A high volatile B, micrinite-rich bituminous coal from Morgan County, Kentucky, was crushed and screened to −100 mesh, demineralized and subjected to density gradient centrifugation (DGC). In an initial density separation, micrinite concentration was increased from 52 vol% in the demineralized coal to a maximum of 67% in the 1.25–1.26 g/ml density fraction. Micrinite enriched fractions (1.21–1.29 g/ml) were combined to yield a sample containing ∼61% micrinite. This sample was crushed to −200 mesh in an attempt to enhance micrinite liberation then reprocessed by DGC. Reprocessing resulted in a slight increase in purity to 69 vol% in the 1.25–1.28 g/ml density fraction. The original −100 mesh sample was density separated a second time with the material recovered between 1.22 and 1.30 g/ml combined, crushed, screened past 325 mesh and reprocessed by DGC. Micrinite was recovered at a purity ranging up to 73% (1.27–1.28 g/ml) from the −325 mesh sample. A density of 1.26g/ml and H/C atomic ratio of 0.79 was calculated for micrinite in one of the higher purity micrinite fractions. These values are notably different than published fusinite values and are more similar to vitrinite values measured in high volatile-B coals. The results from this study suggest that the partitioning of micrinite to a density near that of vitrinite was governed by the inherent micrinite density and not particle aggregation. Transition of the micrinite precursors through a mobile liquid phase is proposed as an explanation for the discrepancy between chemical properties and reflectance as well as to account for the observed microlithological occurrences of micrinite in this sample.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(91)90118-4","usgsCitation":"Taulbee, D., Hower, J., and Greb, S., 1991, Examination of micrinite concentrates from the Cannel City coal bed of eastern Kentucky: Proposed mechanism of formation: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 4, p. 557-565, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(91)90118-4.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"565","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Morgan 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D.N.","contributorId":57600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taulbee","given":"D.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greb, S.F.","contributorId":48294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016530,"text":"70016530 - 1991 - Late Cretaceous paleomagnetism of the Tucson Mountains: Implications for vertical axis rotations in south central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T11:02:17.411134","indexId":"70016530","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cretaceous paleomagnetism of the Tucson Mountains: Implications for vertical axis rotations in south central Arizona","docAbstract":"The Tucson Mountains of southern Arizona are the site of an Upper Cretaceous caldera from which the rhyolitic Cat Mountain Tuff was erupted at about 72 Ma. Two magnetic units within the Cat Mountain Tuff are distinguished by paleomagnetic data in both the northern and southern Tucson Mountains. The resurgent Amole pluton (≃72 Ma) in the northern Tucson Mountains was emplaced soon after eruption of the Cat Mountain Tuff but cooled and was magnetized after northeastward tilting (50°–85°) of the adjacent caldera-fill sequence. Petrologic and paleomagnetic data indicate that the lower magnetic unit of the Cat Mountain Tuff caps the Silver Bell Mountains to the northwest. A previous paleomagnetic investigation (N = 34) indicates that the Silver Bell Mountains have been rotated clockwise 30°±16° (95% confidence level) about a vertical axis relative to cratonic North America. A similar paleomagnetic study of Upper Cretaceous volcanic, volcaniclastic, and intrusive units in the Tucson Mountains (N = 26) indicates that these rocks have been rotated 7°±14° clockwise relative to stable North America. A direct comparison of paleomagnetic directions for the lower unit of the Cat Mountain Tuff shows a 17°±10° clockwise rotation between the Silver Bell Mountains and the Tucson Mountains which supports the relative accuracy of the absolute rotations determined for these two mountain ranges. Preliminary paleomagnetic directions for middle Tertiary units from the Silver Bell and Tucson Mountains are consistent with clockwise rotation having occurred prior to deposition of these rocks. Clockwise rotation of crustal blocks in southern Arizona likely was associated with strike-slip movement on major northwest trending faults in the region, and this movement may have been related to oblique subduction of oceanic plates along the western continental margin in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time. The available paleomagnetic data indicate that rocks in southern Arizona have not remained unrotated with respect to North America since Late Cretaceous time and that vertical axis rotations may have played an important role in the region during Laramide deformation.
A primary source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina is carbon dioxide produced by microbially mediated oxidation of sedimentary organic matter. Groundwater chemistry data indicate, however, that the available mass of inorganic electron acceptors (oxygen, Fe(III), and sulfate) and observed methane production is inadequate to account for observed CO2production. Although sulfate concentrations are low (approximately 0.05–0.10 mM) in aquifer water throughout the flow system, sulfate concentrations are greater in confining-bed pore water (0.4–20 mM). The distribution of culturable sulfate-reducing bacteria in these sediments suggests that this concentration gradient is maintained by greater sulfate-reducing activity in sands than in clays. Calculations based on Fick's Law indicate that possible rates of sulfate diffusion to aquifer sediments are sufficient to explain observed rates of CO2 production (about 10−5mmoll−1 year−1), thus eliminating the apparent electron-acceptor deficit. Furthermore, concentrations of dissolved hydrogen in aquifer water are in the range characteristic of sulfate reduction (2–6 nM), which provides independent evidence that sulfate reduction is the predominant terminal electron-accepting process in this system. The observed accumulation of pyrite- and calcite-cemented sandstones at sand-clay interfaces is direct physical evidence that these processes have been continuing over the history of these sediments.
