The lower Paleozoic rocks that host gold deposits along the Getchell gold belt in Humboldt County, Nevada, represent several allochthonous terranes rather than a sequence of continuous deposition. The term \"terrane\" is used only in a descriptive sense. Evidence for allochthonous terranes in this area includes fault boundaries and differences in age, lithology, and structural style among several rock sequences. The two most widespread and distinct terranes in the area are (1) the Osgood terrane, which consists of intensely deformed, regionally metamorphosed, marine rocks (Lower Cambrian Osgood Mountain Quartzite, Lower Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Preble Formation, and some rocks currently mapped as Comus Formation) and (2) the Getchell terrane, which consists of less deformed chert, clastic sedimentary rocks, and volcanic rocks (rocks mapped as Valmy and Vinini Formations, including Lower and Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian strata in this region). Osgood-terrane bedding and foliation dip predominantly eastward, and folds verge westward. Getchell-terrane folds verge southeastward. The Comus Formation, which is Middle Ordovician at its type locality on Edna Mountain, represents a third terrane (Iron Point terrane) situated structurally between the Osgood and Getchell terranes. Use of the unit name Comus Formation outside the type locality has created confusion and needs reexamination. Some of the rocks currently mapped as Comus Formation might really be part of the other terranes.
Comparison of maps produced from publicly available data (drillers' logs, electrical logs and mine maps) provides a basis for inferring a deep-seated influence on the distribution of superposed deposits of thick coal (>1.4 m) in four Middle Pennsylvania (Desmoinesian Series) coal beds in three mining districts of west-central Indiana. Thick sandstone (>18 m) is common in areas between and around the mining districts, but less than 3 percent of the study area (consisting of 3200 km2) is underlain by both thick coal and thick sandstone. Only thick sandstone associated with the Survant Coal Member (Linton Formation), and informally referred to by us “Survant sandstone”, exists in all of the thin-coal areas. After comparison with published maps by other authors, it is inferred that distribution of the Survant sandstone, which was deposited immediately after a long period of slow deposition associated with the Colchester Coal Member (Linton Formation), may reflect topographic expression of long-term subsidence associated with differential thinning of much deeper Silurian strata (580 m below).
Although the findings of this study provide the basis for a conceptual geologic model with a hypothetical structure that is amenable to statistical testing, such analysis should be undertaken only after the data are analyzed for randomness, spatial autocorrelation, linearity and normality.
Alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) were first reported in Lake Superior in 1954 and gradually increased in abundance in the late 1950s. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the fish were widespread in the lake but scarce. We determined the more recent abundance and distribution of alewives by cross-contour trawling in the spring in 1978–1988. Alewives were scarce lake-wide; the mean catch rate was only 23 fish per 100 h of trawling and represented a density of 0.003 kg per hectare in the area swept by the trawls. Fish of six age groups were caught in trawls in spring and gill nets in fall in 1983–1987. Total annual mortality was 64%, a high natural rate in the absence of fishing. Alewives in Lake Superior were small at the end of their first growing season but later grew faster than those in the other Great Lakes. Fecundity, estimated to be 64,000 eggs (mean total length = 187 mm) was higher than in other freshwater stocks. Zooplankton was the major food of alewives < 100 mm long and Mysis was the main food of larger fish. Exposure to water temperatures below lethal minimums for overwintering fish and for developing eggs limits the success of this species in Lake Superior.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71367-1","usgsCitation":"Bronte, C.R., Selgeby, J.H., and Curtis, G.L., 1991, Distribution, abundance, and biology of the alewife in U.S. waters of Lake Superior: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 17, no. 3, p. 304-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71367-1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"304","endPage":"313","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d6cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bronte, Charles R.","contributorId":83050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selgeby, James H.","contributorId":89828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selgeby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Curtis, Gary L.","contributorId":16356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000591,"text":"1000591 - 1991 - Growth and survival of stocked lake trout with nuclear cataracts in Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T09:55:33","indexId":"1000591","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and survival of stocked lake trout with nuclear cataracts in Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"Four strains of yearling lake trout Salvelinus namaycush from the 1985 and 1986 year-classes at the Allegheny National Fish Hatchery were evaluated for nuclear cataracts prior to stocking in Lake Ontario in June 1986 and 1987. Lake trout recaptured by bottom trawling from April to August 1987 and 1988 were examined for cataracts. Cataract frequencies in three strains of yearling lake trout at stocking in 1986 and after 14 and 26 months in the lake were: Seneca Lake–35, 24, and 29%; Lake Ontario–32,24, and 42%; and Lake Superior–7,4, and 6%. Cataract frequencies for yearlings at stocking in 1987 and after 2 and 14 months were: Seneca Lake–51, 37, and 51 %; Lake Superior–7,12, and 12%; and Jenny Lake–46,13, and 36%. Cataract frequency was lower (P < 0.05) at capture in three of the six groups recaptured in 1987 and in two of the six groups in 1988. Fish with cataracts in the 1987 recovery had survival ratios of 17–186% after 2 months in the