{"pageNumber":"4367","pageRowStart":"109150","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184900,"records":[{"id":70180935,"text":"70180935 - 1991 - A line transect model for aerial surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T15:11:48","indexId":"70180935","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A line transect model for aerial surveys","docAbstract":"<p>We employ a line transect method to estimate the density of the common and Pacific loon in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge from aerial survey data. Line transect methods have the advantage of automatically taking into account “visibility bias” due to detectability difference of animals at different distances from the transect line. However, line transect methods must overcome two difficulties when applied to inaccurate recording of sighting distances due to high travel speeds, so that in fact only a few reliable distance class counts are available. We propose a unimodal detection function that provides an estimate of the effective area lost due to the blind strip, under the assumption that a line of perfect detection exists parallel to the transect line. The unimodal detection function can also be applied when a blind strip is absent, and in certain instances when the maximum probability of detection is less than 100%. A simple bootstrap procedure to estimate standard error is illustrated. Finally, we present results from a small set of Monte Carlo experiments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2532661","usgsCitation":"Quang, P.X., and Lanctot, R.B., 1991, A line transect model for aerial surveys: Biometrics, v. 47, no. 3, p. 1089-1102, https://doi.org/10.2307/2532661.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1089","endPage":"1102","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge","volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c50e4b0efcedb74111d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quang, Pham Xuan","contributorId":179137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quang","given":"Pham","email":"","middleInitial":"Xuan","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180742,"text":"70180742 - 1991 - Isolation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus in Prince William Sound Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T10:26:42","indexId":"70180742","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Isolation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus in Prince William Sound Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the second international symposium on viruses of lower vertebrates","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Second international symposium on viruses of lower vertebrates","conferenceDate":"July 27-31, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Corvallis, OR","language":"English","publisher":"Oregon State University","usgsCitation":"Meyers, T., Sullivan, J., Emmenegger, E., Follett, J., Short, S., Batts, W., and Winton, J., 1991, Isolation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus in Prince William Sound Alaska, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the second international symposium on viruses of lower vertebrates, Corvallis, OR, July 27-31, 1991, p. 83-92.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"83","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334583,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58945335e4b0fa1e59b86809","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyers, T.R.","contributorId":108283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, J.","contributorId":178997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emmenegger, E.","contributorId":34324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmenegger","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Follett, J.","contributorId":178998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Follett","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Short, S.","contributorId":178921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Short","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Batts, W.","contributorId":76533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batts","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70180699,"text":"70180699 - 1991 - Life history and management of four endangered lacustrine suckers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T14:19:25","indexId":"70180699","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Life history and management of four endangered lacustrine suckers","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Battle against extinction: Native fish management in the American West","language":"English","publisher":"Arizona State University Press","usgsCitation":"Scoppettone, G., and Vinyard, G., 1991, Life history and management of four endangered lacustrine suckers, chap. <i>of</i> Battle against extinction: Native fish management in the American West.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0bee4b072a7ac1299a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scoppettone, G.G.","contributorId":22793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scoppettone","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vinyard, G.","contributorId":179007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vinyard","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70178159,"text":"70178159 - 1991 - Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's Terns (<i>Sterna fosteri</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-17T15:57:24","indexId":"70178159","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's Terns (<i>Sterna fosteri</i>)","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">The separation and characterization of complex mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is approached from the perspective of a problem in chemometrics. A technique for quantitative determination of PCB congeners is described as well as an enrichment technique designed to isolate only those congener residues which induce mixed aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme activity. A congener-specific procedure is utilized for the determination of PCBs in which<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">n</i>-alkyl trichloroacetates are used as retention index marker compounds. Retention indices are reproducible in the range of ±0.05 to ±0.7 depending on the specific congener. A laboratory data base system developed to aid in the editing and quantitation of data generated from capillary gas chromatography was employed to quantitate chromatographic data. Data base management was provided by computer programs written in VAX-DSM (Digital Standard MUMPS) for the VAX-DEC (Digital Equipment Corp.) family of computers.