Little field-scale research has been done to evaluate the effectiveness of compacted soil barriers in retarding the movement of water and leachates. In response to this need, the Illinois State Geological Survey constructed and instrumented an experimental compacted soil liner. Infiltration of water into the liner has been monitored for two years. The objectives of this investigation were to determine whether a soil liner could be constructed to meet the U.S. EPA's requirement for a saturated hydraulic conductivity of less than or equal to 1.0×10−7 cm/s, to quantify the areal variability of the hydraulic properties of the liner, and to determine the transit time for water and tracers through the liner.
The liner measures 8 m×15 m×0.9 m and was designed and constructed to simulate compacted soil liners built at waste disposal facilities. The surface of the liner was flooded to form a pond on April 12, 1988. Since flooding, infiltration has been monitored with four large-ring (LR) and 32 small-ring (SR) infiltrometers, and a water-balance (WB) method that accounted for total infiltration and evaporation. Ring-infiltrometer and WB data were analyzed using cumulative-infiltration curves to determine infiltration fluxes. The SR data are lognormally distributed, and the SR and LR data form two statistically distinct populations. Small-ring data are nearly identical with WB data; because there is evidence of leakage in the LRs, the SR and WB data are considered more reliable.
Geostatistical analysis of the SR infiltration data revealed that the infiltration-flux data were unstructured (random) at scales greater than 0.8 m. This analysis shows that it is possible to construct a compacted soil liner with a uniformly low saturated hydraulic conductivity, and that classical statistics should adequately estimate the mean infiltration flux of the liner and the associated uncertainty in that value.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity of the liner was estimated using Darcy's Law and the Green-Ampt Approximation; the average values for these calculations, based on the first and second years of SR data, were 4.0×10−8 and 3.4×10−8 cm/s, respectively. Breakthrough of water at the liner's bottom is expected to occur approximately six years after the initial ponding of the liner.
[No abstract available]
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90080-O","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., 1991, Comment on \"Aluminum hydroxide solubility in aqueous solutions containing fluoride ions at 50°C\" by B. Sanjuan and G. Michard: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 12, p. 3873-3874, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90080-O.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"3873","endPage":"3874","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7e5e4b0c8380cd4cd6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, Bruch S.","contributorId":19542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"Bruch","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016468,"text":"70016468 - 1991 - Use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge for dewatering suspended sediments: effect on sediment physical and chemical characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:14:53.430863","indexId":"70016468","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge for dewatering suspended sediments: effect on sediment physical and chemical characteristics","docAbstract":"The use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge (CFC, Sharples-Pennwalt Model AS-12) for dewatering suspended sediment from large volumes of river water is evaluated. Sediment-recovery efficiency of 86-91 per cent is comparable to that of other types of CFC units. The recovery efficiency is limited by the particle-size distribution of the feed water and by the limiting particle diameter that is retained in the centrifuge bowl. The limiting particle diameter, using the parameters for this study (bowl radius = 10.5cm; bowl length = 71.1 cm; rotational velocity = 16000 r min−1; flow rate = 2 L min−1, and an assumed hydrated particle density = 1.7 gm cm−3), is 370 nm. There seems to be no particle-size fractionation within the centrifuge bowl—the median particle size was the same at the top as at the bottom. Particle electrophoretic mobility plays some role in fractionation of particles within the centrifuge. The mobility ranged from −1.19 to −2.01 × 10−8 m2 V−1 s−1, which is typical of clays coated with organic matter, the charge of which is partially neutralized by divalent cations and iron. Contamination by trace metals and organics is minimized by coating all surfaces that come in contact with the sample with either FEP or PFA Teflon and using a removable FEP Teflon liner in the centrifuge bowl. Because of the physical and chemical factors affecting particle fractionation within the centrifuge, care must be exercised in interpreting the environmental consequences of particles collected by continuous-flow centrifugation.