Landscape development of central and northern Arizona can no longer be ascribed mainly to events of Miocene and Pliocene age. New information on the age and distribution of older Cenozoic deposits has led to the recognition of a regional Cretaceous-Paleocene(?) surface of erosion that conforms to major elements of the present topography and to the recognition that a formerly thick deposit of gravel accumulated on this regional surface of erosion. These relations cast new light on the history of evolution of the landscape and indicate a much greater age for the main landscape elements and a more complicated and prolonged history of erosion and deposition than has been previously supposed. The timing of events postulated for development of drainage on the Colorado Plateau can now be compared and partly reconciled with events recognized in the adjacent closely related Mountain Region (Transition Zone) of central Arizona. As a consequence of Late Cretaceous-Paleocene (Laramide) compression, central and northern Arizona underwent at least 1200 m of uplift, documented by paleochannels cut into erosionally truncated Paleozoic strata on the Hualapai Plateau of the southwestern Colorado Plateau. During this time, a highly irregular erosion surface was developed on Proterozoic rocks across the Transition Zone south of the Mogollon Rim, the scarp of the Mogollon Rim was eroded to its present height (600–900 m), and an extensive stripped surface was developed on resistant upper Paleozoic strata north of the rim. Deposition of several hundred meters of Paleocene-Eocene “Rim gravels” derived from highlands south and west of the region followed, covering much of the Cretaceous-Paleocene erosion surface. Nearly complete burial of the rim is suggested by the distribution of remnants of the Rim gravels across the erosional scarps and on high plateau areas north of the rim. A second increment of uplift, apparently occurring in late Eocene time and apparently recorded by a series of fission track cooling ages from the Marble and Grand canyons, is inferred to have been responsible for ending deposition of the Rim gravels, for initiating differential uplift of contemporaneous deposits (Canaan Peak and Claron formations) to their positions in the high plateaus of central Utah, and for causing the drainage reorganization required to explain the extensive removal of Rim gravels from much of the region. A southerly flowing ancestral Verde River related to the drainage reorganization removed much of the older gravel cover from the Transition Zone of central Arizona, resulting in a younger regional erosion surface having 600–900 m of relief, a surface closely approximating the Cretaceous-Paleocene erosion surface. Late Oligocene and early Miocene rocks locally rest unconformably on remnants of Rim gravels in the Transition Zone, indicating that the second episode of regional erosion had been completed by late Oligocene time. North of the Mogollon Rim, a west flowing(?) ancestral Colorado River is inferred to have become established on the Rim gravels, draining the interior parts of the Colorado Plateau and transporting detritus off the plateau. Exhumation of the Mogollon Rim and development of 600–900 m of topographic relief in the Transition Zone by an ancestral Verde River system suggests the potential for a comparable, coeval entrenchment of an ancestral Colorado River in Paleozoic strata north of the Mogollon Rim. Regional extension and volcanic activity ensued in late Oligocene to Pliocene time. The Oligocene erosion surface in the extensional basins of central Arizona became largely concealed by Miocene and Pliocene deposits as the Neogene climate became drier. In late Miocene and Pliocene time, perennial streams appear to have been lacking, transport of detritus appears to have been principally by flash flooding, little or no detritus appears to have been removed from the region, and much of the precipitation presumably moved by groundwater flow through the deposits of aggradation. A coeval episode of aggradation in the Grand Canyon is suggested by deposits that appear to have once choked much of the canyon. If this event parallels the episode of late Miocene and Pliocene aggradation recorded east, south, and west of the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River could have been incised to its present level by late Miocene time. A return to wetter conditions in late Pliocene time presumably was responsible for renewed erosion and reexcavation of older drainages and basins. An understanding of this Tertiary structural, erosional, and depositional history can be important for the geological analysis of geophysical transects across the region.
Uranium mill tailings were anaerobically incubated in the presence of H2 with Alteromonas putrefaciens, a bacterium known to couple the oxidation of H2 and organic compounds to the reduction of Fe(III) oxides. There was a direct correlation between the extent of Fe(III) reduction and the accumulation of dissolved226Ra. In sterile tailings in which Fe(III) was not reduced, there was negligible leaching of226Ra. The behavior of Ba was similar to that of Ra in inoculated and sterile systems. These results demonstrate that under anaerobic conditions, microbial reduction of Fe(III) may result in the release of dissolved226Ra from uranium mill tailings.
