A deep scientific drilling experiment in San Andreas fault zone would provide data essential to understanding the structure, composition, mechanical behavior, and physical state of an active, major plate-boundary fault. Toward this end, we are working with an international team of scientists and engineers to propose a long-term, integrated program of surface-based geological and geophysical investigations and deep drilling along the San Andreas fault system.
Prior to drilling, a suite of comparative geodynamic models will be developed incorporating detailed investigations of geology, crustal structure, geophysical environment, hydrology, seismotectonics, and fault-movement history at each of the candidate sites. These studies will have a major impact on our understanding of the structure and physical properties of the San Andreas fault system and will form a critical framework for applying the knowledge gained in a deep San Andreas borehole to other segments of the fault and other tectonic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94EO00830","usgsCitation":"Hickman, S.H., Zoback, M.D., Younker, L., and Ellsworth, W.L., 1994, Deep scientific drilling in the San Andreas Fault Zone: Eos Science News, v. 75, no. 12, p. 137-141, https://doi.org/10.1029/94EO00830.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.94454354954112,\n 42.024641108980376\n ],\n [\n -126.19721011204467,\n 42.024641108980376\n ],\n [\n -126.19721011204467,\n 32.15938331674873\n ],\n [\n -113.94454354954112,\n 32.15938331674873\n ],\n [\n -113.94454354954112,\n 42.024641108980376\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":29431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Younker, Leland","contributorId":48720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Younker","given":"Leland","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185404,"text":"70185404 - 1994 - Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:11:19","indexId":"70185404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells","docAbstract":"The most extensive data base for fractured bedrock aquifers consists of drilling reports maintained by various state agencies. We investigated the accuracy and reliability of such reports by comparing a representative set of reports for nine wells drilled by conventional air percussion methods in granite with a suite of geophysical logs for the same wells designed to identify the depths of fractures intersecting the well bore which may have produced water during aquifer tests. Production estimates reported by the driller ranged from less than 1 to almost 10 gallons per minute. The moderate drawdowns maintained during subsequent production tests were associated with approximately the same flows as those measured when boreholes were dewatered during air percussion drilling. We believe the estimates of production during drilling and drawdown tests were similar because partial fracture zone dewatering during drilling prevented larger inflows otherwise expected from the steeper drawdowns during drilling. The fractures and fracture zones indicated on the drilling report and the amounts of water produced by these fractures during drilling generally agree with those identified from the geophysical log analysis. Most water production occurred from two fractured and weathered zones which are separated by an interval of unweathered granite. The fractures identified in the drilling reports show various depth discrepancies in comparison to the geophysical logs, which are subject to much better depth control. However, the depths of the fractures associated with water production on the drilling report are comparable to the depths of the fractures shown to be the source of water inflow in the geophysical log analysis. Other differences in the relative contribution of flow from fracture zones may by attributed to the differences between the hydraulic conditions during drilling, which represent large, prolonged drawdowns, and pumping tests, which consisted of smaller drawdowns maintained over shorter periods. We conclude that drilling reports filed by experienced well drillers contain useful information about the depth, thickness, degree of weathering, and production capacity of fracture zones supplying typical domestic water wells. The accuracy of this information could be improved if relatively simple and inexpensive geophysical well logs such as gamma, caliper, and normal resistivity logs were routinely run in conjunction with bedrock drilling projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00634.x","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F., and Duncanson, R., 1994, Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 2, p. 200-206, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00634.x.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"200","endPage":"206","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick","contributorId":189632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncanson, Russell","contributorId":189633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncanson","given":"Russell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185408,"text":"70185408 - 1994 - Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T09:56:40","indexId":"70185408","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","docAbstract":"Most analytical formulas used to model moisture retention in unsaturated porous media have been developed for the wet range and are unsuitable for applications in which low water contents are important. We have developed two models that fit the entire range from saturation to oven dryness in a practical and physically realistic way with smooth, continuous functions that have few parameters. Both models incorporate a power law and a logarithmic dependence of water content on suction, differing in how these two components are combined. In one model, functions are added together (model “sum”); in the other they are joined smoothly together at a discrete point (model “junction”). Both models also incorporate recent developments that assure a continuous derivative and force the function to reach zero water content at a finite value of suction that corresponds to oven dryness. The models have been tested with seven sets of water retention data that each cover nearly the entire range. The three-parameter sum model fits all data well and is useful for extrapolation into the dry range when data for it are unavailable. The two-parameter junction model fits most data sets almost as well as the sum model and has the advantage of being analytically integrable for convenient use with capillary-bundle models to obtain the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03238","usgsCitation":"Rossi, C., and Nimmo, J.R., 1994, Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 3, p. 701-708, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03238.