A series of submerged coral reefs off northwestern Hawaii was formed during (largely glacial) intervals when the rate of local sea-level rise was less than the maximum upward growth rate of the reefs. Mass-spectrometric 234U/238U ages for samples from six such reefs range from 17 to 475 ka and indicate that this part of the Hawaiian Ridge has been subsiding at a roughly uniform rate of 2.6 mm/yr for the past 475 ka. The 234U/238U ages are in general agreement with model ages of reef drowning (based on estimates of paleo-sea-level stands derived from oxygen-isotope ratios of deep-sea sediments), but there are disagreements in detail. The high attainable precision (±10 ka or better on samples younger than ∼800 ka), large applicable age range, relative robustness against open-system behavior, and ease of analysis for this technique hold great promise for future applications of dating of 50-1000 ka coral.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0171:CSROHD>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., Szabo, B.J., Moore, J., and Simmons, K.R., 1991, Crustal subsidence rate off Hawaii determined from 234U/238U ages of drowned coral reefs: Geology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 171-174, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0171:CSROHD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 16.341225619207496\n ],\n [\n -152.9296875,\n 16.341225619207496\n ],\n [\n -152.9296875,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 16.341225619207496\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcf1e4b0c8380cd4e529","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simmons, K. R.","contributorId":68771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016836,"text":"70016836 - 1991 - Buried bedrock topography, evidence of overdeepening of Winimusset Brook bedrock valley, and reinterpretation of the extent of glacial Lake Winimusset, Ware quadrangle, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70016836","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2896,"text":"Northeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Buried bedrock topography, evidence of overdeepening of Winimusset Brook bedrock valley, and reinterpretation of the extent of glacial Lake Winimusset, Ware quadrangle, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Results from 15 test borings and 8 seismic-refraction surveys in the northeastern quarter of the Ware quadrangle, Massachusetts, provide information on the buried-bedrock topography, evidence of overdeepening of Winimusset Brook valley, information on the thickness and lithology of lacustrine deposits in glacial Lake Winimusset, and indicate a need for reinterpretation of the areal extent of the lake. Glacial Lake Winimusset, which occupied this bedrock valley during the last stages of deglaciation, was more extensive and accumulated thicker lacustrine deposits than previously postulated. Lacustrine silt and clay deposited in this lake are as much as 100 feet thick. The lake extended at least 1 mile north of the Town of Wheelwright. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lapham, W., and Maevsky, A., 1991, Buried bedrock topography, evidence of overdeepening of Winimusset Brook bedrock valley, and reinterpretation of the extent of glacial Lake Winimusset, Ware quadrangle, Massachusetts: Northeastern Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 69-73.","startPage":"69","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2b6e4b0c8380cd4b2fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maevsky, A.","contributorId":66857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maevsky","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016463,"text":"70016463 - 1991 - Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement (RSAM): a volcano monitoring and prediction tool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016463","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement (RSAM): a volcano monitoring and prediction tool","docAbstract":"Seismicity is one of the most commonly monitored phenomena used to determine the state of a volcano and for the prediction of volcanic eruptions. Although several real-time earthquake-detection and data acquisition systems exist, few continuously measure seismic amplitude in circumstances where individual events are difficult to recognize or where volcanic tremor is prevalent. Analog seismic records provide a quick visual overview of activity; however, continuous rapid quantitative analysis to define the intensity of seismic activity for the purpose of predicing volcanic eruptions is not always possible because of clipping that results from the limited dynamic range of analog recorders. At the Cascades Volcano Observatory, an inexpensive 8-bit analog-to-digital system controlled by a laptop computer is used to provide 1-min average-amplitude information from eight telemetered seismic stations. The absolute voltage level for each station is digitized, averaged, and appended in near real-time to a data file on a multiuser computer system. Raw realtime seismic amplitude measurement (RSAM) data or transformed RSAM data are then plotted on a common time base with other available volcano-monitoring information such as tilt. Changes in earthquake activity associated with dome-building episodes, weather, and instrumental difficulties are recognized as distinct patterns in the RSAM data set. RSAM data for