lake and 48–67% after 14 months, compared with normal-eyed fish of the same strain. Nuclear cataract frequency was relatively stable after the first year of lake residency, when equilibrium was achieved between the increased mortality of cataract phenotypes and the rate of cataract development in normal-eyed phenotypes. Within groups, weight and length were not different between healthy fish and fish with cataracts. The absence of growth depression in fish with cataracts and the reduced survival rate suggested that faster growing fish were more susceptible to cataract formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1991)011<0429:GASOSL>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kincaid, H.L., and Elrod, J.H., 1991, Growth and survival of stocked lake trout with nuclear cataracts in Lake Ontario: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 11, no. 3, p. 429-434, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1991)011<0429:GASOSL>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"434","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6980aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kincaid, Harold L.","contributorId":15978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kincaid","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000592,"text":"1000592 - 1991 - Influence of nearshore structure on growth and diets of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and white perch (Morone americana) in Mexico Bay, Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T09:47:13","indexId":"1000592","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of nearshore structure on growth and diets of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and white perch (Morone americana) in Mexico Bay, Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"The growth diets of 969 yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and white perch (Morone americana) caught at 3.3 and 7.0 m depths were compared between two cobble/rubble shoals and two featureless sand sites in Mexico Bay, eastern Lake Ontario during 1981. The growth rate of both species was significantly greater for individuals captured over the cobble/rubble shoals. Females of both species were faster growing than the males, although only significantly so in the white perch. The seasonal diet and breadth of diet (H′) of yellow perch and white perch were not substantially different with respect to substrate type. Diet overlap between substrate types was also equivalent for each species. Benthic invertebrates, primarilyGammarus spp., were the major prey of both species at all sites. Alewife eggs were the most important item for the white perch in mid-summer, and alewife juveniles were important to both species in the fall. Differences in growth patterns between cobble/rubble shoals and sand sites illustrate a subtle effect of habitat on these species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71355-5","usgsCitation":"Danehy, R.J., Ringler, N.H., and Gannon, J., 1991, Influence of nearshore structure on growth and diets of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and white perch (Morone americana) in Mexico Bay, Lake Ontario: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 17, no. 2, p. 183-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71355-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"193","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danehy, Robert J.","contributorId":44884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danehy","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ringler, Neil H.","contributorId":28936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ringler","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gannon, John E.","contributorId":74706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannon","given":"John E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000585,"text":"1000585 - 1991 - Diet of juvenile lake trout in southern Lake Ontario in relation to abundance and size of prey fishes, 1979-1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:14:35","indexId":"1000585","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diet of juvenile lake trout in southern Lake Ontario in relation to abundance and size of prey fishes, 1979-1987","docAbstract":"We examined the diet of juvenile lake trout Salvelinus namaycush (<450 mm, total length) in Lake Ontario during four sampling periods (April–May, June, July–August, and October 1979–1987) in relation to changes in prey fish abundance in the depth zone where we caught the lake trout. Over all years combined, slimy sculpins Cottus cognatus contributed the most (39–52%) by wet weight to the diet, followed by alewives Alosa pseudoharengus(3–38%), rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax (17–43%), and johnny darters Etheostoma nigrum(2–10%). Over 90% of alewives eaten during April–May and June were age 1, and 98% of those eaten during October were age 0 (few alewives were eaten in July–August). Mean lengths of rainbow smelt and slimy sculpins in stomachs increased with size of lake trout. Juvenile lake trout generally fed opportunistically—seasonal and annual changes in diet usually reflected seasonal and annual changes in abundance of prey fishes near bottom where we captured the lake trout. Furthermore, diet within a given season varied with depth of capture of lake trout, and changes with depth in proportions of prey species in lake trout stomachs mirrored changes in proportions of the prey species in trawl catches at the same depth. Alewives (ages 0 and 1) were the only prey fish eaten in substantial quantities by both juvenile lake trout and other salmonines, and thus are a potential focus of competition between these predators.