We investigate Lg and Rg propagation in California using the central and southern California regional networks. Approximately 550 stations constitute these two short-period networks providing a dense coverage of almost the entire state. The waveforms recorded from the December 23, 1985, Nahanni, Canada, earthquake are used to construct three profiles along the propagation path (almost N-S) and three perpendicular to the propagation path (almost E-W) to look at the nature of propagation of these two types of surface waves. Groups of records from stations in various geological and tectonic provinces in California are also examined in order to establish regional characteristics of the surface waves. We find that the propagation characteristics of Lg differ from those of Rg across California; Lg waves are apparently more sensitive to crustal heterogeneities. The most striking observations are the similarity of coda for both the Lg and the Rg waves within geologic provinces and the marked difference in coda between regions. These differences are seen in the amplitudes, coda duration, shape of the energy envelope, frequency content, and sharpness of the phase initiation. In general, a decrease in the Moho depth near the Pacific Coast is correlated with a decrease in the surface wave amplitude, especially at higher frequencies (0.15–0.2 Hz). Most interesting is the association of the San Andreas fault with abrupt changes in the wave train amplitudes. The surface waves are amplified in the vicinity of the fault zone and then decrease in amplitude after the zone is crossed. In the Coast Ranges, amplitudes are low and waveform coherence is poor. The Rg phase dominates the record in the Sierra Nevada, and both surface waves are amplified by the thick sedimentary sequence of the Great Valley.
This study examines the relationship between the distribution of small earthquakes (ML≤4.3) and mechanisms of strain accumulation and relaxation in an area with long repeat times between large events, the Southern Great Basin Seismic Network (SGBSN) region. The Great Basin is a unique continental extensional province characterized by normal and strike-slip faulting, high heat flow, crust of thin to normal thickness, and high elevations. The SGBSN is operated to provide data to address suitability issues pertaining to Yucca Mountain, Nevada which is being evaluated as a potential site for a national mined geologic nuclear waste repository. Suitability issues include estimation of the probability of occurrence of future damaging earthquakes, the characterization of the mechanisms that drive hydrologic flow, and the identification of fractures (faults) that might act as flow conduits or barriers. This study attempts to explain the distribution of small earthquakes in terms of spatial variations in the shear strain field; where strain concentrates there should be a greater number of small earthquakes. Strain field models are constructed under the assumption that long term fault behavior perturbs an otherwise uniform strain field. These strain field models are then interpreted with regard to the regional tectonics and site suitability issues. Modeling results provide one possible explanation of why earthquake clusters cover regions much larger than the surface projections of any of mapped major faults; clusters in a wide band along and extending northeast of the northern half of the Furnace Creek fault may correspond to elevated shear strains along the fault and a broad cluster in the Pahranagat Shear Zone may be associated with shear strain arising from a distribution of smaller localized faults. The relatively large number of small earthquakes in the southern and eastern portions of the Nevada Test Site is consistent with the strain field models. A minimum in shear strain at Yucca Mountain is predicted by all models consistent with an almost total lack of earthquakes observed there. The region to the west of the Death Valley/Furnace Creek fault system, the portion of the study area with the most active deformation but few small earthquakes, is an area of low shear strain. A possible reason for this is that the fault configuration in the area is optimal for accommodating regional deformation via large earthquakes or creep. While there is also a relative lack of earthquakes at Yucca Mountain, this may be indicative of a lack of accumulating strain energy and thus, a lower potential for a large earthquake.
