Oils generated by Middle Ordovician rocks are found throughout the Mid-Continent and east-central regions of the United States. Gas chromatographic characteristics of these oils include a relatively high abundance of n-alkanes with carbon numbers less than 20, a strong predominance of odd-numbered n-alkanes between C10 and C20, and relatively small amounts of branched and cyclic alkanes. Saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of 43 Ordovician oils from the Anadarko, Ardmore, Forest City, Illinois, Michigan, Salina-Sedgwick, and Williston basins and the Iowa shelf demonstrate a wide range in carbon isotope composition (^dgr13Csat = -24.9 ^pmil to -33.9 ^pmil, (^dgr13Carom = -24.3 ^pmil to -33.7 ^pmil). Saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons extracted from late Middle Ordovician shales (17 core samples) show ranges in ^dgr13C similar to that of the oils.
The wide ranges in ^dgr13C for oils and rock extracts reflect a major, positive excursion(s) (6-9 per ^pmil) in organic matter ^dgr13C in late Middle Ordovician rocks. This excursion has at least a regional significance in that it can be documented in sections 480 mi (770 km) apart in south-central Kansas and eastern Iowa. The distance may be as much as 930 mi (1,500 km) if the carbon isotope variations observed in Michigan basin Ordovician oils and in organic matter from late Middle Ordovician rocks in southwestern Ontario are related to the same carbon isotope excursion. Organic-matter ^dgr13C in core samples from south-central Kansas and eastern Iowa is not directly related to variations in quantity or quality of organic matter, or maceral compositi n. The positive excursion in organic matter ^dgr13C is a possible result of increased organic matter productivity and/or preservation.
The parallel shifts in organic and carbonate ^dgr13C in core samples from 1 E. M. Greene well, Washington County, Iowa, imply changes in the isotope composition of the ocean-atmosphere carbon reservoir. Differences in the magnitude of the carbon isotope shifts between organic matter (8.8 ^pmil) and carbonate (4.2 ^pmil) in this core suggest a decrease, either locally or regionally, in available dissolved CO2, possibly a result of high organic-matter productivity and/or limited circulation in the late Middle Ordovician seas.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/703C8074-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Hatch, J.R., Jacobson, S.R., Witzke, B.J., Risatti, J., Anders, D.E., Watney, W.L., Newell, K.D., and Vuletich, A.K., 1987, Possible Late Middle Ordovician organic carbon isotope excursion: Evidence from Ordovician oils and hydrocarbon source rocks, mid-continent and east-central United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 71, no. 11, p. 1342-1354, https://doi.org/10.1306/703C8074-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1342","endPage":"1354","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225688,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.88476280424149,\n 48.772630643525844\n ],\n [\n -103.88476280424149,\n 36.63144917528669\n ],\n [\n -82.22842647308705,\n 36.63144917528669\n ],\n [\n -82.22842647308705,\n 48.772630643525844\n ],\n [\n -103.88476280424149,\n 48.772630643525844\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7368e4b0c8380cd76ffe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Joseph R. 0000-0001-9257-0278 jrhatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-0278","contributorId":722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Joseph","email":"jrhatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Stephen R.","contributorId":20086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witzke, Brian J.","contributorId":40347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Risatti, J. Bruno","contributorId":28018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risatti","given":"J. Bruno","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anders, Donald E.","contributorId":35316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Watney, W. Lynn","contributorId":60785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watney","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Newell, K. David","contributorId":76074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vuletich, April K.","contributorId":7430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vuletich","given":"April","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70015306,"text":"70015306 - 1987 - The line integral approach to radarclinometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:01","indexId":"70015306","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1429,"text":"Earth, Moon and Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The line integral approach to radarclinometry","docAbstract":"Radarclinometry, the invention of which has been previously reported, is a technique for deriving a topographic map from a single radar image by using the dependence upon terrain-surface orientation of the integrated signal of an individual image pixel. The radiometric calibration required for precise operation and testing does not yet exist, but the imminence of important applications justifies parallel, rather than serial, development of radarclinometry and radiometrically calibrated radar. The present investigation reports three developmental advances: (1) The solid angle of integration of back-scattered specific intensity constituting a pixel signal is more accurately accounted for in its dependence on surface orientation than in previous work. (2) The local curvature hypothesis, which removes the requirement of a ground-truth profile as a boundary condition and enables the formulation of the theory in terms of a line integral, has been expanded to include the three possibilities of Local Cylindricity, Local Biaxial Ellipsoidal Hyperbolicity, and Least-Squares Local Sphericity. (3) The theory is integrated in the cross-ground-range direction, which is ill-conditioned compared to the ground-range direction, whereas the original formulation was based on enforced isotropy in the two-dimensional power spectrum of the topography. It was found necessary to prohibit the hypothesis of Local Biaxial Ellipsoidal Hyperbolicity in the cross-range stepping, for reasons not completely clear. Variation in the proportioning between curvature assumptions had produced topographic maps that are in good mutual agreement but not realistic in appearance. They are severely banded parallel to the ground-range direction, most especially at small radar zenith angles. Numerical experimentation with the falsification of topography through incorrect decalibration as performed on a Gaussian hill suggests that the banding and its exaggeration at high radar incidence angles could easily be due to our lack of radiometric calibration. ?? 1987 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Moon and Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00115938","issn":"01679295","usgsCitation":"Wildey, R., 1987, The line integral approach to radarclinometry: Earth, Moon and Planets, v. 38, no. 1, p. 59-95, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115938.","startPage":"59","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205478,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115938"},{"id":224412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad93e4b08c986b323cdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildey, R.L.","contributorId":9700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015307,"text":"70015307 - 1987 - Kinetic theory of oxygen isotopic exchange between minerals and water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:38:26.548337","indexId":"70015307","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetic theory of oxygen isotopic exchange between minerals and water","docAbstract":"Kinetic and mass conservation equations are used to describe oxygen isotopic exchange between minerals and water in \"closed\" and open hydrothermal systems. In cases where n coexisting mineral phases having different reaction rates are present, the exchange process is described by a system of n + 1 simultaneous differential equations consisting of n pseudo first-order rate equations and a conservation of mass equation. The simultaneous solutions to these equations generate curved exchange trajectories on ??-?? plots. Families of such trajectories generated under conditions allowing for different fluid mole fractions, different fluid isotopic compositions, or different fluid flow rates are connected by positive-sloped isochronous lines. These isochrons reproduce the effects observed in hydrothermally exchanged mineral pairs including 1) steep positive slopes, 2) common reversals in the measured fractionation factors (??), and 3) measured fractionations that are highly variable over short distances where no thermal gradient can be geologically demonstrated. ?? 1987.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90203-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Criss, R., Gregory, R.T., and Taylor, H., 1987, Kinetic theory of oxygen isotopic exchange between minerals and water: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 5, p. 1099-1108, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90203-1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1099","endPage":"1108","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224413,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a7e4b0c8380cd64f2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gregory, R. T.","contributorId":101394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gregory","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, H.P. Jr.","contributorId":78479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"H.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015308,"text":"70015308 - 1987 - A study of metal ion adsorption at low suspended-solid concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-17T17:30:52","indexId":"70015308","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A study of metal ion adsorption at low suspended-solid concentrations","docAbstract":"A procedure for conducting adsorption studies at low suspended solid concentrations in natural waters (<50 mg l−1) is described. Methodological complications previously associated with such experiments have been overcome. Adsorption of zinc ion onto synthetic colloidal titania (TiO2) was studied as a function of pH, supporting electrolyte (NaCl) concentration (0·1-0·002 m) and particle concentration (2–50 mg l−1). The lack of success of the Davis Leckie site bonding model in describing Zn(II) adsorption emphasizes the need for further studies of adsorption at low suspended-solid concentrations.
