The lower Paleozoic rocks that host gold deposits along the Getchell gold belt in Humboldt County, Nevada, represent several allochthonous terranes rather than a sequence of continuous deposition. The term \"terrane\" is used only in a descriptive sense. Evidence for allochthonous terranes in this area includes fault boundaries and differences in age, lithology, and structural style among several rock sequences. The two most widespread and distinct terranes in the area are (1) the Osgood terrane, which consists of intensely deformed, regionally metamorphosed, marine rocks (Lower Cambrian Osgood Mountain Quartzite, Lower Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Preble Formation, and some rocks currently mapped as Comus Formation) and (2) the Getchell terrane, which consists of less deformed chert, clastic sedimentary rocks, and volcanic rocks (rocks mapped as Valmy and Vinini Formations, including Lower and Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian strata in this region). Osgood-terrane bedding and foliation dip predominantly eastward, and folds verge westward. Getchell-terrane folds verge southeastward. The Comus Formation, which is Middle Ordovician at its type locality on Edna Mountain, represents a third terrane (Iron Point terrane) situated structurally between the Osgood and Getchell terranes. Use of the unit name Comus Formation outside the type locality has created confusion and needs reexamination. Some of the rocks currently mapped as Comus Formation might really be part of the other terranes.
Quartz cathodoluminescence properties and mineralogy of three sets of samples and vegetal and/ or miospore data from two sets of samples from the Upper Freeport coal bed, west-central Pennsylvania, show that detrital influence from a penecontemporaneous channel is limited to an area less than three km from the channel. The sets of samples examined include localities of the coal bed where (1) the coal is thin, split by partings, and near a penecontemporaneous fluvial channel, (2) the coal is relatively thick and located approximately three km from the channel, and (3) the coal is thick and located approximately 12 km from the channel.
Samples from locality 1 (nearest the channel) have relatively high-ash yields (low-temperature ash average = 27.3% on a pyrite- and calcite-free basis) and high proportions of quartz and clay minerals. The quartz is primarily detrital, as determined by cathodoluminescent properties, and the ratio of kaolinite to illite is low. In addition, most of the plant remains and miospores indicate peat-forming plants that required low nutrient levels for growth.
In contrast, samples from localities 2 and 3, from the more interior parts of the bed, contained predominantly authigenic quartz grains nd yielded low-temperature ash values of less than 14% on a pyrite- and calcite-free basis. The low-temperature ash contains low concentrations of quartz and clay minerals and the ratio of kaolinite to illite is relatively high. Although intact core was not available for paleobotanical analyses, another core collected within 1 km from locality 3 contained plant types interpreted to have required high nutrient levels for growth.
These data indicate that mineral formation is dominated by authigenic processes in interior parts of the coal body. Some of the authigenic quartz may have been derived from herbaceous ferns as indicated by patterns in the palynological and paleobotanical data. In contrast, detrital processes appeared to be limited to in areas directly adjacent to the penecontemporaneous channel where the coal bed is high in ash, split by mineral-rich partings, and of little or no economic value.
Comparison of maps produced from publicly available data (drillers' logs, electrical logs and mine maps) provides a basis for inferring a deep-seated influence on the distribution of superposed deposits of thick coal (>1.4 m) in four Middle Pennsylvania (Desmoinesian Series) coal beds in three mining districts of west-central Indiana. Thick sandstone (>18 m) is common in areas between and around the mining districts, but less than 3 percent of the study area (consisting of 3200 km2) is underlain by both thick coal and thick sandstone. Only thick sandstone associated with the Survant Coal Member (Linton Formation), and informally referred to by us “Survant sandstone”, exists in all of the thin-coal areas. After comparison with published maps by other authors, it is inferred that distribution of the Survant sandstone, which was deposited immediately after a long period of slow deposition associated with the Colchester Coal Member (Linton Formation), may reflect topographic expression of long-term subsidence associated with differential thinning of much deeper Silurian strata (580 m below).
Although the findings of this study provide the basis for a conceptual geologic model with a hypothetical structure that is amenable to statistical testing, such analysis should be undertaken only after the data are analyzed for randomness, spatial autocorrelation, linearity and normality.