domebuilding episodes gradually develop into exponential increases that terminate just before the time of magma extrusion. Mount St. Helens crater earthquakes show up as isolated spikes on amplitude plots for crater seismic stations but seldom for more distant stations. Weather-related noise shows up as low-level, long-term disturbances on all seismic stations, regardless of distance from the volcano. Implemented in mid-1985, the RSAM system has proved valuable in providing up-to-date information on seismic activity for three Mount St. Helens eruptive episodes from 1985 to 1986 (May 1985, May 1986, and October 1986). Tiltmeter data, the only other telemetered geophysical information that was available for the three dome-building episodes, is compared to RSAM data to show that the increase in RSAM data was related to the transport of magma to the surface. Thus, if tiltmeter data is not available, RSAM data can be used to predict future magmatic eruptions at Mount St. Helens. We also recognize the limitations of RSAm data. Two examples of RSAM data associated with phreatic or shallow phreatomagmatic explosions were not preceded by the same increases in RSAM data or changes in tilt associated with the three dome-building eruptions. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00298154","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Endo, E., and Murray, T., 1991, Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement (RSAM): a volcano monitoring and prediction tool: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 53, no. 7, p. 533-545, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298154.","startPage":"533","endPage":"545","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205352,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298154"},{"id":223217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a959de4b0c8380cd81b17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Endo, E.T.","contributorId":45308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Endo","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, T.","contributorId":59304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016891,"text":"70016891 - 1991 - Identification of dissolved-constituent sources in mine-site ground water using batch mixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T11:53:22","indexId":"70016891","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of dissolved-constituent sources in mine-site ground water using batch mixing","docAbstract":"Batch-mixing experiments were used to help identify lithologic and mineralogic sources of increased concentrations of dissolved solids in water affected by surface coal mining in northwestern Colorado. Ten overburden core samples were analyzed for mineral composition and mixed with distilled water for 90 days until mineral-water equilibrium was reached. Between one day and 90 days after initial contact, specific conductance in the sample mixtures had a median increase of 306 percent. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 200 to 8,700 mg/L in water samples extracted from the mixtures after 90 days. Mass-balance simulations were conducted using the geochemical models BALANCE and WATEQF to quantify mineral-water interactions occurring in five selected sample mixtures and in water collected from a spring at a reclaimed mine site. The spring water is affected by mineral-water interactions occurring in all of the lithologic units comprising the overburden. Results of the simulations indicate that oxidation of pyrite, dissolution of dolomite, gypsum, and epsomite, and cation-exchange reactions are the primary mineral-water interactions occurring in the overburden. Three lithologic units in the overburden (a coal, a sandstone, and a shale) probably contribute most of the dissolved solids to the spring water. Water sample extracts from mixtures using core from these three units accounted for 85 percent of the total dissolved solids in the 10 sample extracts. Other lithologic units in the over-burden probably contribute smaller quantities of dissolved solids to the spring water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb03116.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., and Williams, R.S., 1991, Identification of dissolved-constituent sources in mine-site ground water using batch mixing: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 27, no. 1, p. 93-100, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb03116.x.","startPage":"93","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267708,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb03116.x"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3826e4b0c8380cd61470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Gregory M. gmclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Gregory","email":"gmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert S. Jr.","contributorId":95207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016890,"text":"70016890 - 1991 - Vertical structure of cross-shore currents from wind-induced setup","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70016890","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Vertical structure of cross-shore currents from wind-induced setup","docAbstract":"Most of the storm surge models presented in the literature are vertically averaged and calculate only the sea-surface elevation and mean flow. Whereas these models may be adequate for