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0290:DOJLTI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Elrod, J.H., and O’Gorman, R., 1991, Diet of juvenile lake trout in southern Lake Ontario in relation to abundance and size of prey fishes, 1979-1987: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 120, no. 3, p. 290-302, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0290:DOJLTI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"302","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d866","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":308841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000593,"text":"1000593 - 1991 - Food of blueback herring and threadfin shad in Jocassee Reservoir, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T12:41:07","indexId":"1000593","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food of blueback herring and threadfin shad in Jocassee Reservoir, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense and blueback herring Alosa aestivalis were introduced into Jocassee Reservoir, South Carolina, in the early 1970s as prey for large piscivores. To assess the potential for trophic competition between these clupeids, we examined their diets and the extent of diet overlap in May, August, and December 1982 and February 1983. The diet of blueback herring consisted mainly of large species of cladocerans and copepods supplemented in August with Chaoborus punctipennis and young fish. Mean length of the organisms eaten by blueback herring was 1.4 mm. Threadfin shad fed on smaller species of cladocerans and copepods, as well as on rotifers and copepod nauplii. The mean length of the organisms eaten by threadfin shad was 0.4 mm, which differed significantly from the mean length of the zooplankton population in Jocassee Reservoir (0.6 mm). Phytoplankton contributed 24 and 32% of the stomach contents of threadfin shad in August and December. Bosmina longirostris was important in the diet of both species, although blueback herring showed negative selection for it. Diet overlap between the two clupeids was low on all four dates. Although we found no evidence of trophic competition between the two species in Jocassee Reservoir, we do not recommend stocking them together, because both species are voracious planktivores and blueback herring are piscivorous.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0605:FOBHAT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Davis, B.M., and Foltz, J.W., 1991, Food of blueback herring and threadfin shad in Jocassee Reservoir, South Carolina: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 120, no. 5, p. 605-613, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0605:FOBHAT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"605","endPage":"613","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Bruce M. bmdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":4227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Bruce","email":"bmdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foltz, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":104866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foltz","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000596,"text":"1000596 - 1991 - Distribution and dispersal of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:11:40","indexId":"1000596","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and dispersal of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes region","docAbstract":"Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), a small mussel common throughout most of Europe, was discovered in June of 1988 in the southern part of Lake St. Clair. Length–frequency analyses of populations from the Great Lakes and review of historical benthic studies suggest that the mussel was introduced into Lake St. Clair in late 1986, probably as a result of the discharge of ballast water from an ocean-crossing vessel. Following the 1990 reproductive season, Dreissenapopulations ranged from the head of the St. Clair River, through Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Welland Canal, and the Niagara River to the western basin and southern shoreline of Lake Ontario. Isolated populations were found in the St. Lawrence River and in harbours in Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior. The rapid dispersal of this organism has resulted from its high fecundity, pelagic larval stage, bysso-pelagic drifting ability of juveniles, and human activities associated with commercial shipping, fishing, and boating (research and pleasure). Virtually any waterbody that can be reached by boaters and fisherman within a few days travel of the lower Great Lakes, particularly Lake Erie, seems to be at risk of being invaded by this nuisance species.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f91-165","usgsCitation":"Griffiths, R.W., Schloesser, D.W., Leach, J.H., and Kovalak, W.P., 1991, Distribution and dispersal of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes region: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 48, no. 8, p. 1381-1388, https://doi.org/10.1139/f91-165.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1381","endPage":"1388","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649c34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffiths, Ronald W.","contributorId":11994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leach, Joseph H.","contributorId":53743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kovalak, William P.","contributorId":77479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovalak","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000598,"text":"1000598 - 1991 - Distribution of Hexagenia nymphs and visible oil in sediments of the Upper Great Lakes connecting channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:26:14","indexId":"1000598","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of Hexagenia nymphs and visible oil in sediments of the Upper Great Lakes connecting channels","docAbstract":"As part of the study of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service examined the occurrence ofHexagenia nymphs and visible oil in sediments at 250 stations throughout the St. Marys River and the St. Clair-Detroit River system from May 14 to June 11, 1985. The mean density of Hexagenianymphs per square meter averaged 194 for the total study area, 224 in the St. Marys River, 117 in the St. Clair River, 279 in Lake St. Clair, and 94 in the Detroit River. The maximum density of nymphs ranged from 1,081 to 1,164 m-2 in the three rivers and was 3,099 m-2 in Lake St. Clair. A comparison of nymph density at 46 stations where oil was observed in sediments physically suitable for nymphs showed that densities were lower in oiled sediments (61 m-2) than in sediments without oil (224 m-2). Densities of nymphs were relatively high at only four stations where oil was observed in sediments. In general, oiled sediments and low densities of nymphs occurred together downstream from industrial and municipal discharges.