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"701","endPage":"708","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossi, Cinzia","contributorId":189637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rossi","given":"Cinzia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170924,"text":"70170924 - 1994 - Movements of water, solutes, and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zones of two sand plains in the upper Midwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T06:40:59","indexId":"70170924","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-28T09:45:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements of water, solutes, and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zones of two sand plains in the upper Midwest","docAbstract":"Four month-long field experiments investigated movements of water and solutes through unsaturated sand plains near Princeton, Minnesota, and Oakes, North Dakota. Atrazine and bromide were applied to bare soils and soils planted with corn. The field plots were irrigated according to local farming practices. At the end of each experiment, unsaturated soils were analyzed for atrazine and bromide concentrations and oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of soil water. Most soil water was affected by evaporation but groundwater beneath the plots had no evaporative isotopic signature. Therefore most recharge consisted of water that was unaffected by evaporation. Sources of such water may have included snowmelt, prolonged or high-intensity rainfalls that were not interrupted by periods of drying, and water that moved through preferential flow paths. Preferential flow also was suggested by the detection of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and bromide in groundwater shortly after each application of irrigation water at Princeton and by isolated concentrations of atrazine and bromide in soil well below the main masses of chemicals at Oakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03099","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., and Emerson, D.G., 1994, Movements of water, solutes, and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zones of two sand plains in the upper Midwest: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 2, p. 253-267, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03099.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"267","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573457c5e4b0dae0d5ddd394","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, Stephen C.","contributorId":12875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"Stephen C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017550,"text":"70017550 - 1994 - Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T16:37:36.768545","indexId":"70017550","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan","docAbstract":"A high-resolution, regional climate model nested within a general circulation model was used to study the interactions between the atmosphere and the large Pleistocene lakes in the Great Basin of the United States. Simulations for January and July 18,000 years ago indicate that moisture provided by synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation features was the primary component of the hydrologic budgets of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville. In addition, lake-generated precipitation was a substantial component of the hydrologic budget of Lake Bonneville at that time. This local lake-atmosphere interaction may help explain differences in the relative sizes of these lakes 18,000 years ago.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.263.5147.665","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., Giorgi, F., Bates, G.T., and Bartlein, P., 1994, Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan: Science, v. 263, no. 5147, p. 665-668, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5147.665.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"665","endPage":"668","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.74369648695927,\n 42.132603763621205\n ],\n [\n -119.74369648695927,\n 35.0093127705463\n ],\n [\n -111.72876361909215,\n 35.0093127705463\n ],\n [\n -111.72876361909215,\n 42.132603763621205\n ],\n [\n -119.74369648695927,\n 42.132603763621205\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"263","issue":"5147","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4171e4b0c8380cd6551e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bates, G. T.","contributorId":29147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bates","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199515,"text":"70199515 - 1994 - Evaluation of measurement scale using imbibition experiments in volcanic tuffs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T16:58:07","indexId":"70199515","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T16:57:43","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of measurement scale using imbibition experiments in volcanic tuffs","docAbstract":"A major issue in the site characterization at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential site for a high-level nuclear waste repository, is the relevance of laboratory-scale measurements on cores to field-scale processes, particularly water flow. Calculation of Philip`s sorptivity parameter using imbibition of water into rock was selected as a simple test to describe hydrologic parameters at both laboratory and field scales and to study effects of sample size and spatial variability. Laboratory-scale imbibition experiments were conducted on two sizes of core from two boreholes drilled in layered nonwelded tuff and fractured welded tuff. Laboratory experiments were compared with field experiments in the boreholes using neutron logs and a field-scale Mariotte system. Measured sorptivity for both sizes of core were virtually identical and both could predict field-scale sorptivity if enough samples were used to account for spatial heterogeneity. Core data was less useful in predicting the neutron log data due to the nature of the neutron probe measurement and difficulties in accounting for effects of the unique system geometry. Mean neutron log values could not predict the field results from the welded borehole due to fractures transmitting but not retaining water, and could not predict laboratory results because of scale and sampling volume differences. The mean neutron log data could, however, approximate the large-scale field results in the nonwelded borehole.
