The FINDER system employs geometric probability, Bayesian statistics, and the normal probability density function to integrate spatial and frequency information to produce a map of probabilities of target centers. Target centers can be mineral deposits, alteration associated with mineral deposits, or any other target that can be represented by a regular shape on a two dimensional map. The size, shape, mean, and standard deviation for each variable are characterized in a control area and the results applied by means of FINDER to the study area. The Kushikino deposit consists of groups of quartz-calcite-adularia veins that produced 55 tonnes of gold and 456 tonnes of silver since 1660. Part of a 6 by 10 km area near Kushikino served as a control area. Within the control area, data plotting, contouring, and cluster analysis were used to identify the barren and mineralized populations. Sodium was found to be depleted in an elliptically shaped area 3.1 by 1.6 km, potassium was both depleted and enriched locally in an elliptically shaped area 3.0 by 1.3 km, and sulfur was enriched in an elliptically shaped area 5.8 by 1.6 km. The potassium, sodium, and sulfur content from 233 surface rock samples were each used in FINDER to produce probability maps for the 12 by 30 km study area which includes Kushikino. High probability areas for each of the individual variables are over and offset up to 4 km eastward from the main Kushikino veins. In general, high probability areas identified by FINDER are displaced from the main veins and cover not only the host andesite and the dacite-andesite that is about the same age as the Kushikino mineralization, but also younger sedimentary rocks, andesite, and tuff units east and northeast of Kushikino. The maps also display the same patterns observed near Kushikino, but with somewhat lower probabilities, about 1.5 km east of the old gold prospect, Hajima, and in a broad zone 2.5 km east-west and 1 km north-south, centered 2 km west of the old gold prospect, Yaeyama.
","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.6010/geoinformatics1990.2.2_113","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., and Kouda, R., 1991, Application of the FINDER system to the search for epithermal vein gold-silver deposits : Kushikino, Japan, a case study: Geoinformatics, v. 2, no. 2, p. 113-123, https://doi.org/10.6010/geoinformatics1990.2.2_113.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.6010/geoinformatics1990.2.2_113","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":354367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a7efe4b092d9651e22f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":735956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kouda, Ryoichi","contributorId":198036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kouda","given":"Ryoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182708,"text":"70182708 - 1991 - Seasonal abundance and vertical distribution of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in relation to water temperature at a coastal site off eastern Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T14:05:26","indexId":"70182708","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal abundance and vertical distribution of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in relation to water temperature at a coastal site off eastern Newfoundland","docAbstract":"The seasonal abundance and vertical distribution of capelin in relation to water temperature have been investigated by conducting repeated hydroacoustic surveys at a coastal site off eastern Newfoundland. Water temperatures were warmer in 1983 than in 1984 as indicated by the earlier appearance and greater depth of the seasonal thermocline. Correspondingly, schools of capelin appeared earlier, were more abundant, and extended deeper in the water column in 1983 than in 1984. Most capelin were found between the surface and the 5°C isotherm. In both years, initial peaks of capelin abundance occurred when nearshore water temperatures increased from about 0-1°C to above 6°C and, at or near, periods of maximum tidal oscillation. Short-term variations in the depth of the 5°C isotherm were related to nearshore wind-induced upwelling events. Annual variations corresponded to the volume of cold (>0°C) water and sea-ice transported south by the Labrador Current.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/icesjms/48.2.187","usgsCitation":"Methven, D.A., and Piatt, J.F., 1991, Seasonal abundance and vertical distribution of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in relation to water temperature at a coastal site off eastern Newfoundland: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 48, no. 2, p. 187-193, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/48.2.187.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"193","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/48.2.187","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Newfoundland","volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b2a5a3e4b01ccd54fca169","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Methven, David A.","contributorId":179915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Methven","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26212,"text":"wri854276 - 1991 - Water availability and quality from the stratified drift in Anguilla Brook basin, Stonington and North Stonington, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-23T16:37:27.433286","indexId":"wri854276","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4276","title":"Water availability and quality from the stratified drift in Anguilla Brook basin, Stonington and North Stonington, Connecticut","docAbstract":"The valley of Anguilla Brook is underlain by saturated stratified-drift deposits that, where thick and transmissive, have the potential to yield large quantities of ground water. These deposits are collectively termed the Anguilla Brook aquifer. Long-term yields of four subareas within this aquifer are estimated to range from less than 0.3 to 1.0 million gallons per day. The total yield of all four subareas is estimated to be 2.6 million gallons per day. These yield estimates are based on using the 90-percent duration flow of Anguilla Brook as an index of the water potentially available and on maximum sustainable pumping rates calculated by a mathematical model that used the Theis nonequilibrium equation and image well theory. Development of one or more subareas assumes that most ground water would be derived from induced recharge. This would reduce the flow of Anguilla Brook, and the effect will be most significant during periods when streamflow is low.