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00024767","usgsCitation":"Schloesser, D.W., Edsall, T.A., Manny, B.A., and Nichols, S., 1991, Distribution of Hexagenia nymphs and visible oil in sediments of the Upper Great Lakes connecting channels: Hydrobiologia, v. 219, no. 1, p. 345-352, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024767.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"352","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"219","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":308872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, Susan J.","contributorId":48905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Susan J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000588,"text":"1000588 - 1991 - Effect of environment on reproduction and growth of Mysis relicta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:36:43","indexId":"1000588","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":718,"text":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of environment on reproduction and growth of Mysis relicta","docAbstract":"Published and unpublished data were examined to determine whether the time to first reproduction, brood size, and growth rate of Mysis relicta are related to environmental conditions. Time to first reproduction ranged from 1 year in eutrophic lakes to 4 years in a ultraoligotrophic lake. Mysids in nutrient-rich lakes may have 45 eggs per brood, whereas those in less productive lakes had 10-12 eggs per brood. Growth rates ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 mm/month in productive lakes to only 0.2 mm/month in ultraoligotrophic Lake Tahoe. Some differences in reproduction and growth rate consistent with the above observation occurred between areas of Lakes Tahoe and Michigan that differed in trophic conditions.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Beeton, A.M., and Gannon, J., 1991, Effect of environment on reproduction and growth of Mysis relicta: American Fisheries Society Symposium, v. 9, p. 144-148.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"144","endPage":"148","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6256d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeton, Alfred M.","contributorId":94247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeton","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gannon, John E.","contributorId":74706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannon","given":"John E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000599,"text":"1000599 - 1991 - Production of Hexagenia limbata nymphs in contaminated sediments in the Upper Great Lakes connecting channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:34:22","indexId":"1000599","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Production of Hexagenia limbata nymphs in contaminated sediments in the Upper Great Lakes connecting channels","docAbstract":"In April through October 1986, we sampled sediments and populations of nymphs of the burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia limbata (Serville), at 11 locations throughout the connecting channels of the upper Great Lakes, to determine if sediment contaminants adversely affected nymph production. Production over this period was high (980 to 9231 mg dry wt m-2) at the five locations where measured sediment levels of oil, cyanide, and six metals were below the threshold criteria of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Ontario Ministry of Environment for contaminated or polluted sediments, and also where the criterion for visible oil given in the Water Quality Agreement between the U.S.A. and Canada for connecting waters of the Great Lakes was not exceeded. At the other six locations where sediments were polluted, production was markedly lower (359 to 872 mg dry wt m-2). This finding is significant because it indicates that existing sediment quality criteria can be applied to protect H. limbata from oil, cyanide, and metals in the Great Lakes and connecting channels where the species fulfills a major role in secondary production and trophic transfer of energy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00024768","usgsCitation":"Edsall, T.A., Manny, B.A., Schloesser, D.W., Nichols, S., and Frank, A.M., 1991, Production of Hexagenia limbata nymphs in contaminated sediments in the Upper Great Lakes connecting channels: Hydrobiologia, v. 219, p. 353-361, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024768.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"361","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"219","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696b03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":308877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, Susan J.","contributorId":48905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Susan J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frank, Anthony M.","contributorId":28922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000601,"text":"1000601 - 1991 - The Detroit River: Effects of contaminants and human activities on aquatic plants and animals and their habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:24:24","indexId":"1000601","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Detroit River: Effects of contaminants and human activities on aquatic plants and animals and their habitats","docAbstract":"Despite the extensive urbanization of its watershed, the Detroit River still supports diverse fish and wildlife populations. Conflicting uses of the river for waste disposal, water withdrawals, shipping, recreation, and fishing require innovative management. Chemicals added by man to the Detroit River have adversely affected the health and habitats of the river's plants and animals. In 1985, as part of an Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Study sponsored by Environment Canada and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, researchers exposed healthy bacteria, plankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds to Detroit River sediments and sediment porewater. Negative impacts included genetic mutations in bacteria; death of macroinvertebrates; accumulation of contaminants in insects, clams, fish, and ducks; and tumor formation in fish. Field surveys showed areas of the river bottom that were otherwise suitable for habitation by a variety of plants and animals were contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals and occupied only by pollution-tolerant worms. Destruction of shoreline wetlands and disposal of sewage and toxic substances in the Detroit River have reduced habitat and conflict with basic biological processes, including the sustained production of fish and wildlife. Current regulations do not adequately control pollution loadings. However, remedial actions are being formulated by the U.S. and Canada to restore degraded benthic habitats and eliminate discharges of toxic contaminants into the Detroit River.