Hydrologic processes are generally held to be persistent and not secularly independent. Impetus for this view was given by Hurst in his work which dealt with properties of the rescaled range of many types of long geophysical records, in particular dendrochronologic records, in addition to hydrologic records. Mandelbrot introduced an infinite memory stationary process, the fractional Gaussian noise process (F), as an explanation for Hurst's observations. This is in contrast to other explanations which have been predicated on the implicit non-stationarity of the process underlying the construction of the records. In this work, we introduce a stationary finite memory process which arises naturally from a physical concept and show that it can accommodate the persistence structures observed for dendrochronological records more successfully than an F or any other of a family of related processes examined herein. Further, some question arises as to the empirical plausibility of an F process. Dendrochronologic records are used because they are widely held to be surrogates for records of average hydrologic phenomena and the length of these records allows one to explore questions of stochastic process structure which cannot be explored with great validity in the case of generally much shorter hydrologic records.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90167-8","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Landwehr, J., and Matalas, N., 1986, On the nature of persistence in dendrochronologic records with implications for hydrology: Journal of Hydrology, v. 86, no. 3-4, p. 239-277, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90167-8.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"277","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ddfe4b0c8380cd75386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landwehr, J.M.","contributorId":39815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matalas, N.C.","contributorId":25173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matalas","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015667,"text":"70015667 - 1986 - Groundwater model of the Blue River basin, Nebraska-Twenty years later","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:25:32.00409","indexId":"70015667","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater model of the Blue River basin, Nebraska-Twenty years later","docAbstract":"Groundwater flow models have become almost a routine tool of the practicing hydrologist. Yet, surprisingly little attention has been given to true verification analysis of studies using these models. This paper examines predictions for 1982 of water-level declines and streamflow depletions that were made in 1965 using an electric analog groundwater model of the Blue River basin in southeastern Nebraska. Analysis of the model's predictions suggests that the analog model used too low an estimate of net groundwater withdrawals, yet overestimated water-level declines. The model predicted that almost all of the net groundwater pumpage would come from storage in the Pleistocene aquifer within the Blue River basin. It appears likely that the model underestimated the contributions of other sources of water to the pumpage, and that the aquifer storage coefficients used in the model were too low. There is some evidence that groundwater pumpage has had a greater than predicted effect on streamflow. Considerable uncertainty about the basic conceptualization of the hydrology of the Blue River basin greatly limits the reliability of groundwater models developed for the basin. The paper concludes with general perspectives on groundwater modeling gained from this post-audit analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90058-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Alley, W., and Emery, P.A., 1986, Groundwater model of the Blue River basin, Nebraska-Twenty years later: Journal of Hydrology, v. 85, no. 3-4, p. 225-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90058-2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Blue River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.95009987605386,\n 41.428729545197314\n ],\n [\n -98.95009987605386,\n 40.049780894036104\n ],\n [\n -97.22563000651064,\n 40.049780894036104\n ],\n [\n -97.22563000651064,\n 41.428729545197314\n ],\n [\n -98.95009987605386,\n 41.428729545197314\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2daae4b0c8380cd5bf94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, W.M.","contributorId":6853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emery, P. A.","contributorId":49392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015107,"text":"70015107 - 1986 - Determination of the components of stormflow using water chemistry and environmental isotopes, Mattole River basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T17:01:22.199135","indexId":"70015107","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of the components of stormflow using water chemistry and environmental isotopes, Mattole River basin, California","docAbstract":"The chemical and isotopic composition of rainfall and stream water was monitored during a storm in the Mattole River basin of northwestern California. About 250 mm of rain fell during 6 days (∼80% within a 42 h period) in late January, 1972, following 24 days of little or no precipitation. River discharge near Petrolia increased from 22 m3 s−1 to a maximum of 1300 m3 s−1 while chloride and silica concentrations decreased only from 3.2 to 2.1 and 11.5 to 8.6 mgl−1, respectively. Meanwhile, the isotopic composition of the river changed from δD = -42%, δ18O = -6.8% and 40 tritium units (T.U.) to extreme values at highest flow of δD = -35%, δ18O = -5.9% and 25 T.U. in response to volume-weighted rainfall averaging δD = -19.5%, δ18O = -3.1% and 18 T.U.
