A two-component soil water flow model was used in conjunction with an equilibrium speciation model WATEQF to study aluminum mobility in soils of a forested watershed, White Oak Run, in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Soil solution samples, taken from the O, E, B, C1, and C2horizons, were collected from zero-tension lysimeters designed to collect faster gravitational macropore flow and tension lysimeters designed to collect slower capillary micropore flow. Dissolved aluminum was fractionated into acid-soluble, inorganic monomeric, and organic monomeric aluminum. Soil water aluminum concentrations decreased with depth indicating that the deep soil is a sink for aluminum. All waters contained significant concentrations of acid-soluble aluminum and exhibited a negative correlation between pH and the inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations. Water in the shallow soil showed distinctly different chemical compositions for the two flow types, while C horizon micropore and macropore waters were more similar. Because of its shorter residence time, water flowing in deep soil macropores underwent less extensive neutralization and immobilization of aqueous aluminum than micropore water. The O horizon macropore waters were undersaturated for all hydroxide, silicate, and sulfate mineral phases considered. The C horizon samples from both flow types were near equilibrium with respect to kaolinite and synthetic gibbsite, indicating that mineral solubility controls water chemistry in the deep soil, while organic substances are the key control in the shallow macropore waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i005p00859","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I.M., Herman, J.S., and Parnell, R.A., 1987, The mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: Effects of hydrologic pathways: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 5, p. 859-874, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i005p00859.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"859","endPage":"874","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baddee4b08c986b323e32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Janet S.","contributorId":62138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parnell, Roderic A. Jr.","contributorId":108259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parnell","given":"Roderic","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015169,"text":"70015169 - 1987 - Processes and kinetics of Cd2+ sorption by a calcareous aquifer sand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-05T19:41:42","indexId":"70015169","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes and kinetics of Cd2+ sorption by a calcareous aquifer sand","docAbstract":"The rate of Cd2+ sorption by a calcareous aquifer sand was characterized by two reaction steps, with the first step reaching completion in 24 hours. The second step proceeded at a slow and nearly constant rate for at least seven days. The first step includes a fast adsorption reaction which is followed by diffusive transport into either a disordered surface film of hydrated calcium carbonate or into pore spaces. After 24 hours the rate of Cd2+ sorption was constant and controlled by the rate of surface coprecipitation, as a solid solution of CdCO3 in CaCO3 formed in recrystallizing material. Desorption of Cd2+ from the sand was slow. Clean grains of primary minerals, e.g. quartz and aluminosilicates. sorbed much less Cd2+ than grains which had surface patches of secondary minerals, e.g. carbonates, iron and manganese oxides. Calcite grains sorbed the greatest amount of Cd2+ on a weight-normalized basis despite the greater abundance of quartz. A method is illustrated for determining empirical binding constants for trace metals at in situ pH values without introducing the experimental problem of supersaturation. The binding constants are useful for solute transport models which include a computation of aqueous speciation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90331-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fuller, C.C., and Davis, J., 1987, Processes and kinetics of Cd2+ sorption by a calcareous aquifer sand: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 6, p. 1491-1502, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90331-0.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1491","endPage":"1502","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dade4b0c8380cd7ed70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015170,"text":"70015170 - 1987 - Recognition of Macluritella (Gastropoda) from the Upper Cambrian of Missouri and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-20T11:57:49.261605","indexId":"70015170","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recognition of Macluritella (Gastropoda) from the Upper Cambrian of Missouri and Nevada","docAbstract":"Open-coiled euomphalacean gastropods have been identified for the first time in the Upper Cambrian Eminence Dolomite of Missouri. These gastropods have a triangular whorl profile and are conspecific with Hyolithes walcotti described from the Upper Cambrian of Nevada. That species is questionably reassigned to the gastropod genus Macluritella, hitherto known only from the Lower Ordovician of Colorado.