Cinnabar- and stibnite-bearing epithermal vein deposits are found throughout the Kuskokwim River region of southwestern Alaska. A geochemical orientation survey was carried out around several of these epithermal lodes to obtain information for planning regional geochemical surveys and to develop procedures which maximize the anomaly: threshold contrast of the deposits. Stream sediment, heavy-mineral concentrate, stream water, and vegetation samples were collected in drainages surrounding the Red Devil, Cinnabar Creek, White Mountain, Rhyolite, and Mountain Top deposits. Three sediment size fractions; nonmagnetic, paramagnetic and magnetic splits of the concentrate samples; stream waters; and the vegetation samples were analyzed for multi-element suites by a number of different chemical procedures. Nonmagnetic, heavy-mineral concentrates were also examined microscopically to identify their mineralogy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90009-J","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Goldfarb, R., Detra, D., and Slaughter, K.E., 1991, Geochemistry and exploration criteria for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite vein deposits in the Kuskokwim River region, southwestern Alaska: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 41, no. 3, p. 363-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90009-J.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16d1e4b0c8380cd5528b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detra, D.E.","contributorId":72358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detra","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Slaughter, K. E.","contributorId":100865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slaughter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016465,"text":"70016465 - 1991 - A review of the regional geophysics of the Arizona Transition Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T11:24:53.356906","indexId":"70016465","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of the regional geophysics of the Arizona Transition Zone","docAbstract":"A review of existing geophysical information and new data presented in this special section indicate that major changes in crustal properties between the Basin and Range and Colorado Plateau occur in, or directly adjacent to, the region defined as the Arizona Transition Zone. Although this region was designated on a physiographic basis, studies indicate that it is also the geophysical transition between adjoining provinces. The Transition Zone displays anomalous crustal and upper mantle seismic properties, shallow Curie isotherms, high heat flow, and steep down-to-the-plateau Bouguer gravity gradients. Seismic and gravity studies suggest that the change in crustal thickness, from thin crust in the Basin and Range to thick crust in the Colorado Plateau, may occur as a series of steps rather than a planar surface. Anomalous P wave velocities, high heat flow, shallow Curie isotherms, and results of gravity modeling suggest that the upper mantle is heterogeneous in this region. A relatively shallow asthenosphere beneath the Basin and Range and Transition Zone contrasted with a thick lithosphere beneath the Colorado Plateau would be one explanation that would satisfy these geophysical observations.
The Coastal Plain of the eastern United States is a low-latitude, low-altitude, low-relief terrain composed primarily of gently dipping marine and marginal-marine sediments that range in age from Cretaceous to Quaternary. Population density of the area is moderate, and most of the population is concentrated along the coast. Inland of the coast, agriculture, including growing trees for pulp, is the dominant economy. In this region, soils have developed along two different pathways. One pathway is dominated by the dissolution and movement of oxyhydroxides and the accumulation of organic matter; the other by the accumulation of clays and oxyhydroxyides and the adsorption or oxidation of organic matter. The first pathway has resulted in the formation of Spodosols; the second, in the development of Ultisols. No clearly distinguishable age trends have been identified in the Spodosols, but the properties of Ultisols can be measured to quantify surface material alteration through time. Ultisols are, therefore, suited to order-of-magnitude chronostratigraphic interpretations. Potentially, data derived through the study of Ultisols can be used to develop models that predict how surface processes will change due to continued weathering and pedogenesis or as the result of climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7061(91)90072-2","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Markewich, H.W., and Pavich, M., 1991, Soil chronosequence studies in temperate to subtropical, low-latitude, low-relief terrain with data from the eastern United States: Geoderma, v. 51, no. 1-4, p. 213-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(91)90072-2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"239","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.65740498515868,\n 29.56073216248066\n ],\n [\n -81.04209111575037,\n 29.70294791375342\n ],\n [\n -81.32008465430667,\n 30.336573155280433\n ],\n [\n -81.28926863352359,\n 30.839173001811446\n ],\n [\n -81.10795333948283,\n 31.675802100881526\n ],\n [\n -80.41054135680525,\n 32.2155811685203\n ],\n [\n -79.35141323445242,\n 32.88262853802331\n ],\n [\n -78.9951818009355,\n 33.080517055495775\n ],\n [\n -78.95338088751612,\n 