Limited sampling and analysis indicate that the quality of both surface and ground water in the Anguilla Brook basin is excellent. The concentrations of all constituents analyzed, with the exception of dissolved manganese and iron, were below the drinking-water limits established by the State of Connecticut, or recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854276","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Stonington, Connecticut","usgsCitation":"Bingham, J.W., 1991, Water availability and quality from the stratified drift in Anguilla Brook basin, Stonington and North Stonington, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4276, Report: vii, 49 p.; 1 Plate: 19.81 x 23.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854276.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 49 p.; 1 Plate: 19.81 x 23.75 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158444,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4276/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55009,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4276/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":413233,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4276/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Stonington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.81906245163847,\n 41.32106840903663\n ],\n [\n -71.81906245163847,\n 41.462592310937424\n ],\n [\n -71.94986963909723,\n 41.462592310937424\n ],\n [\n -71.94986963909723,\n 41.32106840903663\n ],\n [\n -71.81906245163847,\n 41.32106840903663\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa39a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bingham, James W.","contributorId":36939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bingham","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180737,"text":"70180737 - 1991 - The application of current techniques in molecular biology for detection and control of infectious diseases in salmonid aquaculture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T14:07:17","indexId":"70180737","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The application of current techniques in molecular biology for detection and control of infectious diseases in salmonid aquaculture","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the U.S.-Japan Natural Resources Council, 1988, Mie, Japan","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"U.S.-Japan Natural Resources Council","conferenceDate":"1988","conferenceLocation":"Mie, Japan","language":"English","publisher":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ","publisherLocation":"Mie, Japan","usgsCitation":"Fox, A., Arakawa, C., and Winton, J., 1991, The application of current techniques in molecular biology for detection and control of infectious diseases in salmonid aquaculture, in Proceedings of the U.S.-Japan Natural Resources Council, 1988, Mie, Japan, Mie, Japan, 1988, p. 165-169.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"165","endPage":"169","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334556,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a03783e4b099f50d3e050c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, Adam G.","contributorId":179021,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fox","given":"Adam","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arakawa, C.K.","contributorId":152140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arakawa","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180935,"text":"70180935 - 1991 - A line transect model for aerial surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T15:11:48","indexId":"70180935","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A line transect model for aerial surveys","docAbstract":"We employ a line transect method to estimate the density of the common and Pacific loon in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge from aerial survey data. Line transect methods have the advantage of automatically taking into account “visibility bias” due to detectability difference of animals at different distances from the transect line. However, line transect methods must overcome two difficulties when applied to inaccurate recording of sighting distances due to high travel speeds, so that in fact only a few reliable distance class counts are available. We propose a unimodal detection function that provides an estimate of the effective area lost due to the blind strip, under the assumption that a line of perfect detection exists parallel to the transect line. The unimodal detection function can also be applied when a blind strip is absent, and in certain instances when the maximum probability of detection is less than 100%. A simple bootstrap procedure to estimate standard error is illustrated. Finally, we present results from a small set of Monte Carlo experiments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2532661","usgsCitation":"Quang, P.X., and Lanctot, R.B., 1991, A line transect model for aerial surveys: Biometrics, v. 47, no. 3, p. 1089-1102, https://doi.org/10.2307/2532661.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1089","endPage":"1102","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge","volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c50e4b0efcedb74111d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quang, Pham Xuan","contributorId":179137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quang","given":"Pham","email":"","middleInitial":"Xuan","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180742,"text":"70180742 - 1991 - Isolation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus in Prince William Sound Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T10:26:42","indexId":"70180742","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Isolation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus in Prince William Sound Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available
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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the second international symposium on viruses of lower vertebrates","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Second international symposium on viruses of lower vertebrates","conferenceDate":"July 29-31, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Corvallis, OR","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bernard, J., Bremont, M., and Winton, J., 1991, Sequence homologies between the N genes of the 07-71 and makah isolates of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, in Proceedings of the second international symposium on viruses of lower vertebrates, Corvallis, OR, July 29-31, 1991.