Measurements of the concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium, and other environmental tracers can be used to calculate recharge ages of shallow groundwater and estimate rates of groundwater movement. Numerical simulation also provides quantitative estimates of flow rates, flow paths, and mixing properties of the groundwater system. The environmental tracer techniques and the hydraulic analyses each contribute to the understanding and quantification of the flow of shallow groundwater. However, when combined, the two methods provide feedback that improves the quantification of the flow system and provides insight into the processes that are the most uncertain. A case study near Locust Grove, Maryland, is used to investigate the utility of combining groundwater age dating, based on CFCs and tritium, and hydraulic analyses using numerical simulation techniques. The results of the feedback between an advective transport model and the estimates of groundwater ages determined by the CFCs improve a quantitative description of the system by refining the system conceptualization and estimating system parameters. The plausible system developed with this feedback between the advective flow model and the CFC ages is further tested using a solute transport simulation to reproduce the observed tritium distribution in the groundwater. The solute transport simulation corroborates the plausible system developed and also indicates that, for the system under investigation with the data obtained from 0.9-m-long (3-foot-long) well screens, the hydrodynamic dispersion is negligible. Together the two methods enable a coherent explanation of the flow paths and rates of movement while indicating weaknesses in the understanding of the system that will require future data collection and conceptual refinement of the groundwater system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR02655","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., Plummer, N., Phillips, P., and Busenberg, E., 1994, The use of simulation and multiple environmental tracers to quantify groundwater flow in a shallow aquifer: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 2, p. 421-433, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02655.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"433","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f82991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Patrick J. pjphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pjphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25602,"text":"wri924109_1994 - 1994 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":25602,"text":"wri924109_1994 - 1994 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","indexId":"wri924109_1994","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":54031,"text":"wri924109 - 1998 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","indexId":"wri924109","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":54031,"text":"wri924109 - 1998 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","indexId":"wri924109","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T15:53:17.112706","indexId":"wri924109_1994","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4109","title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","docAbstract":"Northern Thurston County is underlain by as much as 1,000 feet of unconsolidated deposits of Pleistocene Age, that are of both glacial and nonglacial origin. Interpretation of 17 geologic sections led to the delineation of 7 major geohydrologic units, 3 of which constitute aquifers in the area. Precipitation ranges from about 35 to 65 inches per year across the study area. Estimates of gross recharge from precipitation indicate that the ground-water system of the area receives about 25 inches per year. The net recharge to the system (recharge from precipitation minus withdrawals from wells) is the equivalent of about 23 inches per year. Ground water generally moves toward marine bodies and to major surface drainage channels. Leakage from Lake St. Clair, which lies in a compound kettle within permeable glacial outwash, is almost 24 feet per year per unit area. Leakage from the lake may make up part of the water that discharges at McAllister Springs, north of the lake. Of the few water-quality problems encountered, the most widespread is seawater intrusion, which is caused by the activities of man. Most water-quality problems in the study area, however, are due to natural causes. Iron concentrations are as large as 21,000 micrograms per liter, manganese concentrations are as large as 3,400 micrograms per liter, and connate seawater is present in ground water in the southern pan of the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri924109_1994","usgsCitation":"Dion, N.P., Turney, G.L., and Jones, M., 1994, Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4109, 6 Plates: 35.42 x 39.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924109_1994.","productDescription":"6 Plates: 35.42 x 39.25 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4109-1994/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Thurston County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.02215576171875,\n 46.97463048970666\n ],\n [\n -122.74749755859375,\n 46.97463048970666\n ],\n [\n -122.74749755859375,\n 47.05889641405164\n ],\n [\n -123.02215576171875,\n 47.05889641405164\n ],\n [\n -123.02215576171875,\n 46.97463048970666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e87f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turney, G. L.","contributorId":95070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turney","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, M. A.","contributorId":37736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20897,"text":"ofr94276 - 1994 - Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T18:45:00.293289","indexId":"ofr94276","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-276","title":"Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys","docAbstract":"Twenty-four wells (21 locations) were core drilled into the limestone beneath the Keys, reef tract, and outer reefs to determine if sewage effluents injected in Class V wells onshore are reaching offshore reef areas via underground flow. These wells were fitted with PVC casings and well screens and were sampled every three months for a period of one year. Analyses showed consistent hypersalinity in most wells and a marked increase in nitrogen (as ammonia) in offshore ground water. Other forms of nitrogen (NO2 and NO3) and phosphorous were not particularly elevated in offshore ground water but were above the levels found in surface marine water. The highest levels of nitrogen (NO2 and NO3 ) and phosphorous were in shallow onshore ground waters. Sources for the nutrients in the shallow onshore ground water consist of septic tanks and cesspools (@ 24,000 and 5,000 in the Florida Keys, respectively), agricultural fertilizers, and natural vegetation. Ammonia concentrations were low in shallow ground waters beneath the Florida Keys, probably because of oxidizing conditions.