</p><p class=\"Para\">In the chemometric evaluation of these complex chromatographic profiles, data are viewed from a single analysis as a point in multi-dimensional space. Principal Components Analysis was used to obtain a representation of the data in a lower dimensional space. Two-and three-dimensional proections based on sample scores from the principal components models were used to visualize the behavior of Aroclor<sup>®</sup> mixtures. These models can be used to determine if new sample profiles may be represented by Aroclor profiles. Concentrations of individual congeners of a given chlorine substitution may be summed to form homologue concentration. However, the use of homologue concentrations in classification studies with environmental samples can lead to erroneous conclusions about sample similarity. Chemometric applications are discussed for evaluation of Aroclor mixture analysis and compositional description of environmental residues of PCBs in eggs of Forster's terns (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Sterna fosteri</i>) collected from colonies near Lake Poygan and Green Bay, Wisconsin. The application of chemometrics is extended to the comparison of: a) Aroclors and PCB-containing environmental samples; to b) fractions of Aroclors and of environmental samples that have been enriched in congeners which induce mixed aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme activity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055903","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, T.R., and Stalling, D.L., 1991, Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's Terns (<i>Sterna fosteri</i>): Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 183-199, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055903.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"199","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2ee4b0dee4cc90cbfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Ted R.","contributorId":36510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stalling, David L.","contributorId":176670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stalling","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70176684,"text":"70176684 - 1991 - Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:54:49","indexId":"70176684","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.","docAbstract":"<p><i>Moreno et al.</i> [1988] (hereinafter referred to as MT) used a particle-tracking scheme to investigate the physics of solute movement in a variable-aperture planar fracture. The spatially heterogeneous fluid velocity was assumed to be the only mechanism of solute movement; local or pore scale dispersion and molecular diffusion were assumed to be negligible. The particle-tracking scheme used by MT consisted of routing particles from node to node in a finite difference grid. In this scheme, the direction of an individual particle is randomly selected and the probability associated with the particle movement in a given direction is proportional to the fluid flux in that direction. The same method was used by <i>Desbarats</i> [1990] to investigate advective transport in aquifers composed of two porous media of different hydraulic conductivities.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90WR02310","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., and Shapiro, A.M., 1991, Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 1, p. 129-131, https://doi.org/10.1029/90WR02310.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/90wr02310","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":329005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57feb876e4b0824b2d155b11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":649701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016600,"text":"70016600 - 1991 - Jasper Seamount: Seven million years of volcanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:12:01.153452","indexId":"70016600","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jasper Seamount: Seven million years of volcanism","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15573712\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Jasper Seamount is a young, mid-sized (690 km<sup>3</sup>) oceanic intraplate volcano located about 500 km west-southwest of San Diego, California. Reliable<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age data were obtained for several milligram-sized samples of 4 to 10 Ma plagioclase by using a defocused laser beam to clean the samples before fusion. Gee and Staudigel suggested that Jasper Seamount consists of a transitional to tholeiitic shield volcano formed by flank transitional series lavas, overlain by flank alkalic series lavas and summit alkalic series lavas. Twenty-nine individual<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar laser fusion analyses on nine samples confirm the stratigraphy:10.3-10.0 Ma for the flank transitional series, 8.7-7.5 Ma for the flank alkalic series, and 4.8-4.1 Ma for the summit alkalic series. The alkalinity of the lavas clearly increases with time, and there appear to be 1 to 3 m.y. hiatuses between each series. The age data are consistent with the complex magnetic anomaly of Jasper; however, the dominant reversed polarity inferred from the anomaly suggests that most of the seamount formed at ca. 11 Ma, prior to the onset of Chron C5N. The duration of volcanism of Jasper Seamount is slightly longer than the duration of volcanism at Hawaiian volcanoes, suggesting that individual age data from seamounts may constrain the age of a seamount only to within about 7 m.y. unless the stage of volcanism can be unambiguously determined. Extrapolating from the results of our study, similar precision in age determinations should be possible on 50 mg of 1 Ma plagioclase from mid-ocean ridge basalt, opening new possibilities in the geochronology of young, low-potassium volcanic rocks.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0364:JSSMYO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Pringle, M.S., Staudigel, H., and Gee, J., 1991, Jasper Seamount: Seven million years of volcanism: Geology, v. 19, no. 4, p. 364-368, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0364:JSSMYO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"364","endPage":"368","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222965,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fe9e4b0c8380cd64904","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pringle, M. S.","contributorId":107712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pringle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staudigel, H.","contributorId":65607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staudigel","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gee, J.","contributorId":82849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016572,"text":"70016572 - 1991 - Error in measuring radon in soil gas by means of passive detectors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016572","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2905,"text":"Nuclear Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Error in measuring radon in soil gas by means of passive detectors","docAbstract":"Passive detection of radon isotopes depends on diffusion of radon atoms from the sites of their generation to the location of the detecting or collecting device. Because some radon decays en route to a passive detector in soil, the radon concentration measured by the detector must be less than the concentration in those soil pores where it is undiminished by diffusion to the detector cavity. The true radon concentration may be significantly underestimated in moist soils. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"09698086","usgsCitation":"Tanner, A., 1991, Error in measuring radon in soil gas by means of passive detectors: Nuclear Geophysics, v. 5, no. 1-2, p. 25-30.","startPage":"25","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a49e4b0c8380cd522af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, A.B.","contributorId":44155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016637,"text":"70016637 - 1991 - The effects of noise due to random undetected tilts and paleosecular variation on regional paleomagnetic directions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T11:25:02.440863","indexId":"70016637","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of noise due to random undetected tilts and paleosecular variation on regional paleomagnetic directions","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Random tilting of a single paleomagnetic vector produces a distribution of vectors which is not rotationally symmetric about the original vector and therefore not Fisherian. Monte Carlo simulations were performed on two types of vector distributions: (1) distributions of vectors formed by perturbing a single original vector with a Fisher distribution of bedding poles (each defining a tilt correction) and (2) standard Fisher distributions. These simulations demonstrate that inclinations of vectors drawn from both distributions are biased toward shallow inclinations. There is a greater likelihood of statistically “drawing” a vector shallower than the true mean vector than of drawing one that is steeper. The estimated probability increases as a function of angular dispersion and inclination of the true mean vector. Consequently, the interpretation of inclination-only data from either type of distribution is not straightforward, especially when the expected paleolatitude is greater than about 50°. Because of the symmetry of the two distributions, declinations of vectors in each distribution are unbiased. The Fisher mean direction of the distribution of vectors formed by perturbing a single vector with random undetected tilts is biased toward shallow inclinations, but this bias is insignificant for angular dispersions of bedding poles less than 20°. This observation implies that the mean pole calculated from a large set of paleomagnetic directions obtained for coeval rocks over a region will be effectively unbiased by random undetected tilts of those rocks provided the angular dispersion of the undetected tilts is less than about 20°. However, the bias of the mean can be significant for large (&gt;20°) angular dispersion of tilts. The amount of bias of the mean direction maximizes at about 10°–12° in mid-latitude regions but is usually less than 8°. Consequently, large (&gt;12°) inclination discordances are probably not the result of random undetected tilts, even if the angular dispersion of the tilts exceeds 20°.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90JB02457","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Calderone, G., and Butler, R., 1991, The effects of noise due to random undetected tilts and paleosecular variation on regional paleomagnetic directions: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B3, p. 3973-3977, https://doi.org/10.1029/90JB02457.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3973","endPage":"3977","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab90e4b08c986b322f12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calderone, G.J.","contributorId":17769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calderone","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, R.F.","contributorId":66858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016602,"text":"70016602 - 1991 - Processes controlling the retreat of the Isles Dernieres, a Louisiana barrier-island chain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70016602","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Processes controlling the retreat of the Isles Dernieres, a Louisiana barrier-island chain","docAbstract":"The Isles Dernieres is a low-lying, transgressive barrier-island chain situated about 150 km west of the modern Mississippi delta. Much of the Isles Dernieres consists of highly dissected salt-marsh muds that lie at or slightly above sea level and are covered by a veneer of sand along the shoreline facing the Gulf of Mexico. Maximum berm elevations are generally less than 1.5 m above mean sea level. Since the mid-1800s, the initial island has been fragmented into four islands, and the beach face has retreated landward at a rate of more than 10 m/yr. The dominant processes controlling degradation of the chain are cold fronts that pass through the area several times each year and occasional hurricanes. Beach surveys over a 2-year period on the Isles Dernieres document irreversible beach-face retreat in conjunction with multiple cold fronts and one major hurricane (Gilbert). Although both the hurricane and the cold fronts caused the island to erode, the erosional patterns of the two storm types differed from each other. During the two years, over 60 cold fronts collectively caused about 37 m of beach-face retreat, whereas Gilbert itself produced more than 40 m of retreat. A major difference between the two storm types was in the percentage of washover sand produced by each. Commonly, the cold fronts did not create enough of a storm surge to overtop the berm, so most of the material removed from the beach face must have moved offshore or alongshore. Gilbert, in contrast, inundated the study site, and essentially all the sand removed from the beach face moved to the backshore.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Sediments '91","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes","conferenceDate":"25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628086","usgsCitation":"Dingler, J.R., and Reiss, T.E., 1991, Processes controlling the retreat of the Isles Dernieres, a Louisiana barrier-island chain, <i>in</i> Coastal Sediments '91, Seattle, WA, USA, 25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991, p. 1111-1121.","startPage":"1111","endPage":"1121","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8db0e4b0c8380cd7ed87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dingler, John R.","contributorId":55795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingler","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiss, Thomas E. 0000-0003-0388-7076 treiss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0388-7076","contributorId":4149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiss","given":"Thomas","email":"treiss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016560,"text":"70016560 - 1991 - Fission-track age (400,000 yr) of the Rockland tephra, based on inclusion of zirco grains lacking fossil fission tracks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T14:51:29","indexId":"70016560","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fission-track age (400,000 yr) of the Rockland tephra, based on inclusion of zirco grains lacking fossil fission tracks","docAbstract":"A zircon fission-track age of about 400,000 yr B.P. has been determined for the Rockland tephra, a widespread pyroclastic layer in northern California and western Nevada. New ages of zircon separates from both proximal and distal exposures of this layer range from 370,000 to 460,000 yr; ages of the best material provide a narrower range, from 370,000 yr for unwelded ash-flow tuff to 420,000 yr for distal air-fall ash that appears to be uncontaminated by clastic detritus or xenocrysts. Detrital or xenocrystic grains in the ash-flow tuff may have been annealed during emplacement and cooling of the tuff. Detrital and xenocrystic zircons are identified on the basis of their physical characteristics and distinctly older ages. Independent stratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data constrain the age of the Rockland tephra between 300,000 and 600,000 yr, a range that is compatible with the fission-track age. Zircon grains containing no spontaneous (fossil) tracks are regarded as part of the normal population of comagmatic grains because maximum ages calculated for these grains form a population that mimics the distribution of ages of individual zircon grains that contain fossil tracks; modal ages of both groups fall between 250,000 and 500,000 yr. Induced fission tracks from grains that lack fossil tracks are included in the age calculations, resulting in significantly younger and more coherent dates than would result if these tracks had been omitted, especially those of the finer-grained distal samples. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(91)90051-6","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Meyer, C., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., Hillhouse, J.W., Woodward, M., Slate, J.L., and Sorg, D.H., 1991, Fission-track age (400,000 yr) of the Rockland tephra, based on inclusion of zirco grains lacking fossil fission tracks: Quaternary Research, v. 35, no. 3 PART 1, p. 367-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90051-6.","startPage":"367","endPage":"382","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266499,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90051-6"},{"id":222860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3 PART 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10bee4b0c8380cd53db6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, C.E.","contributorId":104023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hillhouse, John W.","contributorId":29475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillhouse","given":"John","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodward, M.J.","contributorId":57434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Slate, J. L.","contributorId":97039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slate","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sorg, D. H.","contributorId":63380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorg","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70016627,"text":"70016627 - 1991 - Effect of channelization of Rio Puerto Nuevo on ground-water levels in the San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70016627","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effect of channelization of Rio Puerto Nuevo on ground-water levels in the San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Channelization and concrete lining of the Rio Puerto Nuevo and its tributaries in the San Juan Metropolitan area has been proposed to control flooding in low lying areas adjacent to the stream. Concern about the effect of these channel modifications on the ground-water system prompted the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to conduct an investigation of surface-water and ground-water interactions in the Rio Puerto Nuevo basin in 1988. A principal objective of this investigation was to determine the potential effect of channelization of the Rio Puerto Nuevo on ground-water levels.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage","conferenceDate":"22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628116","usgsCitation":"Padilla, I., 1991, Effect of channelization of Rio Puerto Nuevo on ground-water levels in the San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico, Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Honolulu, HI, USA, 22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991, p. 168-169.","startPage":"168","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05c9e4b0c8380cd50f65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Padilla, Ingrid","contributorId":39247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padilla","given":"Ingrid","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016571,"text":"70016571 - 1991 - Wind generated wave resuspension of sediment in Old Tampa Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016571","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Wind generated wave resuspension of sediment in Old Tampa Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"Vertical profiles of velocity and suspended-solids concentration were measured at a scientific instrumentation platform in Old Tampa Bay during the passage of a cold front in March 1990. Strong sustained winds behind the front increased wave activity in the bay, which resulted in resuspension of bottom sediments. The concentration of suspended solids, however, did not correlate with either wave height or mean velocity. A model of wave-current interaction was used to calculate the bottom shear stress, which proved to correlate well with suspended-solids concentration. This analysis shows the importance of considering wave-current interaction when studying sediment resuspension and near-bed transport processes in shallow estuaries.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991","conferenceLocation":"Nashville, TN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628167","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., and Levesque, V.A., 1991, Wind generated wave resuspension of sediment in Old Tampa Bay, Florida, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA, 29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991, p. 85-90.","startPage":"85","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd123e4b08c986b32f25f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shane Richard M.","contributorId":128320,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shane Richard M.","id":536332,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Levesque, Victor A. levesque@usgs.gov","contributorId":4335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levesque","given":"Victor","email":"levesque@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":373920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014945,"text":"70014945 - 1991 - Role of sediment-trace element chemistry in water-quality monitoring and the need for standard analytical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:58","indexId":"70014945","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Role of sediment-trace element chemistry in water-quality monitoring and the need for standard analytical methods","docAbstract":"Multiple linear regression models calculated from readily obtainable chemical and physical parameters can explain a high percentage (70% or greater) of observed sediment trace-element variance for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, As, Sb, Se, and Hg. Almost all the factors used in the various models fall into the category of operational definitions (e.g., grain size, surface area, and geochemical substrates such as amorphous iron and manganese oxides). Thus, the concentrations and distributions used in the various models are operationally defined, and are subject to substantial change depending on the method used to determine them. Without standardized procedures, data from different sources are not comparable, and the utility and applicability of the various models would be questionable.