Side-scan sonar records collected during March and April 1981 and 1982 off northern California contain elongate depressions whose sizes and shapes are similar to sea-floor gouges made by feeding gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in the northern Bering Sea and in shallow embayments off British Columbia. The discovery of the whale gouges in the sonar records was unexpected, and supports some of the previous speculation that gray whales feed opportunistically during migration. Gouges occupy about 0.032% of the 7.6 km2 of sea floor that was surveyed, which represents about 575 metric tons of excavated material. Although seemingly minor in amount, the total amount of bottom sediment removed from the central and northern California continental shelf by gray whale activities year after year represents macroscale biologically induced erosion and could have significant geological implications in shelf erosion and depositional schemes. This is the only published evidence of benthic feeding by gray whales along their migration route off northern California.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(87)90021-5","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Cacchione, D., Drake, D., Field, M., and Tate, G.B., 1987, Sea-floor gouges caused by migrating gray whales off northern California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 7, no. 6, p. 553-560, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(87)90021-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"560","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223594,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b880be4b08c986b3167ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":370603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tate, G. B.","contributorId":46119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tate","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015310,"text":"70015310 - 1987 - Man-induced gradient adjustment of the South Fork Forked Deer River, west Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:58","indexId":"70015310","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Man-induced gradient adjustment of the South Fork Forked Deer River, west Tennessee","docAbstract":"Channel modifications from 1968 to 1969 on the South Fork Forked Deer River in western Tennessee have caused upstream degradation, downstream aggradation, and bank failures along the altered channels, adjacent reaches, and tributaries. The result of these adjustments is a general decrease in gradient as the channel attempts to absorb the imposed increase in energy conditions created by channelization. Headward degradation at a rate of approximately 2.57 km/yr on the South Fork Forked Deer River caused from 1.52 m to about 3.14 m of incision over a 13.5 km reach from 1969 to 1981. As a consequence of substantially increased sediment supply, approximately 2.13 m of aggradation was induced downstream of this reach during the same period. This accumulation represents a 60% recovery of bed level at the downstream site since the completion of channel work in 1969. Gradient adjustment with time is described by exponential decay functions. The length of time required for adjustment to some new quasi-equilibrium condition is computed by these decay functions and is about 20 years from the completion of channel work. Adjusted slopes are less than predisturbed values, probably because straightened channels dissipate less energy by friction, allowing more energy for sediment transport. An equivalent sediment load, therefore, can be transported at a considerably gentler slope. The predisturbed slope exceeds the adjusted slope by an order of magnitude on the downstream reach of the South Fork Forked Deer River. ?? 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02449942","issn":"00990094","usgsCitation":"Simon, A., and Robbins, C.H., 1987, Man-induced gradient adjustment of the South Fork Forked Deer River, west Tennessee: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 9, no. 2, p. 109-118, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02449942.","startPage":"109","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205389,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449942"},{"id":223595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c5de4b0c8380cd69bd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, A.","contributorId":43501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, C. H.","contributorId":54210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015311,"text":"70015311 - 1987 - Phytoplankton productivity in relation to light intensity: A simple equation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T00:18:10.023544","indexId":"70015311","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoplankton productivity in relation to light intensity: A simple equation","docAbstract":"A simple exponential equation is used to describe photosynthetic rate as a function of light intensity for a variety of unicellular algae and higher plants where photosynthesis is proportional to (1-e−β1). The parameter β (
Cretaceous clavagellid pelecypods are a poorly known group, and have previously received little study. Ascaulocardium armatum is conchologically the most complex burrowing pelecypod known. From the study of living clavagellids, it is possible to interpret the various tubes extending outward from the adventitious crypt of A. armatum as devices for hydraulic burrowing and deposit feeding. The conchologically complex A. armatum occurs near the beginning of the history of the Clavagellidae, and does not seem to have given rise to any younger species. Ascaulocardium armatum is known only from the Upper Cretaceous rocks (Santonian–Maastrichtian) of the east Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains of the United States of America, as is probably the genus Ascaulocardium. All known Cretaceous clavagellids are burrowing species having a free right valve, and this is the ancestral mode of life of the Clavagellidae. Clavagellids that have a boring habit are a more recent evolutionary development, as are burrowing species having both juvenile valves cemented to the crypt. Clavagellids probably evolved from Jurassic–Early Cretaceous pholadomyids. Almost all Cretaceous clavagellids occur outside the Tethyan Zoogeographic Realm; this distribution is in marked contrast to the modern distribution of the family. Living species mostly inhabit clear, shallow seas in subtropical to tropical shelf areas.