Despite much rainfall of a composition quite different from that of the prestorm river water, “buffering” processes in the watershed greatly restricted changes in the chemical and isotopic content of the river during storm runoff. Because of the physical and hydrologic characteristics of the watershed, major contributions of groundwater to stormflow are very unlikely. The large increase in dissolved chemical load observed at maximum river discharge required that extensive interaction with, and presumably penetration of, soils occurred within a few hours time. Such a large increase in chemical load also required subsurface stormflow throughout a high proportion of the watershed. Chemical and isotopic stabilization of stormflow is believed to be due mainly to displacement of prestorm soil water, with some effects on river chemistry due to rapid rain-soil interactions.
The isotopic and chemical composition of prestorm soil moisture cannot readily be predicted a priori because of possible variability in rainfall composition, evaporation, and exchange with atmospheric moisture, nor can it be assumed that baseflow has a predictable relation to the chemical or isotopic composition of water displaced from soils during storms. Therefore, it seems inappropriate to draw conclusions as to the relative proportions of groundwater and rainfall in runoff from a particular storm based only on the average compositions of rainfall, stormflow, and prestorm river water, as has been done in most previous isotope hydrograph studies.
Given the great variation in hydrology, topography, soil characteristics, rainfall intensity and quantity, etc. from place to place, the relative amount of overland flow, subsurface flow from the unsaturated zone and of groundwater in stormflow can vary greatly in time and space.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90047-8","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, V.C., Kendall, C., Zellweger, G.W., Wyerman, T., and Avanzino, R., 1986, Determination of the components of stormflow using water chemistry and environmental isotopes, Mattole River basin, California: Journal of Hydrology, v. 84, no. 1-2, p. 107-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90047-8.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"140","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mattole River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.66076901810318,\n 41.24769075904615\n ],\n [\n -124.66076901810318,\n 40.29144847221866\n ],\n [\n -123.49102920002188,\n 40.29144847221866\n ],\n [\n -123.49102920002188,\n 41.24769075904615\n ],\n [\n -124.66076901810318,\n 41.24769075904615\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffd4e4b0c8380cd4f3ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wyerman, T.A.","contributorId":96704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyerman","given":"T.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015693,"text":"70015693 - 1986 - Limnological characteristics of selected lakes in the Nebraska sandhills, U.S.A., and their relation to chemical characteristics of adjacent ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:44:57.77595","indexId":"70015693","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limnological characteristics of selected lakes in the Nebraska sandhills, U.S.A., and their relation to chemical characteristics of adjacent ground water","docAbstract":"Limnological characteristics of Crane, Hackberry, Island and Roundup Lakes, and chemical characteristics of shallow ground water, within the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge, western Nebraska, were determined during a preliminary investigation of the interaction between lakes and ground water in this study area between 1980 and 1984. When ice cover was absent, the lakes were well-mixed vertically, regardless of season. Depth to which 1% of surface illumination penetrated was commonly less than 1m. Variability in light penetration, as measured by Secchidisk transparency, appeared to be unrelated to changes in algal biomass, even though algal biomass, measured as chlorophyll a, varied seasonally within a two-order-of-magnitude range. Blue-green algae were the most abundant phytoplankton; this condition occurred most often when the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus in the lakes' water was less than 29. Although rotifers and copepod naupli commonly were the most abundant zooplankton in the lakes, cladocerans were dominant occasionally.