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334543,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a03785e4b099f50d3e0514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernard, J.","contributorId":178941,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernard","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bremont, M.","contributorId":30349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bremont","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180729,"text":"70180729 - 1991 - Assessment of smolt condition for travel time analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T11:19:09","indexId":"70180729","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Assessment of smolt condition for travel time analysis","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J., Rondorf, D., Faler, J., Free, M., Haner, P., Sauter, S., and Venditti, D., 1991, Assessment of smolt condition for travel time analysis.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a03785e4b099f50d3e0516","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeman, J.W.","contributorId":32646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faler, J.C.","contributorId":152382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Free, M.E.","contributorId":152383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Free","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haner, P.V.","contributorId":63912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haner","given":"P.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sauter, S.T.","contributorId":13203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauter","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Venditti, D.A.","contributorId":74536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venditti","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70180755,"text":"70180755 - 1991 - In characteristics of the first North American isolates of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T11:59:45","indexId":"70180755","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"In characteristics of the first North American isolates of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the second international symposium on viruses of lower vertebrates","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Second international symposium on viruses of lower vertebrates","conferenceDate":"July 27-31, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Corvallis, OR","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Winton, J., Batts, W., Brunson, R., Hopper, K., Nishizawa, T., and Stehr, C., 1991, In characteristics of the first North American isolates of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, in Proceedings of the second international symposium on viruses of lower vertebrates, Corvallis, OR, July 27-31, 1991, p. 43-50.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"43","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334603,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58945333e4b0fa1e59b867ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batts, W.N. 0000-0002-6469-9004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-9004","contributorId":51043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batts","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brunson, R.","contributorId":179037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brunson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hopper, K.","contributorId":179038,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopper","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nishizawa, T.","contributorId":53536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishizawa","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stehr, C.","contributorId":179036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stehr","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016479,"text":"70016479 - 1991 - An aem-tem study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: I. Weathering reactions in the volcanics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T14:57:55.660521","indexId":"70016479","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An aem-tem study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: I. Weathering reactions in the volcanics","docAbstract":"Abert Lake in south-central Oregon provides a site suitable for the study of sequential weathering and diagenetic events. In this first of two papers, transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the igneous mineralogy, subsolidus alteration assemblage, and the structural and chemical aspects of silicate weathering reactions that occur in the volcanic rocks (basalts, basaltic andesites, and dacitic/ rhyolitic extrusive and pyroclastics) that outcrop around the lake. Olivine and pyroxene replacement occurred topotactically, whereas feldspar and glass alteration produced randomly oriented smectite in channels and cavities. The tetrahedral, octahedral, and interlayer compositions of the weathering products, largely dioctahedral smectites, varied with primary mineral composition, rock type, and as the result of addition of elements released from adjacent reaction sites. Weathering of the highly evolved, Fe-rich Jug Mountain complex at the north end of the lake produced a homogeneous smectite assemblage that contrasts with the heterogeneous smectite assemblage replacing the volcanics along the eastern margin of the lake. The variability within and between the smectite assemblages highlights the microenvironmental diversity, fluctuating redox conditions, and variable solution chemistry associated with mineral weathering reactions in the surficial environment. Late-stage exhalative and aqueous alteration of the volcanics redistributed many components and formed a variety of alkali and alkali-earth carbonate, chloride, sulfate, and fluoride minerals in vugs and cracks. Overall, substantial Mg, Si, Na, Ca, and K are released by weathering reactions that include the almost complete destruction of the Mg-smectite that initially replaced olivine. The leaching of these elements from the volcanics provides an important source of these constituents in the lake water. The nature of subsequent diagenetic reactions resulting from the interaction between the materials transported to the lake and the solution will be described in part II (Banfield et al., 1991).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90444-A","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Banfield, J., Jones, B., and Veblen, D., 1991, An aem-tem study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: I. Weathering reactions in the volcanics: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 10, p. 2781-2793, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90444-A.