Incorporating a flow pump into a conventional triaxial laboratory system allows fluid to be supplied to or withdrawn from the base of a sediment sample at small and constant rates. An initial transient record of hydraulic head versus time is observed which eventually stabilizes to a constant steady state gradient across the sample; values of hydraulic conductivity can subsequently be determined from Darcy's law. In this paper, analytical methods are presented for determining values of specific storage and hydraulic conductivity from the initial transient phase of such a constant flow rate test. These methods are based on a diffusion equation involving pore pressure and are analogous to those used to describe the soil consolidation process and also to interpret aquifer properties from pumping tests. Examination of the effective stress distributions within the test specimen induced during this type of measurement shows that values of specific storage corresponding to both compression and rebound conditions can be deduced and differentiated simply by reversing the direction of fluid flow. Applicability and limitations of the methods are illustrated with analyses of recently reported flow pump test measurements conducted on a silty-clay specimen.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i008p01461","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., and Olsen, H.W., 1987, Theoretical analysis of the transient pressure response from a constant flow rate hydraulic conductivity test: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1461-1470, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i008p01461.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1461","endPage":"1470","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba385e4b08c986b31fd32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Harold W.","contributorId":28985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014130,"text":"70014130 - 1987 - Chemical reactions simulated by ground-water-quality models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T09:43:07","indexId":"70014130","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical reactions simulated by ground-water-quality models","docAbstract":"Recent literature concerning the modeling of chemical reactions during transport in ground water is examined with emphasis on sorption reactions. The theory of transport and reactions in porous media has been well documented. Numerous equations have been developed from this theory, to provide both continuous and sequential or multistep models, with the water phase considered for both mobile and immobile phases. Chemical reactions can be either equilibrium or non-equilibrium, and can be quantified in linear or non-linear mathematical forms. Non-equilibrium reactions can be separated into kinetic and diffusional rate-limiting mechanisms. Solutions to the equations are available by either analytical expressions or numerical techniques. Saturated and unsaturated batch, column, and field studies are discussed with one-dimensional, laboratory-column experiments predominating. A summary table is presented that references the various kinds of models studied and their applications in predicting chemical concentrations in ground waters.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00835.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Grove, D.B., and Stollenwerk, K.G., 1987, Chemical reactions simulated by ground-water-quality models: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 23, no. 4, p. 601-615, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00835.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"615","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2cde4b0c8380cd4b3aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grove, David B.","contributorId":74750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015322,"text":"70015322 - 1987 - Secondary hydroeruptions in pyroclastic-flow deposits: Examples from Mount St. Helens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015322","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Secondary hydroeruptions in pyroclastic-flow deposits: Examples from Mount St. Helens","docAbstract":"Secondary hydroeruptions occur in pyroclastic-flow deposits when water or ice is trapped beneath hot pyroclastic debris and rapidly heated to steam. These eruptions display various styles of activity including fumarolic degassing, tephra fountaining, and explosive cratering. The deposits, which occupy the layer 3 stratigraphic position on the top of pyroclastic-flow units, can be distinguished from ash-cloud material by lateral thickness variation, clast composition, and other sedimentary features. The ejecta of secondary hydroeruptions comprise a subset of hydrovolcanic pyroclastic deposits. A small secondary hydroeruption observed on the Mount St. Helens pumice plain in 1981 produced tephra that was emplaced ballistically, by deposition from base surges, and by fallout from an eruption column. Stratigraphic descriptions and grain-size analysis of the ejecta from several secondary craters on the pumice plain demonstrate that the bedforms produced by a hydroeruption change with crater diameter. In particular, craters of small diameter are surrounded by interbedded ripple-laminated ash horizons and nonstratified, fines-depleted units; large craters have ejecta ramparts comprised of coarse dunes and antidunes. These bedform changes are related to a progressive increase in eruptive energy, which produces base surges of greater power and eruptive columns of greater height. We suggest that the style of activity displayed during a secondary hydroeruption is controlled by both the total thermal energy of the system and the permeability of the pyroclastic overburden. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Moyer, T., and Swanson, D.A., 1987, Secondary hydroeruptions in pyroclastic-flow deposits: Examples from Mount St. Helens: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 32, no. 4, p. 299-319.","startPage":"299","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b891de4b08c986b316d25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moyer, T.C.","contributorId":74031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyer","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, D. A.","contributorId":34102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015323,"text":"70015323 - 1987 - Normal faulting of the Daiichi-Kashima Seamount in the Japan Trench revealed by the Kaiko I cruise, Leg 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:19:10.597376","indexId":"70015323","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Normal faulting of the Daiichi-Kashima Seamount in the Japan Trench revealed by the Kaiko I cruise, Leg 3","docAbstract":"A detailed topographic and geophysical survey of the Daiichi-Kashima Seamount area in the southern Japan Trench, northwestern Pacific margin, clearly defines a high-angle normal fault which splits the seamount into two halves. A fan-shaped zone was investigated along 2–4 km spaced, 100 km long subparallel tracks using narrow multi-beam (Seabeam) echo-sounder with simultaneous measurements of gravity, magnetic total field and single-channel seismic reflection records. Vertical displacement of the inboard half was clearly mapped and its normal fault origin was supported. The northern and southern extensions of the normal fault beyond the flank of the seamount were delineated. Materials on the landward trench slope are displaced upward and to sideways away from the colliding seamount. Canyons observed in the upper landward slope terminate at the mid-slope terrace which has been uplifted since start of subduction of the seamount. Most of the landward slope except for the landward walls aside the seamount comprises only a landslide topography in a manner similar to the northern Japan Trench wall. This survey was conducted on R/V “Jean Charcot” as a part of the Kaiko I cruise, Leg 3, in July–August 1984 under the auspices of the French-Japanese scientific cooperative program.