predicting storm surge heights for flooding purposes, they neglect the vertical structure of the flow and the boundary shear stress, which are both critical for predicting cross-shore sediment transport. The steady and horizontally uniform equations of motion are used here to compute the sea-surface slope, the vertical structure of the cross-shore currents, and the boundary shear stress in a shallow wind dominated environment. The steady state model developed here balances the pressure gradient and the stress divergence, resulting in sea-surface slope and associated pressure gradient in the opposite direction of the wind, thus inducing a reversal in the currents near the bed. The Reynolds stress is modeled with a depth-dependent turbulent diffusion coefficient so that both the boundary shear stress and the velocity field are calculated, avoiding the need to set a bottom drag coefficient. Input parameters for this model are simply the wind stress, the water depth, and z0, the bed roughness parameter. A sensitivity test of the model results to various values of z0 indicates that large changes in z0 cause only minor differences in the surface slope, and moderate differences in the velocity field and boundary shear stress. Given the sediment size distribution and the small scale morphology of the bed, a reasonable estimate of z0 may be obtained and the above uncertainty will be nearly eliminated.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Sediments '91","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes","conferenceDate":"25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628086","usgsCitation":"Gelfenbaum, G., 1991, Vertical structure of cross-shore currents from wind-induced setup, in Coastal Sediments '91, Seattle, WA, USA, 25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991, p. 745-759.","startPage":"745","endPage":"759","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc243e4b08c986b32aa1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy","contributorId":79844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016857,"text":"70016857 - 1991 - Melting and thermodynamic properties of pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T14:36:28.231218","indexId":"70016857","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Melting and thermodynamic properties of pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12)","title":"Melting and thermodynamic properties of pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12)","docAbstract":"The heat capacity of Mg3Al2Si3O12 glass has been measured from 10 to 1000 K by adiabatic and differential scanning calorimetry. The heat capacity of crystalline pyrope has been determined from drop-calorimetry measurements between 820 and 1300 K. From these and previously published results a consistent set of thermodynamic data is presented for pyrope and Mg3Al2Si3O12 glass and liquid for the interval 0–2000 K. The enthalpy of fusion at
A deep seismic-reflection profile in northern Lake Michigan, midcontinent North America, provides a cross section of the crust across the 1850 Ma Penokean orogen, in which an Early Proterozoic island-arc complex was deformed between two converging Archean continental masses. The island-arc crust is about 40 km thick and has a few kilometres of intensely reflective rocks near its base, above which it is variably reflective to transparent. The Archean terranes have thicker crust, as much as 50 km, the lower 20-25 km of which is strongly reflective. Abrupt offsets of Moho near terrane boundaries may have been preserved since accretion during the Penokean orogeny.
The submarine Mahukona Volcano, west of the island of Hawaii, is located on the Loa loci line between Kahoolawe and Hualalai Volcanoes. The west rift zone ridge of the volcano extends across a drowned coral reef at about-1150 m and a major slope break at about-1340 m, both of which represent former shoreines. The summit of the volcano apparently reached to about 250 m above sea level (now at-1100 m depth) did was surmounted by a roughly circular caldera. A econd rift zone probably extended toward the east or sutheast, but is completely covered by younger lavas from the adjacent subaerial volcanoes. Samples were vecovered from nine dredges and four submersible lives. Using subsidence rates and the compositions of flows which drape the dated shoreline terraces, we infer that the voluminous phase of tholeiitic shield growth ended about 470 ka, but tholeiitic eruptions continued until at least 435 ka. Basalt, transitional between tholeiitic and alkalic basalt, erupted at the end of tholeiitic volcanism, but no postshield-alkalic stage volcanism occurred. The summit of the volcano apparently subcided below sea level between 435 and 365 ka. The tholeiitic lavas recovered are compositionally diverse.
In exposures of Pleistocene rocks on the east coast of South Africa, eight sedimentary facies were distinguished on the basis of petrology, grain size, internal structures and field relationships. These are interpreted as deposits of surf zone, breaker zone, swash zone, backbeach, boulder beach and dune environments. Three phases of deposition and diagenesis are recognized. As a result of the stabilising effect of pre-existing coastal facies, the deposits from successive sea level stands are stacked vertically in a narrow coast-normal strip. Early cementation prevented erosion of the deposits during subsequent transgressions.
