed in previous articles in this volume. Instream use, which generally does not diminish the flow downstream from its point of use, and its importance are described in this article.
\nOne of the earliest instream uses of water in the United States was to turn the water wheels that powered much of the Nation's industry in the 18th and 19th centuries. Although a small volume of water might have been diverted to a mill near streamside, that water usually was returned to the stream near the point of diversion and, thus, the flow was not diminished downstream from the mill. Over time, the generation of hydroelectric power replaced mill wheels as a means of converting water flow into energy. Since the 1920's, the generation of hydroelectric power increasingly has become a major instream use of water. By 1985, more than 3 billion acre-feet of water (3,050,000 million gallons per day) was used annually for hydropower generation (Solley and others, 1988, p. 45)-enough water to cover the State of Colorado to a depth of 51 feet.
\nNavigation is another instream use with a long history. The Lewis and Clark expedition journals and many of Mark Twain's novels illustrate the extent to which the Nation originally depended on adequate streamfiows for basic transportation. Navigation in the 1980's is still considered to be an instream use; however, it often is based upon a stream system that has been modified greatly through channelization, diking, and construction of dams and locks. The present (1987) inland water navigation system in the conterminous United States consists of about 12,000 miles of maintained waterways, over which about 500 million tons of cargo is carried each year (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1988, p. 16).
\nAlthough not so widely practiced in recent years, streams have been used to dispose of raw waste products from homes, communities, and factories. This use has been discouraged by law and public policy because of public health concerns and the damage it causes to the environment.
\nBeginning in the mid-1960's, other instream uses gained new prominence in the water-resources arena-the assertion of a legal right to a free-flowing stream for biological, recreational, and esthetic purposes. These uses themselves, however, are not new. Riverine habitat always has produced fish, and the beauty of flowing water always has evoked a strong sense of esthetic appreciation. What is new is the emerging legitimacy and awareness of these noneconomic uses under State and Federal laws and regulations. In the past, environmental uses of flowing water were ignored, for the most part, under a long-standing legal tradition that favored offstream uses and certain instream uses that had a strong economic basis.
\nThe history of instream-flow policy debate really concerns those recently recognized types of interim uses. Although the more transitional water uses have been protected by law, the recognition of other in stream uses has resulted in substantial changes in State water laws. Although methods for determining the volume of water needed for most traditional water uses are relatively straight-forward and well-established, methods for determining water requirements for the in stream uses have been developed only recently and are continuing to evolve.
\nWater laws that have favored the more traditional water uses, the inherent nature of conflict between instream and offstream water uses, and the special kinds of technological and philosophical problems posed by the \"newer\" types of instream uses are described below. Water laws that have been passed to accommodate the more recently recognized instream uses are summarized.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Water Summary 1987","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B., and Doerksen, H.R., 1987, Instream water use in the United States: water laws and methods for determining flow requirements, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292875,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85963e4b03f038c5c1820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton L.","contributorId":24009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doerksen, Harvey R.","contributorId":25476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doerksen","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13764,"text":"13764 - 1987 - Procedure manual for preparation of satellite image maps: technical instructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-01T11:58:36","indexId":"13764","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T11:57:15","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Procedure manual for preparation of satellite image maps: technical instructions","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/13764","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Procedure manual for preparation of satellite image maps: technical instructions, 1 v., https://doi.org/10.3133/13764.","productDescription":"1 v.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291522,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dca9cde4b076157863777b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006732,"text":"70006732 - 1987 - Disease control operations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-30T12:01:26","indexId":"70006732","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T11:52:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Disease control operations","docAbstract":"Individual disease outbreaks have killed many thousands of animals on numerous occasions. Tens of thousands of migratory birds have died in single die-offs with as many as 1,000 birds succumbing in 1 day. In mammals, individual disease outbreaks have killed hundreds to thousands of animals with, for example, hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer, distemper in raccoon, Errington's disease in muskrat, and sylvatic plague in wild rodents.
\nThe ability to successfully combat such explosive situations is highly dependent n the readiness of field personnel to deal with them. Because many disease agents can spread though wildlife populations very fast, advance preparation is essential in preventing infected animals from spreading disease to additional species and locations. Carefully though-out disease contingency plans should be developed as practical working documents for field personnel and updated as necessary. Such well-designed plans can prove invaluable in minimizing wildlife losses and costs associated with disease control activities.
