{"pageNumber":"4391","pageRowStart":"109750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184885,"records":[{"id":70016268,"text":"70016268 - 1990 - Chronology of expansion and contraction of four great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T17:37:31.852777","indexId":"70016268","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of expansion and contraction of four great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the past 35,000 years, Lake Bonneville, Lake Russell, and Lake Searles underwent a major period of lake-level change. The lakes were at moderate levels or dry at the beginning of the period and seem to have achieved highstands between about 15,000 and 13,500 yr B.P. The rise of Lake Lahontan was gradual but not continuous, in part because of topographic constraints (intrabasin spill). Lake Lahontan also had an oscillation in lake level at 15,500 yr B.P. Radiocarbon-age estimations for materials that were deposited in the lake basins indicate that Lake Bonneville rose more or less gradually from 32,000 yr B.P., and had major oscillations in level between 23,000 and 21,000 yr B.P. and between 15,250 and 14,500 yr B.P. Lake Russell and Lake Searles had several major oscillations in lake level between 35,000 and 14,000 yr B.P. The timing and exact magnitude of the oscillations are difficult to decipher but both lakes may have achieved multiple highstand states. All four lakes may have had nearly synchronous recessions between about 14,000 and 13,500 yr B.P. After the recessions, the lakes seem to have temporarily stabilized or experienced a minor increase in size between about 11,500 and 10,000 yr B.P. These data provide circumstantial evidence that the Younger Dryas Event affected climate on at least a hemispheric scale. During the Holocene, the four lakes remained at low levels, and small oscillations in lake level occurred. An important aspect of the lake-level data is the accompanying expansion of lake-surface area at the time of the last highstand. Lake Bonneville and Lake Lahontan had surface areas about 10 times larger than their mean-historical reconstructed areas whereas Lake Russell and Lake Searles had surface areas about 5 times larger than their mean-historical reconstructed areas. Differences in the records of effective wetness may have been due to the locations of the basins relative to the position of the jetstream, or they may have resulted from lake/atmosphere feedback processes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(90)90217-U","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Benson, L.V., Currey, D., Dorn, R., Lajoie, K.R., Oviatt, C.G., Robinson, S., Smith, G., and Stine, S., 1990, Chronology of expansion and contraction of four great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 78, no. 3-4, p. 241-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(90)90217-U.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"286","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.01170357706786,\n              42.20374736032457\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.01170357706786,\n              37.766512426982004\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.89256688113454,\n              37.766512426982004\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.89256688113454,\n              42.20374736032457\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.01170357706786,\n              42.20374736032457\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f7e4b0c8380cd4c503","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Currey, D.R.","contributorId":60775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currey","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorn, R.I.","contributorId":61172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorn","given":"R.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lajoie, K. R.","contributorId":6828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oviatt, Charles G.","contributorId":36580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oviatt","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robinson, S.W.","contributorId":30985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stine, S.","contributorId":24089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stine","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70016311,"text":"70016311 - 1990 - Accelerator-mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dating of Pleistocene lake sediments in the Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T17:30:59.42806","indexId":"70016311","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accelerator-mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dating of Pleistocene lake sediments in the Great Basin","docAbstract":"<p>Pleistocene lake sediments in the Great Basin typically contain little organic carbon, and thus are difficult to date reliably by conventional radioccarbon methods. Paleoenvironmental data are abundant in these sediments, but are of limited value without adequate age controls. With the advent of accelerator-mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dating, it is now possible to date these paleolacustrine sediments. AMS dates were obtained on sediment cores from the Bonneville, Franklin, and Lahontan Basins. In the Bonneville Basin, the AMS-based chronology compares well with other chronologies constructed from dated shore-zone features. In the Bonneville and Franklin basins, AMS dates delimit unconformities not apparent by other means. We found that dispersed organic carbon from sediments deposited during relatively freshwater intervals provided apparently reliable AMS radiocarbon dates. Carbonate microfossils from the Lahontan Basin also produced results that appear reasonable, while bulk carbonate yielded erroneous results.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(90)90219-W","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., Toolin, L., Forester, R.M., and Spencer, R.J., 1990, Accelerator-mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dating of Pleistocene lake sediments in the Great Basin: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 78, no. 3-4, p. 301-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(90)90219-W.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"313","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223361,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada, Oregon, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.17140992678786,\n              42.70040206738872\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.13822110656714,\n              39.23893989506548\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.20644924600309,\n              34.95802308322864\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.97094403193775,\n              35.563607822959156\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.91318741694664,\n              40.89700215799427\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.70266282859556,\n              42.70040206738872\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.17140992678786,\n              42.70040206738872\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e669e4b0c8380cd473df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toolin, L.J.","contributorId":63958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toolin","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spencer, R. J.","contributorId":56664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016220,"text":"70016220 - 1990 - Expression of seasonal and ENSO forcing in climatic variability at lower than ENSO frequencies: Evidence from Pleistocene marine varves off California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T17:42:01.385293","indexId":"70016220","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Expression of seasonal and ENSO forcing in climatic variability at lower than ENSO frequencies: Evidence from Pleistocene marine varves off California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Upper Pleistocene marine sediments along the upper continental slope off northern and central California contain alternations of varved and bioturbated sediments and associated changes in biota and sediment composition. These alternations can be related to conditions that accompany El Niño and anti-El Niño (ENSO) circulation. Anti-El Niño conditions are characterized by increased upwelling and productivity and by low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the oxygen minimum zone that resulted in varve preservation. El Niño conditions are characterized by little or no upwelling, low productivity, and higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen that resulted in zones of bioturbation.</span></p><p><span>Alternations of varves and zones of bioturbation, that range from decades to millennia, occur through the upper Pleistocene section. The inferred long-term alternations in El Niño and anti-El Niño conditions appear to be a re-expression of ENSO's primary 3–7 year cycle. Decadal to millennial cycles of productivity associated with El Niño and anti-El Niño conditions may have served as a “carbon pump” and transferred atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;to the marine reservoir.</span></p><p><span>Changes in sediment composition and organisms associated with El Niño or anti-El Niño conditions can be related to both seasonal and ENSO phenomena. Expression of these changes at lower-than-ENSO frequencies may be partly explained by adding the effects of seasonal variability to effects produced by a self-oscillating ENSO system. However, deterministic mechanisms, including solar modulation of ENSO, may also contribute to long-term alternations of El Niño and anti-El Niño conditions.</span></p><p><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(90)90218-V","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., Linsley, B., and Gardner, J., 1990, Expression of seasonal and ENSO forcing in climatic variability at lower than ENSO frequencies: Evidence from Pleistocene marine varves off California: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 78, no. 3-4, p. 287-300, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(90)90218-V.