Methods of measuring volumes of water withdrawn from the Snake River and its tributaries and pumped through closed‐conduit irrigation systems were needed for equitable management of and resolution of conflicts over water use. On the basis of evaluations and field tests by researchers from the University of Idaho, Water Resources Research Institute, Moscow, Idaho, an impeller meter was selected to monitor pumpage through closed‐conduit systems. In 1988, impeller meters were installed at 20 pumping stations along the Snake River between the Upper Salmon Falls and C.J. Strike Dams. Impeller‐derived pumpage data were adjusted if they differed substantially from ultrasonic flow‐meter‐ or current‐meter‐derived values. Comparisons of pumpage data obtained by ultrasonic flow‐meter and current‐meter measurements indicated that the ultrasonic flow meter was a reliable means to check operation of impeller meters. The equipment generally performed satisfactorily, and reliable pumpage data could be obtained using impeller meters in closed‐conduit irrigation systems. Many pumping stations that divert water from the Snake River for irrigation remain unmeasured; however, regression analyses indicate that total pumpage can be reasonably estimated on the basis of electrical power consumption data, an approximation of total head at a pumping station, and a derived coefficient.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1991)117:5(748)","issn":"07339437","usgsCitation":"Kjelstrom, L., 1991, Methods of measuring pumpage through closed-conduit irrigation systems: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, v. 117, no. 5, p. 748-757, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1991)117:5(748).","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"748","endPage":"757","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5603e4b0c8380cd6d31b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kjelstrom, L.C.","contributorId":89104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kjelstrom","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016520,"text":"70016520 - 1991 - Drought description","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016520","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3479,"text":"Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drought description","docAbstract":"What constitutes a comprehensive description of drought, a description forming a basis for answering why a drought occurred is outlined. The description entails two aspects that are \"naturally\" coupled, named physical and economic, and treats the set of hydrologic measures of droughts in terms of their multivariate distribution, rather than in terms of a collection of the marginal distributions. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01543133","issn":"09311955","usgsCitation":"Matalas, N., 1991, Drought description: Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics, v. 5, no. 4, p. 255-260, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01543133.","startPage":"255","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205382,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543133"},{"id":223525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03f5e4b0c8380cd50704","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matalas, N.C.","contributorId":25173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matalas","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016488,"text":"70016488 - 1991 - Wave groupiness variations in the nearshore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T16:35:34.265026","indexId":"70016488","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1262,"text":"Coastal Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave groupiness variations in the nearshore","docAbstract":"This paper proposes a new definition of the groupiness factor, GF, based on the envelope of the incident-wave time series. It is shown that an envelope-based GF has several important advantages over the SIWEH-based groupiness factor, including objective criteria for determining the accuracy of the envelope function and well-defined numerical limits.
Using this new GF, the variability of incident wave groupiness in the field is examined both temporally, in unbroken waves at a fixed location, and spatially, in a cross-shore array through the surf zone. Contrary to previous studies using the SIWEH-based GF, results suggest that incident wave groupiness may not be an independent parameter in unbroken waves; through a wide range of spectral shapes, from swell to storm waves, the groupiness did not vary significantly. As expected, the groupiness decreases rapidly as waves break through the surf zone, although significant wave height variability persists even through a saturated surf zone. The source of this inner surf zone groupiness is not identified; however, this observation implies that models of long wave generation must account for nonsteady radiation stress gradients landward of some narrow zone near the mean breakpoint.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3839(91)90024-B","usgsCitation":"List, J.H., 1991, Wave groupiness variations in the nearshore: Coastal Engineering, v. 15, no. 5-6, p. 475-496, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3839(91)90024-B.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"496","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223326,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf94e4b08c986b32e9a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"List, Jeffrey H. 0000-0001-8594-2491 jlist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8594-2491","contributorId":174581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1017415,"text":"1017415 - 1991 - California botanists in South Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"1017415","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1693,"text":"Fremontia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"California botanists in South Africa","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fremontia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., and Keeley, M., 1991, California botanists in South Africa: Fremontia, v. 19, no. 3, p. 20-21.","productDescription":"p. 20-21","startPage":"20","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9492","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, M.","contributorId":78694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016438,"text":"70016438 - 1991 - Consolidation and erosion of deposited cohesive sediments in Northern Chesapeake Bay, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016438","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consolidation and erosion of deposited cohesive sediments in Northern Chesapeake Bay, USA","docAbstract":"Deposits of dredged cohesive sediments were monitored for changes in volume, bulk characteristics, and susceptibility to resuspension and erosion at disposal sites in Chesapeake Bay. There is a 23-48% volume reduction during the first six months, with correspondingly greater changes over longer time periods. A bulk density increase from 1.15 to 1.3 g/cm3 due to dewatering and compaction accounts for the majority of the volume change. Tidal current induced resuspension is a minor process. The observed suspended sediment load can be accounted for by erosion of only a fraction of a millimeter of sediment on each tidal cycle. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02431008","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Halka, J., Panageotou, W., and Sanford, L., 1991, Consolidation and erosion of deposited cohesive sediments in Northern Chesapeake Bay, USA: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 11, no. 3-4, p. 174-178, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02431008.","startPage":"174","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205339,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431008"},{"id":223115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa01e4b0c8380cd4d883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halka, J.","contributorId":40021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Panageotou, W.","contributorId":16989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panageotou","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanford, L.","contributorId":30780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016518,"text":"70016518 - 1991 - A northern Cordilleran ocean-continent transect: Sitka Sound, Alaska, to Atlin Lake, British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T17:15:24.648945","indexId":"70016518","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A northern Cordilleran ocean-continent transect: Sitka Sound, Alaska, to Atlin Lake, British Columbia","docAbstract":"The 155 km wide, 310 km long Sitka Sound – Atlin Lake continent–ocean transect includes almost all the geologic, geophysical, and geotectonic elements of the Canadian Cordillera. It crosses the Chugach, Wrangellia, Alexander, Stikine, and Cache Creek terranes, the Gravina and Laberge overlap assemblages, intrusive and metamorphic belts, and neotectonic faults that bound major blocks. Linear belts of magnetic highs are associated with Jurassic and Cretaceous granitic belts in Wrangellia and the western and central parts of the Alexander terrane and with the granitic rocks of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex (CPMC). The Border Ranges fault may be expressed at depth on either side of the Peril Strait fault. An enigmatic northeast-trending gradient in the CPMC and adjacent rocks separates a regional magnetic low to the northwest from a 300 nT high field to the southeast. The Bouguer gravity field decreases in broad steps from Pacific crust high values to lows at the international boundary, with pronounced gradients at the east edge of Chugach terrane and west edge of of CPMC. It indicates that the crust thickens from about 20 to 40 km from southwest to northeast. Ultramafic bodies in the Chugach, Alexander, and Wrangellia terranes and Gravina assemblage underlie local highs. Most of the accumulated seismic strain is released by large earthquakes on the Fairweather – Queen Charlotte Islands plate-margin fault, but the northern part of the Glacier Bay region, the Denali fault zone, and the Coast Mountains also have significant seismicity. Part of the Glacier Bay region is being uplifted at a high rate. Most of these features are related to the joining of (i) Wrangellia to Alexander terrane (Carboniferous), (ii) Stikine to Cache Creek terrane (Early Jurassic), (iii) Alexander terrane and Gravina assemblage to Stikine (Late Cretaceous), and (iv) Chugach to Wrangellia and Alexander terrane (Late Cretaceous or Paleogene).
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e91-077","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., Karl, S.M., Barnes, D., Jachens, R., Ford, A.B., and Horner, R., 1991, A northern Cordilleran ocean-continent transect: Sitka Sound, Alaska, to Atlin Lake, British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, no. 6, p. 840-853, https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-077.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"840","endPage":"853","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Atlin Lake, Sitka Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -137.5241906864212,\n 57.470765580093484\n ],\n [\n -135.02273584236966,\n 56.73536265956932\n ],\n [\n -132.5284076502953,\n 59.347930175602784\n ],\n [\n -135.1723955338938,\n 59.94202022251474\n ],\n [\n -137.5241906864212,\n 57.470765580093484\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c0e4b0c8380cd468cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, D.F.","contributorId":48960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ford, A. B.","contributorId":44924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Horner, R.","contributorId":93000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1017315,"text":"1017315 - 1991 - A Systematic Revision of the Neotropical Catfish Family Ageneiosidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:34","indexId":"1017315","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"seriesTitle":{"id":470,"text":"Dissertation Abstracts International","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":18}},"title":"A Systematic Revision of the Neotropical Catfish Family Ageneiosidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Dissertation Abstracts International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Walsh, S., 1991, A Systematic Revision of the Neotropical Catfish Family Ageneiosidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes), in Dissertation Abstracts International, v. 52B, no. 1.","productDescription":"p. 108","startPage":"108","numberOfPages":"108","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52B","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, S. J. 0000-0002-1009-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-8537","contributorId":62171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016299,"text":"70016299 - 1991 - Survey of rural, private wells. Statistical design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016299","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Survey of rural, private wells. Statistical design","docAbstract":"Half of Illinois' 38 million acres were planted in corn and soybeans in 1988. On the 19 million acres planted in corn and soybeans, approximately 1 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer and 50 million pounds of pesticides were applied. Because groundwater is the water supply for over 90 percent of rural