Numerous debris flows occurred in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona during the summer rainy season of 1988 in areas that were burned by a forest fire earlier in the summer. Debris flows occurred following a major forest fire in 1977 as well, suggesting a causal link between fires and debris flows. Abundant evidence of older debris flows preserved along channels and in mountain front fans indicates that debris flows have occurred repeteadly during the late Quaternary in this environment. Soil development in sequences of debris-flow deposits indicates that debris flows probably recur over time intervals of several hundred to a thousand years in individual drainage basins in the study area.
Surface runoff in the steep drainage basins of the Huachuca Mountains is greatly enhanced following forest fires, as the hillslopes are denuded of their vegetative cover. Water and sediment eroded from the hillslope regolith are rapidly introduced into the upper reaches of tributary channels by widespread rilling and slope wash during rainfall events. This influx of water and sediment destabilizes regolith previously accumulated in the channel, triggering debris flows that scour the channel to bedrock in the upper reaches. Following a debris flow, the scoured, trapezoidally-shaped channel gradually assumes a swale shape and the percentage of exposed bedrock declines, as material is introduced from the slopes. Debris flows do a tremendous amount of work in a very short time, however, and are the major channel-forming events.
Where the tributary channels enter larger, trunk channels, the debris flows serve as the main source of very coarse sediment. The local slope and coarse particle distribution of the trunk channel depend on the competence of water flows in the channel to transport the material introduced by debris flows. Where the smaller channels drain directly to the mountain front, debris flows create extensive alluvial fans which dominate the morphology of the basin-range boundary.
Time intervals between debris flows in the drainage basins of the Huachuca Mountains are probably controlled by complex interactions among climate, forest fires and slope processes. Fires destroy the protective vegetation that stabilizes the upper catchment slopes and inhibits erosion. However, not every fire that burns a catchment causes debris flows, because sufficient weathered material must accumulate in the upper channel reaches to initiate a large debris flow. If such accumulation has not occurred, the material introduced to a channel following a forest fire will move only a short distance down the channel. Thus, the episodic nature of debris flows probably depends on rates of slope weathering and erosion, which are in turn controlled by climate, both directly and through vegetation and forest fires.
No abstract available.
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Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T11:14:11","indexId":"70016362","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","docAbstract":"Stable isotope data for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), carbonate shell material and cements, and microbial CO2 were combined with organic and inorganic chemical data from aquifer and confining-bed pore waters to construct geochemical reaction models along a flowpath in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina. Carbon-isotope fractionation between DIC and precipitating cements was treated as a Rayleigh distillation process. Organic matter oxidation was coupled to microbial fermentation and sulfate reduction. All reaction models reproduced the observed chemical and isotopic compositions of final waters. However, model 1, in which all sources of carbon and electron-acceptors were assumed to be internal to the aquifer, was invalidated owing to the large ratio of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 predicted by the model (5–49) compared with measured ratios (two or less). In model 2, this ratio was reduced by assuming that confining beds adjacent to the aquifer act as sources of dissolved organic carbon and sulfate. This assumption was based on measured high concentrations of dissolved organic acids and sulfate in confining-bed pore waters (60–100 μM and 100–380 μM, respectively) relative to aquifer pore waters (from less than 30 μM and 2–80 μM, respectively). Sodium was chosen as the companion ion to organic-acid and sulfate transport from confining beds because it is the predominant cation in confining-bed pore waters. As a result, excessive amounts of Na-for-Ca ion exchange and calcite precipitation (three to four times more cement than observed in the aquifer) were required by model 2 to achieve mass and isotope balance of final water. For this reason, model 2 was invalidated. Agreement between model-predicted and measured amounts of carbonate cement and ratios of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 were obtained in a reaction model that assumed confining beds act as sources of DIC, as well as organic acids and sulfate. This assumption was supported by measured high concentrations of DIC in confining beds (2.6–2.7 mM). Results from this study show that geochemical models of confined aquifer systems must incorporate the effects of adjacent confining beds to reproduce observed groundwater chemistry accurately.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., and Chapelle, F.H., 1991, Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 109-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"135","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16f2e4b0c8380cd55313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016622,"text":"70016622 - 1991 - Late Laramide thrust-related and evaporite-domed anticlines in the southern Piceance Basin, northeastern Colorado Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T15:52:10.378224","indexId":"70016622","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Laramide thrust-related and evaporite-domed anticlines in the southern Piceance Basin, northeastern Colorado Plateau","docAbstract":"New seismic and gravity data across the hydrocarbon-producing Divide Creek and Wolf Creek anticlines in the southern Piceance basin reveal contrasting styles of deformation within two widely separated time frames. Seismic data indicate that prebasin Paleozoic deformation resulted in block faulting of the Precambrian crystalline basement rocks and overlying Cambrian through Middle Pennsylvanian strata. Movement along these block faults throughout much of Pennsylvanian time, during northeast-southwest crustal extension, likely influenced distribution of the Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) evaporite-rich facies. Younger rocks, including the thick succession of Cenozoic basin strata, then buried the Paleozoic structures.