33.44486091823089\n ],\n [\n -78.43340354833373,\n 33.73958574559721\n ],\n [\n -77.95669806937994,\n 33.63505845729995\n ],\n [\n -77.625425186773,\n 34.193993116921305\n ],\n [\n -77.05536053640651,\n 34.44958955891752\n ],\n [\n -76.27800212167642,\n 34.6980372864103\n ],\n [\n -75.66034727003597,\n 35.679759013216795\n ],\n [\n -75.63024711439672,\n 36.24611046119435\n ],\n [\n -75.75291815153346,\n 37.05242613609788\n ],\n [\n -75.64382189128256,\n 37.48612546856154\n ],\n [\n -75.04061840870713,\n 38.24571164914883\n ],\n [\n -74.54606120086645,\n 39.04666102268308\n ],\n [\n -74.16065699691825,\n 39.44510284389685\n ],\n [\n -73.91123229815838,\n 39.7461249726409\n ],\n [\n -73.98987192172642,\n 40.300395445354866\n ],\n [\n -73.67383075027301,\n 41.16024579379487\n ],\n [\n -73.45562020409652,\n 42.246377813940796\n ],\n [\n -73.24874940925498,\n 42.77550842067669\n ],\n [\n -77.29144540745926,\n 42.927755716296105\n ],\n [\n -77.37766959325147,\n 42.007514196380015\n ],\n [\n -79.64501061925347,\n 41.94853624470812\n ],\n [\n -79.6460568639244,\n 42.335962204424845\n ],\n [\n -80.50438839794788,\n 41.91098127866414\n ],\n [\n -80.5741585555397,\n 40.899542931395075\n ],\n [\n -80.73285291549277,\n 40.590263414786904\n ],\n [\n -80.69694400260454,\n 40.31039863298716\n ],\n [\n -80.96570253434754,\n 39.652857933995165\n ],\n [\n -81.418963558928,\n 39.414911863833964\n ],\n [\n -81.61948307147509,\n 39.43380229891457\n ],\n [\n -81.84637289319473,\n 39.14138287378918\n ],\n [\n -82.1359093662436,\n 39.02190171059155\n ],\n [\n -82.29219319714245,\n 38.798170410820376\n ],\n [\n -82.31564745443391,\n 38.52257047831131\n ],\n [\n -82.68922659569647,\n 38.45411056377512\n ],\n [\n -82.68906036545968,\n 38.195994304719164\n ],\n [\n -82.29806540311749,\n 37.645361355803544\n ],\n [\n -82.16905474335533,\n 37.455881280933184\n ],\n [\n -82.86080922721337,\n 37.11295010525521\n ],\n [\n -82.98927778322748,\n 36.92357308197964\n ],\n [\n -83.16094469814301,\n 36.871352448668105\n ],\n [\n -83.8447722119688,\n 36.59092866212001\n ],\n [\n -84.50260830666883,\n 36.25450391102903\n ],\n [\n -85.38289141785889,\n 35.59608738764305\n ],\n [\n -86.54619672147197,\n 34.68748424448863\n ],\n [\n -88.09453878295756,\n 34.65713328405975\n ],\n [\n -88.45882387865532,\n 32.28457646965607\n ],\n [\n -88.47957915470448,\n 30.412663603338416\n ],\n [\n -87.7830130061835,\n 30.251488905804294\n ],\n [\n -87.60687215829314,\n 30.11344712321747\n ],\n [\n -87.26815773703689,\n 30.224147044061937\n ],\n [\n -86.50464178478586,\n 30.3156419338991\n ],\n [\n -85.5675504699858,\n 29.927846128637057\n ],\n [\n -85.391940602425,\n 29.452508157008737\n ],\n [\n -84.43514465045406,\n 29.774246787668204\n ],\n [\n -84.14495900084188,\n 29.964033943908447\n ],\n [\n -83.76866227734911,\n 29.822433980986062\n ],\n [\n -83.65740498515868,\n 29.56073216248066\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91f6e4b08c986b319be4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markewich, H. W.","contributorId":31426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markewich","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pavich, M.J.","contributorId":70788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016389,"text":"70016389 - 1991 - Chloride cycling in two forested lake watersheds in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:22:48","indexId":"70016389","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chloride cycling in two forested lake watersheds in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The chemistry of precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, and surface water was evaluated in two forested lake-watersheds over a 4-yr period to assess factors controlling C1- cycling. Results indicate that C1- cycling in these watersheds is more complex than the generally held view of the rapid transport of atmospherically derived C1- through the ecosystem. The annual throughfall Cl- flux for individual species in the northern hardwood forest was 2 to 5 times that of precipitation (56 eq ha-1), whereas the Na+ throughfall flux, in general, was similar to the precipitation flux. Concentrations of soil-water Cl- sampled from ceramic tension lysimeters at 20 cm below land surface generally exceeded the Na+ concentrations and averaged 31 ??eq L-1, the highest of any waters sampled in the watersheds, except throughfall under red spruce which averaged 34 ??eq L-1. Chloride was concentrated prior to storms and mobilized rapidly during storms as suggested by increases in streamwater Cl- concentrations with increasing flow. Major sources of Cl- in both watersheds are the forest floor and hornblende weathering in the soils and till. In the Panther Lake watershed, which contains mainly thick deposits of till( > 3 m), hornblende weathering results in a net Cl- flux 3 times greater than that in the Woods Lake watershed, which contains mainly thin deposits of till. The estimated accumulation rate of Cl- in the biomass of the two watersheds was comparable to the precipitation Cl- flux.The chemistry of precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, and surface water was evaluated in two forested lake-watersheds over a 4-yr period to assess factors controlling Cl- cycling. Results indicate that Cl- cycling in these watersheds is more complex than the generally held view of the rapid transport of atmospherically derived Cl- through the excosystem. The annual throughfall Cl- flux for individual species in the northern hardwood forest was 