Improved precision in the H2-H2O equilibration method for δD analysis has been achieved in an automated system. Reduction in 1-σ standard deviation of a single mass-spectrometer analysis to 1.3‰ is achieved by (1) bonding catalyst to glass rods and assigning use to specific equilibration chambers to monitor performance of catalyst, (2) improving the apparatus design, and (3) reducing the H3+ contribution of the mass-spectrometer ion source. For replicate analysis of a water sample, the standard deviation improved to 0.8‰. H2S-bearing samples and samples as small as 0.1 mL can be analyzed routinely with this method.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00009a014","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T., Wildman, J.D., and Chen, J., 1991, Improvements in the gaseous hydrogen-water equilibration technique for hydrogen isotope ratio analysis: Analytical Chemistry, v. 63, no. 9, p. 910-912, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00009a014.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"910","endPage":"912","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224609,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a396be4b0c8380cd618ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildman, J. D.","contributorId":25177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chen, J.","contributorId":104634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016696,"text":"70016696 - 1991 - Importance of closely spaced vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in groundwater studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T09:15:15","indexId":"70016696","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of closely spaced vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in groundwater studies","docAbstract":"Vertical gradients of selected chemical constituents, bacterial populations, bacterial activity and electron acceptors were investigated for an unconfined aquifer contaminated with nitrate and organic compounds on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Fifteen-port multilevel sampling devices (MLS's) were installed within the contaminant plume at the source of the contamination, and at 250 and 2100 m downgradient from the source. Depth profiles of specific conductance and dissolved oxygen at the downgradient sites exhibited vertical gradients that were both steep and inversely related. Narrow zones (2-4 m thick) of high N2O and NH4+ concentrations were also detected within the contaminant plume. A 27-fold change in bacterial abundance; a 35-fold change in frequency of dividing cells (FDC), an indicator of bacterial growth; a 23-fold change in 3H-glucose uptake, a measure of heterotrophic activity; and substantial changes in overall cell morphology were evident within a 9-m vertical interval at 250 m downgradient. The existence of these gradients argues for the need for closely spaced vertical sampling in groundwater studies because small differences in the vertical placement of a well screen can lead to incorrect conclusions about the chemical and microbiological processes within an aquifer.Vertical gradients of selected chemical constituents, bacterial populations, bacterial activity and electron acceptors were investigated for an unconfined aquifer contaminated with nitrate and organic compounds on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Fifteen-port multilevel sampling devices (MLS's) were installed within the contaminant plume at the source of the contamination, and at 250 and 2100 m downgradient from the source. Depth profiles of specific conductance and dissolved oxygen at the downgradient sites exhibited vertical gradients that were both steep and inversely related. Narrow zones (2-4 m thick) of high N2O and NH4+ concentrations were also detected within the contaminant plume. A 27-fold change in bacterial abundance; a 35-fold change in frequency of dividing cells (FDC), an indicator of bacterial growth; a 23-fold change in 3H-glucose uptake, a measure of heterotrophic activity; and substantial changes in overall cell morphology were evident within a 9-m vertical interval at 250 m downgradient. The existence of these gradients argues for the need for closely spaced vertical sampling in ground-water studies because small differences in the vertical placement of a well screen can lead to incorrect conclusions about the chemical and microbiological processes within an aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(91)90032-V","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Harvey, R., and LeBlanc, D., 1991, Importance of closely spaced vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in groundwater studies: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 7, no. 3, p. 285-300, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(91)90032-V.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"300","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205505,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(91)90032-V"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3936e4b0c8380cd61846","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016687,"text":"70016687 - 1991 - Modeling the reflectance spectrum of Callisto 0.25 to 4.1μm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T11:19:34","indexId":"70016687","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the reflectance spectrum of Callisto 0.25 to 4.1μm","docAbstract":"The reflectance spectrum of Callisto from 0.2 to 4.1 μm is modeled using a simultaneous intimate plus areal mixture solution of ice and dark material which satisfies absorption band depths and reflectance levels. The model uses the radiative transfer theory based on Hapke's (1981, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 3039–3054) work, optical constants of materials and includes effects of grain size and abundance of each material. The best-fitting models contain 20–45 wt% ice in the optical surface. The models indicate that the ice component of the surface is fairly large gained and that the ice cannot account for major spectral features beyond approximately 2.5 μm. In this spectral region other hydrated minerals must dominate. A variety of reasonably well-fitting models were found and the amount of ice determined for these best fits was mathematically removed from the original Callisto spectrum. All of the spectra determined for the non-material were quite similar to each other and have absorption features that resemble hydrated silicates bearing both oxidation states of iron. Certain features in the Callisto non-ice spectrum can be duplicated by mixtures of Fe- and Mg-end member serpentines. Discrepancies indicate that other phases, possibly opaque minerals, are also required to match the entire spectrum. The unusual Fe-serpentines are commonly found in the matrices of primitive cabodnaceous chondrites, suggesting that other matrix phases may also be likely candidates for the Callisto non-ice material.