Tidal pumping is particularly active, especially nearshore. Hydraulic heads sufficient to elevate well water as much as 7 cm above sea level during falling tides were detected in all nearshore wells. During rising tides, the situation was reversed and water flowed into the wells. Tidal pumping implies considerable water movement both in and out of the upper few meters of limestone. Tidal pumping is a likely mechanism for mixing and transferring nutrient-rich ground water into the overlying marine waters. Although tidal pumping should cause rather complete mixing and dilution of any freshwater-based effluents entering the limestone via the more than 600 disposal wells in the Florida Keys, the ground waters in the 30- to 40-ft-depth range (9-12 m) nevertheless remained slightly hypersaline relative to sea water throughout the year.
Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcal bacteria were associated with three Lower Keys offshore wells and two shallow onshore wells at Key Largo. On occasions, these bacteria were detected farther offshore, once in a well 4 miles off Key Largo. The bacterial analyses for Key Largo (both onshore and offshore) are supported by two independent bacteriological researchers using more sophisticated methods than the standard 100-ml membrane-filter method used in this study. Fecal bacteria can serve as tracers; thus, we conclude their presence is possible evidence for offshore transport of ground waters originating on Key Largo. Elevated nutrients (ammonia) and slightly elevated dissolved total phosphorous in offshore ground waters, however, cannot be tied to onshore sources with existing data.
Rock analyses of material from our cores do not prove or disprove the hypothesis that limestone beneath the Keys or reef tract is serving as a sink for phosphorus or other nutrients. The data, however, do not rule out phosphorus uptake by limestone adjacent to disposal sources. For the purposes of this study, monitoring wells were not positioned sufficiently close to injection wells to determine if uptake of phosphorous is taking place. Ground waters were found to contain more dissolved solids than could be accounted for if hypersalinity resulted from simple evaporation of sea water. These data indicate that ground waters in the vicinity of our wells are dissolving solids from the rock rather than precipitating material within the rock framework; however, as mentioned above, our wells were not positioned sufficiently close to disposal wells to determine if localized uptake is occurring.
Examination of rock cores from these wells revealed a general distribution of reef- and grainstone-facies belts. The Upper and Middle Keys are composed of a thin coral reef facies that extends only a few hundred feet seaward of the Keys. Reef facies give way to mudstone facies within a few yards of shore on the Florida Bay side of the Keys. On the seaward side of the Keys, beneath Hawk Channel and White Bank, the Pleistocene limestone is a mixed grainstone, packstone, and wackstone facies. Corals are rare or absent. The Pleistocene limestone beneath the outer reefs 4 to 5 miles offshore, however, consists of reef facies with the same coral fauna as that found on Key Largo. This pattern of two major reef-facies belts separated by a 2- to 4-mile-wide belt of grainstone facies may have as yet undetermined effects on groundwater circulation beneath the Florida reef tract. Grainstone is approximately an order of magnitude less permeable than the coralline Key Largo Limestone facies.
The Q3 surface, a major subsurface unconformity thought to form an effective confining zone elsewhere in south Florida, was not detected in wells drilled more than 1 mile from shore. This unconformity, however, was detected in all wells drilled on or near the Keys. What was found to be a more effective and widespread confining layer is the Holocene sediment deposited on the Pleistocene limestone during the past 6,000 to 7,000 years. These relatively impermeable sediments are extensive, forming a belt up to 5 miles wide beginning about 0.5 mile offshore. Holocene sediments generally consist of low-permeability lime mud just above the Pleistocene surface, overlain by more permeable carbonate sands and reefs. Leakage of ground water by tidal pumping is not likely to occur through lime-mud-dominated areas such as Hawk Channel but is likely to occur through isolated porous and permeable Holocene reefs situated on Pleistocene limestone highs, and in places where Holocene sediment does not cover the limestone bedrock. Leakage is therefore limited to 1) a shallow-water 0.5-mile-wide nearshore belt of exposed Key Largo Limestone, 2) Holocene patch reefs, which grow on mud-free topographic rock highs, and 3) along the seaward side of the outermost reef in 35 to 65 ft (10-20 m) of water, where Holocene reef and sediment accumulations are thin or absent.