2 to 5 times that of precipitation (56 eq ha-1), whereas the Na+ throughfall flux, in general, was similar to the precipitation flux. Concentrations of soil-water Cl- sampled from ceramic tension lysimeters at 20 cm below land surface generally exceeded the Na+ concentrations and averaged 31 ??eq L-1, the highest of any waters sampled in the watersheds, except throughfall under red spruce which averaged 34 ??eq L-1. Chloride was concentrated prior to storms and mobilized rapidly during storms as suggested by increases in streamwater Cl- concentrations with increasing flow. Major sources of Cl- in both watersheds are the forest floor and hornblende weathering in the soils and till. In the Panther Lake watershed, which contains mainly thick deposits of till (> 3 m), hornblende weathering results in a net Cl- flux 3 times greater than that in the Woods Lake watershed, which contains mainly thin deposits of till. The estimated accumulation rate of Cl- in the biomass of the two watersheds was comparable to the precipitation Cl- flux.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00211830","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., 1991, Chloride cycling in two forested lake watersheds in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, U.S.A.: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 59, no. 3-4, p. 201-215, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211830.","startPage":"201","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267651,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211830"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5c4e4b0c8380cd4c3e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001402,"text":"1001402 - 1991 - Habitat use and movements of canvasback broods in southwestern Manitoba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-08T09:30:30","indexId":"1001402","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use and movements of canvasback broods in southwestern Manitoba","docAbstract":"Canvasback (Aythya valisineria) broods (n = 69) accompanying marked females were observed during five summers in southwestern Manitoba. We evaluated movements of broods of different age classes ( 14 days old, 15-28 days old, and >28 days old) among ponds of different size and wetland class. Of 202 brood sightings, 7% occurred on seasonal ponds, 81% on semipermanent ponds, and 12% on permanent ponds. Pond size ( 0.2 ha vs. >0.2 ha) was a significant factor in brood use whereas wetland class was not. Canvasback broods used larger ponds as brood age class increased. Broods moved an average of 195 m between sightings. Eighty-three percent of broods observed within seven days of hatching (n = 46) had moved from the nesting pond. No significant differences in frequency or distance of movements were detected among years or among brood age classes. Extensive movements among ponds of various sizes and classes emphasize the importance of wetland complexes for providing diverse habitats needed for nesting and brood-rearing canvasbacks.","language":"English","publisher":"Prairie Naturalist","usgsCitation":"Austin, J.E., and Serie, J., 1991, Habitat use and movements of canvasback broods in southwestern Manitoba: Prairie Naturalist, v. 23, no. 4, p. 223-228.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 48.86471476180277\n ],\n [\n -98.5693359375,\n 48.86471476180277\n ],\n [\n -98.5693359375,\n 51.56341232867588\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 51.56341232867588\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 48.86471476180277\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648624","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Austin, J. E.","contributorId":5999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Serie, J.R.","contributorId":54919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serie","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001405,"text":"1001405 - 1991 - Feeding ecology of waterfowl wintering on evaporation ponds in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T13:43:47.965678","indexId":"1001405","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feeding ecology of waterfowl wintering on evaporation ponds in California","docAbstract":"We examined the feeding ecology of Northern Pintails (Anas acuta), Northern Shovelers (A. clypeata), and Ruddy Ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) wintering on drainwater evaporation ponds in California from 1982 through 1984. Pintails primarily consumed midges (Chironomidae) (39.3%) and widegeongrass (Ruppia maritima) nutlets (34.6%). Shovelers and Ruddy Ducks consumed 92.5% and 90.1% animal matter, respectively. Water boatmen (Corixidae) (51.6%), rotifers (Rotatoria) (20.4%), and copepods (Copepoda) (15.2%) were the most important Shoveler foods, and midges (49.7%) and water boatmen (36.0%) were the most important foods of Ruddy Ducks. All three species were opportunistic foragers, shifting their diets seasonally to the most abundant foods given their behavioral and morphological attributes.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368190","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N., Jarvis, R.L., and Gilmer, D., 1991, Feeding ecology of waterfowl wintering on evaporation ponds in California: Condor, v. 93, p. 582-590, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368190.