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"300","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223413,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e3ae4b0c8380cd5335e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.Y.","contributorId":22789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linsley, B.K.","contributorId":55155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linsley","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016234,"text":"70016234 - 1990 - Coarse-grained deltaic sedimentation in the Miocene Cuyama strike-slip basin, California Coast Ranges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T16:40:03.653566","indexId":"70016234","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coarse-grained deltaic sedimentation in the Miocene Cuyama strike-slip basin, California Coast Ranges","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Cuyama basin, located in the southern Coast Ranges of California southwest of the San Andreas fault, developed early in the history of the San Andreas transform system. The Miocene marine basin formed in a transtensional setting along a dextral strike-slip fault of the transform system following Oligocene non-marine basin formation in an extensional setting.</span></p><p><span>The lower and middle Miocene Vaqueros Formation in the northwestern part of the basin, which represents the first of two transgressive-regressive cycles, is described here in terms of nine facies in two broad facies groups. The 400-m-thick Soda Lake Shale Member (of the Vaqueros) comprises deep-basin and starved-basin facies. A thin transgressive facies occurs locally at the base of the formation. The overlying Painted Rock Sandstone Member (of the Vaqueros), which is more than 2200 m thick and consists mostly of coarse-grained sandstone and pebbly sandstone, constitutes a delta complex of prodelta, slope channel, delta front, tide-influenced distributary channel, interdistributary bay, and fluvial channel facies.</span></p><p><span>The basinal depositional system consisted of turbidite mud and sand, and hemipelagic and pelagic sediments of the basinal facies deposited in a rapidly subsiding basin. The delta depositional system consisted of the delta complex facies that prograded into the deep basin and had a steep prodelta slope that extended to bathyal depths. The delta is inferred to be a mixed fluvial-wave-dominated fan delta, analogous in its delta-front morphology and processes to a fjord delta, in which coarse sediment delivered to the delta front by braided streams was transported down the prodelta slope into deep water by sediment gravity flows.</span></p><p><span>Transgression and rapid deepening of the basin in the early Miocene coincided with rapid tectonic subsidence. Deepening culminated with deposition of a starved-basin facies or condensed section at the time of maximum transgression, which was followed by the beginning of a regression and basin shallowing. The overall basin history and geometry of the northwestern Cuyama basin are typical of strike-slip basins. The initial rapid subsidence to bathyal depths at rates of more than 500 m/m.y. in the early Miocene is interpreted to be a result of extension at the releasing bend of a dextral strike-slip fault.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(90)90117-C","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Bartow, J.A., 1990, Coarse-grained deltaic sedimentation in the Miocene Cuyama strike-slip basin, California Coast Ranges: Sedimentary Geology, v. 68, no. 1-2, p. 17-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(90)90117-C.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.85287255038679,\n              35.46021498392952\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.85287255038679,\n              35.147948029666736\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.42847050429917,\n              35.147948029666736\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.42847050429917,\n              35.46021498392952\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.85287255038679,\n              35.46021498392952\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f772e4b0c8380cd4cb15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartow, J. Alan","contributorId":84373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016331,"text":"70016331 - 1990 - Dolomite dissolution rates and possible Holocene dedolomitization of water-bearing units in the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T17:29:15.545845","indexId":"70016331","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dolomite dissolution rates and possible Holocene dedolomitization of water-bearing units in the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rates of dolomite dissolution can be used to test the concept, based on geomorphologic evidence, that a major part of the Edwards aquifer could have formed within the Holocene, a timeframe of approximately 10,000 years. During formation of the aquifer in the Edwards limestone (Cretaceous, Albian) of the Balcones fault zone, dolomite dissolution and porosity development were synchronous and the result of mixing-zone dedolomitization. Initiation of the mixing zone in the early Holocene (∼11,000 years before present) is suggested by the maximum age of formation of major discharge sites that allowed the influx of meteoric water into brine-filled, dolomitic preaquifer units. Dedolomitization, the dissolution of dolomite and net precipitation of calcite, has left aquifer units that are calcitic, and 40 vol.% interconnected pore space. The mass of dolomite missing is obtained by comparison of stratigraphically equivalent altered and unaltered units. One dissolution rate (1.76 × 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;mmol dolomite kg</span><sub>H2O</sub><sup>−1</sup><i>yr</i><sup>−1</sup><span>) is determined from this mass, 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>yr reaction time, and a log-linear function describing the increase in mass discharge (three orders of magnitude) during aquifer formation.</span></p><p><span>The second estimated dissolution rate is obtained from the mass transfer of dolomite to solution calculated from the increase in magnesium in pore fluids selected from the modern aquifer to represent a typical flowpath during aquifer formation. A reaction time of 10<sup>4</sup>yr for this mass transfer yields a rate of 0.56 × 10<sup>−4</sup>&nbsp;mmol dolomite kg<sub>H2O</sub><sup>−1</sup>yr<sup>−1</sup></span></p><p><span>Both of these rates are comparable to modern rates of dolomite dissolution (0.3 to 4.5 × 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;mmol dolomite kg</span><sub>H2O</sub><sup>−1</sup><span>yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) calculated from measured reaction times in the Tertiary Floridan aquifer system in Florida and the Madison aquifer in the Mississippian Madison Limestone of the Northern Great Plains. Similarity of these rates to the estimated paleo-rates of dolomite dissolution supports a 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>&nbsp;yr reaction timeframe.</span><span>Both of these rates are comparable to modern rates of dolomite dissolution (0.3 to 4.5 × 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;mmol dolomite kg</span><sub>H2O</sub><sup>−1</sup><span>yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) calculated from measured reaction times in the Tertiary Floridan aquifer system in Florida and the Madison aquifer in the Mississippian Madison Limestone of the Northern Great Plains. Similarity of these rates to the estimated paleo-rates of dolomite dissolution supports a 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>&nbsp;yr reaction timeframe.</span></p><p><span>The Holocene reaction time also can be compared to a series of reaction times calculated by assuming that the mass of dolomite missing from the Edwards was removed at rates observed in the Floridan and Madison aquifers. These reaction times (for complete removal of dolomite) range from 2700 to 58,500 yr and span the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary.</span></p><p><span>Finally, an estimated dolomite reaction rate during dedolomitization of the Edwards aquifer based on surface area of exposed dolomite [mmol cm<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;(millimoles per square centimeter per second)] may be approximated from reaction times. This rate is directly a function of the mass of dolomite removed and the surface area exposed per pore volume passing through the rock. The surface area is available from the observed dolomite rhomb size in unaltered rock. The rate of pore fluid movement is obtained from the averaged annual discharge. Rates during formation of the Edwards aquifer calculated from all reaction times range from 10<sup>−13</sup>&nbsp;to 10<sup>−14</sup>&nbsp;mmol dolomite cm<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>. These rates are faster than rates (10<sup>−18</sup>&nbsp;mmol cm<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>), measured in the pure laboratory system, CaMg(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>2</sub>O, but slower than rates determined in an alpine stream study (10<sup>−10</sup>&nbsp;to 10<sup>−11</sup>&nbsp;mmol cm<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>) where cold glacial melt water flows over dolostone.</span></p><p><span>Dolomite dissolution rates from both the Edwards and other aquifers support the concept that a major part of the Edwards aquifer could have formed within the Holocene.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90023-Q","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Deike, R., 1990, Dolomite dissolution rates and possible Holocene dedolomitization of water-bearing units in the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 112, no. 3-4, p. 335-373, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90023-Q.