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(91)90180-2","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., and Clark, R.N., 1991, Modeling the reflectance spectrum of Callisto 0.25 to 4.1μm: Icarus, v. 89, no. 2, p. 305-317, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(91)90180-2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"317","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c4ee4b0c8380cd6fbac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, Wendy M.","contributorId":93508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvin","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016676,"text":"70016676 - 1991 - Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70016676","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland","docAbstract":"Within the neovolcanic zones of Iceland many volcanoes grew upward through icecaps that have subsequently melted. These steep-walled and flat-topped basaltic subglacial volcanoes, called tuyas, are composed of a lower sequence of subaqueously erupted, pillowed lavas overlain by breccias and hyaloclastites produced by phreatomagmatic explosions in shallow water, capped by a subaerially erupted lava plateau. Glass and whole-rock analyses of samples collected from six tuyas indicate systematic variations in major elements showing that the individual volcanoes are monogenetic, and that commonly the tholeiitic magmas differentiated and became more evolved through the course of the eruption that built the tuya. At Herdubreid, the most extensively studies tuya, the upward change in composition indicates that more than 50 wt.% of the first erupted lavas need crystallize over a range of 60??C to produce the last erupted lavas. The S content of glass commonly decreases upward in the tuyas from an average of about 0.08 wt.% at the base to < 0.02 wt.% in the subaerially erupted lava at the top, and is a measure of the depth of water (or ice) above the eruptive vent. The extensive subsurface crystallization that generates the more evolved, lower-temperature melts during the growth of the tuyas, apparently results from cooling and degassing of magma contained in shallow magma chambers and feeders beneath the volcanoes. Cooling may result from percolation of meltwater down cracks, vaporization, and cycling in a hydrothermal circulation. Degassing occurs when progressively lower pressure eruption (as the volcanic vent grows above the ice/water surface) lowers the volatile vapour pressure of subsurface melt, thus elevating the temperature of the liquidus and hastening liquid-crystal differentiation. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., and Calk, L.C., 1991, Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 46, no. 1-2, p. 157-180.","startPage":"157","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe4fe4b0c8380cd4ec6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calk, L. C.","contributorId":54261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016745,"text":"70016745 - 1991 - Isotopic discontinuities in ground water beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016745","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Isotopic discontinuities in ground water beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Analytical data for stable isotopes in ground water from beneath Yucca Mountain, when examined in map view, show areal patterns of heterogeneity that can be interpreted in terms of mixing of at least three end members. One end member must be isotopically heavy in terms of hydrogen and oxygen and have a young apparent 14C age such as water found at the north end of Yucca Mountain beneath Fortymile Wash. A second end member must contain isotopically heavy carbon and have an old apparent 14C age such as water from the Paleozoic aquifer. The third end member cannot be tightly defined. It must be isotopically lighter than the first with respect of hydrogen and oxygen and be intermediate to the first and second end members with respect to both apparent 14C age and ?? 13C. The variable isotopic compositions of hydrogen and oxygen indicate that two of the end members are waters, but the variable carbon isotopic composition could represent either a third water end member or reaction of water with a carbon-bearing solids such as calcite.","largerWorkTitle":"High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceDate":"28 April 1991 through 3 May 1991","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628310","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., Whelan, J.F., and Steinkampf, W., 1991, Isotopic discontinuities in ground water beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada, in High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 28 April 1991 through 3 May 1991, p. 1410-1415.","startPage":"1410","endPage":"1415","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fa9e4b0c8380cd646e7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536346,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whelan, J. F.","contributorId":45328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steinkampf, W.C.","contributorId":8137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinkampf","given":"W.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016688,"text":"70016688 - 1991 - The effect of scale on the interpretation of geochemical anomalies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:43:18.747671","indexId":"70016688","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of scale on the interpretation of geochemical anomalies","docAbstract":"The purpose of geochemical surveys changes with scale. Regional surveys identify areas where mineral deposits are most likely to occur, whereas intermediate surveys identify and prioritize specific targets. At detailed scales specific deposit models may be applied and deposits delineated.