Either sodium or calcium was the most abundant cation, and bicarbonate was the most abundant anion, in water from water-table wells and lakes sampled during the study. The second most abundant cation in the ground water was related to the location of the sampled well within the ground-water system. The lakes were a source of dissolved organic carbon seeping to ground water. Chemical and hydrologic data indicate there is interaction between lakes and ground water in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90168-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"La Baugh, J., 1986, Limnological characteristics of selected lakes in the Nebraska sandhills, U.S.A., and their relation to chemical characteristics of adjacent ground water: Journal of Hydrology, v. 86, no. 3-4, p. 279-298, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90168-X.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"298","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224112,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.61257459658773,\n 41.85817501335205\n ],\n [\n -102.61257459658773,\n 41.644374217183724\n ],\n [\n -102.14500338642002,\n 41.644374217183724\n ],\n [\n -102.14500338642002,\n 41.85817501335205\n ],\n [\n -102.61257459658773,\n 41.85817501335205\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a479de4b0c8380cd678f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Baugh, J.W.","contributorId":46226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Baugh","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015687,"text":"70015687 - 1986 - River meanders and channel size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-23T15:13:08.595739","indexId":"70015687","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"River meanders and channel size","docAbstract":"This study uses an enlarged data set to (1) compare measured meander geometry to that predicted by the Langbein and Leopold (1966) theory, (2) examine the frequency distribution of the ratio radius of curvature/channel width, and (3) derive 40 empirical equations (31 of which are original) involving meander and channel size features. The data set, part of which comes from publications by other authors, consists of 194 sites from a large variety of physiographic environments in various countries. The Langbein-Leopold sine-generated-curve theory for predicting radius of curvature agrees very well with the field data (78 sites). The ratio radius of curvature/channel width has a modal value in the range of 2 to 3, in accordance with earlier work; about one third of the 79 values is less than 2.0. The 40 empirical relations, most of which include only two variables, involve channel cross-section dimensions (bankfull area, width, and mean depth) and meander features (wavelength, bend length, radius of curvature, and belt width). These relations have very high correlation coefficients, most being in the range of 0.95-0.99. Although channel width traditionally has served as a scale indicator, bankfull cross-sectional area and mean depth also can be used for this purpose.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90202-7","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Williams, G.P., 1986, River meanders and channel size: Journal of Hydrology, v. 88, no. 1-2, p. 147-164, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90202-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"164","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223999,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aadb1e4b0c8380cd86f5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, G. P.","contributorId":97472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015650,"text":"70015650 - 1986 - A comparison of the coupled fresh water-salt water flow and the Ghyben-Herzberg sharp interface approaches to modeling of transient behavior in coastal aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:30:13.223878","indexId":"70015650","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of the coupled fresh water-salt water flow and the Ghyben-Herzberg sharp interface approaches to modeling of transient behavior in coastal aquifer systems","docAbstract":"A quasi-three dimensional finite difference model which simulates coupled, fresh water and salt water flow, separated by a sharp interface, is used to investigate the effects of storage characteristics, transmissivity, boundary conditions and anisotropy on the transient responses of such flow systems. The magnitude and duration of the departure of aquifer response from the behavior predicted using the Ghyben-Herzberg, one-fluid approach is a function of the ease with which flow can be induced in the salt water region. In many common hydrogeologic settings short-term fresh water head responses, and transitional responses between short-term and long-term, can only be realistically reproduced by including the effects of salt water flow on the dynamics of coastal flow systems. The coupled fresh water-salt water flow modeling approach is able to reproduce the observed annual fresh water head response of the Waialae aquifer of southeastern Oahu, Hawaii.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90012-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Essaid, H., 1986, A comparison of the coupled fresh water-salt water flow and the Ghyben-Herzberg sharp interface approaches to modeling of transient behavior in coastal aquifer systems: Journal of Hydrology, v. 86, no. 1-2, p. 169-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90012-0.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"193","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224165,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.2928500311901,\n 21.77866910239088\n ],\n [\n -158.2928500311901,\n 21.230143945209946\n ],\n [\n -157.626889717843,\n 21.230143945209946\n ],\n [\n -157.626889717843,\n 21.77866910239088\n ],\n [\n -158.2928500311901,\n 21.77866910239088\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e377e4b0c8380cd46047","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Essaid, H.I.","contributorId":22342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015711,"text":"70015711 - 1986 - A boundary element-Random walk model of mass transport in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:20:17.386258","indexId":"70015711","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A boundary element-Random walk model of mass transport in groundwater","docAbstract":"A boundary element solution to the convective mass transport in groundwater is presented. This solution produces a continuous velocity field and reduces the amount of data preparation time and bookkeeping.
By combining this solution and the random walk procedure, a convective-dispersive mass transport model is obtained. This model may be easily used to simulate groundwater contamination problems.
The accuracy of the boundary element model has been verified by reproducing the analytical solution to a two-dimensional convective mass transport problem. The method was also used to simulate a convective-dispersive problem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90062-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Kemblowski, M., 1986, A boundary element-Random walk model of mass transport in groundwater: Journal of Hydrology, v. 85, no. 3-4, p. 305-318, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90062-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"318","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224387,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e32ce4b0c8380cd45e69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kemblowski, M.","contributorId":54340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemblowski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015068,"text":"70015068 - 1986 - Use of the chloride ion in determining hydrologic-basin water budgets - A 3-year case study in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:16:38.103513","indexId":"70015068","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of the chloride ion in determining hydrologic-basin water budgets - A 3-year case study in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Measurement of chloride concentration and water equivalent in precipitation and recharge at a site can be extrapolated to determine available moisture in a nearby basin. This method also may be extrapolated to a basin with similar climatic characteristics if precipitation, vegetation, and topographic data are available. The average accuracy of the total of evaporation, recharge, and runoff (assuming no storage) was about 10% of total precipitation. Soil-moisture measurements indicate the entire 10% error in moisture balance can be attributed to annual changes in storage. Data requirements for the method are considerably less than data requirements for energy-budget methods to determine available moisture.