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"373","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222903,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"south-central Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.46550029210039,\n              29.57260405929422\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.46550029210039,\n              27.75101642105942\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.73974517883627,\n              27.75101642105942\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.73974517883627,\n              29.57260405929422\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.46550029210039,\n              29.57260405929422\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a039ee4b0c8380cd5058b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deike, R.G.","contributorId":63953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deike","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015999,"text":"70015999 - 1990 - Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:08:55.236545","indexId":"70015999","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry","docAbstract":"<p><span>Laboratory and field tests were performed to examine the feasibility of using time domain reflectometry (TDR) to monitor changes in the moisture storage of the woody parts of trees. To serve as wave guides for the TDR signal, pairs of stainless steel rods (13 cm long, 0.32 cm in diameter, and 2.5 cm separation) were driven into parallel pilot holes drilled into the woody parts of trees, and a cable testing oscilloscope was used to determine the apparent dielectric constant. A laboratory calibration test was performed on two sapwood samples, so that the relation between the volumetric water content and the apparent dielectric constant of the sapwood could be determined over a range of water contents. The resulting calibration curve for these sapwood samples was significantly different than the general calibration curve used for soils, showing a smaller change in the apparent dielectric constant for a given change in the volumetric water content than is typical for soils. The calibration curve was used to estimate the average volumetric water content to a depth of 13 cm in living trees. One field experiment was conducted on an English walnut tree (</span><i>Juglans regia</i><span>) with a diameter of 40 cm, growing in a flood-irrigated orchard on a Hanford sandy loam near Modesto, California (U.S.A.). Rods were driven into the tree at about 50 cm above the soil surface and monitored hourly for the month of August, 1988. The moisture content determined by TDR showed a gradual decrease from 0.44 to 0.42 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;cm</span><sup>−3</sup><span>&nbsp;over a two week period prior to flood irrigation, followed by a rapid rise to 0.47 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;cm</span><sup>−3</sup><span>&nbsp;over a four day period after irrigation, then again a gradual decline approaching the next irrigation. A second field experiment was made on ten evergreen and deciduous trees with diameters ranging from 30 to 120 cm, growing in the foothills of the Coast Range of central California. Rods were driven into each tree at 50 to 100 cm above the soil surface and monitored on a biweekly to monthly basis for over a year. Most trees showed an early spring maximum in moisture content determined by TDR associated with leaf growth, and a late summer minimum in moisture content associated with the end of the dry season. Moisture contents ranged from 0.20 to 0.70 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;cm</span><sup>−3</sup><span>, with an annual percentage change in moisture of 15% to 70% depending on species and environmental conditions. A final field test was performed in northern New Mexico (U.S.A.) to examine the effect of trunk freezing on TDR measurements. This test confirmed that freezing conditions were recorded as a total loss of liquid water by the TDR method. These results suggest that further TDR calibration for wood, plus some understanding of the relation between tree moisture and physiological stress could be useful to several disciplines, ranging from irrigation scheduling to watershed management to forest ecology.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90032-S","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., and Murphy, F., 1990, Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry: Journal of Hydrology, v. 119, no. 1-4, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90032-S.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223138,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Modesto","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.1140801245068,\n              37.72075117136899\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.1140801245068,\n              37.570755481439576\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.87833353846591,\n              37.570755481439576\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.87833353846591,\n              37.72075117136899\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.1140801245068,\n              37.72075117136899\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5dc0e4b0c8380cd70592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, F.","contributorId":42358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016189,"text":"70016189 - 1990 - Simulation of dispersion in layered coastal aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:33:49.969643","indexId":"70016189","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of dispersion in layered coastal aquifer systems","docAbstract":"<p>A density-dependent solute-transport formulation is used to examine ground-water flow in layered coastal aquifers. The numerical experiments indicate that although the transition zone may be thought of as an impermeable 'sharp' interface with freshwater flow parallel to the transition zone in homogeneous aquifers, this is not the case for layered systems. Freshwater can discharge through the transition zone in the confining units. Further, for the best simulation of layered coastal aquifer systems, either a flow-direction-dependent dispersion formulation is required, or the dispersivities must change spatially to reflect the tight thin confining unit.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90057-5","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., 1990, Simulation of dispersion in layered coastal aquifer systems: Journal of Hydrology, v. 114, no. 3-4, p. 211-228, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90057-5.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"228","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b901be4b08c986b319317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016257,"text":"70016257 - 1990 - Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:53:14.936616","indexId":"70016257","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales","docAbstract":"<p>Topographic shape is a watershed attribute thought to influence the flow path followed by water as it traverses a catchment. Flow path, in turn, may affect the chemical composition of surface waters. Topography is quantified in the hydrological model TOPMODEL as the relative frequency distribution of the index ln(atanB), where a is the upslope area per unit contour that drains past a point and tanB is the local surface slope. Spatial distributions of ln(atanB) were calculated for eight catchments in Wales on a 25 m x 25 m grid. Among the catchments, mean observed stream H+ concentration during high flow periods was highly correlated with the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution. The steady-state gain of a transfer function (time series) model relating H+ to discharge was positively correlated with the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution. These results suggest that during high flow periods, both the average stream acidity and the magnitude of fluctuations in H+ are conditioned by the topographic shape of the catchment. By performing a sensitivity analysis on TOPMODEL, we also show that as the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution for a catchment increases, so does its theoretical likelihood to produce significant quantities of surface and near-surface runoff. Our observed results in the Llyn Brianne catchments are consistent with this theoretical expectation in that surface or near-surface runoff is often higher in acidity than are deeper sources of hillslope runoff.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90207-E","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., Hornberger, G., and Musgrove, T., 1990, Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 243-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90207-E.