Hydrologic, geologic, geomorphic, and mass-balance data suggest that most of the ∼30,000 playa lake basins on the Southern High Plains have developed by a combination of dissolution of caliche and piping of surface material into the unsaturated zone rather than by eolian processes as has generally been stated. A conceptual model suggests that particulate organic material, much of which is sorbed on smectite clays, is carried downward from the surface into the unsaturated zone by recharging water. The organic material is oxidized to CO2, which dissolves in the water, forms carbonic acid, and dissolves lithologic carbonates. Because organic material is transported and oxidized deep in the unsaturated zone, CO2 concentrations are much higher at depth than in the soil zone, and recharging water remains thermodynamically subsaturated with respect to carbonates and thus able to dissolve them throughout the unsaturated zone. Dissolution promotes lithologic instability, leading to piping and eluviation of material within the unsaturated zone. Playa basins expand laterally as recharge is concentrated at the edge of the playa floor because of lowered permeability in the center that results from accumulation of clays and other fine sediment.
Mass-balance calculations of gas, liquid, and solid fluxes beneath a playa basin suggest that sufficient mass is transported to account for the volume of the depression. Particulate flux is estimated by relating it to the CO2 flux out of the unsaturated zone. Solute flux is estimated from the difference between input values from the playa lake water and that observed in ground water. Gas flux is measured directly from gas samples at specific depths below the: surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<224:PBOTSH>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., and Osterkamp, W.R., 1987, Playa-lake basins on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part II. A hydrologic model and mass-balance arguments for their development.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, no. 2, p. 224-230, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<224:PBOTSH>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225735,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c38e4b0c8380cd79882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014119,"text":"70014119 - 1987 - Analysis of broadband seismograms from selected IASPEI events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:19:31","indexId":"70014119","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of broadband seismograms from selected IASPEI events","docAbstract":"Broadband seismograms of body waves that are flat to displacement and velocity in the frequency range from 0.01 to 5.0 Hz can now be routinely obtained for most earthquakes of magnitude greater than about 5.5. These records are obtained either directly or through multichannel deconvolution of waveforms from digitally recording seismograph stations. In contrast to data from conventional narrowband seismographs, broadband records have sufficient frequency content to define the source-time functions of body waves, even for shallow events for which the source functions of direct and surface-reflected phases may overlap. Broadband seismograms for selected IASPEI events are systematically analysed to identify depth phases and the presence of subevents. The procedure results in improved estimates of focal depth, identification of subevents in complex earthquakes, and better resolution of focal mechanisms. We propose that it is now possible for reporting agencies, such as the National Earthquake Information Center, to use broadband digital waveforms routinely in the processing of earthquake data. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(87)90069-0","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Choy, G.L., and Engdahl, E., 1987, Analysis of broadband seismograms from selected IASPEI events: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 47, no. C, p. 80-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(87)90069-0.","startPage":"80","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267328,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(87)90069-0"},{"id":225359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb0ce4b0c8380cd48b98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engdahl, E.R.","contributorId":22906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014704,"text":"70014704 - 1987 - Photoproduction of hydrated electrons from natural organic solutes in aquatic environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T15:58:31.118642","indexId":"70014704","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photoproduction of hydrated electrons from natural organic solutes in aquatic environments","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00159a010","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Zepp, R., Braun, A., Hoigne, J., and Leenheer, J., 1987, Photoproduction of hydrated electrons from natural organic solutes in aquatic environments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 21, no. 5, p. 485-490, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00159a010.