Potential applications of the method to hydrologic problem-solving are:
1. (1) Estimating total available moisture from chloride concentrations in groundwater or surface water or both.
2. (2) Modeling paleoclimate scenarios and evaluating their correctness by comparison with paleo-groundwater chloride concentrations.
3. (3) Providing an independent comparison for water budgets obtained by energy-budget methods. Obviously the method cannot be applied readily to systems with a lithologic source of chloride. Most systems primarily consisting of tuff, intrusive volcanic rock, nonmarine sediments, quartzite, and other metamorphic rocks will be suitable for application of the model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90076-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Claassen, H., Reddy, M., and Halm, D., 1986, Use of the chloride ion in determining hydrologic-basin water budgets - A 3-year case study in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 85, no. 1-2, p. 49-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90076-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"71","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.26236941271583,\n 37.973786790349635\n ],\n [\n -108.26236941271583,\n 37.32252264711801\n ],\n [\n -106.96577592186041,\n 37.32252264711801\n ],\n [\n -106.96577592186041,\n 37.973786790349635\n ],\n [\n -108.26236941271583,\n 37.973786790349635\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf9de4b08c986b329c71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Claassen, H.C.","contributorId":74028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claassen","given":"H.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halm, D.R.","contributorId":54352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halm","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015631,"text":"70015631 - 1986 - Groundwater flow into Lake Michigan from Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:08:31.924749","indexId":"70015631","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater flow into Lake Michigan from Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Detailed hydrogeological study has been done at six sites along the Lake Michigan shoreline in Wisconsin. At each site a flux of groundwater to the lake has been calculated for both natural conditions and the existing conditions created by pumping. The values from each site have then been extrapolated to the entire portion of the total shoreline having similar hydrogeology in order to calculate a total flow of groundwater to the lake. Sensitivity analysis with a digital model was used to define limits on the similarity of hydrogeologic conditions.
The net flow calculated is 580–880 m3 day−1 km−1 of shoreline, which falls within the previously published range of 110–8200 m3 day−1 km−1. Human activity may have reduced the natural flow as much as 15%. The estimated natural flow is between 7 and 11% of the surface water contribution to the lake from the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90126-5","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Cherkauer, D., and Hensel, B., 1986, Groundwater flow into Lake Michigan from Wisconsin: Journal of Hydrology, v. 84, no. 3-4, p. 261-271, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90126-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"271","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223832,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.29697155974961,\n 45.254760089058976\n ],\n [\n -87.89261675173874,\n 45.254760089058976\n ],\n [\n -87.89261675173874,\n 42.57857557165951\n ],\n [\n -87.29697155974961,\n 42.57857557165951\n ],\n [\n -87.29697155974961,\n 45.254760089058976\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da2e4b0c8380cd5bf6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherkauer, D.S.","contributorId":62756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherkauer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hensel, B.R.","contributorId":83669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014577,"text":"70014577 - 1986 - Chronology and correlation of glacial deposits in the Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T16:16:57.426011","indexId":"70014577","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology and correlation of glacial deposits in the Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(86)90181-2","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Fullerton, D.S., 1986, Chronology and correlation of glacial deposits in the Sierra Nevada, California: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 161-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(86)90181-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"169","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225456,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.8428784839162,\n 40.74417249983023\n ],\n [\n -122.45679069974187,\n 38.80713481194367\n ],\n [\n -121.2604473220224,\n 36.84629368293875\n ],\n [\n -119.15777595665526,\n 35.14656669413122\n ],\n [\n -118.27339364905856,\n 35.74607275664532\n ],\n [\n -121.78080471685462,\n 40.81083634509454\n ],\n [\n -122.8428784839162,\n 40.74417249983023\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f4e4b0c8380cd4c4ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fullerton, D. S.","contributorId":103357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014592,"text":"70014592 - 1986 - Stratigraphy and chronology of glaciations in Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T16:41:45.353416","indexId":"70014592","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and chronology of glaciations in Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(86)90177-0","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Richmond, G., 1986, Stratigraphy and chronology of glaciations in Yellowstone National Park: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 83-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(86)90177-0.