The interpretation of regional geochemical surveys must take into account scale-dependent difference in the nature and objectives of this type of survey. Overinterpretation of regional data should be resisted, as should recommendations to restrict intermediate or detailed follow-up surveys to the search for specific deposit types or to a too limited suite of elements. Regional surveys identify metallogenic provinces within which a variety of deposit types and metals are most likely to be found. At intermediate scale, these regional provinces often dissipate into discrete clusters of anomalous areas. At detailed scale, individual anomalous areas reflect local conditions of mineralization and may seem unrelated to each other. Four examples from arid environments illustrate the dramatic change in patterns of anomalies between regional and more detailed surveys.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90029-T","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Theobald, P., Eppinger, R., Turner, R.L., and Shiquan, S., 1991, The effect of scale on the interpretation of geochemical anomalies: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 40, no. 1-3, p. 9-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90029-T.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab4ce4b08c986b322d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Theobald, P. K.","contributorId":45293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eppinger, R. G.","contributorId":100837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eppinger","given":"R. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, R. L.","contributorId":93903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shiquan, S.","contributorId":67227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiquan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008043,"text":"1008043 - 1991 - Mammal mortality at Arizona, California, and Nevada gold mines using cyanide extraction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:35","indexId":"1008043","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mammal mortality at Arizona, California, and Nevada gold mines using cyanide extraction","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Fish and Game","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., and Hothem, R.L., 1991, Mammal mortality at Arizona, California, and Nevada gold mines using cyanide extraction: California Fish and Game, v. 77, p. 61-69.","productDescription":"p. 61-69","startPage":"61","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D. R. Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016679,"text":"70016679 - 1991 - Photometric functions for photoclinometry and other applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T23:27:26.837348","indexId":"70016679","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photometric functions for photoclinometry and other applications","docAbstract":"Least-squared fits to the brightness profiles across a disk or “limb darkening” described by Hapke's photometric function are found for the simpler Minnaert and lunar-Lambert functions. The simpler functions are needed to reduce the number of unknown parameters in photoclinometry, especially to distinguish the brightness variations of the surface materials from that due to the resolved topography. The limb darkening varies with the Hapke parameters for macroscopic roughness
Data from the past 20 years indicate a strong temporal correlation between major California earthquakes and icnreased federal funding for seismology.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Sarewitz, D.R., 1991, Federal support for seismological research; past, present, and future.: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 115-116.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318548,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d96e41e4b015c306f7646b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sarewitz, D. R.","contributorId":167338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sarewitz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178146,"text":"70178146 - 1991 - Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T09:41:04","indexId":"70178146","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes","docAbstract":"Epizootics of neoplasms in freshwater fish species are considered in relation to circumstantial and experimental evidence that suggest that some epizootics of neoplasia of hepatocellular, cholangiocellular, epidermal, and oral epithelial origin may be causally related to contaminant exposure. Although there is concern for the safety of consuming fish affected with neoplasms, this concern may be misdirected as direct transmission of cancer by ingesting cancerous tissue would seem unlikely. Of greater concern is the matter of toxic and cancer-causin chemicals present in edible fish that exhibit neoplasia as a symptom of past exposure via residence in a polluted waterway. There is ample evidence to suggest that contaminant chemicals ingested via contaminated Great Lakes fish may already be affecting both human and ecosystem health, but these effects are subtle and may require new approaches to the study of the affected systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi":"10.2307/3430842","usgsCitation":"Black, J.J., and Baumann, P.C., 1991, Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 90, p. 27-33, https://doi.org/10.2307/3430842.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3430842","text":"External Repository"},{"id":330731,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2ee4b0dee4cc90cbfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Black, John J.","contributorId":176651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Black","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baumann, Paul C.","contributorId":104455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumann","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70195413,"text":"70195413 - 1991 - Regional characterization and resource evaluation of Paleocene and Eocene coal-bearing rocks in Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-13T17:20:02","indexId":"70195413","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5628,"text":"Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar","printIssn":"0367-4045","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional characterization and resource evaluation of Paleocene and Eocene coal-bearing rocks in Pakistan","docAbstract":"Field work drilling, and other related studies carried out from 1985 to 1988 to assess the quantity and quality of the coal resources of southern Sindh. Sixty-eight holes drilled in the Lakhra/Jherruck, Thatta, and Indus East coal fields indicate that presently known and mined coal fields in southern Sindh are not isolated coal occurrences. Rather, much of southern Sindh, including the Thar Desert, is underlain by strata that contain coal beds.