There is much debate as to whether there was a worldwide geomagnetic jerk in 1969 or 1970. It is agreed that there was an unusual sharp change in the secular variation in the east component, Y, in Europe at that time. This note points out how a localized sudden change in the secular variation pattern of one component in Europe can occur without having any large worldwide effects in any of the components. The accompanying changes in the spherical harmonic coefficients for such a localized change are also discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.5636/jgg.39.111","usgsCitation":"Alldredge, L., 1987, Localized sudden changes in the geomagnetic secular variation.: Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity, v. 39, no. 2, p. 111-118, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.39.111.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487261,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.39.111","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224077,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48f4e4b0c8380cd6826a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015172,"text":"70015172 - 1987 - A Bohemian-type Silurian (Wenlockian) pelecypod faunule from Arctic Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-20T11:51:16.810961","indexId":"70015172","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Bohemian-type Silurian (Wenlockian) pelecypod faunule from Arctic Canada","docAbstract":"The pelecypod genera Slava and Rhombopteria are reported for the first time from Canada, where they occur in a limestone concretion within the Cape Phillips Formation, Cornwallis Island, Arctic Archipelago. These genera are characteristic of Silurian rocks in Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Graptolites from the same concretion indicate the Monograptus ludensis Zone (uppermost Wenlockian); this age is substantiated by associated conodonts, trilobites, vertebrates, and pelecypods but with less precision. It is difficult to explain the occurrence of Slava and Rhombopteria in the middle of Laurentia on the basis of some map reconstructions of the Wenlockian world.
The Canadian material of Slava novaterra n. sp. and Rhombopteria cf. R. mira (Barrande) is described. Leptodesma (Leptodesma) sp. A and an indeterminate grammysiid pelecypod from the same concretion are illustrated. Information is provided to show that Newsomella Foerste, from Wenlockian–Ludlovian rocks of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Tennessee, is not a subgenus of Rhombopteria Jackson.
The Clearwater orogenic zone in central Idaho and western Montana contains at least two major northeast-directed Cordilleran thrust plates of Early Proterozoic metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks that overrode previously folded Middle Proterozoic rocks of the Belt basin in Cretaceous time. The northeastward migration of the resultant thickened wedge of crustal material combined with Cretaceous subduction along the western continental margin produced a younger northern Bitterroot lobe of the Idaho batholith relative to an older southern Atlanta lobe. Eocene extensional unroofing and erosion of the Bitterroot lobe has exposed the roots of the thick Cordilleran thrust sheets.
Flourescence spectral analysis indicates that resinite macerals from Tertiary Hanna Formation coals (Hanna Coal Field, southcentral Wyoming, U.S.A.) can be separated into five distinct groups. The first resinite group fluoresces a a medium green (in blue light); its average spectral maximum occurs at or below 440 mm with a red/green quotient of 0.22. The second resinite group fluoresces yellow-green with an average spectral maximum of 500 nm and a red/green quotient of 0.53. The third resinite group displays a yellow fluorescence having an average spectral maximum of 580 nm and a red/green quotient of 0.86. The fourth resinite group fluorescence orange-brown having an average spectral maximum of 610 nm and a red/green quotient of 1.20. These four groups mostly occur as primary globular resinites exhibiting scratches and fractures, indicating that they are brittle, solid substances. Primary cell-filling and secondary fracture-filling resinites also occur in these four groups. The fifth group only occurs as a secondary void-filling material and lacks evidence of br of brittle properties. It fluoresces a reddish-brown, has a spectral maximum at 690 nm, and a red/green quotient of 1.54. The fifth group has properties resembling exsudatinite. The five resinite groups can be separated on the basis of their nine spectral properties alone, without qualitative petrographic interpretation.
The relative quantities of the five resinite groups vary among Hanna Formation coals. The origins of these five resinite groups are probably related to their botanical properties and pre- and post-depossitional conditions. Overall, Hanna Formation resinites have petrographic characteristics similar to other North American resinites; however, only four resinite groups have been distinguished in in certain coals from Utah and New Mexico (U.S.A.), and western Canada.
Two hundred twenty-nine species of benthic foraminifera have been identified from 96 stations representing 33 localities on the eastern Pacific inner continental shelf, ranging from southern Peru to northern Baja California. Their distributions mark nearshore provincial boundaries that are nearly identical with those previously documented from the distribution of ostracodes and molluscs. Thirteen species are characteristic of the Panamanian Province, one is characteristic of the Chilean-Peruvian Province, and one is characteristic of the newly proposed Sonoran Subprovince. Seventeen species (7%) appear to be endemic to the eastern Pacific. Fifty-eight (25%) of the species recognized are disjunct from population centers in the western Pacific, 134 species (59%) are disjunct from modern assemblages of the Atlanto-Caribbean region, and 40 species (17%) are disjunct from both the western Pacific and the Atlanto-Caribbean. The distribution of the remaining 57 species (25%) is poorly documented; we classify them as of unknown origin.