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"259","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Kingdom","otherGeospatial":"Wales","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -5.126165378116639,\n              53.51661908857275\n            ],\n            [\n              -5.126165378116639,\n              51.36214123180656\n            ],\n            [\n              -2.9628795494702445,\n              51.36214123180656\n            ],\n            [\n              -2.9628795494702445,\n              53.51661908857275\n            ],\n            [\n              -5.126165378116639,\n              53.51661908857275\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb47ce4b08c986b3263c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musgrove, T.J.","contributorId":24926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016206,"text":"70016206 - 1990 - Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:59:24.858686","indexId":"70016206","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers","docAbstract":"<p>Motion and mixing of salt water and fresh water are vitally important for water-resource development throughout the world. An approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers is developed, which results in three non-linear coupled equations for the freshwater zone, the saltwater zone, and the transition zone. The description of the transition zone uses the concept of a boundary layer. This model invokes some assumptions to give a reasonably tractable model, considerably better than the sharp interface approximation but considerably simpler than a fully three-dimensional model with variable density. We assume the validity of the Dupuit-Forchheimer approximation of horizontal flow in each layer. Vertical hydrodynamic dispersion into the base of the transition zone is assumed and concentration of the saltwater zone is assumed constant. Solute in the transition zone is assumed to be moved by advection only. Velocity and concentration are allowed to vary vertically in the transition zone by using shape functions. Several numerical techniques can be used to solve the model equations, and simple analytical solutions can be useful in validating the numerical solution procedures. We find that the model equations can be solved with adequate accuracy using the procedures presented. The approximate model is applied to the Smoky Hill River valley in central Kansas. This model can reproduce earlier sharp interface results as well as evaluate the importance of hydrodynamic dispersion for feeding salt water to the river. We use a wide range of dispersivity values and find that unstable upconing always occurs. Therefore, in this case, hydrodynamic dispersion is not the only mechanism feeding salt water to the river. Calculations imply that unstable upconing and hydrodynamic dispersion could be equally important in transporting salt water. For example, if groundwater flux to the Smoky Hill River were only about 40% of its expected value, stable upconing could exist where hydrodynamic dispersion into a transition zone is the primary mechanism for moving salt water to the river. The current model could be useful in situations involving dense saltwater layers.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90202-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McElwee, C., and Kemblowski, M., 1990, Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 139-163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90202-9.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"163","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223150,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1ffe4b08c986b32553c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McElwee, C.","contributorId":41596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElwee","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kemblowski, M.","contributorId":54340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemblowski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016187,"text":"70016187 - 1990 - A method to extract soil water for stable isotope analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:37:27.692596","indexId":"70016187","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method to extract soil water for stable isotope analysis","docAbstract":"<p><span>A method has been developed to extract soil water for determination of deuterium (D) and&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O content. The principle of this method is based on the observation that water and toluene form an azeotropic mixture at 84.1°C, but are completely immiscible at ambient temperature. In a specially designed distillation apparatus, the soil water is distilled at 84.1°C with toluene and is separated quantitatively in the collecting funnel at ambient temperature. Traces of toluene are removed and the sample can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Kerosene may be substituted for toluene. The accuracy of this technique is ± 2 and </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#xB1; 0.2&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">± 0.2‰</span></span></span><span>, respectively, for δD and δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O. Reduced accuracy is obtained at low water contents.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90217-L","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Revesz, K.M., and Woods, P.H., 1990, A method to extract soil water for stable isotope analysis: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 397-406, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90217-L.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"406","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222837,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e460e4b0c8380cd46602","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revesz, Kinga M. krevesz@usgs.gov","contributorId":506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","email":"krevesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":372786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woods, Peter H.","contributorId":12980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016336,"text":"70016336 - 1990 - Effect of faults on fluid flow and chloride contamination in a carbonate aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T16:14:46.677585","indexId":"70016336","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of faults on fluid flow and chloride contamination in a carbonate aquifer system","docAbstract":"<p>A unified, multidiscipline hypothesis is proposed to explain the anomalous pattern by which chloride has been found in water of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia. Analyses of geophysical, hydraulic, water chemistry, and aquifer test data using the equivalent porous medium (EPM) approach are used to support the hypothesis and to improve further the understanding of the fracture-flow system in this area. Using the data presented herein we show that: (1) four major northeast-southwest trending faults, capable of affecting the flow system of the Upper Floridan aquifer, can be inferred from structural analysis of geophysical data and from regional fault patterns; (2) the proposed faults account for the anomalous northeastward elongation of the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer; (3) the faults breach the nearly impermeable units that confine the Upper Floridan aquifer from below, allowing substantial quantities of water to leak vertically upward; as a result, aquifer transmissivity need not be excessively large (as previously reported) to sustain the heavy, long-term pumpage at Brunswick without developing a steep cone of depression in the potentiometric surface; (4) increased fracturing at the intersection of the faults enhances the development of conduits that allow the upward migration of high-chloride water in response to pumping from the Upper Floridan aquifer; and (5) the anomalous movement of the chloride plume is almost entirely controlled by the faults.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90196-5","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Maslia, M., and Prowell, D., 1990, Effect of faults on fluid flow and chloride contamination in a carbonate aquifer system: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 1-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90196-5.","productDescription":"49 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"49","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223006,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Glynn 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M.L.","contributorId":24090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maslia","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prowell, D.C.","contributorId":95475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prowell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016186,"text":"70016186 - 1990 - Movement and fate of atrazine and bromide in central Kansas croplands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T16:04:01.35378","indexId":"70016186","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement and fate of atrazine and bromide in central Kansas croplands","docAbstract":"<p>Two flooding experiments were conducted at two sites with different soils to study the transport and fate of the commonly used herbicide atrazine and inorganic chemicals in the Great Bend Prairie croplands of south-central Kansas. The instantaneous profile method supplemented by the use of an organic (atrazine) and an inorganic (bromide) tracer chemical was used to characterize in situ the hydraulic and chemical properties of the appropriately instrumented field sites. Atrazine readily degraded to hydroxyatrazine and biodegradation by-products and was not detected deeper in the soil profile and underlying shallow aquifer. The classical processes of chemical movement based on porous media-equilibrium-diffuse flow did not fit the data well at either site. Incompletely mixed, slug flow appeared to predominate at one of the sites and preferential flow at the other. The slug movement caused 'piston-type' displacement of more saline solutions in the soil profile to the shallow water table. Recommendations for conducting related field studies based on our sampling experience are given.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90201-8","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., Townsend, M., and Whittemore, D.O., 1990, Movement and fate of atrazine and bromide in central Kansas croplands: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 115-137, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90201-8.