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225784,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.00597089102172,\n 45.008513303376816\n ],\n [\n -111.00597089102172,\n 43.008727322544644\n ],\n [\n -107.9708946147959,\n 43.008727322544644\n ],\n [\n -107.9708946147959,\n 45.008513303376816\n ],\n [\n -111.00597089102172,\n 45.008513303376816\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b997ce4b08c986b31c44f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, G.M.","contributorId":104066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014581,"text":"70014581 - 1986 - Tentative correlation of deposits of the cordilleran ice-sheet in the northern Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T16:35:04.183729","indexId":"70014581","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tentative correlation of deposits of the cordilleran ice-sheet in the northern Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(86)90179-4","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Richmond, G., 1986, Tentative correlation of deposits of the cordilleran ice-sheet in the northern Rocky Mountains: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 129-144, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(86)90179-4.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"144","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225521,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Washington","otherGeospatial":"northern Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.63819690500728,\n 49.00320507750959\n ],\n [\n -122.63819690500728,\n 47.73434713020055\n ],\n [\n -114.25555178250362,\n 47.73434713020055\n ],\n [\n -114.25555178250362,\n 49.00320507750959\n ],\n [\n -122.63819690500728,\n 49.00320507750959\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba540e4b08c986b320904","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, G.M.","contributorId":104066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014662,"text":"70014662 - 1986 - Stratigraphy and correlation of the glacial deposits on the Montana Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T16:49:41.103712","indexId":"70014662","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and correlation of the glacial deposits on the Montana Plains","docAbstract":"Till units representing at least three pre-Illinoian continental glaciations, at least one Illinoian glaciation, and a late Wisconsin glaciation have been identified on the Montana Plains. Early Wisconsin or middle Wisconsin till units have not been identified. The southernmost limit of late Wisconsin glaciation is in Montana, more than 170 km south of the Lethbridge moraine in Alberta, Canada (Figs 1 and 2). An interpretation that the Lethbridge moraine is the limit of late Wisconsin glaciation (Stalker, 1977, 1980, 1983b; Stalker and Harrison, 1977; Rutter, 1980, 1981; Jackson, 1983) is incompatible with stratigraphic and morphologic evidence from Montana.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(86)90176-9","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Fullerton, D.S., and Colton, R.B., 1986, Stratigraphy and correlation of the glacial deposits on the Montana Plains: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 69-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(86)90176-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"82","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225844,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.17559356222026,\n 50.481651984799896\n ],\n [\n -114.17559356222026,\n 47.573711193859054\n ],\n [\n -103.67977041433366,\n 47.573711193859054\n ],\n [\n -103.67977041433366,\n 50.481651984799896\n ],\n [\n -114.17559356222026,\n 50.481651984799896\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9987e4b08c986b31c48f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fullerton, D. S.","contributorId":103357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colton, R. B.","contributorId":40186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014518,"text":"70014518 - 1986 - Stratigraphy and correlation of glacial deposits from Indiana to New York and New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T16:03:34.128329","indexId":"70014518","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and correlation of glacial deposits from Indiana to New York and New Jersey","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(86)90171-X","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Fullerton, D.S., 1986, Stratigraphy and correlation of glacial deposits from Indiana to New York and New Jersey: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 23-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(86)90171-X.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225709,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.7327759116325,\n 40.92891438190114\n ],\n [\n -87.7327759116325,\n 38.75721673580796\n ],\n [\n -73.8022064395424,\n 38.75721673580796\n ],\n [\n -73.8022064395424,\n 40.92891438190114\n ],\n [\n -73.77699525358075,\n 42.283648818408594\n ],\n [\n -75.34019740154605,\n 43.00191277214675\n ],\n [\n -77.4539913323588,\n 42.84817961650145\n ],\n [\n -79.25610585286061,\n 42.57282470417434\n ],\n [\n -79.99453571670821,\n 41.87767874860566\n ],\n [\n -87.7327759116325,\n 40.92891438190114\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9983e4b08c986b31c47d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fullerton, D. S.","contributorId":103357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015629,"text":"70015629 - 1986 - Determination of ammonium in a buddingtonite sample by ion-chromatography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T15:46:04.853789","indexId":"70015629","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3517,"text":"Talanta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of ammonium in a buddingtonite sample by ion-chromatography","docAbstract":"An ion-chromatographic method for the direct determination of ammonium, potassium, and sodium in geologic materials is described. Samples are decomposed with a mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids in a sealed polycarbonate bottle heated in a microwave oven. The ion-chromatograph separates the cations and determines them by conductivity measurement. The ammonium concentrations thus determined have been verified by use of an ammonia-specific electrode. A total of 32 analyses of ammonium salts by both techniques showed an average error of −4%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6%. The ammonium concentrations found in a buddingtonite sample had an RSD of 2.2% and their mean agreed with that obtained by the Kjeldahl method. By use of the prescribed dilution of the sample, detection limits of 0.1% can be achieved for all three cations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0039-9140(86)80261-2","issn":"00399140","usgsCitation":"Klock, P., and Lamothe, P.J., 1986, Determination of ammonium in a buddingtonite sample by ion-chromatography: Talanta, v. 33, no. 6, p. 