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2781","endPage":"2793","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479785,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90444-a","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9e4e4b0c8380cd484f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banfield, J.F.","contributorId":48710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banfield","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Veblen, D.R.","contributorId":25300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veblen","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014553,"text":"1014553 - 1991 - Effects of orally administered steroids on lake trout and Atlantic salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:09:54.975063","indexId":"1014553","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of orally administered steroids on lake trout and Atlantic salmon","docAbstract":"Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed 30 mg β‐estradiol/kg of feed for 100 d from first feeding had liver and kidney pathology similar to but much less severe than that previously reported for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Mortality was not affected. Both lake trout and Atlantic salmon treated with estradiol weighed significantly less than control fish at the end of the treatment period and at 200 d posttreatment. Testosterone‐treated fish of both species weighed less than control fish at the end of the treatment period. By day 200 posttreatment, testosterone‐treated and untreated lake trout weighed the same, but testosterone‐treated Atlantic salmon were heavier than control fish. Estradiol treatment produced an all‐female population of Atlantic salmon but not of lake trout. Testosterone at 5 mg/kg feed increased the ratio of males to females in both species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0157:CEOOAS%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Herman, R.L., and Kincaid, H.L., 1991, Effects of orally administered steroids on lake trout and Atlantic salmon: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 53, no. 3, p. 157-161, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0157:CEOOAS%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611adf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herman, R. L.","contributorId":21101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014637,"text":"1014637 - 1991 - Choline requirement of swim-up rainbow trout fry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:03:26.851909","indexId":"1014637","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Choline requirement of swim-up rainbow trout fry","docAbstract":"Triplicate 150‐fish lots of first‐feeding fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; initial mean weight, 0. 12 g) were fed casein–gelatin‐based diets containing 0, 200, 400, 800, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, or 8,000 mg choline/kg of feed for 12 weeks to determine their need for dietary choline. Although the growth rates of fry were suboptimal, results showed that fry needed no more than 4,000 mg choline/kg casein–gelatin diet for maximum growth and 2,000 mg/kg for maximum body fat and minimum protein. Survival was significantly lower for fish fed 800 mg choline/kg of diet than for those fed greater amounts of the nutrient. These results suggest that the dietary choline requirement of early feeding salmonids is greater than that previously reported for older salmonids. The amount of choline needed by fishes apparently decreases with age or size.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0220:CROSUR%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Poston, H.A., 1991, Choline requirement of swim-up rainbow trout fry: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 53, no. 4, p. 220-223, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0220:CROSUR%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"223","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132030,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e1c97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poston, H. A.","contributorId":21893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poston","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008155,"text":"1008155 - 1991 - Scale, variable density, and conservation planning for mammalian carnivores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T12:08:55.28816","indexId":"1008155","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scale, variable density, and conservation planning for mammalian carnivores","docAbstract":"Many mammalian carnivores are in local or global decline. To slow this process, continued planning to protect these species is warranted, Still, the data bases that we have at our disposal do not adequately document population requirements for space at scales appropriate for conservation planning. To illustrate this problem, we have collected published data for 214 population censuses of carnivores. We tested for a relationship between the number of individuals censused and the size of study site for our entire data set. We conducted the same test for each family, for which we obtained sufficient and qualifying census data With areas ranging from less than 10 km2 to over 40,000 km2, we obtained a significant regression (p < .001; r2= 76%) for the sample as a whole. We examined the distribution of densities with increasing area and found that the relationship was not constant but decreased We noticed that numbers per census-area size increased with a slope (m < 1). We also noticed that the sizes of study areas were unevenly distributed Only 7% of the studies in our sample censused regions larger than 10,000 km2. It remains unclear to what extent and how the density decreases with increasing scale We expect that extrapolations from small scales to larger ones are likely to underestimate space requirements for carnivores.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00356.x","usgsCitation":"Schonewald-Cox, C., Azari, R., and Blume, S., 1991, Scale, variable density, and conservation planning for mammalian carnivores: Conservation Biology, v. 5, no. 4, p. 491-495, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00356.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"495","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132433,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a042","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schonewald-Cox, C.","contributorId":91433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schonewald-Cox","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Azari, R.","contributorId":36091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Azari","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blume, S.","contributorId":25902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blume","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70188412,"text":"70188412 - 1991 - Integration of remote sensing and GIS: Data and data access","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-08T13:04:47","indexId":"70188412","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integration of remote sensing and GIS: Data and data access","docAbstract":"CT: Theintegration of remote sensing tools and technology with the spatial analysis orientation of geographic information systems is a complex task. In this paper, we focus on the issues of making data available and useful to the user. In part, this involves a set of problems which reflect on the physical and logical structures used to encode the data. At the same time, however, the mechanisms and protocols which provide information about the data, and which maintain the data through time, have become increasingly important. We discuss these latter issues from the viewpoint of the functions which must be provided by archives of spatial data.