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"central Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.61291576704008,\n              38.78061525709248\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.61291576704008,\n              37.33481314892835\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.20046808257854,\n              37.33481314892835\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.20046808257854,\n              38.78061525709248\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.61291576704008,\n              38.78061525709248\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f0be4b0c8380cd70d35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Townsend, M.A.","contributorId":88785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townsend","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whittemore, Donald O.","contributorId":28748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittemore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016222,"text":"70016222 - 1990 - Using 222Rn to examine groundwater/surface discharge interaction in the Rio Grande de Manati, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:43:35.6799","indexId":"70016222","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using 222Rn to examine groundwater/surface discharge interaction in the Rio Grande de Manati, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p><sup>222</sup><span>Rn was used in the karst drainage basin of the Rio Grande de Manati in Puerto Rico to study groundwater/surface flow relationships. Locations of groundwater influx along two sections of the Rio Grande de Manati were identified. The&nbsp;</span><sup>222</sup><span>Rn measurements were used together with stream discharge data in a mass balance equation to quantify the groundwater inputs. The investigation established that both of the sections of the Rio Manati surveyed not only gained groundwater, but lost surface flow. It was calculated that the river gained about 1.2m</span><sup>3</sup><span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;and lost 0.5m</span><sup>3</sup><span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;to the aquifer between Ciales and United States Geological Survey gauging station 5. Between United States Geological Survey gauging stations 6 and 7, groundwater influx and stream flow loss occurred simultaneously with groundwater inputs equalling surface discharge losses of 4m</span><sup>3</sup><span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The study successfully demonstrated the innovative application of&nbsp;</span><sup>222</sup><span>Rn as a geochemical tracer in examining groundwater/surface flow relationships in a karst system.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90212-G","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Ellins, K.K., Roman-Mas, A., and Lee, R., 1990, Using 222Rn to examine groundwater/surface discharge interaction in the Rio Grande de Manati, Puerto Rico: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 319-341, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90212-G.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"341","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.58188252129682,\n              18.497093307989488\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.58188252129682,\n              18.35562602091997\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.45482756482293,\n              18.35562602091997\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.45482756482293,\n              18.497093307989488\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.58188252129682,\n              18.497093307989488\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc00be4b08c986b329ec2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellins, K. Kelly","contributorId":32681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellins","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kelly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roman-Mas, A.","contributorId":29578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman-Mas","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, R.","contributorId":97153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016307,"text":"70016307 - 1990 - Storm-runoff generation in the Permanente Creek drainage basin, west central California - An example of flood-wave effects on runoff composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T17:34:45.320706","indexId":"70016307","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm-runoff generation in the Permanente Creek drainage basin, west central California - An example of flood-wave effects on runoff composition","docAbstract":"<p>Variations in the isotopic and chemical composition of storm runoff in the 10.6-km<sup>2</sup> Permanente Creek basin, Santa Clara County, California, indicate that changes in water composition lag behind changes in streamflow. This lag occurs even though field observations and rainfall-runoff modeling indicate that much of the storm runoff must be composed of \"new\" water running off impervious surfaces. The apparent incompatibility posed by the presence of \"old\" water and the direct and indirect evidence that surface runoff contributes substantially to storm runoff can be explained if initial rises in streamflow result from effects of flood waves. Flood waves composed of old channel water reach downstream locations ahead of the new water derived from impervious areas. By this mechanism, streamflow can rise rapidly in response to surface runoff and still be composed of large amounts of old water. Data collected in Permanente Creek indicate that flood waves can occur even in small basins, at least when those basins contain impervious surfaces.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90183-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Nolan, K., and Hill, B.R., 1990, Storm-runoff generation in the Permanente Creek drainage basin, west central California - An example of flood-wave effects on runoff composition: Journal of Hydrology, v. 113, no. 1-4, p. 343-367, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90183-X.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"367","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"west central California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.14469523179008,\n              37.42551262779051\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14469523179008,\n              37.36025739980698\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.0689730637554,\n              37.36025739980698\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.0689730637554,\n              37.42551262779051\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14469523179008,\n              37.42551262779051\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9882e4b08c986b31c072","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, K.M.","contributorId":36151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, B. R.","contributorId":72833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016143,"text":"70016143 - 1990 - Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - An application to the Panola Mountain catchment, Georgia, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T16:21:04.448626","indexId":"70016143","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - An application to the Panola Mountain catchment, Georgia, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p>Streamwater chemistry at Panola Mountain research catchment, Georgia, U.S.A., is explained as a mixture of representative soilwater solutions that are considered to be temporally invariant to a first approximation. The selection of three end-members from all sampled soil waters is evaluated by comparing the observed and predicted streamwater concentration of six solutes (alkalinity, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, calcium and dissolved silica), which are assumed to mix conservatively, and by assessing the consistency of the implied hydrograph separation with the hydrological mechanisms that are believed to be operating in this catchment. The percentage of variation in the streamwater solute concentrations explained by the end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) ranges from 82 to &gt;97%, and the hydrograph separation is, intuitively, physically reasonable. If the correct end-members have been identified, the streamwater chemical response to different levels of acidic deposition can be predicted by examining the change in each end-member under different loads; no hydrological model is required. If a traditional hydrochemical model, which is driven by rainfall quantity and quality, is desired, this analysis provides an indication of the model structure that would be necessary to reproduce both streamwater and soilwater chemistry.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90131-G","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., Christophersen, N., and Peters, N., 1990, Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - An application to the Panola Mountain catchment, Georgia, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 116, no. 1-4, p. 321-343, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90131-G.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"343","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Panola Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.67705761975864,\n              33.81397750526931\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.67705761975864,\n              33.46999873565858\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.00474554401298,\n              33.46999873565858\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.00474554401298,\n              33.81397750526931\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.67705761975864,\n              33.81397750526931\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c74e4b0c8380cd6fced","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christophersen, N.","contributorId":69711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christophersen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016042,"text":"70016042 - 1990 - Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - A step towards second-generation acidification models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-29T13:21:31.182536","indexId":"70016042","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - A step towards second-generation acidification models","docAbstract":"<p>In present acidification models, soilwater characteristics, though modelled, are seldom checked against field observations. Given that such data are now collected as part of many catchment studies, a technique is developed whereby stream water can be predicted as a mixture of the observed soilwater classes or end-members. Provided that a sufficient set of end-members has been identified, a least-squares technique can be used to estimate the contribution to the stream from each end-member, whenever streamwater samples have been taken. For two catchments, Birkenes in southern Norway and Plynlimon in Mid-Wales, the analysis indicates that the soilwater end-members observed to date are insufficient to explain streamwater chemistry. However, properties of the missing soil waters have been identified, thus facilitating future field work. When an adequate set of soilwater end-members has been established, long-term predictions of changes in streamwater chemistry reduce to the problem of predicting the fate of each end-member. Thus, a separate hydrological submodel is not needed, since the mixing patterns are derived from the end-member analysis.