Tectonic reconfiguration of the basin's eastern margin occurred during late Laramide northeast-southwest compression, when a basement-involved thrust block, whose surface expression is the Grand Hogback monocline, moved into the Piceance basin. A decollement developed in front of the thrust block within the mechanically weak Desmoinesian evaporites and splayed out basinward as small-scale imbricate thrusts in the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale. The Divide Creek anticline formed above these splays as thrusting locally overthickened the shale and repeated the sandstone units between it and the evaporites. The Wolf Creek anticline to the east, however, is due to both depositional and tectonic thickening of the evaporite section along the decollement. Gravity data confirm that excess mater al of relatively low density exists beneath the Wolf Creek structure, whereas material of relatively higher density (overthickened shale) is found beneath the Divide Creek anticline.
Thrust-related basin margins and intrabasin folds structurally analogous to the Divide Creek and Wolf Creek anticlines may be more common than presently recognized in the Rocky Mountain foreland. One well-documented example is the Pinedale anticline in the northern Green River basin, Wyoming, which, like the Divide Creek anticline, developed above a zone of splay faults from a decollement in front of a large thrust block.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/0C9B2781-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Grout, M.A., Abrams, G.A., Tang, R., Hainsworth, T.J., and Verbeek, E., 1991, Late Laramide thrust-related and evaporite-domed anticlines in the southern Piceance Basin, northeastern Colorado Plateau: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 75, no. 2, p. 205-218, https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B2781-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44eee4b0c8380cd66edb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grout, M. A.","contributorId":89143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grout","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, G. A.","contributorId":27047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tang, R. L.","contributorId":12985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hainsworth, T. J.","contributorId":55160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hainsworth","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verbeek, E.R.","contributorId":61439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verbeek","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186882,"text":"70186882 - 1991 - The ecological and evolutionary consequences of body size: Introductory remarks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-13T10:29:57","indexId":"70186882","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The ecological and evolutionary consequences of body size: Introductory remarks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: 20th international ornithological congress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"20th International Ornithological Congress","conferenceDate":"December 2-9, 1990","conferenceLocation":"Christchurch, New Zealand","language":"English","publisher":"International Ornithologists' Union","isbn":"0959797513 ","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., 1991, The ecological and evolutionary consequences of body size: Introductory remarks, in Proceedings: 20th international ornithological congress, Christchurch, New Zealand, December 2-9, 1990, p. 791-792.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"791","endPage":"792","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339668,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.internationalornithology.org/proceedings.html#hist"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f08e65e4b06911a29fa888","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bell, Ben D.","contributorId":81033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Ben","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690820,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cossee, R.O.","contributorId":190833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cossee","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690821,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flux, J.E.C.","contributorId":190834,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flux","given":"J.E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690822,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heather, B.D.","contributorId":190835,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heather","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690823,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hitchmough, R.A.","contributorId":190836,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hitchmough","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690829,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robertson, C.J.R.","contributorId":190837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robertson","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690830,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Williams, M.J.","contributorId":57939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690835,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":7}],"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016585,"text":"70016585 - 1991 - Timing of the last highstand of Lake Lahontan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016585","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing of the last highstand of Lake Lahontan","docAbstract":"Radiocarbon and uranium-series ages of a variety of materials from the Lahontan basin indicate that the last highstand lake occurred between 14 500 and 13 000 yr B.P. Although few in number, existing radiocarbon and uranium-series age data also indicate that lakes in the western Lahontan subbasins were small or moderate in size between 30 000 and 25 000 yr B.P. Existing data do not support the conclusions of Bradbury et al. (1989) who did not find evidence of a 14 000??yr B.P. highstand lake in the sediments of the Walker Lake subbasin. These data also do not support the existence of a highstand lake in the Walker Lake subbasin between 30 000 and 25 000 yr B.P. ?? 