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00024760","usgsCitation":"Manny, B.A., and Kenaga, D., 1991, The Detroit River: Effects of contaminants and human activities on aquatic plants and animals and their habitats: Hydrobiologia, v. 219, p. 269-279, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024760.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"279","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"219","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e6a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenaga, David","contributorId":105268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenaga","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000589,"text":"1000589 - 1991 - Changes in the nearshore and offshore zooplankton communities in Lake Ontario: 1981-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:40","indexId":"1000589","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in the nearshore and offshore zooplankton communities in Lake Ontario: 1981-88","docAbstract":"We examined trends and factors influencing changes in nearshore and offshore zooplankton abundance and composition in Lake Ontario between 1981 and 1988. In the nearshore (southshore and eastern basin), zooplankton abundance decreased and shifts occurred in the relative abundances of Bosmina longirostris and Daphnia retrocurva (eastern basin) and Daphnia retrocurva and Daphnia galeata mendotae (southshore). These changes could have resulted from increased vertebrate predation or reduced food resources which intensified the effects of predation. In the offshore, the first appearance (FA) of the larger, less common cladoceran species occurred earlier in the season as of 1985. FA was correlated with cumulative epilimnetic temperature (CET) and the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) a?Y165 mm caught in U.S. waters in the spring. In 1987, when CET was high and CPUE of alewife a?Y165 mm was low, large populations of these cladocerans developed in June and July. Bythotrephes cederstroemi, a recent invader in the Great Lakes, was abundant only in 1987 when the CPUE of alewife was lowest. Changes in zooplankton abundance, development, and composition along the nearshore-offshore gradient reflected effects of temperature, habitat, and planktivory on the community.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Johannsson, O.E., Mills, E.L., and O’Gorman, R., 1991, Changes in the nearshore and offshore zooplankton communities in Lake Ontario: 1981-88: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 48, no. 8, p. 1546-1557.","productDescription":"p. 1546-1557","startPage":"1546","endPage":"1557","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e69bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johannsson, Ora E.","contributorId":25527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johannsson","given":"Ora","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, Edward L.","contributorId":61387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":308847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000615,"text":"1000615 - 1991 - Using larval fish abundance in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers to predict year-class strength of forage fish in Lakes Huron and Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:08:01","indexId":"1000615","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using larval fish abundance in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers to predict year-class strength of forage fish in Lakes Huron and Erie","docAbstract":"Larval fish samples were collected in plankton tow nets in spring and summer, 1977–1978 and 1983–1984, in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers which are part of the connecting waterway between Lakes Huron and Erie. Larvae abundance of the major forage fish in the rivers are compared with their year-class abundance, as measured by bottom trawl catches of later life stages in Lakes Huron and Erie. Abundance of rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax, and alewife, Alosa pseudo-harengus, larvae in the St. Clair River in adjacent years of the 4-year study was correlated with the abundance of yearlings captured in bottom trawls in lower Lake Huron in the spring of the following years. Abundance of locally produced larval rainbow smelt, alewives, and gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, in the Detroit River in adjacent years was correlated with the abundance oj’ young-of -t he-year captured in bottom trawls in western Lake Erie the following fall. Sampling fish larvae in the main channels of the St. Clair and Detroit rivers thus provided a potential early index of forage fish abundance in the lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71343-9","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, C.O., Nester, R.T., and Muth, K.M., 1991, Using larval fish abundance in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers to predict year-class strength of forage fish in Lakes Huron and Erie: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 74-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71343-9.