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90130-P","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Christophersen, N., Neal, C., Hooper, R.P., Vogt, R., and Andersen, S., 1990, Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - A step towards second-generation acidification models: Journal of Hydrology, v. 116, no. 1-4, p. 307-320, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90130-P.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"320","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c74e4b0c8380cd6fce4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christophersen, N.","contributorId":69711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christophersen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, C.","contributorId":89269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogt, R.D.","contributorId":96012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogt","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andersen, S.","contributorId":101016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70016043,"text":"70016043 - 1990 - Extraction and speciation of arsenic in lacustrine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T15:58:53.323954","indexId":"70016043","displayToPublicDate":"2001-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3517,"text":"Talanta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extraction and speciation of arsenic in lacustrine sediments","docAbstract":"<p><span>Arsenic was partially extracted with 4.O</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;hydrochloric acid, from samples collected at 25-cm intervals in a 350-cm column of sediment at Milltown Reservoir, Montana and from a 60-cm core of sediment collected at the Cheyenne River Embayment of Lake Oahe, South Dakota. The sediment in both reservoirs is highly contaminated with arsenic. The extracted arsenic was separated into As(III) and As(V) on acetate form Dowex 1-X8 ion-exchange resin with 0.12</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;HCl eluent. Residual arsenic was sequentially extracted with KClO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;and HCl. Arsenic was determined by graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry. The analytical results define oxidized and reduced zones in the sediment columns.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0039-9140(90)80127-2","issn":"00399140","usgsCitation":"Ficklin, W.H., 1990, Extraction and speciation of arsenic in lacustrine sediments: Talanta, v. 37, no. 8, p. 831-834, https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(90)80127-2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"834","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223040,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.10272216431349,\n              49.03476234511811\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.0710195162927,\n              47.80566491158223\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.76965090389268,\n              44.54083086473611\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0201902569527,\n              44.59760381564318\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.8153289708265,\n              44.99403074807335\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.23684449865976,\n              44.96239842105511\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.1031478274447,\n              43.0861009226608\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.44311888762002,\n              42.75099559399089\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.45535204633296,\n              45.97732677950742\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.95700367149324,\n              45.973239919727376\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.96553225285268,\n              48.989177835601566\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.10272216431349,\n              49.03476234511811\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e5de4b0c8380cd533f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ficklin, W. H.","contributorId":89517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficklin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20215,"text":"ofr90503 - 1990 - Digital recordings of aftershocks of the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-03T17:38:34.313569","indexId":"ofr90503","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-503","title":"Digital recordings of aftershocks of the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"<p>After the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta, central California, earthquake (291 00:04:15.25 UTC, M<sub>s</sub>=7.1), the U. S. Geological Survey recorded aftershocks at sites of seismologic and engineering interest. This report describes a seismic-waveform dataset collected from 17 October 1989 (291 UTC) to 14 March 1990 (073 UTC) with GEOS digital seismographs deployed from USGS offices in Menlo Park, California. It is a summary of field and data-playback information that is intended to facilitate use of the waveform data in seismologic and engineering studies. It includes station locations, instrumentation histories (trigger parameters, sensor parameters, clock corrections, etc.), listings of waveform records, preliminary seismicity listings, and information about data availability.</p><p>Our principal research goal is to understand the influence of seismic-source and wave-propagation phenomena on damaging ground motions, and to use this knowledge to predict hazards from future earthquakes. Source processes encompass the spatial and temporal variations in the excitation of seismic waves at the fault. Wave-propagation processes include amplification and deamplification as seismic energy radiates away from the fault through rocks and soils of variable seismic properties. Since shallow geology at a site (upper tens to hundreds of meters) can exert a relatively great influence on damaging ground motions, it is useful to separate wave-propagation phenomena into whole-path and site parts. In studying these phenomena, aftershock waveform recordings can play an important role. Compared to main shocks, aftershocks are simple earthquakes and aftershock records tend to be relatively dominated by wave-propagation effects. Geometrically, since aftershocks are distributed over the fault zone, aftershock records should resemble part of the main-shock ground motion contributed by localized rupture. This observation forms the basis of the empirical-Green's-function method wherein main-shock ground motion is modeled by summing aftershock records.</p><p>The Loma Prieta earthquake provided a rare opportunity that motivated the intensive aftershock-recording effort described in this report. In a seismically noisy urban environment like the San Francisco Bay area, such a large set of high quality seismic data would otherwise be unobtainable.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90503","usgsCitation":"Mueller, C.C., and Glassmoyer, G., 1990, Digital recordings of aftershocks of the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-503, 147 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90503.","productDescription":"147 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":429473,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0503/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0503/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1119,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/GEOS/LPE/OFR_90-503/Loma_Prieta.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Loma Prieta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.90472476015252,\n              37.16521523506998\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.90472476015252,\n              37.08968873122326\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.76847913445323,\n              37.08968873122326\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.76847913445323,\n              37.16521523506998\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.90472476015252,\n              37.16521523506998\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a990","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Charles C.","contributorId":20348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glassmoyer, Gary","contributorId":28619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70184436,"text":"70184436 - 1990 - United States Geological Survey Yearbook, fiscal year 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T11:03:09","indexId":"70184436","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":392,"text":"Yearbook","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"United States Geological Survey Yearbook, fiscal year 1989","docAbstract":"<p><span>The fiscal year 1989 Yearbook summarizes the activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in response to its scientific and regulatory missions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/70184436","issn":"0892-3442","usgsCitation":"Peck, D.L., Kelmelis, J.A., Boning, C.W., Poore, R.Z., Napier, E.C., Brunson, E.B., Ginnodo, K.L., Tappan, G.G., Tyler, D.J., Moore, D.G., Baskin, C., Goodson, C., Hassibe, W.R., and Brodes, B.B., 1990, United States Geological Survey Yearbook, fiscal year 1989: Yearbook, iv, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70184436.","productDescription":"iv, 114 p.