Deposition of subsequent facies took place on an existing coastal dune (Facies 1). A terrace was cut into this dune at a sea level 4.5 to 5 m above present. At this sea level, clastic shoreline sediments were deposited which make up the main sedimentary sequence exposed (Facies 2–7). The steep swash zone, coarse grain size, and comparison with modern conditions in the study area indicate clastic deposition on a high-energy, wave-dominated, microtidal coastline. Vertical stacking of progressively shallower water facies indicates progradation associated with slightly regressive conditions, prior to stranding of the succession above sea level. During a subsequent transgression to 5.5 or 6 m above present sea level, a second terrace was cut across the existing facies, which by then were partly lithified. A boulder beach (Facies 8) deposited on this terrace is indicative of high wave energy and a rocky coastline, formed by existing cemented coastal facies. Comparison with dated deposits from other parts of the South African coast suggest a Late Pleistocene age for Facies 2–8. Deposition was terminated by subsequent regression and continuing low sea levels during the remainder of the Pleistocene.
Cementation of the facies took place almost entirely by carbonate precipitation. The presence of isopachous fibrous cements suggests early cementation of Facies 1, 2, 3 and 4 under marine conditions, initially as aragonite which has since inverted to calcite. Facies 5, 6 and 7 are cemented only by equant calcite spar, evidence of cementation in the meteoric phreatic and vadose zones. Lowering of the water table during regression caused the remaining pore space in Facies 1, 2, 3 and 4 to be filled with equant calcite spar. Decementation in a 130 cm wide zone is attributed to water table shifts associated with the later transgression which deposited Facies 8.
The vertical stacking of the two depositional sequences may be attributed to rapid cementation of Facies 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 under humid, subtropical conditions. This lithified sequence then acted as a focus for deposition of coarse-grained shoreline facies (Facies 8) during the subsequent transgression.
This paper compares the mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in sediments from various depths and positions in Abert Lake and surrounding playa with those of the weathered materials entering the lake in order to reveal the nature and extent of post-depositional mineralogical modification.
Analytical electron microscope (AEM) data from individual clay particles reveal that each sample is comprised of a highly inhomogeneous smectite assemblage. The thin clay flakes (commonly less than 10 nm wide) display a complete range in octahedral sheet compositions from nearly dioctahedral to nearly trioctahedral. The very abundant Mg-rich lake smectites with an estimated composition K0.29(Al0.23-Mg2.16Fe0.30)Si3.80Al0.20O10(OH)2 are not formed by weathering. This confirms the importance of diagenetic Mg uptake. Lattice-fringe imaging failed to reveal distinct brucite-like or vermiculite-like layers, suggesting that interstratifications of this type are rare or absent. Siliceous coatings on clay particles (identified by silica excess in smectite analyses) seem to favor topotactic overgrowth of stevensite rather than addition of brucite-like layers to the dioctahedral nuclei. The growth of K-stevensite dilutes the Al content of the crystal, and thus the increasing diagenetic modification reduces rather than supplements its illite component.
Smectite compositions within individual samples were highly variable, yet source-related characteristics such as the abundance of Fe-rich smectite were apparent. Little evidence for systematic K or Mg enrichment with depth was identified in samples from depths of down to 16 feet below the sediment-water interface. The most magnesian assemblages are associated both with weathering sources of Mg-rich smectite and playa environments subjected to repeated wetting and drying cycles. Thus, the observations suggest that clay compositions primarily reflect changes in lake levels, brine composition, and source characteristics, rather than time and depth/compaction effects. Other diagenetic reactions in the sediment include recrystallization of Na-rich silica gel and diatom fragments. Abundant, submicron-sized, untwinned, euhedral crystals of K-feldspar are interpreted to be authigenic in origin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90445-B","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Banfield, J., Jones, B., and Veblen, D., 1991, An AEM-TEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: II. Diagenetic modification of the sedimentary assemblage: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 10, p. 2795-2810, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90445-B.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2795","endPage":"2810","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479778,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90445-b","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cde4b0c8380cd48480","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banfield, J.F.","contributorId":48710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banfield","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Veblen, D.R.","contributorId":25300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veblen","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014943,"text":"70014943 - 1991 - Use of longitudinal strain in identifying driving and resisting elements of landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T12:07:46.994618","indexId":"70014943","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of longitudinal strain in identifying driving and resisting elements of landslides","docAbstract":"Observations of deformation at the surfaces of landslides in Utah and Hawaii indicate that the upslope parts of the land-slides have stretched and the downslope parts have shortened parallel with the direction of movement. The maximum displacement of each landslide occurs in a relatively undeformed zone between the zones of shortening and stretching. The pattern of deformation at the surface of these landslides may be useful in analyzing their mechanics by helping to constrain the longitudinal forces in limit-equilibrium stability analysis. We used earth-pressure calculations to determine the range of possible longitudinal forces (per unit width) for active failure in the zone of stretching and for passive failure in the zone of shortening of one of the Hawaiian landslides. Longitudinal forces computed by stability analysis, assuming homogeneous strength, exceeded the possible forces in much of the upslope half of the landslide. Consequently, we assumed inhomogeneous strength and adjusted shear-strength parameters at each segment of the slip surface until the longitudinal forces computed by stability analysis agreed with those computed by earth-pressure theory, and the factor of safety approached unity. The distribution of longitudinal forces computed for inhomogeneous strength indicated that the boundary between driving and resisting elements of the landslide is near the thickest part of the slide, in agreement with a simple formula for the location of the boundary.