Illinois, the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in groundwater in Illinois is of interest to the agricultural community, the public, and regulatory agencies. The occurrence of agricultural chemicals in groundwater is well documented. However, the extent of this contamination still needs to be defined. This can be done by randomly sampling wells across a geographic area. Key elements of a random, water-well sampling program for regional groundwater quality include the overall statistical design of the program, definition of the sample population, selection of wells to be sampled, and analysis of survey results. These elements must be consistent with the purpose for conducting the program; otherwise, the program will not provide the desired information. The need to carefully design and conduct a sampling program becomes readily apparent when one considers the high cost of collecting and analyzing a sample. For a random sampling program conducted in Illinois, the key elements, as well as the limitations imposed by available information, are described.","largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on Ground Water","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ground Water in Practice","conferenceDate":"29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991","conferenceLocation":"Nashville, TN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628175","usgsCitation":"Mehnert, E., and Schock, S.C., 1991, Survey of rural, private wells. Statistical design, in Symposium on Ground Water, Nashville, TN, USA, 29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991, p. 305-310.","startPage":"305","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba298e4b08c986b31f7f9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lennon Gerard P.Rouhani Shahrokh","contributorId":128299,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Lennon Gerard P.Rouhani Shahrokh","id":536326,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Mehnert, Edward","contributorId":82851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schock, Susan C.","contributorId":95624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schock","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016517,"text":"70016517 - 1991 - Heat capacities of kaolinite from 7 to 380 K and of DMSO- intercalated kaolinite from 20 to 310 K. The entropy of kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T11:16:15","indexId":"70016517","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Heat capacities of kaolinite from 7 to 380 K and of DMSO- intercalated kaolinite from 20 to 310 K. The entropy of kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4","title":"Heat capacities of kaolinite from 7 to 380 K and of DMSO- intercalated kaolinite from 20 to 310 K. The entropy of kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4","docAbstract":"The heat capacities of kaolinite (7 to 380 K) and of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) intercalated kaolinite (20 to 310 K) were measured by adiabatically shielded calorimetry. The third law entropy of kaolinite, S°298, is 200.9 ± 0.5 J ⋅ mol-1 ⋅ K-1.
The \"melting point\" of the DMSO in the intercalate, 288.0 ± 0.2 K, is 3.7 K lower than that of pure DMSO, 291.67 K. The heat capacity of DMSO in the intercalate above 290 K is approximately 5.2 J ⋅ mol-1 ⋅ K-1 smaller than that of pure liquid DMSO at the same temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390404","usgsCitation":"Robie, R.A., and Hemingway, B., 1991, Heat capacities of kaolinite from 7 to 380 K and of DMSO- intercalated kaolinite from 20 to 310 K. The entropy of kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 39, no. 4, p. 362-368, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390404.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2febe4b0c8380cd5d1ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robie, Richard A.","contributorId":92235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemingway, Bruce S.","contributorId":13689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"Bruce S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016348,"text":"70016348 - 1991 - The library as a reference tool: online catalogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T19:07:52","indexId":"70016348","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3550,"text":"The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","printIssn":"0894-802X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The library as a reference tool: online catalogs","docAbstract":"Online catalogs are computerized listings of materials in a particular library or group of libraries. General characteristics of online catalogs include ability for searching interactively and for locating descriptions of books, maps, and reports on regional or topical geology. Suggestions for searching, evaluating results, modifying searches, and limitations of searching are presented. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stark, M., 1991, The library as a reference tool: online catalogs: The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 68, no. 2, p. 81-86.","startPage":"81","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad8de4b08c986b323cb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, M.","contributorId":105055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016353,"text":"70016353 - 1991 - The use of mineralogic techniques as relative age indicators for weathering profiles on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T19:59:46.373431","indexId":"70016353","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of mineralogic techniques as relative age indicators for weathering profiles on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA","docAbstract":"Textural, geochemical, and mineralogic study of soils and weathering profiles has led to the practice of applying varioys weathering parameters as relative age indicators. In our studies examined the entire thickness of weathered sediment (i.e., the weathering profile) for evidence of weathering-induced changes in both sand- and clay-sized mineralogy, and used two techniques for relative age determinations. These techniques were developed as tools to support geologic mapping.
One of our techniques for determining relative ages is based on the depth of weathering as recorded by progressive loss of denrital sand-sized minerals upward in the weathering profile. This is our preferred tool, especially in areas where weathering profiles have been truncated. We have found a gradual trend of increasing loss of labile sand-sized minerals (e.g., hornblendes, feldspars) and increasing depth of weathering with increasing age of the deposit. Of significance to many research programs, this technique does not require expensive instruments such as an X-ray diffractometer.