This study did not address direct measurements of lateral groundwater movement or a hydrologic mechanism for transporting hypersaline ground water away from the Florida Keys. More recent work, however (Halley et al., 1994), shows that sea level in Florida Bay is higher than on the Atlantic side of the Keys more than 50% of the time. Higher sea level on the bay side of the Keys provides a potential for groundwater flow toward the Atlantic most of the time. Use of tracers (dyes or harmless bacteriological tracers) injected into the center of tightly spaced clusters of monitoring wells is a simple way to ascertain the net direction and rate of groundwater movement. Knowing the direction and rate of groundwater movement is needed for prediction and modeling efforts in the future
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94276","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with NOAA Sanctuaries Reserves Division, NOAA National Underwater Research Program, Florida Keys Sanctuary Advisory Committee","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Reese, R.S., and Reich, C.D., 1994, Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-276, v, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94276.","productDescription":"v, 116 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50491,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0276/ofr94276.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.90 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":153559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0276/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 24.477150011148677\n ],\n [\n -81.727294921875,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -81.18896484375,\n 24.58459276519208\n ],\n [\n -80.64239501953125,\n 24.816653556469955\n ],\n [\n -80.36773681640625,\n 25.0383270525352\n ],\n [\n -80.17822265625,\n 25.341543769441667\n ],\n [\n -80.14801025390625,\n 25.527571660479637\n ],\n [\n -80.22491455078125,\n 25.527571660479637\n ],\n [\n -80.26885986328125,\n 25.43087300404471\n ],\n [\n -80.42266845703124,\n 25.232273973019627\n ],\n [\n -80.55450439453125,\n 25.22978942503438\n ],\n [\n -80.6781005859375,\n 25.13533901613099\n ],\n [\n -81.1065673828125,\n 25.07316070640961\n ],\n [\n -81.20269775390624,\n 25.175116531621764\n ],\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 24.749325626697196\n ],\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 24.477150011148677\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The effects of pesticides1 on water quality commonly are assessed by comparing measured concentrations of individual pesticide compounds in the environment with concentrations that have been determined to have potential adverse effects on humans, aquatic organisms, or other beneficial uses of water. Direct evaluation of the adverse effects of every pesticide present in a given hydrologic system is beyond the scope and budget of most water-quality studies. Many studies rely on standards or guidelines set by federal or state agencies or other institutions to indicate what concentrations may have adverse effects on human health, aquatic organisms, or wildlife. Such standards and guidelines generally are based on laboratory or field studies that document the effects of individual pesticides on specific aspects of water quality. Single-species toxicity tests (using a single species of a test organism) under various laboratory conditions are the most common type of study, whereas artificial ecosystem studies (using multiple species of a test organism) and field studies are relatively uncommon. Such studies rarely consider the effects of exposure to more than one chemical at a time. Technical information from such studies has been used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)2 in issuing national standards, such as drinking-water regulations (for example, see USEPA 1991a) and guidelines, such as ambient water-quality criteria for the protection of human health and aquatic organisms (for example, see USEPA 1980a) to meet its statutory requirements under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and the Clean Water Act (CWA). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also has used its authority under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to set action levels (enforceable regulatory limits) for unavoidable residues of pesticides in foods (FDA 1990).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4612-2680-2","usgsCitation":"Nowell, L., and Resek, E., 1994, National standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, sediment, and aquatic organisms, chap. of Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, v. 140, p. 1-154, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2680-2.","productDescription":"154 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"154","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276991,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"140","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521c78eae4b01458f784296f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nowell, L.H. 0000-0001-5417-7264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-7264","contributorId":47935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowell","given":"L.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Resek, E.A.","contributorId":85871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Resek","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199607,"text":"70199607 - 1994 - Field and modeling studies of multiphase fluid flow at the Bemidji, Minnesota crude-oil spill site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-21T10:18:28","indexId":"70199607","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T10:17:16","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Field and modeling studies of multiphase fluid flow at the Bemidji, Minnesota crude-oil spill site","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Toxic substances and the hydrologic sciences","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Hydrology","publisherLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","usgsCitation":"Essaid, H.I., Herkelrath, W.N., and Dillard, L., 1994, Field and modeling studies of multiphase fluid flow at the Bemidji, Minnesota crude-oil spill site, chap. of Toxic substances and the hydrologic sciences, p. 52-68.