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"74","endPage":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602ee1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Charles O.","contributorId":95833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nester, Robert T.","contributorId":28196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nester","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muth, Kenneth M.","contributorId":44863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muth","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000610,"text":"1000610 - 1991 - Roles of predation, food, and temperature in structuring the epilimnetic zooplankton populations in Lake Ontario, 1981-1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:22:32","indexId":"1000610","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Roles of predation, food, and temperature in structuring the epilimnetic zooplankton populations in Lake Ontario, 1981-1986","docAbstract":"We sampled phytoplankton, zooplankton, and alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and measured water temperature in Lake Ontario during 1981–1986. Through the use of general linear regression models we then sought evidence of control of the eplimnetic zooplankton community (mid-July to mid-October) by producers, consumers, and temperature. Our measures of the zooplankton community were total biomass, cladoceran biomass, and the ratio of large to small Daphnia spp. (D. galeata mendotae andD. retrocurva). Zooplankton population variables assessed were abundance, egg ratio, and productivity. Through factor analysis, factors were created from the standardized, transformed independent variables for use in the regression analyses. Regression models showed significant inverse relationships (P < 0.05) between alewives and Bosmina longirostris (abundance, production, and egg ratio), Ceriodaphnia lacustris (egg ratio), andDaphnia retrocurva (egg ratio). Bosmina longirostris and D. retrocurva egg ratios were inversely related to algae biomass (<20 μm), thus the smaller algae might be controlled in part by the zooplankton community. Production of C. lacustris was directly related to temperature, as was the production and abundance of Tropocyclops prasinus. The annual size-frequency distributions of B. longirostris and D. retrocurva were inversely related to yearling alewife abundance and directly related to adult alewife abundance, which suggested that yearlings use a particulate-feeding mode on these zooplankton species more frequently than adults. We found no significant negative correlations among the zooplankton species, which suggested that interzooplankton predation and competition were not as important in structuring the community as were planktivory and temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0193:ROPFAT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johannsson, O.E., and O’Gorman, R., 1991, Roles of predation, food, and temperature in structuring the epilimnetic zooplankton populations in Lake Ontario, 1981-1986: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 120, no. 2, p. 193-208, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0193:ROPFAT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"208","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cba7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johannsson, Ora E.","contributorId":25527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johannsson","given":"Ora","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":308907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000609,"text":"1000609 - 1991 - Acute toxicities to larval rainbow trout of representative compounds detected in Great Lakes fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-29T13:18:35","indexId":"1000609","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicities to larval rainbow trout of representative compounds detected in Great Lakes fish","docAbstract":"In recent years the National Fisheries Research Center-Great Lakes has ranked the potential hazard to fish and invertebrates of various chemical compounds detected in two Great Lakes fishes-- lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, and walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Hesselberg and Seelye 1982). This hazard assessment has included the identification of the potential sources of the compounds, determination of the occurrence and abundance of the compounds in Great Lakes fish, and the determination of acute toxicities of representative compounds of 19 chemical classes (Passino and Smith 1987a). In further studies Smith et al. (1988) focused on 6 of the 19 classes of compounds using the zooplankter Daphnia pulex as the test organism. They ranked the six classes as follows (in decreasing order of toxicity): polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkyl halides, nitrogen-containing compounds, cyclic alkanes, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, and silicon-containing compounds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF01691933","usgsCitation":"Edsall, C.C., 1991, Acute toxicities to larval rainbow trout of representative compounds detected in Great Lakes fish: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 46, no. 2, p. 173-178, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01691933.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266713,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01691933"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Carol Cotant","contributorId":78690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"Cotant","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197191,"text":"70197191 - 1991 - Application of the FINDER system to the search for epithermal vein gold-silver deposits : Kushikino, Japan, a case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-21T15:43:32","indexId":"70197191","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5698,"text":"Geoinformatics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the FINDER system to the search for epithermal vein gold-silver deposits : Kushikino, Japan, a case study","docAbstract":"The FINDER system employs geometric probability, Bayesian statistics, and the normal probability density function to integrate spatial and frequency information to produce a map of probabilities of target centers. Target centers can be mineral deposits, alteration associated with mineral deposits, or any other target that can be represented by a regular shape on a two