Our other technique depends on accumulation of stable, secondary clay-sized minerals in the upper part of the weathering profile. In our study area on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States, the stable assemblage consists of vermiculite, kaolinite, gibbsite, and iron oxides and hydroxides. This technique can be effective for relative age determinations where profiles have not been truncated, and can provide useful information on depositional and erosional history. However, in areas of widespread erosion and profile truncation, such as the Carolinas, the utility of this technique for relative age determinations is limited. There, soils were partially or completely removed in many localities in relatively recent times.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7061(91)90068-5","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., and Owens, J.P., 1991, The use of mineralogic techniques as relative age indicators for weathering profiles on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA: Geoderma, v. 51, no. 1-4, p. 111-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(91)90068-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"131","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.19488098110419,\n 40.445101781541894\n ],\n [\n -74.41519339524608,\n 40.380584739264634\n ],\n [\n 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R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, J. P.","contributorId":50946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016528,"text":"70016528 - 1991 - Field-scale investigation of infiltration into a compacted soil liner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T22:37:12.909496","indexId":"70016528","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field-scale investigation of infiltration into a compacted soil liner","docAbstract":"Little field-scale research has been done to evaluate the effectiveness of compacted soil barriers in retarding the movement of water and leachates. In response to this need, the Illinois State Geological Survey constructed and instrumented an experimental compacted soil liner. Infiltration of water into the liner has been monitored for two years. The objectives of this investigation were to determine whether a soil liner could be constructed to meet the U.S. EPA's requirement for a saturated hydraulic conductivity of less than or equal to 1.0×10−7 cm/s, to quantify the areal variability of the hydraulic properties of the liner, and to determine the transit time for water and tracers through the liner.
The liner measures 8 m×15 m×0.9 m and was designed and constructed to simulate compacted soil liners built at waste disposal facilities. The surface of the liner was flooded to form a pond on April 12, 1988. Since flooding, infiltration has been monitored with four large-ring (LR) and 32 small-ring (SR) infiltrometers, and a water-balance (WB) method that accounted for total infiltration and evaporation. Ring-infiltrometer and WB data were analyzed using cumulative-infiltration curves to determine infiltration fluxes. The SR data are lognormally distributed, and the SR and LR data form two statistically distinct populations. Small-ring data are nearly identical with WB data; because there is evidence of leakage in the LRs, the SR and WB data are considered more reliable.
Geostatistical analysis of the SR infiltration data revealed that the infiltration-flux data were unstructured (random) at scales greater than 0.8 m. This analysis shows that it is possible to construct a compacted soil liner with a uniformly low saturated hydraulic conductivity, and that classical statistics should adequately estimate the mean infiltration flux of the liner and the associated uncertainty in that value.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity of the liner was estimated using Darcy's Law and the Green-Ampt Approximation; the average values for these calculations, based on the first and second years of SR data, were 4.0×10−8 and 3.4×10−8 cm/s, respectively. Breakthrough of water at the liner's bottom is expected to occur approximately six years after the initial ponding of the liner.
A highly precise mass spectrometric method of analysis was used to determine238U![\"single](\"https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/55/entities/sbnd.gif\")
234U230Th232Th in axial and off-axis basalt glasses from Juan de Fuca (JDF) and Gorda ridges. Initial 230Th activity excesses in the axial samples range from 3 to 38%, but generally lie within a narrow range of 12 to 15%. Secondary alteration effects were evaluated usingδ234U and appear to be negligible; hence the 230Th excesses are magmatic in origin.
Direct dating of MORB was accomplished by measuring the decrease in excess 230Th in off-axis samples. 238U230Th ages progressively increase with distance from axis. Uncertainties in age range from 10 to 25 ka for UTh ages of 50 to 200 ka. The full spreading rate based on UTh ages for Endeavour segment of JDF is5.9 ± 1.2 cm/yr, with asymmetry in spreading between the Pacific (4.0 ± 0.6 cm/yr) and JDF (1.9 ± 0.6 cm/yr) plates. For northern Gorda ridge, the half spreading rate for the JDF plate is found to be3.0 ± 0.4 cm/yr. These rates are in agreement with paleomagnetic spreading rates and topographic constraints. This suggests that assumptions used to determine ages, including constancy of initial 230Th/232Th ratio over time, are generally valid for the areas studied. Samples located near the axis of spreading are typically younger than predicted by these spreading rates, which most likely reflects recent volcanism within a 1–3 km wide zone of crustal accretion.