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Monitoring Water in the 1990's: Meeting New Challenges","conferenceDate":"11 June 1990 through 14 June 1990","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, United States","issn":"00660558","isbn":"0803114079","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., 1991, Role of sediment-trace element chemistry in water-quality monitoring and the need for standard analytical methods, <i>in</i> ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1102, Denver, CO, USA, 11 June 1990 through 14 June 1990, p. 301-314.","startPage":"301","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1102","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae6ae4b0c8380cd870c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, Arthur J. 0000-0002-3296-730X horowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-730X","contributorId":1400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"Arthur","email":"horowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003502,"text":"1003502 - 1991 - Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low-alkalinity lakes: A critical review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T12:34:10","indexId":"1003502","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low-alkalinity lakes: A critical review","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fish in low-alkalinity lakes having pH of 6·0–6·5 or less often have higher body or tissue burdens of mercury, cadmium, and lead than do fish in nearby lakes with higher pH. The greater bioaccumulation of these metals in such waters seems to result partly from the greater aqueous abundances of biologically available forms (CH</span><sub>3</sub><span> Hg</span><sup>+</sup><span>, Cd</span><sup>2+</sup><span>, and Pb</span><sup>2+</sup><span>) at low pH. In addition, the low concentrations of aqueous calcium in low-alkalinity lakes increase the permeability of biological membranes to these metals, which in fish may cause greater uptake from both water and food. Fish exposed to aqueous inorganic aluminum in the laboratory and field accumulate the metal in and on the epithelial cells of the gills; however, there is little accumulation of aluminum in the blood or internal organs. In low-pH water, both sublethal and lethal toxicity of aluminum has been clearly demonstrated in both laboratory and field studies at environmental concentrations. In contrast, recently measured aqueous concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, cadmium, and lead in low-alkalinity lakes are much lower than the aqueous concentrations known to cause acute or chronic toxicity in fish, although the vast majority of toxicological research has involved waters with much higher ionic strength than that in low-alkalinity lakes. Additional work with fish is needed to better assess (1) the toxicity of aqueous metals in low-alkalinity waters, and (2) the toxicological significance of dietary methylmercury and cadmium.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Toronto, Canada","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(91)90034-T","usgsCitation":"Spry, D., and Wiener, J.G., 1991, Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low-alkalinity lakes: A critical review: Environmental Pollution, v. 71, no. 2-4, p. 243-304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(91)90034-T.","productDescription":"62 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"62","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625628","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spry, D.J.","contributorId":40699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spry","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiener, James G.","contributorId":93853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiener","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":17913,"text":"River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016611,"text":"70016611 - 1991 - Petrology of lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:10:34.245837","indexId":"70016611","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field, California","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">Basaltic rocks of the Cima volcanic field in the southern Basin and Range province contain abundant gabbro, pyroxenite, and peridotite xenoliths. Composite xenoliths containing two or more rock types show that upper-mantle spinel peridotite was enriched by multiple dike intrusions in at least three episodes; the mantle was further enriched by intergranular and shear-zone melt infiltration in at least two episodes. The oldest dikes, now metamorphosed, are Cr-diopside websterite. Dikes of intermediate age are most abundant at Cima and consist of igneous-textured websterite and two-pyroxene gabbro and microgabbro of tholeiitic or calcalkalic parentage. The youngest dikes are igneous-textured clinopyroxenite, gabbro, and olivine microgabbro of alkalic parentage. The dikes in peridotite are interpreted as parts of a system of conduits through which tholeiitic (or calcalkalic) and alkalic magmas fed lower-crustal intrusions, which are represented by abundant xenoliths of the same igneous rock types as observed in the dikes. Mineral assemblages of dikes in peridotite indicate that an enriched uppermost mantle zone no thicker than 15 km could have been sampled. Because of their high densities, the gabbros and pyroxenites can occupy the zone immediately above the present Moho (modeled on seismic data as 10-13 km thick, with V<sub>p</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>6.8 km/s) only if their seismic velocities are reduced by the joints, partial melts, and fluid inclusions that occur in them. Alternatively, these xenoliths may have been derived entirely from beneath the Moho, in which case the Moho is not the local crust-mantle boundary.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/32.1.169","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., McGuire, A.V., Noller, J., and Turrin, B.D., 1991, Petrology of lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 32, no. 1, p. 169-200, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/32.1.169.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7834e4b0c8380cd78673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. V. 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":50928,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noller, J.S.","contributorId":49837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noller","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turrin, B. D.","contributorId":32548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"B.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016549,"text":"70016549 - 1991 - Enzymatic versus nonenzymatic mechanisms for Fe(III) reduction in aquatic sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T00:58:45.959804","indexId":"70016549","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enzymatic versus nonenzymatic mechanisms for Fe(III) reduction in aquatic sediments","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00018a007","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Lovley, D.R., Phillips, E.J., and Lonergan, D., 1991, Enzymatic versus nonenzymatic mechanisms for Fe(III) reduction in aquatic sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 25, no. 6, p. 1062-1067, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00018a007.