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"582","endPage":"590","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503070,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol93/iss3/12","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672761","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarvis, R. L.","contributorId":31697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarvis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":7000103,"text":"7000103 - 1991 - U.S. Geological Survey: earth science in the public service","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T09:26:35","indexId":"7000103","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey: earth science in the public service","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/7000103","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991, U.S. Geological Survey: earth science in the public service: General Interest Publication, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000103.","productDescription":"28 p.","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":131743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/7000103/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276305,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/7000103/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613a38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016522,"text":"70016522 - 1991 - Proposed method of hydrogeochemical exploration for salt deposits using ClBr ratios, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T12:25:59.538261","indexId":"70016522","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proposed method of hydrogeochemical exploration for salt deposits using ClBr ratios, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"Despite the value of the salt (NaCl) and brine used by the chemical industry, geochemical prospecting techniques are not customarily employed in the search for these raw materials. In this study, Br geochemistry is used as the basis for a proposed hydrogeochemical prospecting technique that was designed to search for shallow halite beds in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Near-surface brine samples were collected at Sabkhah Jayb Uwayyid, both directly above and distant from a buried salt bed. Brine samples collected both directly above and offset to the north-west of the salt bed had Cl![\"single](\"https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/55/entities/sbnd.gif\")
Br ratios > 8000. The regional background ClBr ratio of fresh nonmarime ground water is ≈300. The large range in ClBr ratios and the association of high ClBr ratios with the buried salt body suggest that the ratio can be useful in hydrogeochemical prospecting for sibakh-associated, shallow salt bodies.
The computer code MBSSAS uses two-parameter Margules-type excess-free-energy of mixing equations to calculate thermodynamic equilibrium, pure-phase saturation, and stoichiometric saturation states in binary solid-solution aqueous-solution (SSAS) systems. Lippmann phase diagrams, Roozeboom diagrams, and distribution-coefficient diagrams can be constructed from the output data files, and also can be displayed by MBSSAS (on IBM-PC compatible computers). MBSSAS also will calculate accessory information, such as the location of miscibility gaps, spinodal gaps, critical-mixing points, alyotropic extrema, Henry's law solid-phase activity coefficients, and limiting distribution coefficients. Alternatively, MBSSAS can use such information (instead of the Margules, Guggenheim, or Thompson and Waldbaum excess-free-energy parameters) to calculate the appropriate excess-free-energy of mixing equation for any given SSAS system.
Direct comparison of low-fold, high-energy explosive and high-fold, lower-energy Vibroseis methods for acquiring deep crustal seismic reflection data in the Basin and Range Province suggests that the high-fold common midpoint (CMP) method there does not provide the best possible image of lower crustal structure. During the recent acquisition of a Vibroseis profile in the Basin and Range Province we fired single deep shot holes to obtain a coincident single-fold explosive section. Within the upper crust (upper 3 s) the explosive source and Vibroseis records are nearly equivalent. For record times below 3 s, however, comparison of the explosive source gathers and the coincident final 60-fold Vibroseis section demonstrates that low-fold explosive profiling provides a higher-quality image of the midcrust to lower crust (3–10 s). The higher record quality of the explosive sources results primarily from the larger seismic energy levels produced by the explosives, making them less sensitive to common noise sources. Whereas deeper than 4–5 s the Vibroseis energy levels on individual source efforts fall to that of ambient noise levels, the explosions provide signal-generated energy exceeding ambient noise levels down to 18–19 s. Although individual reflections can be correlated on explosion and Vibroseis shot gathers, reflection events on the 60-fold Vibroseis stack do not correlate to those on the single-fold explosion profile, suggesting that the high-fold CMP method in our study did not maintain the integrity of the weak lower crustal reflected arrivals. Reasons why the high-fold CMP method apparently failed include complex, even time-varying, statics, nonhyperbolic moveout at long offsets, and the difficulty in resolving stacking velocities with data having low signal-to-noise ratios. Reflections on the explosion section are longer and imply a greater degree of layering than one would infer from the lower-energy Vibroseis section.