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357613,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11137fe4b034bf6a813ecd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dutton, A.R.","contributorId":93976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutton","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745964,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Essaid, Hedeff I. 0000-0003-0154-8628 hiessaid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-8628","contributorId":2284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"Hedeff","email":"hiessaid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkelrath, William N. 0000-0002-6149-5524 wnherkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5524","contributorId":2612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"William","email":"wnherkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dillard, L.A.","contributorId":32695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillard","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199243,"text":"70199243 - 1994 - Mantle helium in the groundwater of the Mirror Lake Basin, New Hampshire, USA, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-12T09:44:10","indexId":"70199243","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T09:36:47","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"displayTitle":"Mantle helium in the groundwater of the Mirror Lake Basin, New Hampshire, USA, 1994","title":"Mantle helium in the groundwater of the Mirror Lake Basin, New Hampshire, USA, 1994","docAbstract":"Helium isotope analyses of ground waters from the Mirror Lake drainage basin in central New Hampshire (USA) show helium in excess of air-saturated water by up to 200x. The freon ages of these waters are younger than 50 years, consistent with the local hydrology. This excess helium has an isotope ratio of ^3He/^4He = 1.65 ± 0.10 x 10^(-6). It is shown that this component cannot be the result of cosmogenic production or mixing with young water containing ^3He from the decay of (bomb) tritium. Measurements of the helium isotope ratio of local rocks indicate that they cannot be the source of this excess component. This strongly suggests that the excess helium component is the result of the addition of some external source of mantle helium. The generally accepted view suggests that mantle helium in continental environments is the result of active volcanism and extensional tectonics. The latest episodes of volcanism in this region of New England are related to the New England hot spot track (95-190 Myr) and the closure of the Iapetus (> 300 Myr). Thus, either the timescale for helium transport through the crust is of the order of 100's of Myr or the signature of mantle helium can be preserved in (e.g.) fluid inclusions for significant periods of time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Noble gas geochemistry and cosmoschemistry","language":"English","publisher":"Terra Scientific","publisherLocation":"Tokyo, Japan","usgsCitation":"Torgersen, T., Drenkard, S., Farley, K., Schlosser, P., and Shapiro, A.M., 1994, Mantle helium in the groundwater of the Mirror Lake Basin, New Hampshire, USA, 1994, chap. of Noble gas geochemistry and cosmoschemistry, p. 279-292.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"292","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357251,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111380e4b034bf6a813ed0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torgersen, T.","contributorId":83297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torgersen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drenkard, S.","contributorId":89292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drenkard","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farley, K.","contributorId":107610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farley","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schlosser, P.","contributorId":106656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70199240,"text":"70199240 - 1994 - Distribution and occurrence of organic acids in subsurface waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-12T09:28:54","indexId":"70199240","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T09:27:24","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Distribution and occurrence of organic acids in subsurface waters","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic acids in geological processes","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Berlin, Heidelberg","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-78356-2_3","usgsCitation":"Lundegard, P., and Kharaka, Y.K., 1994, Distribution and occurrence of organic acids in subsurface waters, chap. of Organic acids in geological processes, p. 40-69, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78356-2_3.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"69","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111380e4b034bf6a813ed4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lundegard, P.D.","contributorId":71323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundegard","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199239,"text":"70199239 - 1994 - Three-dimensional D4Z renumbering for iterative solution of ground-water flow and transport equations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-12T09:23:21","indexId":"70199239","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T09:19:40","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Three-dimensional D4Z renumbering for iterative solution of ground-water flow and transport equations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computational methods in water resources","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer","doi":"10.1007/978-94-010-9204-3_171","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K.L., Otto, J., and Russell, T.F., 1994, Three-dimensional D4Z renumbering for iterative solution of ground-water flow and transport equations, chap. of Computational methods in water resources, v. 5, no. 2, p. 1417-1424, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9204-3_171.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1417","endPage":"1424","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111380e4b034bf6a813ed8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. klkipp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","email":"klkipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":744785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otto, J.S.","contributorId":94797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otto","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Russell, Thomas F.","contributorId":189540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70244131,"text":"70244131 - 1994 - Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-02T14:26:45.076732","indexId":"70244131","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T09:09:07","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado","docAbstract":"A quantitative understanding of the factors controlling the variation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in headwater streams is of scientific concern for at least two reasons. First, quantifying the overall carbon budgets of lotic systems is needed for a fundamental understanding of these systems. Second, DOC interacts strongly with other dissolved substances (heavy metals in particular) and plays an important role in the transport of contaminants.