495-498, https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(86)80261-2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"498","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff92e4b0c8380cd4f270","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klock, P.R.","contributorId":62588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klock","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014591,"text":"70014591 - 1986 - An analytical scheme for determining forms of sulphur in oil shales and associated rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T15:35:21.069433","indexId":"70014591","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3517,"text":"Talanta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An analytical scheme for determining forms of sulphur in oil shales and associated rocks","docAbstract":"An analytical scheme for determining various forms of sulphur in oil shales and associated rocks is presented. Acid-soluble sulphate, sulphur contained in monosulphide and in disulphide minerals, and organically-bound sulphur are all quantitatively recovered as separate fractions. Finely-ground oil-shale samples are treated in an inert atmosphere with 6M hydrochloric acid to dissolve the acid-soluble sulphate minerals and form H2S from the decomposition of monosulphide minerals. The acid-soluble sulphate is precipitated as barium sulphate and the H2S is collected and weighed as silver sulphide. Disulphide minerals in the solid residue from the acid treatment are reduced by an acidified Cr(II) solution in an inert atmosphere, releasing the sulphide as H2S. The H2S is collected as silver sulphide. An Eschka fusion oxidizes and solubilizes all sulphur remaining within the Cr(II)-treated residue. This sulphate represents organically-bound sulphur and is collected as barium sulphate. The analytical procedures have been verified by using 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. Good agreement between the chemical and Mössbauer data substantiated the sequential removal of the forms of sulphur and also demonstrated the ability of Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine the absolute quantities of iron present in specific minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0039-9140(86)80234-X","issn":"00399140","usgsCitation":"Tuttle, M.L., Goldhaber, M., and Williamson, D., 1986, An analytical scheme for determining forms of sulphur in oil shales and associated rocks: Talanta, v. 33, no. 12, p. 953-961, https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(86)80234-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"953","endPage":"961","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9f9e4b0c8380cd48579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuttle, M. L.","contributorId":71992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williamson, D.L.","contributorId":105600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015618,"text":"70015618 - 1986 - Separation and preconcentration of the rare-earth elements and yttrium from geological materials by ion-exchange and sequential acid elution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T15:43:00.655404","indexId":"70015618","displayToPublicDate":"2001-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3517,"text":"Talanta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Separation and preconcentration of the rare-earth elements and yttrium from geological materials by ion-exchange and sequential acid elution","docAbstract":"The abundance of rare-earth elements (REE) and yttrium in geological materials is generally low, and most samples contain elements that interfere in the determination of the REE and Y, so a separation and/or preconcentration step is often necessary. This is often achieved by ion-exchange chromatography with either nitric or hydrochloric acid. It is advantageous, however, to use both acids sequentially. The final solution thus obtained contains only the REE and Y, with minor amounts of Al, Ba, Ca, Sc, Sr and Ti. Elements that potentially interfere, such as Be, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Th, U, V and Zr, are virtually eliminated. Inductively-coupled argon plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy can then be used for a final precise and accurate measurement. The method can also be used with other instrumental methods of analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0039-9140(86)80137-0","issn":"00399140","usgsCitation":"Crock, J., Lichte, F., Riddle, G.O., and Beech, C., 1986, Separation and preconcentration of the rare-earth elements and yttrium from geological materials by ion-exchange and sequential acid elution: Talanta, v. 33, no. 7, p. 601-606, https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(86)80137-0.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"606","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d3ee4b08c986b3182f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riddle, G. 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This report summarizes how the barrier islands were created, how they have changed, and why they will continue to change in spite of efforts to halt the natural processes. The Outer Banks of North Carolina are used as an example in this report, but the principles outlined are applicable to other barrier islands on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nFor sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1177B","usgsCitation":"Dolan, R., and Lins, H.F., 1986, The Outer Banks of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1177, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1177B.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1177b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32695,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1177b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dolan, Robert","contributorId":16405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":151722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":66145,"text":"i1509A - 1986 - Geologic and structure maps of the Wallace 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Montana and Idaho: A digital database","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":41065,"text":"ofr7733 - 1977 - Preliminary geologic map of southwestern part of the Wallace 1:250,000 sheet, Idaho-Montana","indexId":"ofr7733","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of southwestern part of the Wallace 1:250,000 sheet, Idaho-Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":66145,"text":"i1509A - 1986 - Geologic and structure maps of the Wallace 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Montana and Idaho: A digital database","indexId":"i1509A","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geologic and structure