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00176873","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Benson, L.V., 1991, Timing of the last highstand of Lake Lahontan: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 5, no. 2, p. 115-126, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00176873.","startPage":"115","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205314,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176873"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3f8e4b08c986b3260d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016913,"text":"70016913 - 1991 - Implications of accelerated sea-level rise on Louisiana coastal environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016913","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Implications of accelerated sea-level rise on Louisiana coastal environments","docAbstract":"Natural and human-induced processes have combined to produce high rates of relative sea-level rise and coastal land loss in Louisiana. This paper presents historical trends in sea-level rise and the implication of predicted accelerated rise scenarios on Louisiana's coastal environments. Mean eustatic sea-level in the Gulf of Mexico is 0.23 cm/yr. In Louisiana, relative sea-level rise, which combines eustacy and subsidence, averages from 0.50 cm/yr in the chenier plain to 1.0 cm/yr in the delta plain. Subsidence due to the compaction of Holocene sediments is believed to be the major component influencing these high rates of rise. Subsidence contributes up to 80% of the observed relative sea-level rise in coastal Louisiana. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) predicts the rate of sea-level rise to increase over the next century due to global climate change. If these predictions are accurate, a dramatic increase in the coastal land loss conditions in Louisiana can be expected.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Sediments '91; Volume 2","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes","conferenceDate":"25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628086","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, K.E., Penland, S., and Roberts, H.H., 1991, Implications of accelerated sea-level rise on Louisiana coastal environments, in Coastal Sediments '91; Volume 2, Seattle, WA, USA, 25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991, p. 1207-1222.","startPage":"1207","endPage":"1222","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a391ee4b0c8380cd617e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Karen E.","contributorId":51922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Penland, Shea","contributorId":88401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Penland","given":"Shea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":374844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Harry H.","contributorId":18912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016628,"text":"70016628 - 1991 - The transition from hydrostatic to greater than hydrostatic fluid pressure in presently active continental hydrothermal systems in crystalline rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T01:04:58.923833","indexId":"70016628","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The transition from hydrostatic to greater than hydrostatic fluid pressure in presently active continental hydrothermal systems in crystalline rock","docAbstract":"Fluid flow at hydrostatic pressure (Ph) is relatively common through fractures in silicic and in mafic crystalline rocks where temperatures are less than about 350–370°C. In contrast, pore-fluid pressure (Pf) > Ph has been encountered at the bottom of 3 geothermal exploration wells that attained temperatures >370°C (at Larderello, Italy, at Nesjavellir, Iceland, and at The Geysers, California). Chemical sealing by deposition of minerals in veins appears to have allowed the development of the high Pf encountered in the above wells. The upper limit for the magnitude of Pf that can be attained is controlled by either the onset of shear fracturing (where differential stress is relatively high) that reopens clogged veins, or the hydraulic opening of new or old fractures (at relatively low values of differential stress). The brittle-plastic transition for silicic rocks can occur at temperatures as high as 370–400°C in tectonically active regions. In regions where high-temperature geothermal systems develop and persist, it appears that either strain rates commonly are in the range 10−12 to 10−13, or that silicic rocks in the shallow crust generally behave rheologically more like wet quartz diorite than wet Westerly granite.
Platanares is located 16 km west of Santa Rosa de Copan, Honduras, along the Quebrada del Agua Caliente. The thermal manifestations are along faults in tuffs, tuffaceous sedimentary rocks, and lavas of the Padre Miguel Group. These tuffs are silicified near the faults, are fractured, and may provide the fracture permeability necessary for the hydrothermal system. Tuffs are overlain by a wedge of terrace gravels up to 60 m thick. Quaternary conglomerates of the Quebrada del Agua Caliente are cemented by silica sinter. The Platanares area contains numerous faults, all of which appear to be extensional. There are four groups of faults (N80/sup 0/E to N70/sup 0/W, N30/sup 0/ to 60/sup 0/W, N40/sup 0/ to 65/sup 0/E, and N00/sup 0/ to 05/sup 0/W). All hot springs at this site are located along faults that trend mostly northwest and north. Twenty-eight spring groups were described over an area of 0.2 km/sup 2/; half were boiling. Based on surface temperatures and flow rates, between 0.7 and 1.0 MW thermal energy is estimated for the area. The increased temperature of the stream flowing through the thermal area indicates that several megawatts of thermal energy are being added to the stream. We recommend that a dipole-dipole resistivity line be run along the Quebrada del Agua Caliente to identify zones of fracture permeability associated with buried faults and hot water reservoirs within those fault zones. A thermal gradient corehole should be drilled at Platanares to test temperatures, lithologies, and permeability of the hydrothermal system.