\nAlthough requirements for disease control operations vary and must be tailored to each situation, all disease contingency planning involved general concepts and basic biological information. This chapter, intended as a practical guide, identifies the major activities and needs of disease control operations, and relates them to disease contingency planning.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field guide to wildlife diseases: volume 1. General field procedures and diseases of migratory birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., and Franson, J., 1987, Disease control operations, 38 p.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7684e4b0abf75cf2bf86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":95002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121522,"text":"70121522 - 1987 - Prospects for Yellowstone grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T15:00:24.756253","indexId":"70121522","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T11:49:55","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":978,"text":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prospects for Yellowstone grizzly bears","docAbstract":"Recent analyses of data on the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) population of Yellowstone National Park and its environs suggest the likelihood of a continuing decline in numbers if losses of fully adult females are not reduced. The size of the population is not known, and a simple projection model has been used to identify some inconsistencies in the available index data. Population dynamics calculations, based on Lotka's equation or a stochastic model, indicate a continuing decrease in numbers, although continued observations through radio-telemetry are needed to verify these trends. The margin between stabilizing the population and a continued decrease appears to be roughly the loss of 2 fully adult female bears per year. At present, the risk of extirpation of this population over the next 30 years appears to be small. Continued monitoring of survivorship will be needed, particularly because \"recovery\" of the population may be mainly characterized by a shift in the pattern of mortality, from adults to subadults, and not necessarily a reduction in absolute number of losses.","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","doi":"10.2307/3872606","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., and Eberhardt, L., 1987, Prospects for Yellowstone grizzly bears: Bears: Their Biology and Management, v. 7, p. 45-50, https://doi.org/10.2307/3872606.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292871,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85980e4b03f038c5c18a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.R.","contributorId":59063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberhardt, L.L.","contributorId":72313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121509,"text":"70121509 - 1987 - Size and growth patterns of the Yellowstone grizzly bear","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T11:30:31","indexId":"70121509","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T11:20:29","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Size and growth patterns of the Yellowstone grizzly bear","docAbstract":"Weights and/or measurements of 151 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) captured 261 times were recorded from 1975 to 1985. Males were consistently heavier than females within all age classes beginning at age 2. Mean weight for 65 captive males (5+ years old) was 192 kg and 135 kg for 63 adult females (5+ years old). Mean monthly weights by sex and age class indicated adults lost weight from den emergence through July, generally regaining emergence weight by August. Weaned yearlings lost weight July-Septmber, whereas unweaned yearlings gained weight during the same period. Sexual dimorphism in body measurements within age classes was apparent in cubs and became significant in all body measurements by age 3. Girth was the measurement most closely correlated with weight for both males and females. Adults feeding at garbage dumps weighted more than bears relying on natural food sources. Bears were smaller and weighed less in this study than during the period 1959-70, when major dumps were available as a food source. Mean annual weights of nondump females were highly correlated with annual habitat productivity indices for Yellowstone Park. Correlations between mean adult female weight an cub litter size (r) = 0.92) and mean age at 1st cub production (r = -0.52) were apparent. In general, females with reliable high-energy foods tended to attain larger body sizes, mature at an earlier age, and have larger cub litters than females using relatively low-energy foods.","largerWorkTitle":"Bears, their biology and management : papers and proceedings of the International Conference on Bear Research and Management","conferenceTitle":"International Conference on Bear Research and Management","language":"English","publisher":"International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"Morges, Switzerland","usgsCitation":"Blanchard, B.M., 1987, Size and growth patterns of the Yellowstone grizzly bear (7), 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f8598ee4b03f038c5c1917","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blanchard, Bonnie M.","contributorId":33633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"Bonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66,"text":"66 - 1987 - Geology of the early Mesozoic basins of eastern North America: workshop, May 11-14, 1987, auditorium, USGS National Center, Reston, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-04T11:17:34","indexId":"66","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T11:17:32","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Geology of the early Mesozoic basins of eastern North America: workshop, May 11-14, 1987, auditorium, USGS National Center, Reston, Virginia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/66","collaboration":"Sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Virginia Division of Mineral Resources.","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Geology of the early Mesozoic basins of eastern North America: workshop, May 11-14, 1987, auditorium, USGS National Center, Reston, Virginia, xiv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/66.","productDescription":"xiv, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291591,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e09e54e4b0beb42bdca40f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32386,"text":"32386 - 1987 - Congressional districts: 100th Congress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-10T11:20:01","indexId":"32386","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T11:16:55","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Congressional districts: 100th Congress","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National atlas of the United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/32386","collaboration":"Adapted in 1987 from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Congressional districts of the 100th Congress, Washington, U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1986","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Congressional districts: 100th Congress, https://doi.org/10.3133/32386.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"7500000","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.4,18.9 ], [ 172.4,71.4 ], [ -66.9,71.4 ], [ -66.9,18.9 ], [ 172.4,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bfb5ede4b06d97a6487d00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006727,"text":"70006727 - 1987 - Specimen collection and preservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-30T11:12:26","indexId":"70006727","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T11:11:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Specimen collection and preservation","docAbstract":"Specimens, as discussed in this handbook, have but a single purpose--to provide information leading to the diagnosis of a cause of disease or death. A specimen may be an intact carcass, various tissues removed from carcasses, or parasites. In any event, the specimen should be as fresh and undamaged as possible.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field guide to wildlife diseases: volume 1. General field procedures and diseases of migratory birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Franson, J., 1987, Specimen collection and preservation, v. 1, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287860,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7833e4b0abf75cf2cdb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":95002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006726,"text":"70006726 - 1987 - Recording and submitting specimen history data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-04T20:37:41.39546","indexId":"70006726","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T11:02:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Recording and submitting specimen history data","docAbstract":"Webster defines history as \"a chronological record of significant events.\" In wildlife disease investigations, determining the history or background of a problem is the first significant step in establishing a diagnosis. You can greatly assist the diagnostic process by providing a thorough history with specimens yo submit. This information is also of value in understanding the natural history of disease outbreaks, and is difficult if not impossible to obtain after the event has occurred. Detailed field observations during the course of a die-off and investigation of significant events preceding it also provide valuable information on which to base corrective actions. Remember, the most helpful information is that which obtained at the time of the event by a sensitive and aware observer.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field guide to wildlife diseases: volume 1. 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