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337135,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337219,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70184436/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12664e4b014cc3a3d3535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, Dallas L.","contributorId":60187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Dallas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelmelis, John A.","contributorId":40893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelmelis","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boning, Charles W.","contributorId":86345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boning","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poore, Richard Z. rpoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard","email":"rpoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Napier, Eugene C.","contributorId":187726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Napier","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brunson, Ernest B.","contributorId":187727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunson","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ginnodo, K. 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Gray 0000-0002-2240-6963 tappan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-6963","contributorId":3624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappan","given":"G.","email":"tappan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Gray","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tyler, Dean J. 0000-0002-1542-7539 dtyler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1542-7539","contributorId":177897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyler","given":"Dean","email":"dtyler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Moore, Donald G.","contributorId":41146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Baskin, C.R.","contributorId":187725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskin","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Goodson, Charlotte H. ","contributorId":187729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodson","given":"Charlotte H. ","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hassibe, Wendy R.","contributorId":187730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hassibe","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":429,"text":"National Mapping Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Brodes, Betty B.","contributorId":187731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brodes","given":"Betty","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":7000036,"text":"7000036 - 1990 - Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-24T09:19:43","indexId":"7000036","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>The eruptions of volcanoes often have direct, dramatic effects on the lives of people and on their property. People who live on or near active volcanoes can benefit greatly from clear, scientific information about the volcanic and seismic hazards of the area. This booklet provides such information for the residents of Hawaii so they may effectively deal with the special geologic hazards of the island. Identifying and evaluating possible geologic hazards is one of the principal roles of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and its Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. When USGS scientists recognize a potential hazard, such as an impending eruption, they notify the appropriate government officials, who in turn are responsible for advising the public to evacuate certain areas or to take other actions to insure their safety. This booklet was prepared in cooperation with the Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/7000036","isbn":"0160382009","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990, Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii (Revision): General Interest Publication, 48 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000036.","productDescription":"48 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 24 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261213,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000036/report.pdf","text":"Report"},{"id":261214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000036/report-thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revision","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd962","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26104,"text":"wri904110 - 1990 - Selected factors related to the potential for contamination of the principal aquifer, Salt Lake Valley, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri904110","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4110","title":"Selected factors related to the potential for contamination of the principal aquifer, Salt Lake Valley, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904110","usgsCitation":"Baskin, R.L., 1990, Selected factors related to the potential for contamination of the principal aquifer, Salt Lake Valley, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4110, v, 35 p. (some folded) :ill., col. maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 34 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904110.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. (some folded) :ill., col. maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 34 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54895,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baskin, R. L.","contributorId":14460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3249,"text":"cir1075 - 1990 - Coasts in crisis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir1075","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1075","title":"Coasts in crisis","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir1075","usgsCitation":"Williams, S.J., Dodd, K.A., and Gohn, K.K., 1990, Coasts in crisis: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1075, viii, 32 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1075.","productDescription":"viii, 32 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":52,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circular/c1075","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1990/1075/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30245,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1990/1075/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, S. Jeffress 0000-0002-1326-7420 jwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7420","contributorId":2063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"jwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jeffress","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodd, Kurt A.","contributorId":73186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"Kurt","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gohn, Kathleen K.","contributorId":37721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":134,"text":"wsp2350 - 1990 - National water summary 1987: Hydrologic events and water supply and use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T21:03:11.195151","indexId":"wsp2350","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2350","title":"National water summary 1987: Hydrologic events and water supply and use","docAbstract":"<p>Water use in the United States, as measured by freshwater withdrawals in 1985, averaged 338,000 Mgal/d (million gallons per day), which is enough water to cover the 48 conterminous States to a depth of about 2.4 inches. Only 92,300 Mgal/d, or 27.3 percent of the water withdrawn, was consumptive use and thus lost to immediate further use; the remainder of the withdrawals (72.7 percent) was return flow available for reuse a number of times as the water flowed to the sea. The 1985 freshwater withdrawals were much less than the average 30 inches of precipitation that falls on the conterminous States each year; consumptive use accounted for only 7 percent of the estimated annual runoff of 1,230,000 Mgal/d. Nonetheless, as the State summaries on water supply and use clearly show, water is not always available when and where it is needed. Balancing water demands with available water supplies constitutes one of the major resource allocation issues that will face the United States in the coming decade.</p><p>Of the 1985 freshwater withdrawals, 78.3 percent (265,000 Mgal/d) came from surface-water sources (streams and lakes), and 21.7 percent (73,300 Mgal/d) came from ground water. Surface water provided drinking water for about 47 percent of the Nation's total population. It was the source of 59.9 percent of the Nation's public-supply systems. For self-supplied withdrawals, surface water accounted for 1.6 percent of the domestic and commercial uses; 64.0 percent of the industrial and mining use; 99.4 percent of the thermoelectric generation withdrawals, mainly for cooling water; and 65.6 percent of the agricultural withdrawals. Eight States accounted for 43 percent of the surface-water use; California, Colorado, and Idaho used surface water primarily for irrigation, and Dlinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas used surface-water primarily for cooling condensers or reactors in thermoelectric plants.</p><p>Ground water provided drinking water for 53 percent of the Nation's total population and nearly all the rural population. It was the source of 40.1 percent of the public-supply systems withdrawals. For self-supplied withdrawals, ground water accounted for 11.3 percent of the domestic and commercial use, 17.3 percent of the industrial and mining withdrawals, less than 1 percent of the thermoelectric generation withdrawals, and 34.4 percent of the agricultural withdrawals (irrigation and livestock). Eight States Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas accounted for 66 percent of the ground water used. In each of those States, as in many other States, irrigation was the major use of ground water. Each offstream-use category described in the State summaries public supply, domestic and commercial, industrial and mining, thermoelectric power, and agriculture (irrigation and livestock) followed its own geographic pattern as described below.