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1062","endPage":"1067","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222810,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09f1e4b0c8380cd52119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Elizabeth J.P.","contributorId":37475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Elizabeth","middleInitial":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lonergan, D.J.","contributorId":86110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lonergan","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016573,"text":"70016573 - 1991 - Trondhjemitic, 1.35-1.31 Ga gneisses of the Mount Holly Complex of Vermont: evidence for an Elzevirian event in the Grenville Basement of the United States Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T16:48:32.534194","indexId":"70016573","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trondhjemitic, 1.35-1.31 Ga gneisses of the Mount Holly Complex of Vermont: evidence for an Elzevirian event in the Grenville Basement of the United States Appalachians","docAbstract":"<p><span>A newly recognized suite of trondhjemite–tonalite and dacitic gneiss forms a 10 km wide belt of rocks within the Mount Holly Complex in the central part of the Green Mountain massif of Vermont. Field relationships and chemistry indicate that these gneisses are calc-alkaline, volcanic, and hypabyssal plutonic rocks older than the Middle Proterozoic regional deformation that affected the Mount Holly Complex. U–Pb zircon dates indicate ages as great as 1.35 Ga for crystallization of the volcanic protoliths and for intrusion of crosscutting trondhjemite. Tonalitic plutonism continued until 1.31 Ga.Map-scale contacts between the trondhjemitic–tonalitic–dacitic gneisses and the paragneiss sequence of the Mount Holly Complex are sharp, suggesting that the volcanic rocks of the trondhjemite–tonalite suite underlie the paragneiss units and do not intrude them. These relationships suggest that the trondhjemite–tonalite suite is either considerably older than, and unconformable beneath, the paragneiss cover rocks or represents a volcanic edifice slightly older than the deposition of the sedimentary precursor to the paragneiss units. The paragneiss and tonalite–trondhjemite gneisses are both intruded by younger granitoids that were intruded at about 1.25 Ga during strong dynamothermal metamorphism.The trondhjemitic gneisses of the Mount Holly Complex of Vermont have high Al</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;and low Yb contents and light rare-earth element enrichment patterns that are more characteristic of continental than oceanic volcanic arcs. The Mount Holly intrusives and volcanics may have formed during 1.35–1.31 Ga ensialic volcanic-arc activity, contemporaneous with ensimatic arc activity during the early part of the Elzevirian phase of the Grenville orogeny. In Vermont, later deformation and granite intrusion at about 1.25 Ga coincide with the major pulse of the Elzevirian orogeny and associated trondhjemitic plutonism in the Central Metasedimentary Belt of eastern Canada.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e91-007","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., Aleinikoff, J.N., Burton, W., and Karabinos, P., 1991, Trondhjemitic, 1.35-1.31 Ga gneisses of the Mount Holly Complex of Vermont: evidence for an Elzevirian event in the Grenville Basement of the United States Appalachians: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, no. 1, p. 77-93, https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-007.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223014,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Mountains, Green Mountain Massif, Mount Holly Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.18804873081775,\n              42.982419440295075\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.84188603089605,\n              42.97826782801144\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.79365024484139,\n              43.28886064626457\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.00361778413804,\n              43.29505641101093\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.18804873081775,\n              42.982419440295075\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb881e4b08c986b3278c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, N. M.","contributorId":80691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"N.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, W.C.","contributorId":41439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karabinos, P.","contributorId":72153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karabinos","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016609,"text":"70016609 - 1991 - Use of electronic microprocessor-based instrumentation by the U.S. geological survey for hydrologic data collection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70016609","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of electronic microprocessor-based instrumentation by the U.S. geological survey for hydrologic data collection","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is acquiring a new generation of field computers and communications software to support hydrologic data-collection at field locations. The new computer hardware and software mark the beginning of the Survey's transition from the use of electromechanical devices and paper tapes to electronic microprocessor-based instrumentation. Software is being developed for these microprocessors to facilitate the collection, conversion, and entry of data into the Survey's National Water Information System. The new automated data-collection process features several microprocessor-controlled sensors connected to a serial digital multidrop line operated by an electronic data recorder. Data are acquired from the sensors in response to instructions programmed into the data recorder by the user through small portable lap-top or hand-held computers. The portable computers, called personal field computers, also are used to extract data from the electronic recorders for transport by courier to the office computers. The Survey's alternative to manual or courier retrieval is the use of microprocessor-based remote telemetry stations. Plans have been developed to enhance the Survey's use of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite telemetry by replacing the present network of direct-readout ground stations with less expensive units. Plans also provide for computer software that will support other forms of telemetry such as telephone or land-based radio.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991","conferenceLocation":"Nashville, TN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628167","usgsCitation":"Shope, W.G., 1991, Use of electronic microprocessor-based instrumentation by the U.S. geological survey for hydrologic data collection, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA, 29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991, p. 774-779.","startPage":"774","endPage":"779","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbef6e4b08c986b3298af","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shane Richard M.","contributorId":128320,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shane Richard M.","id":536335,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Shope, William G. Jr.","contributorId":106649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shope","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016569,"text":"70016569 - 1991 - Comparative geometry of the San Andreas Fault, California, and laboratory fault zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T23:01:04.337522","indexId":"70016569","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative geometry of the San Andreas Fault, California, and laboratory fault zones","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15007533\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Textural examination of fault gouge deformed in triaxial friction experiments has revealed differences in the orientations of secondary shear sets between the stably sliding and stick-slip samples. In order to determine