Mechanisms for electron transport to Fe(III) were investigated in GS-15, a novel anaerobic microorganism which can obtain energy for growth hy coupling the complete oxidation of organic acids or aromatic compounds to the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II). The results indicate that Fe(III) reduction proceeds through a type b cytochrome and a membrane-bound Fe(III) reductase which is distinct from the nitrate reductase.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.57.3.867-870.1991","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Gorby, Y., and Lovley, D.R., 1991, Electron transport in the dissimilatory iron reducer, GS-15: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 57, no. 3, p. 867-870, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.3.867-870.1991.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"867","endPage":"870","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480418,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.3.867-870.1991","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224660,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08a9e4b0c8380cd51bfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorby, Y.A.","contributorId":64815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorby","given":"Y.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014946,"text":"70014946 - 1991 - A comparison of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in young and old continental lithospheric mantle: Patagonia and eastern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T15:55:27.243607","indexId":"70014946","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":941,"text":"Australian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in young and old continental lithospheric mantle: Patagonia and eastern China","docAbstract":"It is commonly accepted that beneath the continental crust lies a keel of lithospheric mantle, which extends 50–200 kilometres downward to a transition zone into the asthenosphere. The chemical and physical properties of this reservoir are best known through studies of the basalts and xenoliths that provide samples of the subcrustal mantle. Although sharing many characteristics with oceanic island basalts, some continental basalts become increasingly distinct isotopically as crustal age increases, strongly supporting a permanent association between crust and mantle. Consequently, the distinctive trace element and isotope composition of the lithospheric mantle is able to give important clues to its origin and evolution.
The mantle under newly‐created crust is typified by a radiogenic isotope variability that emphasizes the materials from which the continental lithosphere is assembled. Old lithospheric mantle, on the other hand, exhibits more evolved isotopic patterns that attest to the existence of long‐lived, chemically complex systems. A comparison of the Pb, Sr and Nd isotopes in alkalic to sub‐alkalic basalt derived from Phanerozoic (Patagonia) and Middle Archaean to Early Proterozoic (eastern China) subcrustal mantle is useful for identifying ‘end‐member’ components of the lithosphere. One component, having an isotopic composition close to PREMA, either continues to evolve virtually unchanged after incorporation into the lithosphere or is, itself, a relatively new addition even to old lithosphere. Another component, beginning with the isotopic composition of BSE, undergoes significant reduction in U/Pb and Sm/Nd (but not Rb/Sr) upon incorporation into the lithosphere and, with time, shows an increasingly retarded evolution of 206Pb/204Pb and negative εNd‐values approaching the isotopic composition of EMI.