","language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsjfr.17.2.153","issn":"00961191","usgsCitation":"Crouch, R., and Poag, C.W., 1987, Benthic foraminifera of the Panamanian Province: distribution and origins.: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 17, no. 2, p. 153-176, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.17.2.153.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0b7e4b0c8380cd4a88e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crouch, R.W.","contributorId":98179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crouch","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014192,"text":"70014192 - 1987 - The Upper Paleozoic pebbly mudstone facies of peninsular Thailand and western Malaysia - Continental margin deposits of Palaeoeurasia - Discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70014192","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Upper Paleozoic pebbly mudstone facies of peninsular Thailand and western Malaysia - Continental margin deposits of Palaeoeurasia - Discussion","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01821074","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"Stauffer, P., and Peng, L., 1987, The Upper Paleozoic pebbly mudstone facies of peninsular Thailand and western Malaysia - Continental margin deposits of Palaeoeurasia - Discussion: Geologische Rundschau, v. 76, no. 3, p. 945-948, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01821074.","startPage":"945","endPage":"948","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205646,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01821074"},{"id":225689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba96ee4b08c986b322277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stauffer, P.H.","contributorId":53783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peng, L.C.","contributorId":29699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014191,"text":"70014191 - 1987 - New perspectives on the eruption of 1912 in the valley of ten thousand smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70014191","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New perspectives on the eruption of 1912 in the valley of ten thousand smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska","docAbstract":"New data extend our understanding of the 1912 eruption, its backfilled vent complex at Novarupta, and magma-storage systems beneath adjacent stratovolcanoes. Initial Plinian rhyolite fallout is confined to a narrow downwind sector, and its maximum thickness may occur as far as 13 km from source. In contrast, the partly contemporaneous rhyolite-rich ash flows underwent relatively low-energy emplacement, their generation evidently being decoupled from the high column. Flow veneers 1-13 m thick on near-vent ridge crests exhibit a general rhyolite-to-andesite sequence like that of the much thicker valley-confined ignimbrite into which they merge downslope. Lithics in both the initial Plinian and the ignimbrite are predominantly fragments of the Jurassic Naknek Formation, which extends from the surface to a depth of ca. 1500 m. Absence of lithics from the underlying sedimentary section limits to < 1.5 km the fragmentation level and the structural depth of the vent, which is thought to be funnel-shaped, flaring shallowly to a surface diameter of 2 km. Overlying the ignimbrite are layers of Plinian dacite fallout, > 100 m thick near source and 10 m thick 3 km away, which dip back into an inner vent <0.5 km wide, nested inside the earlier vent funnel of the ignimbrite. The dacite fallout is poor in Naknek lithics but contains abundant fragments of vitrophyre, most of which was vent-filling, densely welded tuff reejected during later phases of the 3-day eruption. Adjacent to the inner vent, a 225-m-high asymmetrical accumulation of coarse near-vent ejecta is stratigraphically continuous with the regional dacite fallout. Distensional faulting of its crest may reflect spreading related to compaction and welding. Nearby andesite-dacite stratovolcanoes, i.e., Martin, Mageik, Trident, and Katmai, display at least 12 vents that define a linear volcanic front trending N65??E. The 1912 vent and adjacent dacite domes are disposed parallel to the front and ca. 4 km behind it. Mount Griggs, 10 km behind the front, is more potassic than other centers, taps isotopically more depleted source materials, and reflects a wholly independent magmatic plumbing system. Geochemical differences among the stratovolcanoes, characteristically small eruptive volumes ( < 0.1 to 0.4 km3), and the dominance of andesite and low-SiO2 dacite suggest complex crustal reservoirs, not large integrated magma chambers. Linear fractures just outside the 1912 vent strike nearly normal to the volcanic front and may reflect dike transport of magma previously stored beneath Trident 3-5 km away. Caldera collapse at Mount Katmai may have taken place in response to hydraulic transfer of Katmai magma toward Novarupta via reservoir components beneath Trident. The voluminous 1912 eruption (12-15 km3 DRE) was also unusual in producing high-silica rhyolite (6-9 km3 DRE), a composition rare in this arc and on volcanic fronts in general. Isotopic data indicate that rhyolite genesis involved little assimilation of sedimentary rocks, pre-Tertiary plutonic rocks, or hydrothermally altered rocks of any age. Trace-element data suggest nonetheless that the rhyolite contains a nontrivial crustal contribution, most likely partial melts of Late Cenozoic arc-intrusive rocks. Because the three compositions (77%, 66-64.5%, and 61.5-58.5% SiO2) that intermingled in 1912 vented both concurrently and repeatedly (after eruptive pauses hours in duration), the compositional gaps between them must have been intrinsic to the reservoir, not merely effects of withdrawal dynamics. ?? 