We present a new compilation of the structural and stratigraphic evolution of the Tharsis region of Mars that incorporates recent advances in understanding its stratigraphy, and we introduce a lithospheric deformation model that can account for the observations. The first period in the formation of Tharsis occurred in Late Noachian/Early Hesperian time with the deposition of volcanic plains materials throughout the surrounding highlands (e.g., Lunae Planum) and on the Tharsis rise (which includes the giant volcanoes and surrounding, elevated lava fields). Extensive radial normal faulting occurred on the rise, locally extending outward at Valles Marineris and Tempe Terra, and concentric wrinkle ridges formed along the edge of the rise. This regional deformation appears to have been modulated by a global compressional stress field due to rapid planetary cooling and contraction. The second period occurred during the Late Hesperian/Amazonian with Tharsis volcanism centered on the rise and radial extensional deformation that extended from the center of the rise for thousands of kilometers. We propose a model in which the lithosphere beneath Tharsis consists of a thin elastic crustal cap on the rise that is mechanically detached from the strong upper mantle by a volcanically thickened, hot, weak lower crust. These layers merge into a single cooler, strong lithospheric layer around the edges of the rise. This model is capable of generating large extensional hoop stresses throughout much of the western hemisphere, in agreement with observations. The tectonic interpretation of the stresses predicted by this model requires the reconciliation of extensional strain within narrow grabens and compressional strain within wrinkle ridges with (1) processes in the deeper lithosphere, (2) the sparsity of strike-slip faults, and (3) other global or locally important stress fields. Stresses predicted by global models affect the entire thickness of the lithosphere, and they can be reconciled with narrow, closely spaced grabens that accommodate large amounts of extensional strain in the upper few kilometers of the lithosphere if the grabens are underlain and kinematically linked with dikes or other tension cracks, such as hydrofractures. Deeper levels of the lithosphere can accommodate this strain by elastic expansion if grabens are spaced far apart (many tens to hundreds of kilometers). Mechanical considerations suggest that deformation on faults beneath wrinkle ridges could extend through a significant thickness of the brittle crust. A number of factors, including stresses generated by the addition of overburden, intrusion of dikes, weakness of geologic materials under extension, and the laterally constrained nature of a single lithospheric plate, may have inhibited the formation of strike-slip faults on Mars. Stresses generated from the removal of overburden could have augmented planetwide wrinkle ridge formation during the Late Noachian/Early Hesperian and in Kasei Valles and western Chryse Planitia during the Early Amazonian. The nonuniform distribution of tectonic features around Tharsis can be understood in terms of the concentration of regional stresses and strain near weaker volcanotectonic centers.
From its density the outer core is believed to be an alloy of iron and a light element such as sulfur or oxygen. The nature of the light element in the core is an important constraint for theories of the Earth's formation. In this paper the electronic structures of oxygen and sulfur impurities in metallic iron are investigated to determine if pressure, temperature, and composition-induced changes in bonding might affect phase equilibria along the Fe-FeS and Fe-FeO binaries. The electronic structure of sulfur in metallic iron is consistent with the miscibility between Fe and FeS liquids. Volume compression strengthens the Fe-S bond, and it is expected that at sufficiently high pressure, sulfur can substitute for Fe and give solid solution behavior between Fe and FeS. In contrast, the electronic structure of oxygen in metallic iron shows that oxygen cannot act as a substitutional impurity (replacing Fe). This explains the observed miscibility gap on the Fe-FeO binary at 1 atm pressure. Volume compression does not greatly change the electronic structure if oxygen substitutes for iron in bcc and fcc iron. Iron-oxygen bonding does occur, however, if oxygen occupies interstitial sites. Insofar as the molar volume of FeO incorporated as interstitial oxygen in metallic iron is smaller than that of pure FeO, the incorporation of oxygen into metallic iron may be favored under the pressures of the Earth's core.