Five models are discussed that relate the isotopic composition of the continental lithospheric mantle to that of other parts of the terrestrial system, which may be involved in its origin and evolution. The potential locations of the contributing components and the mechanisms and timing of their assembly into lithosphere are considered. Current knowledge, however, does not allow us to distinguish unequivocally among the various scenarios for the creation and evolution of this reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08120099108727990","usgsCitation":"Zartman, R., Futa, K., and Peng, Z.C., 1991, A comparison of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in young and old continental lithospheric mantle: Patagonia and eastern China: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, no. 5, p. 545-557, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099108727990.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"557","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina, China","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 120.88901561649016,\n 51.006737698565644\n ],\n [\n 102.85638607093244,\n 36.97877083607817\n ],\n [\n 106.40544846950849,\n 23.94223177251179\n ],\n [\n 112.39189292183892,\n 21.98496992870193\n ],\n [\n 118.2799799428542,\n 25.168108386990625\n ],\n [\n 120.53310813849595,\n 30.217315480944237\n ],\n [\n 118.9773933937214,\n 34.82319146572408\n ],\n [\n 120.88901561649016,\n 51.006737698565644\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.66891440829954,\n -50.85423812057957\n ],\n [\n -67.42739920169453,\n -49.480284125125976\n ],\n [\n -67.41998201629883,\n -46.077912848908944\n ],\n [\n -65.20135002140864,\n -38.761913003146034\n ],\n [\n -70.78065120301895,\n -37.15347157238508\n ],\n [\n -71.90381774815671,\n -46.28290521469228\n ],\n [\n -71.66891440829954,\n -50.85423812057957\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e354e4b0c8380cd45f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futa, K.","contributorId":26435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peng, Z. C.","contributorId":36685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014903,"text":"70014903 - 1991 - On plate tectonics and the geologic evolution of southwestern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-03T13:32:22.905282","indexId":"70014903","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On plate tectonics and the geologic evolution of southwestern North America","docAbstract":"Very rapid subduction of the Farallon plate under southwestern North America between 60 and 40 Ma was accompanied by a relatively low volume of magmatism throughout the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Between 40 and 20 Ma, when subduction slowed significantly and in one area may have even stopped, magmatism became widespread and voluminous from Nevada and Utah to central Mexico. This correlation of rapid subduction with a relatively low volume of magmatism can be explained by the observation that subduction-related andesitic arc volcanism, often formed in a Laramide-style compressional regime, is relatively low volume compared to continental volcanism. The shallow roots of arc volcanic systems are clearly exposed in the porphyry copper deposits found in currently active arcs and common throughout southwestern North America between 60 and 50 Ma. By 43 Ma, worldwide plate motions changed, the Pacific plate began moving away from North America, and subduction of the Farallon plate slowed. By around 36 Ma, the easternmost part of the East Pacific Rise, which was located between the Pioneer and Murray fracture zones, approached the trench and the young, hot, buoyant lithosphere appears to have clogged part of the subduction zone. Uplift on land became widespread. Voluminous continental magmatism formed the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) of Mexico, one of the largest batholiths in the world, as well as volcanic centers now exposed in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado and the Rio Grande Rift of New Mexico. Vectors of motion of the Pacific plate relative to the North American plate determined by Stock and Molnar (1988) are consistent with formation of a transtensional environment along the plate boundary sufficient to create a 100- to 200-km-wide void just landward of the old volcanic arc. While the SMO batholith was forming within this void, the Monterey and Arguello microplates just offshore to the west were broken off from the Farallon plate and rotated so that the East Pacific Rise in this immediate area became nearly perpendicular to the trench and perpendicular to the vector of motion of the Pacific plate relative to North America. Formation of the SMO batholith was followed between 24 and 20 Ma by a major increase in the rate of subduction of the Guadalupe plate, a fragment of the former Farallon plate, and by increasing mylonitization, extension, and uplift in the metamorphic core complexes that extend northwestward through southern Arizona from the northern end of the SMO batholith. The plate margin underwent another major change between 12.5 and 10 Ma when subduction again stopped, strike slip faulting became dominant along the coast, the Basin and Range Province opened, and numerous tectonostratigraphic terranes in southern California underwent large rotations. By 3 Ma a large, new terrane had been severed from North America immediately west of the SMO batholith as the Gulf of California opened. These observations can be explained by a model for the weakening and ultimate falling apart of the uppermost part of the subducted oceanic plate in the 20–30 m.y. after the end of rapid subduction. As the plate falls apart, not only is compressional stress relieved, but significant backslip along the old subduction zone is also possible, perhaps bringing blueschists rapidly upward from 20- to 30-km depths.