dimensional map. The size, shape, mean, and standard deviation for each variable are characterized in a control area and the results applied by means of FINDER to the study area. The Kushikino deposit consists of groups of quartz-calcite-adularia veins that produced 55 tonnes of gold and 456 tonnes of silver since 1660. Part of a 6 by 10 km area near Kushikino served as a control area. Within the control area, data plotting, contouring, and cluster analysis were used to identify the barren and mineralized populations. Sodium was found to be depleted in an elliptically shaped area 3.1 by 1.6 km, potassium was both depleted and enriched locally in an elliptically shaped area 3.0 by 1.3 km, and sulfur was enriched in an elliptically shaped area 5.8 by 1.6 km. The potassium, sodium, and sulfur content from 233 surface rock samples were each used in FINDER to produce probability maps for the 12 by 30 km study area which includes Kushikino. High probability areas for each of the individual variables are over and offset up to 4 km eastward from the main Kushikino veins. In general, high probability areas identified by FINDER are displaced from the main veins and cover not only the host andesite and the dacite-andesite that is about the same age as the Kushikino mineralization, but also younger sedimentary rocks, andesite, and tuff units east and northeast of Kushikino. The maps also display the same patterns observed near Kushikino, but with somewhat lower probabilities, about 1.5 km east of the old gold prospect, Hajima, and in a broad zone 2.5 km east-west and 1 km north-south, centered 2 km west of the old gold prospect, Yaeyama.
","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.6010/geoinformatics1990.2.2_113","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., and Kouda, R., 1991, Application of the FINDER system to the search for epithermal vein gold-silver deposits : Kushikino, Japan, a case study: Geoinformatics, v. 2, no. 2, p. 113-123, https://doi.org/10.6010/geoinformatics1990.2.2_113.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.6010/geoinformatics1990.2.2_113","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":354367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a7efe4b092d9651e22f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":735956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kouda, Ryoichi","contributorId":198036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kouda","given":"Ryoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000602,"text":"1000602 - 1991 - Heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes drifting in a large river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:32:56","indexId":"1000602","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes drifting in a large river","docAbstract":"Macrophytes drifting throughout the water column in the Detroit River were collected monthly from May to October 1985 to estimate the quantities of heavy metals being transported to Lake Erie by the plants. Most macrophytes (80–92% by weight) drifted at the water surface. Live submersed macrophytes made up the bulk of each sample. The most widely distributed submersed macrophyte in the river, American wildcelery (Vallisneria americana), occurred most frequently in the drift. A total of 151 tonnes (ash-free dry weight) of macrophytes drifted out of the Detroit River from May to October. The drift was greatest (37 tonnes) in May. Concentrations of heavy metals were significantly higher in macrophytes drifting in the river than in those growing elsewhere in unpolluted waters. Annually, a maximum of 2796 kg (eight heavy metals combined) were transported into Lake Erie by drifting macrophytes. The enrichment of all metals was remarkably high (range: 4000 × to 161000 ×) in macrophytes, relative to their concentration in water of the Detroit River. Detroit River macrophytes are thus a source of contaminated food for animals in the river and in Lake Erie.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-94-011-3144-5_22","usgsCitation":"Manny, B.A., Nichols, S., and Schloesser, D.W., 1991, Heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes drifting in a large river: Hydrobiologia, v. 219, p. 333-344, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3144-5_22.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"344","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"219","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ae4b07f02db63ce5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, Susan J.","contributorId":48905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Susan J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000603,"text":"1000603 - 1991 - Heavy metal contamination of sediments in the upper connecting channels of the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:31:38","indexId":"1000603","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metal contamination of sediments in the upper connecting channels of the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"In 1985, sampling at 250 stations throughout the St. Marys, St. Clair, and Detroit rivers and Lake St. Clair — the connecting channels of the upper Great Lakes — revealed widespread metal contamination of the sediments. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc each exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sediment pollution guidelines at one or more stations throughout the study area. Sediments were polluted more frequently by copper, nickel, zinc, and lead than by cadmium, chromium, or mercury. Sediments with the highest concentrations of metals were found (in descending order) in the Detroit River, the St. Marys River, the St. Clair River, and Lake St. Clair. Although metal contamination of sediments was most common and sediment concentrations of metals were generally highest near industrial areas, substantial contamination of sediments by metals was present in sediment deposition areas up to 60 km from any known source of pollution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00024763","usgsCitation":"Nichols, S.J., Manny, B.A., Schloesser, D.W., and Edsall, T.A., 1991, Heavy metal contamination of sediments in the upper connecting channels of the Great Lakes: Hydrobiologia, v. 219, no. 1, p. 307-315, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024763.