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Ehlers, M., Greenlee, D.D., Smith, T., and Star, J., 1991, Integration of remote sensing and GIS: Data and data access: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 57, no. 6, p. 669-675.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"669","endPage":"675","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593ad70fe4b0764e6c602186","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ehlers, M.","contributorId":60437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehlers","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenlee, D. D.","contributorId":20079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenlee","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, T.","contributorId":28032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Star, J.","contributorId":192749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Star","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008635,"text":"1008635 - 1991 - Satellite telemetry: performance of animal-tracking systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T09:32:58","indexId":"1008635","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite telemetry: performance of animal-tracking systems","docAbstract":"t: We used 10 Telonics ST-3 platform transmitter terminals (PTT's) configured for wolves and ungulates to examine the performance of the Argos satellite telemetry system. Under near-optimal conditions, 68 percentile errors for location qualities (NQ) 1, 2, and 3 were 1,188, 903, and 361 m, respectively. Errors (rE) exceeded expected values for NQ = 2 and 3, varied greatly among PTT's, increased as the difference (HE) between the estimated and actual PTT elevations increased, and were correlated nonlinearly with maximum satellite pass height (P,). We present a model of the relationships among rE, HE, and PH. Errors were bimodally distributed along the east-west axis and tended to occur away from the satellite when HE was positive. A southeasterly bias increased with HE, probably due to the particular distribution of satellite passes and effects of HE on rE. Under near-optimal conditions, 21 sensor message was received for up to 64% of available (PH, 50) satellite passes, and a location (NQ 2 1) was calculated for up to 63% of such passes. Sampling frequencies of sensor and location data declined 13 and 70%, respectively, for PTT's in a valley bottom and 65 and 86%, respectively, for PTT's on animals that were in valley bottoms. Sampling frequencies were greater for ungulate than for wolf collars.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3809254","usgsCitation":"Keating, K., Brewster, W.G., and Key, C.H., 1991, Satellite telemetry: performance of animal-tracking systems: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 55, no. 1, p. 160-171, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809254.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"171","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdbff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keating, Kim A.","contributorId":20271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keating","given":"Kim A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":318317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brewster, Wayne G.","contributorId":149968,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brewster","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Key, Carl H. carl_key@usgs.gov","contributorId":4138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"Carl","email":"carl_key@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":318318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014734,"text":"1014734 - 1991 - The role of the diagnostic laboratory in fish disease control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T16:09:48.535226","indexId":"1014734","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":810,"text":"Annual Review of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of the diagnostic laboratory in fish disease control","docAbstract":"The diagnostic laboratory is becoming increasingly important to the productivity and profitability of hatcheries, fish farms, and aquaculture stations. The basic function of the laboratory personnel is to isolate and identify viral, bacterial, protozoan, and other fish pathogens present in cultured and feral fish stocks. New, rapid and accurate methods for the detection and identification of fish disease agents based on immunological, biochemical, and physiological assays are becoming commonly used. Nearly every North American state or province and many foreign countries have fish health regulations that require inspection of stocks for certain disease agents before the fish are shipped into their areas. Decisions from the diagnostic laboratory on identification, treatment, guaranteed isolation, immunization, and disposal of fish populations affect administrative directives, hatchery placement, and national and international transportation of fish and fish products. This paper reviews concepts and describes the equipment, supplies, biologics, and media needed for the basic diagnostic laboratory. Information management, including training of staff, certification procedures, and quality control are also discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(91)90021-B","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.P., and Barney, P.J., 1991, The role of the diagnostic laboratory in fish disease control: Annual Review of Fish Diseases, v. 1, no. 1, p. 41-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(91)90021-B.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129241,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640dba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Douglas P.","contributorId":70696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barney, P. J.","contributorId":94250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barney","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015007,"text":"70015007 - 1991 - U-series ages of solitary corals from the California coast by mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T15:28:14.112152","indexId":"70015007","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-series ages of solitary corals from the California coast by mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of dating fossil solitary corals from Pleistocene marine strandlines outside tropical latitudes using the recently developed high sensitivity, high-precision U-series technique based on thermal-ionization mass-spectrometry (TIMS). The TIMS technique is much more efficient than conventional a spectrometry and, as a result, multiple samples of an individual coral skeleton, or different specimens from the same bed can be analyzed.