","language":"English","doi":"10.2172/5509289","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Heiken, G., Ramos, N., Duffield, W., Musgrave, J., Wohletz, K., Priest, S., Aldrich, J., Flores, W., Ritchie, A., Goff, F., Eppler, D., and Escobar, C., 1991, Geology of the platanares geothermal area, Departamento de Copan, Honduras: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 45, no. 1-2, p. 41-58, https://doi.org/10.2172/5509289.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5509289","text":"External Repository"},{"id":224906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2703e4b0c8380cd59523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heiken, G.","contributorId":11768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiken","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramos, N.","contributorId":66429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramos","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duffield, W.","contributorId":42715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Musgrave, J.","contributorId":16586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrave","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wohletz, K.","contributorId":7427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohletz","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Priest, S.","contributorId":41603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Aldrich, J.","contributorId":70121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldrich","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Flores, W.","contributorId":75285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ritchie, A.","contributorId":18517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Goff, F.","contributorId":53408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Eppler, D.","contributorId":28757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eppler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Escobar, C.","contributorId":18513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escobar","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70016478,"text":"70016478 - 1991 - Geochemistry of a Tertiary sedimentary phosphate deposit: Baja California Sur, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:38:05","indexId":"70016478","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of a Tertiary sedimentary phosphate deposit: Baja California Sur, Mexico","docAbstract":"The San Gregorio Formation in Baja California Sur, a phosphate-enriched sedimentary unit of late Oligocene to early Miocene age, has been analyzed in two areas (La Purisima and San Hilario) for its chemical composition (major oxides, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, V, and rare-earth elements - REE) and isotopic composition (??18O and ??13C). A detrital and a marine component were determined from major oxides. The detrital component consists of an unaltered volcanic-ash fraction and a terrigenous clay-silt fraction. The marine component, which accumulated initially as biogenic and hydrogenous material, is now present as opal-A, opal-CT, CaCO3, organic matter, and an authigenic phosphate fraction, mostly pelletal and composed of the carbonate-fluorapatite mineral francolite. The minor elements have been partitioned into these components by assuming a constant composition for the two detrital fractions. The composition of the marine component of minor elements can then be interpreted by assuming that the stoichiometry of the original accumulating organic matter was equal to that of modern plankton. The Cu and Cd contents in the marine component of all rocks require that the seawater-derived fractions of these two metals were supplied to the seafloor solely by organic matter. Enrichments of Cr and V at both sites required an additional marine input. On the basis of their geochemistry in the modern ocean, Cr and V could have precipitated, or been adsorbed, onto settling particles from an O2 minimum zone in which the O2 content was low enough to promote denitrification rather than oxygen respiration. An enrichment of the REE, now within the apatite fraction, resulted from their adsorption onto particulates also in the O2 minimum zone and to the dissolution and alteration of biogenic phases (predominantly silica) within the sediment. Co and Fe2O3 show no enrichment above a detrital contribution. The ??18O-values of apatites from the La Purisima site are heavier than those of apatites from the San Hilario site, whereas the ??13C-values show the opposite trend. One possible interpretation of these variations is that ??18O reflects seawater values and ??13C sediment pore water values. This interpretation suggests that upwelling rates and primary productivity within the water column were greater at La Purisima, an interpretation that is corroborated by a greater abundance of apatite measured in outcrop at La Purisima. The Ce anomalies of the phosphate-enriched samples also differ between the two sites, indicating that they also recorded water masses, similar to the ??18O-values. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90075-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., 1991, Geochemistry of a Tertiary sedimentary phosphate deposit: Baja California Sur, Mexico: Chemical Geology, v. 92, no. 4, p. 283-316, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90075-3.","startPage":"283","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266077,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90075-3"},{"id":223224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16eae4b0c8380cd552ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016450,"text":"70016450 - 1991 - Morphological development of the Florida Escarpment: Observations on the generation of time transgressive unconformities in carbonate terrains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T14:26:39","indexId":"70016450","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphological development of the Florida Escarpment: Observations on the generation of time transgressive unconformities in carbonate terrains","docAbstract":"An unconformity of 100 m.yr magnitude continues to form on the western edge of the Florida-Bahama Platform, near 26??N, where distal Mississippi Fan sediments are progressively burying the Florida Escarpment. Multiple perspectives of the developing unconformity's morphology are revealed using available technologies including GLORIA images of the entire platform's edge, Seabeam bathymetric contours, and Deep-Tow's high resolution side-scan