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"490","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Switzerland, United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Zurich","otherGeospatial":"Greifensee, Okefenokee Swamp, Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.44180012411081,\n 30.843484138759663\n ],\n [\n -82.44180012411081,\n 30.779722097395137\n ],\n [\n -82.33244564351739,\n 30.779722097395137\n ],\n [\n -82.33244564351739,\n 30.843484138759663\n ],\n [\n -82.44180012411081,\n 30.843484138759663\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 8.691652627893177,\n 47.34427745441323\n ],\n [\n 8.691424068184432,\n 47.35356884400528\n ],\n [\n 8.68228167984833,\n 47.363323042743104\n ],\n [\n 8.677024806555409,\n 47.36440673129255\n ],\n [\n 8.675416232516653,\n 47.36649957310877\n ],\n [\n 8.67267351601538,\n 47.367892798968256\n ],\n [\n 8.660788411178004,\n 47.3750131564299\n ],\n [\n 8.651188903425293,\n 47.37222704408458\n ],\n [\n 8.650731784008713,\n 47.36758319640202\n ],\n [\n 8.650960343716577,\n 47.361855221130185\n ],\n [\n 8.660559851470168,\n 47.35272013606368\n ],\n [\n 8.662616888845236,\n 47.35272013606368\n ],\n [\n 8.66627384417967,\n 47.34730027041806\n ],\n [\n 8.674501993682611,\n 47.34451269421996\n ],\n [\n 8.677244710183885,\n 47.339866406757665\n ],\n [\n 8.680901665518348,\n 47.337233329014566\n ],\n [\n 8.686844217936596,\n 47.3282488990628\n ],\n [\n 8.68844413589511,\n 47.32205184991031\n ],\n [\n 8.697129404814632,\n 47.3195728266881\n ],\n [\n 8.699415001899268,\n 47.321122229833264\n ],\n [\n 8.70010068102465,\n 47.32360118035467\n ],\n [\n 8.701472039274393,\n 47.324840611995114\n ],\n [\n 8.705128994608827,\n 47.32453075681141\n ],\n [\n 8.709243069360781,\n 47.32917839373226\n ],\n [\n 8.70741459169355,\n 47.3347550182462\n ],\n [\n 8.698500763065283,\n 47.33847244078018\n ],\n [\n 8.693701009188885,\n 47.34048593537935\n ],\n [\n 8.691652627893177,\n 47.34427745441323\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a34e4b0c8380cd78dc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zepp, R.G.","contributorId":12986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zepp","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Braun, A.M.","contributorId":9778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoigne, J.","contributorId":93204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoigne","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014120,"text":"70014120 - 1987 - Pressure sensitivity of low permeability sandstones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T14:48:01.033687","indexId":"70014120","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2419,"text":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pressure sensitivity of low permeability sandstones","docAbstract":"Detailed core analysis has been carried out on 32 tight sandstones with permeabilities ranging over four orders of magnitude (0.0002 to 4.8 mD at 5000 psi confining pressure). Relationships between gas permeability and net confining pressure were measured for cycles of loading and unloading. For some samples, permeabilities were measured both along and across bedding planes. Large variations in stress sensitivity of permeability were observed from one sample to another. The ratio of permeability at a nominal confining pressure of 500 psi to that at 5000 psi was used to define a stress sensitivity ratio. For a given sample, confining pressure vs permeability followed a linear log-log relationship, the slope of which provided an index of pressure sensitivity. This index, as obtained for first unloading data, was used in testing relationships between stress sensitivity and other measured rock properties. Pressure sensitivity tended to increase with increase in carbonate content and depth, and with decrease in porosity, permeability and sodium feldspar. However, scatter in these relationships increased as permeability decreased. Tests for correlations between pressure sensitivity and various linear combinations of variables are reported. Details of pore structure related to diagenetic changes appears to be of much greater significance to pressure sensitivity than mineral composition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0920-4105(87)90015-5","issn":"09204105","usgsCitation":"Kilmer, N., Morrow, N., and Pitman, J.K., 1987, Pressure sensitivity of low permeability sandstones: Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, v. 1, no. 1, p. 65-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-4105(87)90015-5.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"81","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b5ce4b0c8380cd7e21c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilmer, N.H.","contributorId":35475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilmer","given":"N.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morrow, N.R.","contributorId":98888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014646,"text":"70014646 - 1987 - On the functional optimization of a certain class of nonstationary spatial functions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014646","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2407,"text":"Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the functional optimization of a certain class of nonstationary spatial functions","docAbstract":"Procedures are developed in order to obtain optimal estimates of linear functionals for a wide class of nonstationary spatial functions. These procedures rely on well-established constrained minimum-norm criteria, and are applicable to multidimensional phenomena which are characterized by the so-called hypothesis of inherentity. The latter requires elimination of the polynomial, trend-related components of the spatial function leading to stationary quantities, and also it generates some interesting mathematics within the context of modelling and optimization in several dimensions. The arguments are illustrated using various examples, and a case study computed in detail. ?? 