Initial230/Th/232Th ratios and230Th activity excesses were also used to examine the recentTh/U evolution and extent of melting of mantle sources beneath these ridges. A negative anomaly in230Th/232Th for Axial seamount lavas provides the first geochemical evidence of a mantle plume source for Axial seamount and the Cobb-Eickelberg seamount chain and indicates recent depletion of other JDF segment sources. Large230Th activity excesses for lavas from northern Gorda ridge and Endeavour segment indicate formation from a lower degree of partial melting than other segments. An inverse correlation between230Th excess and230Th/232Th for each ridge indicates that these lower degree melts formed from slightly less depleted sources than higher degree melts. Uniformity in230Th excess for other segments suggests similarity in processes of melt formation and mixing beneath most of the JDF-Gorda ridge area. The average initial230Th/232Th activity ratio of 1.31 for the JDF-Gorda ridge area is in agreement with the predicted value of 1.32 from the ThSr isotope mantle array.
From a large collection of Jurassic continental tholeiites cropping out in Europe and Africa, we selected 90 samples for paleointensity determinations. The samples were carefully selected to avoid any secondary magnetizations, especially viscous magnetization. Use of the Thellier method reveals that magnetic property changes due to heating begin often at quite low temperatures but fortunately without modifying noticeably their natural remanent magnetization-thermoremanent magnetization ratio. Twenty-eight well-clustered paleointensity estimates were obtained from two European dikes that were emplaced during Early Jurassic time: the Kerforne dike at Brenterc'h in Brittany (northwestern France) and the Messejana dike on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Virtual dipole moments calculated from both magmatic units are similar and only about one-third of present-day values. These new data lend support to the recently postulated low dipole moment of the Mesozoic geomagnetic field.
Experimental in situ gasification of New Albany Shale (Devonian-Mississippian) has been conducted in Clark County. Analyses of ground water sampled from a production well and nine nearby monitoring wells 3 months after a brief in situ gasification period revealed changes in water chemistry associated with the gasification procedure. Dissolved iron, calcium and sulphate in ground water from the production well and wells as much as 2 m away were significantly higher than in ground water from wells over 9 m away. Dissolved components in the more distant wells are in the range of those in regional ground water. Thermal decomposition of pyrite during the gasification process generated the elevated levels of iron and sulphate in solution. High concentrations of calcium indicate buffering by dissolution of carbonate minerals. While iron quickly precipitates, calcium and sulphate remain in the ground water. Trends in the concentration of sulphate show that altered ground water migrated mostly in a south-westerly direction from the production well along natural joints in the New Albany Shale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(91)90221-U","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Branam, T., Comer, J., Shaffer, N., Ennis, M., and Carpenter, S., 1991, Inorganic ground-water chemistry at an experimental New Albany Shale (Devonian-Mississippian) in situ gasification site: Fuel, v. 70, no. 11, p. 1317-1323, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(91)90221-U.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1317","endPage":"1323","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Clark County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":704,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clark\",\"state\":\"IN\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.4279,38.5861],[-85.4262,38.5834],[-85.4227,38.5775],[-85.4176,38.5689],[-85.4153,38.562],[-85.4149,38.5539],[-85.4151,38.5512],[-85.417,38.5413],[-85.4235,38.5313],[-85.4329,38.524],[-85.4392,38.5205],[-85.4418,38.5192],[-85.4436,38.5184],[-85.4503,38.5159],[-85.4663,38.5102],[-85.4679,38.5094],[-85.4689,38.5086],[-85.4741,38.5023],[-85.4759,38.4992],[-85.4889,38.4768],[-85.4895,38.4761],[-85.4909,38.4748],[-85.5,38.4674],[-85.5047,38.4645],[-85.5053,38.4643],[-85.5324,38.4568],[-85.5335,38.4566],[-85.5687,38.4538],[-85.5742,38.4527],[-85.5809,38.4514],[-85.582,38.4511],[-85.5981,38.4442],[-85.6098,38.4342],[-85.6193,38.4225],[-85.6327,38.3939],[-85.6365,38.3802],[-85.6367,38.3794],[-85.6371,38.3743],[-85.6385,38.354],[-85.6498,38.3307],[-85.6517,38.3277],[-85.6536,38.3252],[-85.6735,38.3036],[-85.6913,38.2907],[-85.692,38.2904],[-85.6979,38.2877],[-85.7067,38.2837],[-85.7259,38.275],[-85.7309,38.2729],[-85.7328,38.2721],[-85.7413,38.2693],[-85.7432,38.2689],[-85.7448,38.269],[-85.7561,38.2713],[-85.7637,38.2777],[-85.7677,38.2827],[-85.7735,38.2864],[-85.7776,38.2877],[-85.7829,38.2887],[-85.7888,38.2882],[-85.7923,38.2874],[-85.7905,38.2919],[-85.7916,38.3005],[-85.7968,38.3069],[-85.788,38.3091],[-85.7932,38.3114],[-85.7938,38.3159],[-85.7832,38.3213],[-85.7949,38.3255],[-85.7971,38.3332],[-85.7942,38.3341],[-85.7848,38.3313],[-85.7831,38.3317],[-85.783,38.3349],[-85.7854,38.3358],[-85.7842,38.3385],[-85.7818,38.3394],[-85.7806,38.3426],[-85.7783,38.3426],[-85.77,38.3434],[-85.7688,38.3466],[-85.7612,38.3502],[-85.7815,38.3739],[-85.8082,38.4044],[-85.9949,38.403],[-85.9948,38.4184],[-85.9938,38.4887],[-85.9561,38.489],[-85.956,38.5026],[-85.8849,38.5032],[-85.8848,38.5186],[-85.8665,38.518],[-85.8669,38.547],[-85.8474,38.5474],[-85.8479,38.5632],[-85.8214,38.5631],[-85.8219,38.5758],[-85.8125,38.5757