In the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado, measurements of DOC from 1980 to 1986 show rapid decreases in concentration from a peak very early in the snowmelt period. Peak DOC concentrations occur approximately one month prior to peak discharge in the stream. The decline in DOC with time is approximately exponential, suggesting that a simple flushing mechanism can explain the response. We examined hydrological mechanisms to explain the observed variability of DOC in the Snake River by simulating the hydrological response of the catchment using TOPMODEL and routing the predicted flows through a simple model that accounted for temporal changes in DOC. Conceptually the DOC model represents a terrestrial (soil) reservoir in which DOC builds up during low flow periods and is flushed out by infiltrating meltwaters. The model reproduces the main features of the observed variation in DOC in the Snake River and thus lays the foundation for quantitatively linking hydrological processes with carbon cycling through upland catchments. Model results imply that a significant fraction of the soils in the Snake River catchment contribute DOC to the stream during peak discharge. Our work represents one of the first attempts to quantitatively describe the hydrological controls on DOC dynamics in a headwater stream. These controls are studied through the model by imposing mass balance constraints on both the flux of water through the various DOC source areas and the amount of DOC that can accumulate in these areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00024390","usgsCitation":"Hornberger, G., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D., 1994, Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado: Biogeochemistry, v. 25, p. 147-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024390.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"165","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Montezuma","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.88914773375578,\n 39.58470796615606\n ],\n [\n -105.88914773375578,\n 39.52241233777417\n ],\n [\n -105.8177176302345,\n 39.52241233777417\n ],\n [\n -105.8177176302345,\n 39.58470796615606\n ],\n [\n -105.88914773375578,\n 39.58470796615606\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKnight, D.M.","contributorId":189736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199237,"text":"70199237 - 1994 - Wastewater treatment and groundwater contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-12T08:58:10","indexId":"70199237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T08:55:01","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Wastewater treatment and groundwater contamination","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater contamination and control","language":"English","publisher":"Marcel Decker","publisherLocation":"New York","usgsCitation":"Field, J., and Barber, L.B., 1994, Wastewater treatment and groundwater contamination, chap. of Groundwater contamination and control, p. 377-389.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"389","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357247,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111380e4b034bf6a813edb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, J.A.","contributorId":27616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199235,"text":"70199235 - 1994 - Use of oxygen-18 and deuterium to assess the hydrology of groundwater-lake systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-12T08:39:52","indexId":"70199235","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T08:35:41","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Use of oxygen-18 and deuterium to assess the hydrology of groundwater-lake systems","docAbstract":"A thorough understanding of a lake's hydrology is essential for many lake studies. In some situations the interactions between groundwater systems and lakes are complex; in other cases the hydrology of a multilake system needs to be quantified. In such places, stable isotopes offer an alternative to the more traditional piezometer networks, which are costly to install and time-consuming to maintain. The stable-isotope mass-balance relations presented here can be used to estimate groundwater exchange rates for individual lakes and geographically clustered lakes. These relations also can be used to estimate other hydrological factors, such as average relative humidity. In places where the groundwater system is unstable (e.g., where flow reversals occur), natural solute tracers may provide a better alternative than stable isotopes for estimating rates of groundwater flow to and from lakes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental chemistry of lakes and reservoirs","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ba-1994-0237.ch003","usgsCitation":"Krabbenhoft, D.P., Bowser, C.J., Kendall, C., and Gat, J.R., 1994, Use of oxygen-18 and deuterium to assess the hydrology of groundwater-lake systems, chap. 3 of Environmental chemistry of lakes and reservoirs, v. 237, p. 67-90, https://doi.org/10.1021/ba-1994-0237.ch003.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111380e4b034bf6a813edd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowser, Carl J.","contributorId":14050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowser","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":744779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gat, Joel R.","contributorId":190595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gat","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198768,"text":"70198768 - 1994 - Biogeochemical transformations of selenium in anoxic environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-17T08:34:09","indexId":"70198768","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T08:27:37","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Biogeochemical transformations of selenium in anoxic environments","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Selenium in the environment","language":"English","publisher":"Marcel Dekker","publisherLocation":"New York","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R.S., 1994, Biogeochemical transformations of selenium in anoxic environments, chap. of Selenium in the environment, p. 389-419.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"419","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356569,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111380e4b034bf6a813ee2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Frankenberger, W.T.","contributorId":207069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frankenberger","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742910,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, S.","contributorId":108054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742911,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59559,"text":"mf2264E - 1994 - Map showing surficial and hydrologic features in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:07:25","indexId":"mf2264E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2264","chapter":"E","title":"Map showing surficial and hydrologic features in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","docAbstract":"This is one in a series of five seismotectonic maps of the seismically active New Madrid area in southeast Missouri and adjacent parts of Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee (table 1). ). We cannot legibly show all the seismotectonic data on a single map, therefore each of the five maps in this series groups a different type of related information. Rhea and others (1994) summarized the background and purpose of the seismotectonic map folio. To aid in locating small features mentioned in the text and tables we have divided the map area into 16 tracts (fig. 1); some of the small features are identified by tract number.