maps of the Wallace 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Montana and Idaho: A digital database"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":41132,"text":"ofr7437 - 1974 - Preliminary geologic map of part of the Wallace 1:250,000 sheet, Idaho-Montana","indexId":"ofr7437","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of part of the Wallace 1:250,000 sheet, Idaho-Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":66145,"text":"i1509A - 1986 - Geologic and structure maps of the Wallace 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Montana and Idaho: A digital database","indexId":"i1509A","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geologic and structure maps of the Wallace 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Montana and Idaho: A digital database"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-28T19:50:55.675403","indexId":"i1509A","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1509","chapter":"A","title":"Geologic and structure maps of the Wallace 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Montana and Idaho: A digital database","docAbstract":"This dataset was digitized by the U.S. Geological Survey EROS Data Center and U.S. Geological Survey Spokane Field Office for input into an Arc/Info geographic information system (GIS). 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Within this high region are the four largest and youngest volcanoes on Mars: Olympus Mons, Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Ascraeus Mons. The latter three collectively form the large northeast-trending, volcanic mountain chain of the Tharsis Montes. This volcanic chain lies athwart the global highland-lowland boundary that transects the western equatorial region. The boundary, where not covered b young lava flows, is marked by a gentle, irregular scarp bordered by clusters of low knobby hills. It separates the relatively smooth, flat, sparsely cratered northern plains from the higher, rougher, more densely cratered plateau terrain of the southern highlands. A vast system of canyons, the Valles Marineris, originates in Noctis Labyrinthus, just east of the Tharsis-Syria swell, and extends eastward for several thousand kilometers. Ancient rivers channels appear to have sources in canyons and chaotic terrain north of Valles Marineris and in a large fissure at the head of the Mangala Valles. Visible remnants of large circular basins are not as common on Mars as on the Moon, probably because of more active erosion and deeper burial on Mars by eolian and fluvial activity and by widespread volcanism on both the highlands and plains. The youngest and best preserved impact basin on Mars, lying in the western hemisphere, is more than 1,000 km across. It has a broad flat floor (Argyre Planitia) covered by eolian materials and volcanic flows; the floor is several kilometers below its encompassing rough mountainous rim.
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}\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698381","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Moody, David W.","contributorId":84729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573889,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chase, Edith B.","contributorId":11192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Edith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573890,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aronson, David A.","contributorId":89112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aronson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573891,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"United States Geological Survey","contributorId":128013,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"United States Geological Survey","id":905269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":62068,"text":"a13 - 1986 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the Ohio Range, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:45","indexId":"a13","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":305,"text":"Antarctic Map","code":"A","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"13","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the Ohio Range, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/a13","usgsCitation":"McCartan, L., Bradshaw, M., and Kellogg, K., 1986, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Ohio Range, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: U.S. Geological Survey Antarctic Map 13, 1 Sheet, 30 x 41 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/a13.","productDescription":"1 Sheet, 30 x 41 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":112486,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://repository.agic.umn.edu/maps/usgs/geologic/a13_ohio/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":248254,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/a/13/report.pdf","size":"26","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":248255,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/a/13/plate-1.pdf","size":"4922","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":253077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/a/13/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 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anomalies, Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness Study Area, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T10:11:42","indexId":"mf1795","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1795","title":"Maps and interpretation of geochemical anomalies, Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness Study Area, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"In March 1982, as part of the mineral resource investigations of the area, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a reconnaissance geochemical survey of the Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness Study Area (WSA), Riverside County, California. The survey involved collecting 196 heavy-mineral (panned) concentrates from stream sediment (the basis for these maps and the chief basis for the interpretations), the same number of sieved stream-sediment samples, and 25 samples of fresh, altered, or mineralized rocks. A broad regional geochemical framework for mineral resource evaluation was established by sampling a few miles beyond the boundaries of the WSA to include all of the Chuckwalla and Little Chuckwalla Mountains. These geochemical maps are therefore regional maps but of sufficient detail to allow valid conclusions about geochemical anomalies in the WSA.