],[-85.8124,38.583],[-85.803,38.5829],[-85.8029,38.5906],[-85.7935,38.5901],[-85.7939,38.6046],[-85.5701,38.6063],[-85.4971,38.6071],[-85.4967,38.5926],[-85.479,38.5925],[-85.4785,38.5866],[-85.4279,38.5861]]]}}]}","volume":"70","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c0de4b0c8380cd62a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Branam, T.D.","contributorId":52332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Branam","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Comer, J.B.","contributorId":34185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comer","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaffer, N.R.","contributorId":87683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ennis, M.V.","contributorId":100125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ennis","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carpenter, S.H.","contributorId":75690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016427,"text":"70016427 - 1991 - Statistical analyses of soil properties on a quaternary terrace sequence in the upper sava river valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T19:16:42.075705","indexId":"70016427","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical analyses of soil properties on a quaternary terrace sequence in the upper sava river valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia","docAbstract":"Alpine glaciations, climatic changes and tectonic movements have created a Quaternary sequence of gravely carbonate sediments in the upper Sava River Valley, Slovenia, Yugoslavia. The names for terraces, assigned in this model, Günz, Mindel, Riss and Würm in order of decreasing age, are used as morphostratigraphic terms. Soil chronosequence on the terraces was examined to evaluate which soil properties are time dependent and can be used to help constrain the ages of glaciofluvial sedimentation. Soil thickness, thickness of Bt horizons, amount and continuity of clay coatings and amount of Fe and Me concretions increase with soil age. The main source of variability consists of solutions of carbonate, leaching of basic cations and acidification of soils, which are time dependent and increase with the age of soils. The second source of variability is the content of organic matter, which is less time dependent, but varies more within soil profiles. Textural changes are significant, presented by solution of carbonate pebbles and sand, and formation is silt loam matrix, which with age becomes finer, with clay loam or clayey texture. The oldest, Günz, terrace shows slight deviation from general progressive trends of changes of soil properties with time.
The hypothesis of single versus multiple depositional periods of deposition was tested with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on a staggered, nested hierarchical sampling design on a terrace of largest extent and greatest gravel volume, the Würm terrace. The variability of soil properties is generally higher within subareas than between areas of the terrace, except for the soil thickness. Observed differences in soil thickness between the areas of the terrace could be due to multiple periods of gravel deposition, or to the initial differences of texture of the deposits.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90080-O","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., 1991, Comment on \"Aluminum hydroxide solubility in aqueous solutions containing fluoride ions at 50°C\" by B. Sanjuan and G. Michard: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 12, p. 3873-3874, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90080-O.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"3873","endPage":"3874","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7e5e4b0c8380cd4cd6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, Bruch S.","contributorId":19542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"Bruch","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016494,"text":"70016494 - 1991 - Pleistocene slope instability of gas hydrate-laden sediment on the Beaufort Sea margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T19:01:35","indexId":"70016494","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2670,"text":"Marine Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene slope instability of gas hydrate-laden sediment on the Beaufort Sea margin","docAbstract":"In oceanic areas underlain by sediment with gas hydrate, reduction of sea level initiates disassociation along the base of the gas hydrate, which, in turn, causes the release of large volumes of gas into the sediment and creates excess pore-fluid pressures and reduced slope stability. Fluid diffusion properties dominate the disassociation process in fine-grained marine sediment. Slope failure appears likely for this sediment type on moderate slopes unless pressures can be adequately vented away from the gas hydrate base. Pleistocene eustatic-sea level regressions, likely triggered seafloor landslides on the continental slope of the Beaufort Sea and other margins where gas hydrate is present in seafloor sediment. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/10641199109379886","issn":"03608867","usgsCitation":"Kayen, R.E., and Lee, H., 1991, Pleistocene slope instability of gas hydrate-laden sediment on the Beaufort Sea margin: Marine Geotechnology, v. 10, no. 1-2, p. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641199109379886.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268176,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641199109379886"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c52e4b0c8380cd79907","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}