Aquifer microcosms were used to examine the effects of NO−3 and C amendments on groundwater from the Claiborne aquifer. Nitrate concentrations of 12.17 mg L−1 in aquifer microcosms were reduced 0.92%/d to 5.84 mg L−1 by the addition of 10 mg C L−1 for 35 d. Nitrate disappearance correlated with increases in number of denitrifiers and dissolved N2O concentration and decreases in dissolved oxygen, suggesting biological denitrification. Nitrate/chloride ratios decreased in microcosms with 10 mg C L−1 added and then increased when the C addition was removed. Carbon additions of 0.4 mg C L−1 had no effect on the microbial or chemical properties of the microcosms. Nitrous oxide levels in wells sampling the Claiborne aquifer showed an increase with depth, indicating N2O production within the aquifer. Microcosms are useful tools to examine biological transformations of chemical contaminants in unconsolidated aquifer material. The remediation of NO−3 contaminated aquifers by organic infusion is possible and appears to be a function of microbial denitrification.
","language":"English","publisher":"Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies ","doi":"10.2134/jeq1991.00472425002000010041x","usgsCitation":"Obenhuber, D.C., and Lowrance, R., 1991, Reduction of nitrate in aquifer microcosms by carbon additions: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 20, no. 1, p. 255-258, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1991.00472425002000010041x.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"255","endPage":"258","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obenhuber, Donald C.","contributorId":189695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Obenhuber","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowrance, Richard","contributorId":189696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowrance","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008157,"text":"1008157 - 1991 - Resolving Conflicts between National Parks and surrounding lands: A review and discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:55:27.819173","indexId":"1008157","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolving Conflicts between National Parks and surrounding lands: A review and discussion","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","usgsCitation":"Schonewald-Cox, C., Buechner, M., Sauvajot, R., and Wilcox, B., 1991, Resolving Conflicts between National Parks and surrounding lands: A review and discussion: Environmental Management, v. 16, no. 2, p. 273-282.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132453,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629e4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schonewald-Cox, C.","contributorId":91433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schonewald-Cox","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buechner, M.","contributorId":90667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buechner","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauvajot, R.","contributorId":7660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauvajot","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilcox, B.","contributorId":42916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1017416,"text":"1017416 - 1991 - Ecology of the island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T15:52:20.028192","indexId":"1017416","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1896,"text":"Herpetological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Ecology of the island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California","title":"Ecology of the island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California","docAbstract":"We studied the population biology and ecology of the island night lizard (Xantusia riversiana) on Santa Barbara Island, California from 1981-1988. We trapped all the major habitats on the island, using pitfall traps and Sherman small mammal traps. In addition to permanently marking individuals by toe-clipping, we used specialized marking techniques on some individuals (fluorescent powder and radioactive tags) to study home range, movement and activity patterns. Island night lizards are exclusively diurnal and exceedingly secretive. Though generally cryptic in coloration, their dorsal coloration is highly variable. They occur most commonly in habitats providing dense vegetative cover (thickets of boxthorn and prickly pear) and in certain types of rock habitat. Night lizards are sedentary and have very small home ranges (x̄=17.2m2). They are slow-growing with some individuals living to at least 12 years old. The most common injuries (tail and scale injuries) apparently result from intraspecific fighting. A wide variety of terrestrial spiders and insects make up the majority of their diet, but they also feed on an unusually large amount of plant material for a small lizard. Because of their diverse diet, low metabolic rate and small, overlapping home ranges, they reach greater densities (>3200 lizards/ha in boxthorn) than previously reported for any other ground-dwelling lizard. Favorable habitat has been reduced because of past farming and grazing, but, given their wide distribution on the island, exceptionally high densities and current protection within a National Park, X. riversiana on Santa Barbara Island are not threatened with extinction, as was previously thought.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Herpetologists' League","doi":"10.2307/1466975","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., and Drost, C.A., 1991, Ecology of the island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California: Herpetological Monographs, v. 5, p. 28-78, https://doi.org/10.2307/1466975.