Detached and well-rounded fossil specimens of the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans were collected from relict littoral deposits on emergent marine terraces along the California coast at Cayucos terrace (elevation 8 m, previously dated at 124 and 117 Ky by α counting), Shell Beach terrace (elevation about 25 m, previously undated), Nestor terrace, San Diego (elevation 23 m, previously dated at 131 to 109 Ky ), Bird Rock terrace, San Diego ( elevation 8 m, previously dated at 81 Ky ). Attached living specimens were collected from the intertidal zone on the modern terrace at Moss Beach.
Concentrations of 232Th in both living and fossil specimens are much higher than in reef-building corals (12 to 624 pmol/g vs. 0.1 to 1.6 pmol/g, respectively). However, because 230Th/232Th in Balanophyllia elegans are very low (2.22 × 10−3to 4.33 × 10−4), the high 232Th concentrations have negligible effect on the 230Th-234U dates. The high 232Th concentration in the living specimen (33.1 pmol/g) indicates that a significant amount of 232Th is incorporated in the aragonitic skeleton during growth, or attached to clay-sized silicates trapped in the skeletal material. The calculated initial 234U activities in the fossil specimens of Balanophyllia elegans are higher than the 234U activity in modern seawater or in the modern specimen. The higher initial activities could possibly reflect the influx of 234U-enriched continental water into Pleistocene coastal waters, or it could reflect minor diagenetic alteration, a persistent and fundamental problem in dating all corals.
Samples from a compound specimen from the Cayucos terrace were subjected to different preparation procedures. Samples prepared by a standard acid washing procedure yielded 230Th-234U ages of 125, 123, and 122 Ky, whereas samples prepared by an abbreviated procedure without acid washing yield significantly lower ages of 113 and 112 Ky. Two other specimens from the same bed yielded 230Th-234U ages of 118 and 115 Ky. Also, two specimens from a stratigraphically higher bed yielded ages of 120 and 117 Ky, and three specimens from a lower bed yield ages of 115, 113, and 101 Ky. Nine of the twelve ages of the treated samples from the Cayucos terrace range from 125 to 113 Ky. However, the ages do not follow the stratigraphie order. Two possible interpretations are ( 1 ) the age of the terrace deposit is 125 Ky and all younger ages reflect variable diagenetic alteration or (2) the age of the terrace is 125 to 113 Ky and the ages reflect sediment reworking over a period of 12 Ky.
Three specimens from a single bed on the Shell Beach terrace yield ages of 126, 122, and 121 Ky, similar to the older ages from Cayucos. The ages of solitary corals from the Cayucos and Shell Beach terraces are similar to ages of reef-building corals from terraces at numerous tropical localities. These are correlated with the last interglacial sea-level highstand, which probably stood 2 to 10 m above present sea level. The youngest ages and present elevations of the Cayucos and Shell Beach terraces yield tectonic uplift rates of 0.01 and 0.15 m/Ky, respectively, assuming the original elevation of each terrace was 7 m.