\nThe focus of this map is earthquake effects in the New Madrid area. The first part of the discussion is a description of some superficial effects of three great earthquakes that struck the map area during the winter of 1811-12 (Nuttli, 1973). Next, we discuss other possible records of recent deformation that may have bearing on the assessment of seismic hazards. Finally, some features of uncertain origins are discussed; these have unknown bearing on hazard assessment. Some swampy or flooded areas, locally called sunklands, are discussed in two places because two of the sunklands formed or enlarged during the 1811-12 earthquakes, whereas the others are of uncertain origins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2264E","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., and Rhea, S., 1994, Map showing surficial and hydrologic features in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2264, Map: 57.62 x 42.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2264E.","productDescription":"Map: 57.62 x 42.60 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2264e.png"},{"id":284462,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2264-E/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"New Madrid","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd65f3e4b0b290851006e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhea, Susan","contributorId":81110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68352,"text":"ha722F - 1994 - Geohydrologic systems in Kansas: Physical framework of the lower aquifer unit in the western interior plains aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T19:25:30.356381","indexId":"ha722F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"722","chapter":"F","title":"Geohydrologic systems in Kansas: Physical framework of the lower aquifer unit in the western interior plains aquifer system","docAbstract":"The purpose of this Hydrologic Investigations Atlas is to provide a description of the principal geohydrologic systems in the Upper Cambrian through Lower Cretaceous rocks in Kansas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha722F","usgsCitation":"Hansen, C.V., Spinazola, J., and Wolf, R.J., 1994, Geohydrologic systems in Kansas: Physical framework of the lower aquifer unit in the western interior plains aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 722, 2 Plates: 49.79 x 41.28 inches and 41.14 x 35.16 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha722F.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 49.79 x 41.28 inches and 41.14 x 35.16 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ha722F.PNG"},{"id":403942,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16149.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":327478,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/722f/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8e0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, C. V.","contributorId":116823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spinazola, J. M.","contributorId":32574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolf, R. 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The deuterium content of about 300 ground-water samples and the oxygen-18 content of 101 of these samples are presented. Thirty-two of the samples were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1977–78 as part of a study to determine the mineral and brine potential of playa lakes in selected basins in southeastern California. Most of the remaining samples were collected during the winters and springs of 1981 and 1982 as part of the Climate Change Program of the Geological Survey. Selected additional samples were collected through 1986. Stable-isotope data from three previous studies also have been included. These data are for 19 samples from the Coso thermal area east of the southern Sierra Nevada (Fournier and Thompson, 1980, tables 1,2), 5 samples from areas in Nevada just east of Death Valley (Winograd and Friedman, 1972, table 1), and 9 samples from the Imperial Valley (Coplen, 1971, table 1). Also presented for comparison are weighted averages of deuterium content of recent precipitation collected for this report at 32 stations over the 7-year period from April 1982 to April 1989 (Irving Friedman and G.I. Smith, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1989).
","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha727","usgsCitation":"Gleason, J., Veronda, G., Smith, G., Friedman, I., and Martin, P.M., 1994, Deuterium content of water from wells and perennial springs, southeastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 727, 1 map :col. ;65 x 49 cm. on sheet 122 x 89 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha727.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;65 x 49 cm. on sheet 122 x 89 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89885,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/727/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119,33 ], [ -119,37 ], [ -11.833333333333334,37 ], [ -11.833333333333334,33 ], [ -119,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667332","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gleason, J.D.","contributorId":27072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veronda, Guida","contributorId":55429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veronda","given":"Guida","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, P. M.","contributorId":39003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":72594,"text":"fs04694 - 1994 - Great Salt Lake basins study unit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T11:39:54","indexId":"fs04694","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"046-94","title":"Great Salt Lake basins study unit","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began implementing a full-scale National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program.
The long-term goals of the NAWQA Program are to describe the status and trends in the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation’s surface- and ground-water resources and to provide a sound, scientific understanding of the primary natural and human factors that affect the quality of these resources. In meeting these goals, the program will produce a wealth of water-quality information that will be useful to policy makers and managers at Federal, State, and local levels.
A major design feature of the NAWQA Program will enable water-quality information at different areal scales to be integrated. A major component of the program is study-unit investigations, which ae the principal building blocks of the program upon which national-level assessment activities will be based. The 60 study-unit investigations that make up the program are hydrologic systems that include principal river basins and aquifer systems throughout the Nation. These study units cover areas from less than 1.000 to greater than 60,000 mi2 and incorporate from about 60 to 70 percent of the Nation’s water use and population served by public water supply. In 1993, assessment activities began in the Great Salt Lake Basins NAWQA study unit.
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