whether such differences can be identified in natural faults, maps of recently active breaks along the San Andreas fault from Point Arena to Cajon Pass, California, were examined to compare the types and orientations of secondary structures mapped in the creeping and locked sections. The fault zone was divided into 52 geometrically defined segments of uniform strike, which were then grouped into 7 sections: 4 straight and 2 curved sections, and Cholame Valley. One of the straight sections is the creeping section between San Juan Bautista and Cholame in central California; the rest of the sections are locked. Many of the gross geometric characteristics of the individual segments, such as length, width, and stepover size, reflect their position in either a straight or a curved section. In contrast, with respect to the orientations of the recent breaks within the segments, the single creeping section differs from all of the locked sections, both straight and curved, as follows: (1) the traces of recent breaks with a more west-ward orientation than the local strike of the fault zone (P traces) dominate over those with a more northward orientation (R traces) in the creeping section, whereas the opposite relationship holds in the locked sections, and (2) the more northward-oriented (R) traces make larger angles to the local strike of the fault zone in the locked sections than in the creeping section. The latter result is consistent with the orientations of R shears in our various laboratory samples. The former result was unexpected, because of the predominance of R shears in most laboratory samples, but a small number of samples are analogous to the creeping section in terms of their P-shear abundances, R-shear orientations, and sliding behavior. The causes of these distinguishing characteristics are not yet understood.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0762:CGOTSA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moore, D., and Byerlee, J., 1991, Comparative geometry of the San Andreas Fault, California, and laboratory fault zones: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 6, p. 762-774, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0762:CGOTSA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"762","endPage":"774","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222969,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.69797661868078,\n              38.82492664521405\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.69797661868078,\n              33.69027626788724\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.77610161868122,\n              33.69027626788724\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.77610161868122,\n              38.82492664521405\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.69797661868078,\n              38.82492664521405\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f81be4b0c8380cd4cea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":106496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016599,"text":"70016599 - 1991 - Major results of gravity and magnetic studies at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016599","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Major results of gravity and magnetic studies at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"About 4,000 gravity stations have been obtained at Yucca Mountain and vicinity since the beginning of radioactive-waste studies there in 1978. These data have been integrated with data from about 29,000 stations previously obtained in the surrounding region to produce a series of Bouguer and isostatic-residual-gravity maps of the Nevada Test Site and southeastern Nevada. Yucca Mountain is characterized by a WNW-dipping gravity gradient whereby residual values of -10 mGal along the east edge of Yucca Mountain decrease to about -38 mGal over Crater Flat. Using these gravity data, two-dimensional modeling predicted the depth to pre-Cenozoic rocks near the proposed repository to be about 1,220??150 m, an estimate that was subsequently confirmed by drilling to be 1,244 m. Three-dimensional modeling of the gravity low over Crater Flat indicates the thickness of Cenozoic volcanic rocks and alluvial cover to be about 3,000 m. Gravity interpretations also identified the Silent Canyon caldera before geologic mapping of Pahute Mesa and provided an estimate of the thickness of the volcanic section there of nearly 5 km.","largerWorkTitle":"High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceDate":"28 April 1991 through 3 May 1991","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628310","usgsCitation":"Oliver, H.W., Ponce, D., and Sikora, R.F., 1991, Major results of gravity and magnetic studies at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, <i>in</i> High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 28 April 1991 through 3 May 1991, p. 787-794.","startPage":"787","endPage":"794","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c1ce4b0c8380cd699f7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536334,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Oliver, H. W.","contributorId":85570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ponce, D. A. 0000-0003-4785-7354","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-7354","contributorId":104019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponce","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sikora, R. F.","contributorId":21923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sikora","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70186583,"text":"70186583 - 1991 - Water geothermometers applied to geothermal energy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T14:46:40","indexId":"70186583","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Water geothermometers applied to geothermal energy","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applications of geochemistry in geothermal reservoir development ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Center on Small Energy Resources","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., 1991, Water geothermometers applied to geothermal energy, chap. <i>of</i> Applications of geochemistry in geothermal reservoir development , p. 37-69.","productDescription":"33 p. ","startPage":"37","endPage":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339252,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60286e4b09da6799ac6eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001406,"text":"1001406 - 1991 - Brood parasitism among waterfowl nesting on islands and peninsulas in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T13:43:07.114922","indexId":"1001406","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brood parasitism among waterfowl nesting on islands and peninsulas in North Dakota","docAbstract":"During 1985 and 1986 I studied interspecific brood parasitism among seven species of waterfowl nesting on 36 islands and 24 peninsulas in central North Dakota. On islands, 40% of 178 nests were parasitized with an average of 4.3 parasitic eggs, and on peninsulas 2% of 275 nests were parasitized with an average of 2.2 parasitic eggs. Redheads (Aythya americana) were the primary parasite, adding eggs to 92% of all parasitized nests. Species nesting in open cover were parasitized at a higher rate than species nesting in dense cover. Nests with parasitic eggs had fewer host eggs and there was a negative association between the number of parasitic eggs and the success of host eggs. Parasitized nests had lower success, but additional parasitic eggs had no added influence on nest success. Interspecific brood parasitism had significant negative effects on dabbling ducks on islands but Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) were little affected. Even so, the number of young hatched per nest was much higher on islands because of the high loss of eggs to predators on the mainland. Parasitic eggs were deposited during the middle of the nesting season, but the peak of parasitic laying occurred before the peak of normal nesting.