More than 400 core and mine samples were collected for proximate and ultimate analysis and determination of major, minor and trace elements; also, lithologie logs were prepared from description of rock cuttings and core. Original coal resources of 1,080 million tones have been estimated for 7 out of 9 coal zones in parts of the Lakhra area, where coal-bed thicknesses range from a few centimeters to 5 m. In the Sonda/Jherruk area, 3,700 million tones of coal have been identified, the thickest coal bed intercepted being 6.3 meters. The apparent rank of the coal in these fields ranges from lignite A to sub-bituminous C. Averaged analytical results on an as received basis indicate the coal beds contain 28.4 % moisture, 18,3 % ash, 4.7 % sulfur, 25,2 % fixed carbon, 27.9 % volatile matter, and 33.1% oxygen. Average calorific value for Lakhra coal samples is about 3,660 Kcal/kg, whereas that of Sonda/Jherruk samples is about 3,870 Kcal/kg. Geophysical logs were obtained for the drill holes, and cores and rock cuttings are available from the GSP for further study and reference.
The second phase of the project began in 1987 with surface exploration in the Salt Range coal field of Punjab Province, the Sor Range and Khost-Sharig-Harnai coal fields of Baluchistan, and the Makarwal and Cherat coal fields of NWFP. These are briefly discussed here.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Peshawar","usgsCitation":"Durrani, N., and Warwick, P.D., 1991, Regional characterization and resource evaluation of Paleocene and Eocene coal-bearing rocks in Pakistan: Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar, v. 24, p. 229-237.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"237","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351574,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351573,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nceg.uop.edu.pk/gb-24-1991.html"}],"country":"Pakistan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[75.15803,37.13303],[75.8969,36.66681],[76.19285,35.8984],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.87172,34.65354],[75.75706,34.50492],[74.2402,34.74889],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.10429,33.44147],[74.45156,32.7649],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.40593,31.69264],[74.42138,30.97981],[73.45064,29.97641],[72.82375,28.96159],[71.77767,27.91318],[70.6165,27.9892],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.16893,26.49187],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.8447,25.2151],[71.04324,24.35652],[68.8426,24.35913],[68.17665,23.69197],[67.44367,23.94484],[67.14544,24.66361],[66.37283,25.42514],[64.53041,25.23704],[62.9057,25.21841],[61.49736,25.07824],[61.87419,26.23997],[63.31663,26.75653],[63.2339,27.21705],[62.75543,27.37892],[62.72783,28.25964],[61.77187,28.69933],[61.36931,29.30328],[60.87425,29.82924],[62.54986,29.31857],[63.55026,29.46833],[64.148,29.34082],[64.35042,29.56003],[65.04686,29.47218],[66.34647,29.88794],[66.38146,30.7389],[66.93889,31.30491],[67.68339,31.30315],[67.79269,31.58293],[68.55693,31.71331],[68.92668,31.62019],[69.31776,31.90141],[69.26252,32.50194],[69.68715,33.1055],[70.32359,33.35853],[69.93054,34.02012],[70.8818,33.98886],[71.15677,34.34891],[71.11502,34.73313],[71.61308,35.1532],[71.49877,35.65056],[71.26235,36.07439],[71.84629,36.50994],[72.92002,36.72001],[74.06755,36.83618],[74.57589,37.02084],[75.15803,37.13303]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Pakistan\"}}]}","volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a5de4b0da30c1bfd7e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durrani, N.A.","contributorId":33321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durrani","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70194903,"text":"70194903 - 1991 - Beatty, Nevada: A section in U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990 (WRI 91-4084)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70194903,"text":"70194903 - 1991 - Beatty, Nevada: A section in U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990 (WRI 91-4084)","indexId":"70194903","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Beatty, Nevada: A section in U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990 (WRI 91-4084)","title":"Beatty, Nevada: A section in U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990 (WRI 91-4084)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":25808,"text":"wri914084 - 1991 - U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990","indexId":"wri914084","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":25808,"text":"wri914084 - 1991 - U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990","indexId":"wri914084","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T11:58:52","indexId":"70194903","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"displayTitle":"Beatty, Nevada: A section in U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990 (WRI 91-4084)","title":"Beatty, Nevada: A section in U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990 (WRI 91-4084)","docAbstract":"A low-level radioactive-waste disposal facility in the Amargosa Desert of Nevada, about 17 km southeast of Beatty and 169 km northwest of Las Vegas, has been operating since 1962. This was the first commercially operated radioactive waste disposal facility in the United States. Wastes at the facility are emplaced in 2 to 15-m deep trenches and covered by backfilling with previously excavated materials. Annual precipitation in the area averages about 112 mm. Vegetation is sparse with creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) being the dominant species. Soils in the area are skeletal and are underlain by more than 170 m of unconsolidated alluvial-fan, fluvial, and ephemeral-lake deposits. Depth to water is about 85 m.