1987 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01080359","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., 1987, New perspectives on the eruption of 1912 in the valley of ten thousand smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 49, no. 5, p. 680-693, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01080359.","startPage":"680","endPage":"693","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205639,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080359"},{"id":225626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65fae4b0c8380cd72cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014117,"text":"70014117 - 1987 - Sources and flux of natural gases from Mono Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:57:56","indexId":"70014117","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources and flux of natural gases from Mono Lake, California","docAbstract":"The ability to identify a formation mechanism for natural gas in a particular environment requires consideration of several geochemical factors when there are multiple sources present. Four primary sources of methane have been identified in Mono Lake. Two of these sources were associated with numerous natural gas seeps which occur at various locations in the lake and extend beyond its present boundary; the two other gas sources result from current microbiological processes. In the natural gas seeps, we observed flow rates as high as 160 moles CH4 day−1, and estimate total lakewide annual seep flux to be 2.1 × 106 moles CH4. Geochemical parameters (δ13CH4,δDCH4,CH4/[C2H6+ C3H8]) andδ14CH4measurements revealed that most of the seeps originate from a paleo-biogenic (δ13CH4 = about −70%.). natural gas deposit of Pleistocene age which underlies the current and former lakebed. Gas seeps in the vicinity of hot springs had, in combination with the biogenic gas, a prominent thermogenic gas component resulting from hydrothermal alteration of buried organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90367-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R.S., Miller, L., and Whiticar, M.J., 1987, Sources and flux of natural gases from Mono Lake, California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 11, p. 2915-2929, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90367-X.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2915","endPage":"2929","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"Mono Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.19891357421876,\n 37.91820111976663\n ],\n [\n -118.89129638671875,\n 37.91820111976663\n ],\n [\n -118.89129638671875,\n 38.10430528370985\n ],\n [\n -119.19891357421876,\n 38.10430528370985\n ],\n [\n -119.19891357421876,\n 37.91820111976663\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9352e4b08c986b31a427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whiticar, Michael J.","contributorId":72124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whiticar","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014849,"text":"70014849 - 1987 - Near infrared detection of ammonium minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T16:07:42.590015","indexId":"70014849","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near infrared detection of ammonium minerals","docAbstract":"Diagnostic near-infrared spectral features have been identified for minerals with ammonium (NH (super +) 4 ) bound in the crystal structure. Spectral bands near 2.12, 2.02, and 1.56 mu m are characteristic of synthetic and natural NH 4 -bearing minerals. Laboratory spectra of NH 4 -bearing minerals are distinct from spectra of OH-bearing minerals and have diagnostic shifts in band position among different mineral types. NH 4 -bearing minerals were detected at several mineralized hot-spring deposits in the western U.S. by means of hand-held and airborne instruments. Near-infrared detection of NH 4 -bearing minerals may provide useful information for prospecting for certain ore deposits and may provide a better understanding of the nitrogen cycle within geologic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442362","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Krohn, M.D., and Altaner, S.P., 1987, Near infrared detection of ammonium minerals: Geophysics, v. 52, no. 7, p. 924-930, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442362.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"924","endPage":"930","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63d0e4b0c8380cd726f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohn, M. D.","contributorId":51250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Altaner, S. P.","contributorId":46121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Altaner","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014852,"text":"70014852 - 1987 - Hydrogeological concepts in the United States: a historical perspective.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-17T20:38:15","indexId":"70014852","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1582,"text":"Episodes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeological concepts in the United States: a historical perspective.","docAbstract":"Reviews the development of hydrogeological concepts in the USA from 1879 to 1987, from early qualitative reconnaissance investigations to modern qualitative and multi-disciplinary studies involving predictive analytical techniques and a consideration of management practices. The authors present a sampling of historical milestone papers in US hydrology in the form of an annotated bibliography.-Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Episodes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07053797","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., and Hanshaw, B., 1987, Hydrogeological concepts in the United States: a historical perspective.: Episodes, v. 10, no. 4, p. 315-321.","startPage":"315","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265831,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.episodes.co.in/www/backissues/104/ARTICLES--315.pdf"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a340ae4b0c8380cd5f468","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.E.","contributorId":34927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015192,"text":"70015192 - 1987 - Evidence for Late-Paleozoic brine migration in Cambrian carbonate rocks of the central and southern Appalachians: Implications for Mississippi Valley-type sulfide mineralization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:44:05.196253","indexId":"70015192","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for Late-Paleozoic brine migration in Cambrian carbonate rocks of the central and southern Appalachians: Implications for Mississippi Valley-type sulfide mineralization","docAbstract":"Many Lower Paleozoic limestones and dolostones in the Valley and Ridge province of the central and southern Appalachians contain 10 to 25 weight percent authigenic potassium feldspar. This was considered to be a product of early diagenesis, however,
Microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions in overgrowths on detrital K-feldspar and quartz grains from unmineralized rocks throughout the study area indicate homogenization temperatures from 100° to 200°C and freezing point depressions of −14° to −18.5°C (18–21 wt.% NaCl equiv). The apparent similarity of these fluids to fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals of nearby Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits suggests that the regional occurrences of authigenic K-feldspar and MVT mineralization may be genetically related. This hypothesis is supported by the discovery of authigenic K-feldspar intergrown with sphalerite in several mines of the Mascot-Jefferson City District, E. Tennessee. Regional potassic alteration in unmineralized carbonate rocks and localized occurrences of MVT mineralization are both explainable by a gravity-driven flow model, in which deep brines migrate towards the basin margin under a hydraulic gradient established during the Alleghanian orogeny. The authigenic K-feldspar may reflect the loss of K during disequilibrium cooling of the ascending brines. MVT deposits are probably localized manifestations of the same migrating fluids, occurring where the necessary physical and chemical traps are present.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90222-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hearn, P., Sutter, J.F., and Belkin, H., 1987, Evidence for Late-Paleozoic brine migration in Cambrian carbonate rocks of the central and southern Appalachians: Implications for Mississippi Valley-type sulfide mineralization: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 5, p. 1323-1334, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90222-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1323","endPage":"1334","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d2ae4b0c8380cd52e53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hearn, P.P. Jr.","contributorId":76763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"P.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutter, J. F.","contributorId":59779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015194,"text":"70015194 - 1987 - Origin of the lethal gas burst from Lake Monoun, Cameroun","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015194","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the lethal gas burst from Lake Monoun, Cameroun","docAbstract":"On 15 August, 1984, a lethal gas burst issued from a submerged 96-m-deep crater in Lake Monoun in Cameroun, western Africa, killing 37 people. The event was associated with a landslide from the eastern crater rim, which slumped into deep water. Waters below 50 m are anoxic, dominated by high Fe2+ (???600 mg/l) and HCO3- (??? 1900 mg/l), anoxic and supersaturated with siderite, which is a major component of the crater floor sediments. The unusually high Fe2+ levels are attributed to reduction of laterite-derived ferric iron gradually brought into the lake as loess and in river input. Sulfur compounds are below detection limits in both water and gas. Gases effervescing from depressurized deep waters are dominantly CO2 with minor CH4, having ??13C of -7.18 and -54.8 per mil, respectively. Bacterial decomposition of organic matter may account for the methane, but 14C of lake water indicates that only 10% of the carbon is modern, giving an apparent age of 18,000 years. The dominant source of carbon is therefore attributed to long-term emission of CO2 as volcanic exhalation from vents within the crater, which led to gradual build-up of HCO3- in the lake. The density stratification of the lake may have been upset by an earthquake and underwater landslide on 15 August, which triggered overturn of the lake and caused nucleation of CO2 in the deep water. The resultant ebullition of CO2 from deep lake waters led to a gas burst at the surface and locally generated a water wave up to 5 m high. People travelling through the gas cloud were asphyxiated, presumably from CO2, and suffered skin discoloration from unidentified components. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Sigurdsson, H., Devine, J., Tchua, F., Presser, F., Pringle, M., and Evans, W.C., 1987, Origin of the lethal gas burst from Lake Monoun, Cameroun: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 31, no. 1-2, p. 1-16.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7104e4b0c8380cd763e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sigurdsson, Haraldur","contributorId":35079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sigurdsson","given":"Haraldur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Devine, J.D.","contributorId":95486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Devine","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tchua, F.M.","contributorId":48828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tchua","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Presser, F.M.","contributorId":38847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pringle, M.K.W.","contributorId":67220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pringle","given":"M.K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015195,"text":"70015195 - 1987 - Wind energy development in California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015195","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wind