Four specimens from the basal gravel on the Nestor terrace yielded ages of 145, 143, 137, and 133 Ky. The three oldest ages, however, are older than that associated with the last interglacial. The possible explanations for these older ages are ( 1 ) diagenic alteration or ( 2 ) the Nestor terrace deposits reflect in some way a poorly documented early phase of the last interglacial sea level high stand.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90069-H","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Stein, M., Wasserburg, G., Lajoie, K.R., and Chen, J., 1991, U-series ages of solitary corals from the California coast by mass spectrometry: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 12, p. 3709-3722, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90069-H.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"3709","endPage":"3722","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9e4e4b08c986b327eac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, Martin","contributorId":28055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wasserburg, G.J.","contributorId":54734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserburg","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lajoie, K. R.","contributorId":6828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chen, J.-H.","contributorId":61278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"J.-H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013321,"text":"1013321 - 1991 - Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife forensic science: Species identification of tissues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:39:29","indexId":"1013321","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife forensic science: Species identification of tissues","docAbstract":"A common problem in wildlife law enforcement is identifying the species of origin of carcasses, meat, or blood when morphological characters such as hair or bones are not available. Immunological and protein electrophoretic (allozyme or general protein) procedures have been used in species identification with considerable success (Bunch et al. 1976, McClymont et al. 1982, Wolfe 1983, Mardini 1984, Pex and Wolfe 1985, Dratch 1986), However, immunological tests often are not sensitive enough to distinguish closely related species. Furthermore, electrophoretically detectable protein polymorphisms may be lacking in certain populations or species and may not be species-specific.
Analysis of DNA in human and wildlife forensics has been shown to be a potentially powerful tool for identification of individuals (Jeffreys et al. 1985, Vassartet al. 1987, Thommasen et al. 1989). Differences in copy number and nucleotide sequence of repetitive sequences in the nuclear (chromosomal) DNA result in hypervariability and individual-specific patterns which have been termed DNA \"fingerprints.\" However, these patterns may be too variable for species identification necessitating analyses of more conservative parts of the genome.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is haploid, maternally inherited, similar in nucleotide sequence among conspecifics from the same geographic region, and more suitable for species identification, in contrast to hypervariable DNA fingerprints. MtDNA has several characteristics which make it useful as a species-specific marker. In mammals, individuals have a single mtDNA genotype shared by all tissues. Because mtDNA is haploid and reflects only maternal ancestry, the mtDNA gene number in a population is 4 times less than the nuclear gene number (Birky et al. 1983). This can result in relatively rapid loss or fixation of mtDNA genotypes so that all individuals in a population may be descended from a single ancestral female in as few as 4N (N = population size) generations (Avise et al., 1984). This suggests there is great potential for identification of species-specific or population-specific mtDNA genotypes, Within species, mtDNA genotypes are thought to be selectively neutral, i.e., there is little evidence that genotypes differ in fitness (Nigro and Prout 1990).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., Palmisciano, D.A., Vyse, E.R., and Cameron, D.G., 1991, Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife forensic science: Species identification of tissues: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 19, no. 1, p. 94-105.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"105","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337962,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wildlife.org/publications/","text":"Publisher's Website"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699aa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Matthew A.","contributorId":57307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cronin","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":28157,"text":"LGL Alaska Research Associates, Anchorage, AK","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmisciano, Daniel A.","contributorId":30184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palmisciano","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vyse, Ernest R.","contributorId":73171,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vyse","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cameron, David G.","contributorId":189625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cameron","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014986,"text":"70014986 - 1991 - Iodine-xenon, chemical, and petrographie studies of Semarkona chondrules: Evidence for the timing of aqueous alteration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T15:29:57.282745","indexId":"70014986","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Iodine-xenon, chemical, and petrographie studies of Semarkona chondrules: Evidence for the timing of aqueous alteration","docAbstract":"We have performed INAA, petrographie, and noble gas analyses on seventeen chondrules from the Semarkona meteorite (LL3.0) primarily to study the relationship of the I-Xe system to other measured properties. We observe a range of ≥10 Ma in apparent I-Xe ages. The three latest apparent ages fall in a cluster, suggesting the possibility of a common event. The initial 129I/127I ratio (R0) is apparently related to chondrule type and/or mineralogy, with nonporphyritic and pyroxene-rich chondrules showing evidence for lower R0'S (later apparent I-Xe ages) than porphyritic and olivine-rich chondrules. In addition, chondrules with sulfides on or near the surface have lower R0S than other chondrules. The 129Xe/132Xe ratio in the trapped Xe component anticorrelates with R0, consistent with evolution of a chronometer in a closed system or in multiple similar systems. On the basis of these correlations, we conclude that the variations in R0 represent variations in ages, and that later event(s), possibly aqueous alteration, preferentially affected chondrules with nonporphyritic textures and/or sulfide-rich exteriors about 10 Ma after the formation of the chondrules.