Initial field investigations (1976-1980) included monitoring of soil-water content and water potential in an unvegetated soil profile, and collection of meteorological data at the disposal facility. Design of additional hydrogeologic investigations and long-term studies of soil-water movement in a vegetated soil profile began in 1982 and field data collection has been ongoing since 1984. Studies to evaluate the modifying effects of trench construction on the natural site environment and to determine changes in trench structural stability began in 1987. Design of studies to measure gas and vapor movement in the trenches at the facility began in 1989.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990 (WRI 91-4084)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., Fisher, J.M., and Prudic, D.E., 1991, Beatty, Nevada: A section in U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990 (WRI 91-4084), in U.S. Geological Survey research in radioactive waste disposal - Fiscal years 1986-1990 (WRI 91-4084), p. 34-40.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350737,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350736,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4084/report.pdf#page=40"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6d9dd4e4b06e28e9cac2bb","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Trask, N.J.","contributorId":31729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trask","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726061,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, P. R.","contributorId":90289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726062,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Jeffrey M.","contributorId":35015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70188337,"text":"70188337 - 1991 - Microanalysis of trace elements and noble gas isotopes in minerals and fluid inclusions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-06T13:02:18","indexId":"70188337","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Microanalysis of trace elements and noble gas isotopes in minerals and fluid inclusions","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 26th Microbeam Analysis Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Irwin, J., and Bohlke, J., 1991, Microanalysis of trace elements and noble gas isotopes in minerals and fluid inclusions, in Proceedings of the 26th Microbeam Analysis Conference, p. 35-40.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5937bf32e4b0f6c2d0d9c7cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, J.J.","contributorId":76889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000740,"text":"1000740 - 1991 - U.S. federal policies, legislation, and responsibilities related to importation of exotic fishes and other aquatic organisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T10:13:27","indexId":"1000740","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. federal policies, legislation, and responsibilities related to importation of exotic fishes and other aquatic organisms","docAbstract":"Within the Federal government, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) has primary responsibility for legal and policy responsibility for introduced exotic species. The Lacey Act of 1900 authorizes the Service to prohibit the importation of species that are potentially injurious to native fish and wildlife. However, regulations under authority of the Lacey Act cover only a few species. The Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 established a Task Force co-chaired by the Director of the Service and Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. The Task Force consults with the Secretary of Transportation to develop regulations to prevent the importation and spread of aquatic nuisance species into the Great Lakes through exchange of ballast water. Federal agencies must comply with Presidential Executive Order 1198, Exotic Organisms, that prohibits Federal agencies or activities they fund or authorize from introducing exotic species. The Service conducts research and evaluation of exotic species to support Federal, State, and local efforts to prevent further importation of harmful species. Effective regulation will also depend on the full cooperation with Canada.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f91-315","usgsCitation":"Stanley, J.G., Peoples, R.A., and McCann, J.A., 1991, U.S. federal policies, legislation, and responsibilities related to importation of exotic fishes and other aquatic organisms: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 48, no. Supplement 1, p. 162-166, https://doi.org/10.1139/f91-315.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"162","endPage":"166","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"Supplement 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611dae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, Jon G.","contributorId":62958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peoples, Robert A. Jr.","contributorId":69104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peoples","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCann, James A.","contributorId":102843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCann","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162359,"text":"70162359 - 1991 - Natural disasters and insurance and reinsurance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T15:16:11","indexId":"70162359","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural disasters and insurance and reinsurance","docAbstract":"Great natural disasters, that is, those exceeding the economic capacity of the affected region and requiring national or international assistance, have increased dramatically in number and scope over the past few decades. As the accompanying graph shows, on average, from the 1960's to the 1980's there has been a five-fold increase in frequency of natural disasters, an increase in total economic losses by a factor of 3.3 and a rise of total insured losses by a factor of 5.8