energy development in California, USA","docAbstract":"Windfarms have been developed rapidly in California in the last few years. The impetus has been a legislated goal to generate 10% of California's electricity by windpower by the year 2000, and generous state and federal tax incentives. Windpower is promoted as environmentally benign, which it is in traditional uses. The California program, however, is not traditional: it calls for centralized development of a magnitude sufficient to offset significant amounts of fossil fuels now used to generate electricity. Centralized windfarm development, as exemplified by the Altamont Pass, Tehachapi Mountains, and San Gorgonio Pass developments, involves major road building projects in erosion-sensitive terrain, effective closure of public lands, and other detrimental effects. A windfarm consisting of 200 turbines with 17-m rotors located in steep terrain 16 km from an existing corridor might occupy 235 ha and physically disturb 86 ha. With average annual wind speeds of 22.5 km/h, the farm would generate about 10??106 kWh/year at present levels of capacity. This annual production would offset 1% of one day's consumption of oil in California. To supply 10% of the state's electricity (at 1984 production rates) would require about 600,000 turbines of the type in common use today and would occupy more than 685,000 ha. It is likely that indirect effects would be felt in much larger areas and would include increased air and water pollution resulting from accelerated erosion, degradation of habitat of domestic and wild animals, damage to archaeological sites, and reduction of scenic quality of now-remote areas of the state. ?? 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01867174","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H., and Prose, D., 1987, Wind energy development in California, USA: Environmental Management, v. 11, no. 1, p. 13-20, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01867174.","startPage":"13","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205387,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867174"},{"id":223586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd121e4b08c986b32f24f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H.","contributorId":101391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prose, D.","contributorId":30369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015196,"text":"70015196 - 1987 - DISTRIBUTED GROUND-WATER DATA BASE OF THE U. S. G. S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015196","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"DISTRIBUTED GROUND-WATER DATA BASE OF THE U. S. G. S.","docAbstract":"During the past 20 years, the ground-water data base of the U. S. Geological Survey has evolved from paper files in local offices, to a national data base on a central mainframe computer, to a distributed data base on a network of 49 minicomputers throughout the United States. Users in local offices have easy, inexpensive access to the distributed data base. The distributed data base has caused some problems in data management but has increased the overall quality of the data base.","conferenceTitle":"Irrigation Systems for the 21st Century, Proceedings of a Conference. Papers Presented at the 1987 Irrigation and Drainage Division Specialty Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Portland, OR, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872626091","usgsCitation":"Luckey, R.R., 1987, DISTRIBUTED GROUND-WATER DATA BASE OF THE U. S. G. S., Irrigation Systems for the 21st Century, Proceedings of a Conference. Papers Presented at the 1987 Irrigation and Drainage Division Specialty Conference., Portland, OR, USA, p. 263-270.","startPage":"263","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd4be4b0c8380cd4e757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luckey, Richard R.","contributorId":17980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014189,"text":"70014189 - 1987 - Characteristics of hydrolysis of the complex Na2SnF6 in hydrothermal solutions-An experimental study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70014189","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1233,"text":"Chinese Journal of Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of hydrolysis of the complex Na2SnF6 in hydrothermal solutions-An experimental study","docAbstract":"Characteristics of hydrolysis of the complex Na2SnF6, which is used as the starting material, in hydrothermal solutions have been studied at 200-602??C and 1 kbar. Experimental results show that intense hydrolysis of Na2SnF6 occurs at high temperatures and that with the rise of temperature the hydrolysis will become more intense. Under the present experimental conditions the most possible existing form of Sn in the hydrothermal solutions is SnF3(OH) or Na2SnF3(OH). In addition, the hydrolysis constants for Na2SnF6 have also been calculated at 200-602??C, and the relationship between Na2SnF6 hydrolysis and temperature is discussed. ?? 1987 Science Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chinese Journal of Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Science in China Press","doi":"10.1007/BF02872266","issn":"0253486X","usgsCitation":"Wang, Y., and I-Ming, C., 1987, Characteristics of hydrolysis of the complex Na2SnF6 in hydrothermal solutions-An experimental study: Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, v. 6, no. 4, p. 372-382, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872266.","startPage":"372","endPage":"382","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205638,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02872266"},{"id":225624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f49ae4b0c8380cd4bdf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Y.","contributorId":64213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"I-Ming, C.","contributorId":61177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"I-Ming","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}