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"315","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"219","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d6a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, S. Jerrine","contributorId":25887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jerrine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":308886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186239,"text":"70186239 - 1991 - Scientific studies relevant to the question of Antarctica's petroleum resource potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T16:39:29","indexId":"70186239","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Scientific studies relevant to the question of Antarctica's petroleum resource potential","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Antarctica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Monographs ","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., 1991, Scientific studies relevant to the question of Antarctica's petroleum resource potential, chap. of The geology of Antarctica, p. 588-618.","productDescription":"41 p. ","startPage":"588","endPage":"618","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica ","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f94e4b09da67997ed46","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Tingey, R.J.","contributorId":190263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tingey","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687977,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, J. C.","contributorId":190262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Behrendt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016395,"text":"70016395 - 1991 - Magnetic fabric, flow directions, and source area of the Lower Miocene Peach Springs Tuff in Arizona, California, and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T23:25:51.72914","indexId":"70016395","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic fabric, flow directions, and source area of the Lower Miocene Peach Springs Tuff in Arizona, California, and Nevada","docAbstract":"We have used anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) to define the flow fabric and possible source area of the Peach Springs Tuff, a widespread rhyolitic ash flow tuff in the Mojave Desert and Great Basin of California, Arizona, and Nevada. The tuff is an important stratigraphic marker from the Colorado Plateau to Barstow, California, a distance of 350 km; however, the location of its source caldera is unknown. Dated at 18.5 Ma by 40Ar/39 Ar, the tuff erupted during the early stages of Miocene extension along the lower Colorado River. The thicker accumulations (>100 m) occur at Kingman, Arizona, and in the Piute Mountains, California, on opposite sides of the Colorado River extensional corridor. Our AMS studies produced well-defined magnetic lineations in 30 of 42 sites distributed throughout the tuff. Typical ratios of the principal AMS axes are 1.01 for the magnetic lineation (kmax/kint) and 1.02 for the foliation (kint/kmin); the bulk magnetic susceptibility of the Peach Springs Tuff averages 2.0×10−3 in the SI unit system. The subhorizontal lineations, which presumably parallel the flow directions, form a pattern radiating outward from the approximate center of the outcrop area. Magnetic foliations define an imbrication that generally dips away from the distal margins and toward the center of the outcrop of the tuff. The lineation and imbrication indicate a source region near the southern tip of Nevada. Defining the best intersection of the AMS lineations required restoration of major extension, strike-slip faulting, and associated tectonic rotation in the disrupted tuff. The optimum intersection of magnetic lineations lies in the southern Black Mountains of Arizona on the eastern side of the Colorado River extensional corridor. No caldera structures are known from that area, but the area contains thick sections of the Peach Springs Tuff above a silicic volcanic center. The caldera may be buried under younger deposits in the Mohave Valley of Arizona. Tertiary granite in the Newberry Mountains may represent a deeper level of the Peach Springs Tuff vent that has been exhumed by detachment faulting.
Results from an intensive survey in 1989 of one of the two known breeding localities of Bristle-thighed Curlews Numenius tahitiensis are reported. During the pre-nesting period birds confined most of their activity to two vegetation communities: shrub meadow tundra and low shrub/tussock tundra. During nesting more than half the Curlews seen were observed on shrub meadow tundra, whilst during brood rearing, use of low shrub/tussock tundra continued to decline in importance as birds attending young increased their use of sedge wet meadows. Despite extensive searches no nests were located; however, observations of broods indicated that nest initiation began around 25 May and that hatching occurred during the last week of June. Detailed observations are presented on the formation of four brood-groups, some of which held different combinations of unrelated adults or young. The adaptive significance of this unusual wader behaviour is discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Wader Study Group","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., Lanctot, R.B., Mason, J., and Handel, C.M., 1991, Observations on habitat use, breeding chronology and parental care in Bristle-thighed Curlews on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Wader Study Group Bulletin, v. 61, p. 23-36.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337822,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waderstudygroup.org/publications/bulletin/bulletin-vol-volume-106-and-earlier/","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.8818359375,\n 61.01572481397616\n ],\n [\n -158.6865234375,\n 61.01572481397616\n ],\n [\n -158.6865234375,\n 67.7094454829218\n ],\n [\n -168.8818359375,\n 67.7094454829218\n ],\n [\n -168.8818359375,\n 61.01572481397616\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ccf5a1e4b0849ce97f0d10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mason, J.D.","contributorId":189506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}