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Berz, G., 1991, Natural disasters and insurance and reinsurance: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 99-102.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"102","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314639,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4ce4b0961cf2811c08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berz, G.","contributorId":152426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berz","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000743,"text":"1000743 - 1991 - Use of zooplankton to assess the movement and distribution of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in south-central Lake Ontario in spring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:34","indexId":"1000743","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of zooplankton to assess the movement and distribution of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in south-central Lake Ontario in spring","docAbstract":"Data from assessments of fish and zooplankton conducted during April and May-June 1986-88 in south-central Lake Ontario were examined for evidence that zooplankton size structure can be used to follow the movement of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). The spring influx of alewife into nearshore waters was linked with water temperature and coincided with a decline in the mean length of crustacean zooplankton and the virtual disappearance of zooplankters a?Y 0.9 mm. Alewife moving inshore to spawn fed heavily on the largest zooplankters, negating the possibility that changes in zooplankton size were wholly a response to seasonal recruitment as waters warm and the competition shifts to Bosmina. Offshore, there was usually no significant (P < 0.05) change in mean lengths of zooplankton in the upper water column between April and May-June, and zooplankters a?Y 0.9 mm always remained abundant, suggesting that few alewife were there from April through mid-June. We conclude that in large freshwater lakes where a planktivore is abundant, yet spatially concentrated, changes in size of crustacean zooplankton can facilitate understanding of the fish's movement and distribution.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"O’Gorman, R., Mills, E.L., and DeGisi, J., 1991, Use of zooplankton to assess the movement and distribution of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in south-central Lake Ontario in spring: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 48, no. 11, p. 2250-2257.","productDescription":"p. 2250-2257","startPage":"2250","endPage":"2257","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60425b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":309300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, Edward L.","contributorId":61387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeGisi, Joe","contributorId":57023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGisi","given":"Joe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70198219,"text":"70198219 - 1991 - Introduction to special section on the California-Arizona crustal transect: Part II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:50:57","indexId":"70198219","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to special section on the California-Arizona crustal transect: Part II","docAbstract":"In May 1988, a multidisciplinary conference was held in Flagstaff, Arizona, to synthesize recent research on the crustal structural and evolution of a transect across the southern Cordillera. This transect extends from the southern Colorado Plateau southwestward across the Arizona Transition Zone, through the Basin and Range province in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts, to the San Andreas fault system, and thence westward across the Imperial Valley and Peninsular Ranges and into the southern California Borderland. Most discussion concerned the eastern part of the transect, from the Colorado Plateau to the San Andreas fault [Sass et al., 1988; Howard et al., 1990]. For this meeting, the name CACTIS (California‐Arizona Crustal Transect‐Interim Synthesis) was coined by J. Sass.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19949","usgsCitation":"Haxel, G.B., Simpson, R., and Howard, K.A., 1991, Introduction to special section on the California-Arizona crustal transect: Part II: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B, p. 19949-19952, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19949.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"19949","endPage":"19952","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112564e4b034bf6a81e5ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haxel, G. B.","contributorId":71503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haxel","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}