data calibrated with bottom photographs. The structure and stratigraphy of the buried escarpment and the associated unconformity are resolved by airgun, sparker, and Deep-Tow's 4 kHz seismic reflection data; we summarize the morphological data on the exposed part of the unconformity and the sedimentary deposits accumulating in the basin above the unconformity. The exposed cliff face is composed of a staircase of bedding-plane terraces which are developed along joint planes. The terraces extend 100-1000 m along the escarpment's face, and the intervening vertical walls are up to 100 m high. The jointed morphology of this Mesozoic limestone cliff apparently reflects erosional exposure of its interior anatomy rather than its accretionary shape. The change in slope between the platform face and the abyssal plain is very abrupt. In places along the contact between the escarpment and fan sediments, reduced chemical-charged brine seeps occur, which locally cause carbonate dissolution and precipitation, sulfide mineralization, and the deposition of a fossiliferous and organic carbon-rich lens associated with chemosynthetic communities. These seep deposits and escarpment-derived megabreccias intercalate with basinal sediments that overlie the unconformity. Because surface seismic reflection data do not produce images of the escarpment's face that closely reflect the exposed escarpment's morphology, they must also be of limited value in characterizing the surface of similar steeply dipping buried escarpments. Thus, the downslope extent of the heavily eroded platform edge is unclear.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(91)90070-K","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Paull, C.K., Twichell, D., Spiess, F.N., and Curray, J.R., 1991, Morphological development of the Florida Escarpment: Observations on the generation of time transgressive unconformities in carbonate terrains: Marine Geology, v. 101, no. 1-4, p. 181-201, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(91)90070-K.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"201","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Escarpment, Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 23.624394569716923\n ],\n [\n -79.4970703125,\n 23.624394569716923\n ],\n [\n -79.4970703125,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 23.624394569716923\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e40e4b0c8380cd708d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spiess, Fred N.","contributorId":16059,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spiess","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":6728,"text":"Scripps Inst Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":373570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curray, Joseph R.","contributorId":92424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curray","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6728,"text":"Scripps Inst Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":373573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016778,"text":"70016778 - 1991 - Publication aspects of ethics in photogrammetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70016778","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Publication aspects of ethics in photogrammetry","docAbstract":"According to the Code of Ethics of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the principles on which ethics are founded consist of honesty, justice, and courtesy, forming a moral philosophy associated with mutual interest among men. We will cover in particular the ethical problems of publication of photogrammetric material in the various media. There are many such problems, and we often face a dilemma in selecting a course which is the right thing to do.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Thompson, M., 1991, Publication aspects of ethics in photogrammetry: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 57, no. 2, p. 161-162.","startPage":"161","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8feee4b0c8380cd7fa3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Morris M.","contributorId":21288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Morris M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016400,"text":"70016400 - 1991 - Biomarkers in Tertiary mélange, western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T11:02:40","indexId":"70016400","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biomarkers in Tertiary mélange, western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Middle Eocene to middle Miocene mélange and broken formations are exposed in the coastal outcrops along the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. A petroleum geochemical assessment of these geologic units has included the investigation of biomarker compounds. A comparison was made of biomarkers in an oil sample from a middle Miocene reservoir penetrated in the Medina No. 1 well with biomarkers in extracts from two samples of middle Eocene Ozette mélange (one sample having a strong petroliferous odor, and the other sample lacking this characteristic odor). Distribution patterns of n-alkanes, tricyclic terpanes, pentacyclic triterpanes, steranes, and diasteranes are remarkably similar in the oil and rock extracts. Biomarker maturity parameters indicate higher maturity in the oil relative to the extracts. The presence of 17α(H)-23,28-bisnorlupane, 18α(H)- and 18β(H)-oleanane, and de-A-lupane and an odd-carbon-number dominance of the n-alkanes in the oil and extracts seems to tie the hydrocarbons to a common source that has a significant terrigenous component.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90066-Z","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Hostettler, F.D., Rapp, J., and Snavely, P., 1991, Biomarkers in Tertiary mélange, western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 93, no. 1-2, p. 101-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90066-Z.