\nThe geochemical data were evaluated in three phases: (1) determining enrichment above background amounts for ore-forming and pathfinder (ore-associated) elements; (2) determining the dispersion patterns of the anomalous elements; and (3) relating the dispersion patterns to geologic environments favorable to ore deposition.
\nThis report discusses and interprets geochemical results as they are seen at the reconnaissance stage. Analytical results for all samples collected are released in a U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report (Adrian and others, 1985). A statistical summary of the data from heavy-mineral concentrates and sieved stream sediments is shown in table 1. The analytical results for selected elements in rock samples are shown in table 2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1795","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.C., 1986, Maps and interpretation of geochemical anomalies, Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness Study Area, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1795, Plate: 41.20 x 54.34 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1795.","productDescription":"Plate: 41.20 x 54.34 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":326199,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1795.JPG"},{"id":327561,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1795/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Riverside County","otherGeospatial":"Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness Study Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.5,33.25 ], [ -115.5,33.75 ], [ -115,33.75 ], [ -115,33.25 ], [ -115.5,33.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db657cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, K. C.","contributorId":49344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"K.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57319,"text":"wdrFL851A - 1986 - Water resources data, Florida, water year 1985, Volume 1A: Northeast Florida-surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-15T19:37:06.488164","indexId":"wdrFL851A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-85-1A","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1985, Volume 1A: Northeast Florida-surface water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1985 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharge for 285 streams, periodic discharge for 38 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 110 streams, continuous or daily stage for 124 streams, periodic stage for 32 streams, peak discharge for 98 streams, and peak stage for 87 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 89 lakes, periodic elevations for 82 lakes; continuous groundwater levels for 473 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 550 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 2,588 wells; quality-of-water data for 239 surface-water sites and 699 wells.
The data for northeast Florida include continuous or daily discharge for 75 streams, periodic discharge for 9 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 21 streams, continuous or daily stage for 22 streams, periodic stage for 21 streams, peak discharge for 17 streams, and peak stage for 25 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 20 lakes, periodic elevations for 35 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 40 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 103 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 590 wells; quality-of-water data for 19 surface-water sites and 82 wells.
These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state and federal agencies in Florida.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL851A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Florida and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, Water resources data, Florida, water year 1985, Volume 1A: Northeast Florida-surface water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-85-1A, xi, 290 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL851A.","productDescription":"xi, 290 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":428744,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1985/fl-85-1-a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182135,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1985/fl-85-1-a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Northeast Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.06473632228511,\n 30.589394948252348\n ],\n [\n -82.06473632228511,\n 28.624130221826974\n ],\n [\n -80.82701366493133,\n 28.624130221826974\n ],\n [\n -80.82701366493133,\n 30.589394948252348\n ],\n [\n -82.06473632228511,\n 30.589394948252348\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbcbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61018,"text":"mf1867 - 1986 - Map showing landslides in California that have caused fatalities or at least $1,000,000 in damages from 1906 to 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T10:03:24","indexId":"mf1867","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1867","title":"Map showing landslides in California that have caused fatalities or at least $1,000,000 in damages from 1906 to 1984","docAbstract":"Understanding where landslide processes in California have been most severe is helpful in determining priorities for landslide mapping, mitigation measures, and preparedness planning. Although a few studies of landslide damage and fatalities have been published (see sources of data 12, 17, 34, 36, 40), and many more reports mention landslide damage and fatalities incidentally, our map is the first to show where the problem is most severe for the entire state.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1867","usgsCitation":"Taylor, F., and Brabb, E.E., 1986, Map showing landslides in California that have caused fatalities or at least $1,000,000 in damages from 1906 to 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1867, Plate: 40.87 x 50.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1867.","productDescription":"Plate: 40.87 x 50.33 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":326123,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1867.JPG"},{"id":327549,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1867/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124,33 ], [ -124,42 ], [ -115,42 ], [ -115,33 ], [ -124,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a92e4b07f02db657794","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Fred","contributorId":50165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Fred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}