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368949","usgsCitation":"Lokemoen, J.T., 1991, Brood parasitism among waterfowl nesting on islands and peninsulas in North Dakota: Condor, v. 93, p. 340-345, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368949.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"340","endPage":"345","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503053,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol93/iss2/12","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lokemoen, J. T.","contributorId":79049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lokemoen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016636,"text":"70016636 - 1991 - Uncertainty in climate change and drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70016636","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Uncertainty in climate change and drought","docAbstract":"A series of projections of climate change were applied to a watershed model of the Delaware River basin to identify sources of uncertainty in predicting effects of climate change on drought in the basin as defined by New York City reservoir contents. The watershed model is a calibrated, monthly time-step water-balance model that incorporates the operation of reservoirs and diversion canals, and accounts for all inflows to and outflows from the basin at several key nodes. The model assesses the effects of projected climate change on reservoir contents by calculating the frequency with which the basin enters drought conditions under a range of climate-change conditions. Two primary sources of uncertainty that affect predictions of drought frequency in the Delaware River basin were considered: (1) uncertainty in the amount of change in mean air temperature and precipitation, and (2) uncertainty in the effects of natural climate variability on future temperature and precipitation. Model results indicate that changes in drought frequency in the Delaware River basin are highly sensitive to changes in mean precipitation; therefore, the uncertainty associated with predictions of future precipitation has a large effect on the prediction of future drought frequency in the basin.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991","conferenceLocation":"Nashville, TN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628167","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G., Wolock, D.M., Tasker, G.D., and Ayers, M.A., 1991, Uncertainty in climate change and drought, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA, 29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991, p. 1-6.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc23e4b08c986b328a5f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shane Richard M.","contributorId":128320,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shane Richard M.","id":536337,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ayers, Mark A.","contributorId":84730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016570,"text":"70016570 - 1991 - A note on the frictional strength of laumontite from Cajon Pass, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016570","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A note on the frictional strength of laumontite from Cajon Pass, California","docAbstract":"Laumontite mineralization is pervasive in joints and shear zones encountered in the Cajon Pass drillhole in southern California. In order to determine whether a gouge composed of this hydrated mineral affects shear strength in a manner similar to low-strength, clay-rich fault gouges, frictional sliding experiments were performed under dry, saturated and high pore pressure conditions at effective pressures up to 450 MPa. Coefficients of friction ranged between 0.66 and 0.84, consistent with most crustal rocks and well above the values typical of clay-rich San Andreas fault gouges. Saturation state had no effect on strength or sliding stability. These results suggest that the presence of laumontite in shear zones at Cajon Pass will not affect the shear strength of the rock in a way that can account for the inferred low ambient shear stresses. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Morrow, C., and Byerlee, J., 1991, A note on the frictional strength of laumontite from Cajon Pass, California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 18, no. 2, p. 211-214.","startPage":"211","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c4e4b0c8380cd468f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, C.A.","contributorId":99977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016464,"text":"70016464 - 1991 - Recognition of microclimate zones through radon mapping, Lechuguilla Cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70016464","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1884,"text":"Health Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recognition of microclimate zones through radon mapping, Lechuguilla Cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Radon concentrations range from <185 to 3,515 Bq m-3 throughout Lechuguilla Cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico. Concentrations in the entrance passages and areas immediately adjacent to these passages are controlled by outside air temperature and barometric pressure, similar to other Type 2 caves. Most of the cave is developed in three geographic branches beneath the entrance passages; these areas maintain Rn levels independent of surface effects, an indication that Rn levels in deep, complex caves or mines cannot be simply estimated by outside atmospheric parameters. These deeper, more isolated areas are subject to convective ventilation driven by temperature differences along the 477-m vertical extent of the cave. Radon concentrations are used to delineate six microclimate zones (air circulation cells) throughout the cave in conjunction with observed airflow data. Suspected surface connections contribute fresh air to remote cave areas demonstrated by anomalous Rn lows surrounded by higher values, the presence of mammalian skeletal remains, CO2 concentrations and temperatures lower than the cave mean, and associated surficial karst features.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Health Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00179078","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K., and LaRock, E.J., 1991, Recognition of microclimate zones through radon mapping, Lechuguilla Cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico: Health Physics, v. 61, no. 4, p. 493-500.","startPage":"493","endPage":"500","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9679e4b0c8380cd81ffa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, K.I.","contributorId":91865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"K.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaRock, E. J.","contributorId":108190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRock","given":"E.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}