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266074,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90066-Z"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f188e4b0c8380cd4aca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":373379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rapp, John B.","contributorId":32028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snavely, Parke D. Jr.","contributorId":80328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"Parke D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016434,"text":"70016434 - 1991 - Cenozoic prograding sequences of the Antarctic continental margin: a record of glacio-eustatic and tectonic events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T09:47:47","indexId":"70016434","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cenozoic prograding sequences of the Antarctic continental margin: a record of glacio-eustatic and tectonic events","docAbstract":"Sedimentary sections up to 6-14 km thick lie beneath many areas of the Antarctic continental margin. The upper parts of the sections contain up to 6 km of Cenozoic glacial and possibly non-glacial sequences that have prograded the continental shelf up to 85 km. We describe the Cenozoic sequences using two general categories based on their acoustic geometries. Type IA sequences, which account for most prograding of the Antarctic continental shelf, have complex sigmoidal geometries and some acoustic characteristics atypical of low-latitude margins, such as troughs and mounds lying parallel and normal to the shelf edge and high velocities (2.0-2.6 km/s) for flat layers within 150 m of the seafloor. Type IIA sequences, which principally aggrade the paleoshelf, lie beneath type IA sequences and have mostly simple geometries and gently dipping reflections. The prograding sequences are commonly located near the seaward edges of major Mesozoic and older margin structures. Relatively rapid Cenozoic subsidence has occurred due to the probable rifting in the Ross Sea, thermal subsidence in the Antarctic Peninsula, and isostatic crustal flexure in Wilkes Land. In Prydz Bay and the Weddell Sea, prograding sequences cover Mesozoic basins that have undergone little apparent Cenozoic tectonism. Grounded ice sheets are viewed by us, and others, as the principal mechanism for depositing the Antarctic prograding sequences. During the initial advance of grounded ice the continental shelf is flexurally overdeepened, the inner shelf is heavily eroded, and gently dipping glacial strata are deposited on the shelf (i.e type IIA sequences). The overdeepened shelf profile is preserved (a) during glacial times, by grounded ice sheets episodically crossing the shelf, eroding sediments from onshore and inner shelf areas, and depositing sediments at the front of the ice sheet as outer shelf topset-banks and continental slope foreset-aprons (i.e. type IA sequences), and (b) during interglacial times, like today, by little or no clastic sedimentation on the continental shelf other than beneath retreated ice shelves lying far from the continental sheld edge. Ice streams carve broad depressions across the shelf and carry abundant basal sediments directly to the continental shelf edge, thereby creating troughmouth fans and sheet-like prograding sequences (i.e. type IA sequences). Numerous acoustic unconformities and multiple overcompacted layers within the prograding sequences suggest major fluctuations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The available drilling and seismic interpretations provide the following history: (1) Cenozoic ice sheets have existed in places near the continental shelf since middle to late Eocene time. (2) A grounded Antarctic ice sheet first expanded to the continental shelf edge, with probable overdeepening of the outer shelf, in late Eucene to early Oligocene time in Prydz Bay, possibly in early Miocene time in the Ross Sea, and at least by middle Miocene time in the Weddell Sea. (3) The relative amounts of shelf prograding and inferred ice-volume variations (and related sea-level changes) have increased since middle to late Miocene time in the eastern Ross Sea, Prydz Bay, and possibly Weddell Sea. Our analysis is preliminary. Further acoustic surveys and scientific drilling are needed to resolve the proximal Antarctic record of glacio-eustatic, climatic, and tectonic events recorded by the prograding sequences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(91)90008-R","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A.K., Barrett, P.J., Hinz, K., Traube, V., Letichenkov, G., and Stagg, H., 1991, Cenozoic prograding sequences of the Antarctic continental margin: a record of glacio-eustatic and tectonic events: Marine Geology, v. 102, no. 1-4, p. 175-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(91)90008-R.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3e6e4b0c8380cd4ba0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, A. K.","contributorId":50149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barrett, P. J.","contributorId":96347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barrett","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinz, K.","contributorId":83273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinz","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Traube, V.","contributorId":29134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traube","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Letichenkov, G.","contributorId":61963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letichenkov","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stagg, H.M.J.","contributorId":7843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"H.M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016459,"text":"70016459 - 1991 - Thermodynamic properties of anthophyllite and talc: corrections and discussion of calorimetric data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016459","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamic properties of anthophyllite and talc: corrections and discussion of calorimetric data","docAbstract":"Arithmetic errors in calculating heat capacity values (Krupka, 1984; Krupka et al, 1985a) for anthophyllite and several errors in the Hess cycles utilized to derive enthalpies of formation of anthophyllite and talc are identified, and revised values are reported. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., 1991, Thermodynamic properties of anthophyllite and talc: corrections and discussion of calorimetric data: American Mineralogist, v. 76, no. 9-10, p. 1589-1596.","startPage":"1589","endPage":"1596","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb275e4b08c986b3257fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016397,"text":"70016397 - 1991 - Institutional issues affecting the integration and use of remotely sensed data and geographic information systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:14:28","indexId":"70016397","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Institutional issues affecting the integration and use of remotely sensed data and geographic information systems","docAbstract":"The developers as well as the users of remotely sensed data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques are associated with nearly all types of institutions in government, industry, and academia. Individuals in these various institutions often find the barriers to accepting remote sensing and GIS are not necessarily technical in nature, but can be attributed to the institutions themselves. Several major institutional issues that affect the technologies of remote sensing and GIS are data availability, data marketing and costs, equipment availability and costs, standards and practices, education and training, and organizational infrastructures. Not only are problems associated with these issues identified, but needs and opportunities also are discussed. -from Authors","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lauer, D.T., Estes, J.E., Jensen, J., and Greenlee, D.D., 1991, Institutional issues affecting the integration and use of remotely sensed data and geographic information systems: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 57, no. 6, p. 647-654.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"654","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c2ae4b0c8380cd62b18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. E.","contributorId":80378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jensen, J.R.","contributorId":32127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greenlee, D. D.","contributorId":20079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenlee","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016919,"text":"70016919 - 1991 - Fluid inclusions and preliminary studies of hydrothermal alteration in core hole PLTG-1, Platanares geothermal area, Honduras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T09:28:29","indexId":"70016919","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusions and preliminary studies of hydrothermal alteration in core hole PLTG-1, Platanares geothermal area, Honduras","docAbstract":"The Platanares geothermal area in western Honduras consists of more than 100 hot springs that issue from numerous hot-spring groups along the banks or within the streambed of the Quebrada de Agua Caliente (brook of hot water). Evaluation of this geothermal area included drilling a 650-m deep PLTG-1 drill hole which penetrated a surface mantling of stream terrace deposits, about 550 m of Tertiary andesitic lava flows, and Cretaceous to lower Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the lower 90 m of the drill core. Fractures and cavities in the drill core are partly to completely filled by hydrothermal minerals that include quartz, kaolinite, mixed-layer illite-smectite, barite, fluorite, chlorite, calcite, laumontite, biotite, hematite, marcasite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, stibnite, and sphalerite; the most common open-space fillings are calcite and quartz. Biotite from 138.9-m depth, dated at 37.41 Ma by replicate 40Ar/39 Ar analyses using a continuous laser system, is the earliest hydrothermal mineral deposited in the PLTG-1 drill core. This mid-Tertiary age indicates that at least some of the hydrothermal alteration encountered in the PLTG-1 drill core occurred in the distant past and is unrelated to the present geothermal system. Furthermore, homogenization temperatures (Th) and melting-point temperatures (Tm) for fluid inclusions in two of the later-formed hydrothermal minerals, calcite and barite, suggest that the temperatures and concentration of dissolved solids of the fluids present at the time these fluid inclusions formed were very different from the present temperatures and fluid chemistry measured in the drill hole. Liquid-rich secondary fluid inclusions in barite and caicite from drill hole PLTG-1 have Th values that range from about 20??C less than the present measured temperature curve at 590.1-m depth to as much as 90??C higher than the temperature curve at 46.75-m depth. Many of the barite Th measurements (ranging between 114?? and 265??C) plot above the reference surface boiling-point curve for pure water assuming hydrostatic conditions; however, the absence of evidence for boiling in the fluid inclusions indicates that at the time the minerals formed, the ground surface must have been at least 80 m higher than at present and underwent stream erosion to the current elevation. Near-surface mixed-layer illite-smectite is closely associated with barite and appears to have formed at about the same temperature range (about 120?? to 200??C) as the fluid-inclusion Th values for barite. Fluid-inclusion Th values for calcite range between about 136?? and 213??C. Several of the calcite Th values are significantly lower than the present measured temperature curve. The melting-point temperatures (Tm) of fluid-inclusion ice yield calculated salinities, ranging from near zero to as much as 5.4 wt. % NaCl equivalent, which suggest that much of the barite and calcite precipitated from fluids of significantly greater salinity than the present low salinity Platanares hot-spring water or water produced from the drill hole.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(91)90027-W","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K., 1991, Fluid inclusions and preliminary studies of hydrothermal alteration in core hole PLTG-1, Platanares geothermal area, Honduras: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 45, no. 1-2, p. 147-160, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(91)90027-W.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1274e4b0c8380cd542ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, K.E.","contributorId":44548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016456,"text":"70016456 - 1991 - Boromuscovite, a new member of the mica group, from the Little Three mine pegmatite, Ramona district, San Diego County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016456","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boromuscovite, a new member of the mica group, from the Little Three mine pegmatite, Ramona district, San Diego County, California","docAbstract":"Boromuscovite, ideally KAl2(Si3B)O10(OH,F)2, in which [4]Al is replaced by B relative to muscovite, occurs as a late-stage, postpocket rupture mineral within the New Spaulding Pocket, main Little Three pegmatite dike. The mineral is white to cream colored and occurs as a porcelaneous veneer and coating on primary minerals. The average grain size is less than 3-4 ??m, but the coatings may be as much as 1 cm or more thick. Fragments of topaz, albite, elbaite, and other pocket minerals are included in the coating. The boromuscovite precipitated from a late-stage hydothermal fluid; it occurs only as a snowlike coating. Chemical composition, unit-cell parameters, Mohs hardness, cleavage, fracture, and optical properties are reported. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Foord, E., Martin, R., Fitzpatrick, J.J., Taggart, J., and Crock, J., 1991, Boromuscovite, a new member of the mica group, from the Little Three mine pegmatite, Ramona district, San Diego County, California: American Mineralogist, v. 76, no. 11-12, p. 1998-2002.","startPage":"1998","endPage":"2002","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f21fe4b0c8380cd4b001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, R.F.","contributorId":69305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J. J.","contributorId":95078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taggart, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":51301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016345,"text":"70016345 - 1991 - Implications of low-temperature cooling history on a transect across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary, west central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T23:35:56.78487","indexId":"70016345","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of low-temperature cooling history on a transect across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary, west central Arizona","docAbstract":"Fission track ages of apatite and zircon from metamorphic, plutonic, and sedimentary rocks along a 80-km transect across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary in west central Arizona show differences in the low-temperature cooling histories between the provinces. The transect extends from Cypress Mountain in the Colorado Plateau transition zone to the eastern Buckskin Mountains in the Basin and Range. Along the northeast margin of the Basin and Range province, metamorphic rocks exposed in the footwall of a major detachment fault system yield zircon and apatite fission track ages of 16–10 Ma. These ages are similar to K-Ar fusion ages of biotite and age minima of K-feldspar on 40Ar/39Ar age spectra and collectively indicate rapid cooling. One K-feldspar age spectrum has an age maximum of about 22.8 Ma, an age minimum of 11.8 Ma, and a spectrum whose shape is suggestive of reheating, possibly in middle Miocene time. The heating event was probably related to hydrothermal activity during emplacement of Cu and Mn deposits in and above the detachment fault zone. Effects of this heating are only locally detected in rocks above the detachment fault. In the Poachie Range fission track ages of apatite and zircon are 60–50 and 80–70 Ma, respectively. The disparity between the apatite and zircon ages indicates that the rocks cooled slowly in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time, probably due to gradual uplift and erosion. Total uplift and denudation in the area of the Poachie Range since Cretaceous time is 6 km or more. To the northeast of the range, fission track ages of apatite and zircon increase and diverge, indicating that apparent uplift decreased in that direction. The apatite ages from the Poachie Range are concordant with early Tertiary hornblende ages determined in other studies of lower plate rocks near the southwest end of the transect. The ages represent cooling of crystalline rocks after Cretaceous regional metamorphism and magmatism. Near Bagdad, 20 km northeast of the Poachie Range, 2 km or less of erosion has occurred since intrusion of high-level plutons and dikes and caldera formation in Late Cretaceous time. Remnants of an erosion surface that developed in middle Tertiary time are preserved in the transition zone. Volcanic and sedimentary rocks at least as old as early Miocene were deposited on the erosion surface and filled valleys cut into it. Dissection of these deposits began about 8 Ma. We interpret these data combined with those from other studies to indicate that in Cretaceous time southward thrusting and later extensive magmatism in the middle crust led to thickening and heating of the crust. The Cretaceous igneous rocks at Bagdad are high-level manifestations of this magmatism. Uplift and slow cooling occurred in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time. In late Oligocene and early Miocene time during northeast-southwest extension, middle crustal rocks moved southwest put from beneath the southwest margin of the transition zone. Tectonic denudation rapidly exposed the crust that had been brought up from a depth of 10 km or more and rapidly cooled in the eastern Buckskin and Harcuvar mountains. Middle Miocene reheating occurred locally in the lower plate, along the detachment, and in nearby parts of the upper plate.
The fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream to which nitrate was added as a nutrient supplement was determined. The stream, in southern Mississippi, U.S.A. was 234 m long. Water was supplied to the stream by an artesian well at about 1.21 s−1, resulting in a mean water velocity of about 0.5 m min−1. Acetone was injected continuously for 26 days resulting in concentrations of 20–40 mg l−1. A nitrate solution was injected for 21 days resulting in an instream concentration of about 1.7 mg l−1 at the upstream end of the stream. Rhodamine-WT dye was used to determine the travel time and dispersion characteristics of the stream, and t-butyl alcohol was used to determine the volatilization characteristics.
Volatilization controlled the fate of acetone in the model stream. The lack of substantial bacterial degradation of acetone was contrary to expectations based on the results of laboratory degradation studies using model stream water enriched with nitrate. A possible explanation for the lack of significant degradation in the model stream may be the limited 6-h residence time of the acetone in the stream.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90092-V","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., Stephens, D.W., and Tai, D.Y., 1991, Fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream with a nitrate supplement, southern Mississippi, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 123, no. 3-4, p. 225-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90092-V.","productDescription":"18 ","startPage":"225","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f0fe4b0c8380cd5373e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}