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625c4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drost, Charles A. 0000-0002-4792-7095 charles_drost@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4792-7095","contributorId":3151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"Charles","email":"charles_drost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182208,"text":"70182208 - 1991 - Growth rate is negatively correlated with hatch date in Black Brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:37:55","indexId":"70182208","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth rate is negatively correlated with hatch date in Black Brant","docAbstract":"Arctic geese nest in a highly seasonal environment in which ungrazed plants reach peak nitrogen concentrations when goslings hatch (Sedinger and Raveling 1986). Grazing by geese prolongs peak nutrient concentrations but reduces food availability. This should cause nutrient availability to decline seasonally. Here, we test the hypothesis that late-hatching goslings of Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) grow more slowly than those hatching early. We substracted the sizes of wild goslings from those of captive-reared goslings of the same age and regressed the differences against hatch date. Differences between wild- and captive-reared goslings for body mass, tarsus length, and culmen length were significantly negatively related to hatch date; i.e., late-hatching wild goslings were smaller than those hatching early, after accounting for age. We detected no between-year difference in gosling size, but male goslings were larger than females of the same age for all measures. Egg size was only weakly associated with size of goslings 1 mo after hatching, but we detected no effect of other brood characteristics on growth. Seasonal variation in gosling growth rate may favor early nesting in arctic geese.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2937190","usgsCitation":"Sedinger, J.S., and Flint, P.L., 1991, Growth rate is negatively correlated with hatch date in Black Brant: Ecology, v. 72, no. 2, p. 496-502, https://doi.org/10.2307/2937190.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"496","endPage":"502","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335872,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tutakoke River, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"72","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ad5ff1e4b01ccd54f8b58b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000754,"text":"1000754 - 1991 - Tumor frequencies in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) and sediment contaminants in tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T14:57:54","indexId":"1000754","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tumor frequencies in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) and sediment contaminants in tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes","docAbstract":"To better characterize neoplasm epizootics in the Great Lakes basin and their association with families of contaminants, we sampled five locations: the Fox and Menominee rivers, Lake Michigan; Munuscong Lake, St. Mary's River; and the Black and Cuyahoga rivers, Lake Erie. Frequencies of external and liver tumors were determined for brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) from all locations except the Black River and for walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) from the Lake Michigan and St. Mary's River sites. Sediment samples were analyzed for metals, polychlorinated aromatics, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Liver neoplasms occurred in brown bullhead from the Cuyahoga River and Munuscong Lake; brown bullhead captured from Munuscong Lake were older than those collected from the other locations. Brown bullhead from these same two rivers had elevated hepatosomatic indexes. No liver neoplasms were found in brown bullhead from the Fox and Menominee rivers, although polychlorinated aromatics were highest in both Fox River sediment and Fox and Menominee brown bullhead, and arsenic was highest in Menominee River sediment and fish. Liver neoplasms in brown bullhead from the Cuyahoga River fit the prevailing hypothesis that elevated PAH in sediment can induce cancer in wild fish. The cause of the liver neoplasms in Munuscong Lake brown bullhead is undetermined.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f91-213","usgsCitation":"Baumann, P.C., Mac, M.J., Smith, S.B., and Harshbarger, J., 1991, Tumor frequencies in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) and sediment contaminants in tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 48, no. 9, p. 1804-1810, https://doi.org/10.1139/f91-213.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1804","endPage":"1810","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5edf42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baumann, Paul C.","contributorId":104455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumann","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Stephen B.","contributorId":14765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harshbarger, John C.","contributorId":85928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harshbarger","given":"John C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008066,"text":"1008066 - 1991 - Rare Plant Monitoring and Management at Point Reyes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:26","indexId":"1008066","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3014,"text":"Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare Plant Monitoring and Management at Point Reyes","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Park Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., and Norris, V., 1991, Rare Plant Monitoring and Management at Point Reyes: Park Science, v. 11, no. 1, p. 20-21.","productDescription":"p. 20-21","startPage":"20","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norris, Virginia","contributorId":38081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"Virginia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016616,"text":"70016616 - 1991 - Topographical and geological amplification: Case studies and engineering implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:24:59.005913","indexId":"70016616","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3486,"text":"Structural Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographical and geological amplification: Case studies and engineering implications","docAbstract":"