1987 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00941280","issn":"00223239","usgsCitation":"Christakos, G., and Paraskevopoulos, P., 1987, On the functional optimization of a certain class of nonstationary spatial functions: Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, v. 52, no. 2, p. 191-208, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00941280.","startPage":"191","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487230,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00941280","text":"External Repository"},{"id":205635,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941280"},{"id":225525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6dd2e4b0c8380cd75345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christakos, G.","contributorId":87685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christakos","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paraskevopoulos, P.N.","contributorId":105062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paraskevopoulos","given":"P.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014870,"text":"70014870 - 1987 - Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta Mining District, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:36:11","indexId":"70014870","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta Mining District, California","docAbstract":"Acid mine drainage has acidified large volumes of water and added high concentrations of dissolved heavy metals to West Squaw Creek, a California stream draining igneous rocks of low acid-neutralizing capacity. During mixing of the acid sulfate stream waters in the South Fork of West Squaw Creek with an almost equal volume of dilute uncontaminated water, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Al remained in solution rather than precipitating or adsorbing on solid phases. Changes in the concentration of these generally conservative metals could be used to determine relative flow volumes of acid tributaries and the main stream. An amorphous orange precipitate (probably ferric hydroxides or a mixture of ferric hydroxides and jarosite) was ubiquitous in the acid stream beds and was intimately associated with algae at the most acid sites. Relative sorption of cations decreased with decreasing water pH. However, arsenic was almost completely scavenged from solution within a short distance from the sulfide sources.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00158a009","usgsCitation":"Filipek, L., Nordstrom, D.K., and Ficklin, W.H., 1987, Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta Mining District, California: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 21, no. 4, p. 388-396, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00158a009.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"388","endPage":"396","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"West Shasta Mining District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 40.444856858961764\n ],\n [\n -122.24761962890625,\n 40.444856858961764\n ],\n [\n -122.24761962890625,\n 40.92804010533237\n ],\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 40.92804010533237\n ],\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 40.444856858961764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3caee4b0c8380cd62f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Filipek, L.H.","contributorId":58392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filipek","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ficklin, W. H.","contributorId":89517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficklin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014874,"text":"70014874 - 1987 - Examples of transient sounding from groundwater exploration in sedimentary aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:38:47.424001","indexId":"70014874","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Examples of transient sounding from groundwater exploration in sedimentary aquifers","docAbstract":"Examples of the use of transient electromagnetic soundings for three ground-water exploration problems in sedimentary aquifers are given. The examples include: (1) estimating depths to water table and bedrock in an alluvium-filled basin, (2) mapping a confined fresh-water aquifer in bedrock sediments, and (3) locating a freshwater/salt-water interface in a glacial-outwash aquifer. The technique works quite well for these problems within the limitations imposed by the problem of equivalence. For thin conductive targets (S-equivalence) such as a salt-water lens, the ratio of the layer thickness to its resistivity can be determined, but not the individual layer parameters. The thickness of thin resistive zones (H-equivalence) can be resolved, but the resistivity of such layers is not well determined. The problem of H-equivalence is more severe than the S-equivalence. Equivalence imposes restrictions on the transient sounding method for some ground-water exploration problems. Model studies prior to field work can be used to assess the usefulness of the technique for a particular exploration objective.
Field procedures for collecting marine electromagnetic (EM) conductivity data were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of a hydrogeologic investigation of the Delaware River shipping channel. Eighty miles of marine EM data collected along the border between Pennsylvania and New Jersey were used to help interpret results from high-resolution, continuous seismic-reflection surveys done in the Summer of 1984.
Comparison of EM data with lithologic logs from river borings showed a direct relationship. EM conductivity of sand or bedrock ranged from 4 to 10 millimhos per meter (mmhos/m). Extensive clay beneath the shipping channel generally gave readings exceeding 20 mmhos/m. Conductivity readings over silts were almost always between these values (11 to 20 mmhos/m). This relation was used to help interpret the continuous seismic-reflection data.