</p><p>Consumptive use of water effectively removes the water from immediate further use downstream of the withdrawal point. Of the total amount of consumptive water use in 1985, agricultural use accounted for about 82.5 percent. More than one-half (53 percent) of irrigation water is consumptively used by evapotranspiration or is incorporated into the crop. This is a good indication of the effect that irrigated agriculture can have in a river basin where irrigation is a major activity. The availability of return flows for reuse depends largely on where the water reenters the system. If the return flows are discharged to a stream, they usually can be reused; if they are discharged to a saltwater estuary, they are effectively lost to further use because of water-quality degradation just as if the water had been consumptively used. Similarly, water that recharges a highly transmissive aquifer can be available for reuse either through pumpage from a well or as discharge to a local stream. Thus, much of the water withdrawn for different uses can and does become available for further use although the quality might degrade with each additional use.</p><p>The allocation and the management of water resources are the responsibilities of the individual States and water institutions within the States. These institutions are evolving in response to the challenges of water management problems. As the individual State summaries indicate, recent State legislation deals with facilitating water transfers within the States as a means of reducing imbalances between water supplies and use, with emphasizing water conservation in times of drought and at places where groundwater depletion is a problem of long standing, and with reducing threats to public health and the environment from water pollution.</p><p>Most of the State summaries indicate the expectation that water use will continue to increase in the future and that water contamination will continue to be a major water concern. Both issues will require increasingly intensive water management in the future. Whether the water resources under management are considered to be fully appropriated or over appropriated, as in some Western States, or whether the resource could support additional development, as is the situation in most States, improved water-use information will play a key role in future water management efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2350","usgsCitation":"United States Geological Survey, 1990, National water summary 1987: Hydrologic events and water supply and use: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2350, xii, 553 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2350.","productDescription":"xii, 553 p.","numberOfPages":"567","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science 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,{"id":60326,"text":"mf2138H - 1990 - Map showing the distribution of thorium in stream-sediment samples, Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T20:28:21.963488","indexId":"mf2138H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2138","chapter":"H","title":"Map showing the distribution of thorium in stream-sediment samples, Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>This map of the Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah, shows the regional distribution of thorium in the less-than-0.180-mm (minus-80-mesh) fraction of stream-sediments. It is part of a folio of maps of the Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah, prepared under the Conterminuous United States Mineral Assessment Program. Other published geochemical maps in this folio are listed in the references (this publication).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Richfield quadrangle is located in west-central Utah and includes the eastern part of the Pioche-Marysvale igneous and mineral belt, which extends from the vicinity of Pioche in southeastern Nevada, east-northeastward for 155 miles into central Utah. The western two-thirds of the Richfield quadrangle is part of the Basin and Range province, whereas the eastern third is part of the High Plateaus of Utah, a subprovince of the Colorado Plateau.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Bedrock in the northern part of the Richfield quadrangle consists predominantly of Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary strata that were thrust eastward during the Sevier orogeny in Cretaceous time onto an autochthon of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks located in the eastern part of the quadrangle. The southern part of the quadrangle is largely underlain by Oligocene and younger volcanic rocks and related intrusions. Extensional tectonism in late Cenozoic time broke the bedrock terrain into a series of north-trending fault blocks; the uplifted mountain areas were eroded to various degrees and the resulting debris was deposited in adjacent basins. Most of the mineral deposits in the Pioche-Marysvale mineral belt were formed as a result of igneous activity in the middle and late Cenozoic time. A more complete description of the geology and a mineral-resource appraisal of the Richfield quadrangle appears in Steven and Morris (1984 and 1987).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The regional sampling program was designed to define broad geochemical patterns and trends that can be utilized along with geological and geophysical data to assess the mineral-resource potential for this quadrangle. Reconnaissance geochemical surveys are valuable tools in mineral exploration, especially when used in conjunction with data obtained from other earth science disciplines. Identifying specific exploration targets generally involves additional, more detailed investigations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2138H","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.R., Motooka, J.M., and McHugh, J., 1990, Map showing the distribution of thorium in stream-sediment samples, Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2138, 1 Plate: 41.84 x 24.31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2138H.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.84 x 24.31 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2138h.jpg"},{"id":283677,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2138-H/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":390779,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5749.htm"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.0,38.0 ], [ -114.0,39.0 ], [ -112.0,39.0 ], [ -112.0,38.0 ], [ -114.0,38.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a91c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, William R.","contributorId":53838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Motooka, Jerry M.","contributorId":36611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motooka","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHugh, John B.","contributorId":64651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":60319,"text":"mf2137A - 1990 - Map showing distribution of cadmium and antimony in the nonmagnetic fraction of heavy-mineral concentrates, Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T20:06:39.308534","indexId":"mf2137A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2137","chapter":"A","title":"Map showing distribution of cadmium and antimony in the nonmagnetic fraction of heavy-mineral concentrates, Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>This map of the Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah, shows the regional distribution of cadmium and antimony in the nonmagnetic fraction of drainage-sediment samples. It is part of a folio of maps of the Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah, prepared under the Conterminuous United States Mineral Assessment Program. Other published geochemical maps in this folio are listed in the references (this publication).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Richfield quadrangle is located in west-central Utah and includes the eastern part of the Pioche-Marysvale igneous and mineral belt, which extends from the vicinity of Pioche in southeastern Nevada, east-northeastward for 155 miles into central Utah. The western two-thirds of the Richfield quadrangle is part of the Basin and Range province, whereas the eastern third is part of the High Plateaus of Utah, a subprovince of the Colorado Plateau.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Bedrock in the northern part of the Richfield quadrangle consists predominantly of Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary strata that were thrust eastward during the Sevier orogeny in Cretaceous time onto an autochthon of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks located in the eastern part of the quadrangle. The southern part of the quadrangle is largely underlain by Oligocene and younger volcanic rocks and related intrusions. Extensional tectonism in late Cenozoic time broke the bedrock terrain into a series of north-trending fault blocks; the uplifted mountain areas were eroded to various degrees and the resulting debris was deposited in adjacent basins. Most of the mineral deposits in the Pioche-Marysvale mineral belt were formed as a result of igneous activity in the middle and late Cenozoic time. A more complete description of the geology and a mineral-resource appraisal of the Richfield quadrangle appears in Steven and Morris (1984 and 1987).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The regional sampling program was designed to define broad geochemical patterns and trends that can be utilized along with geological and geophysical data to assess the mineral-resource potential for this quadrangle. Reconnaissance geochemical surveys are valuable tools in mineral exploration, especially when used in conjunction with data obtained from other earth science disciplines. Identifying specific exploration targets generally involves additional, more detailed investigations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2137A","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.R., Motooka, J.M., and McHugh, J., 1990, Map showing distribution of cadmium and antimony in the nonmagnetic fraction of heavy-mineral concentrates, Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2137, 1 Plate: 41.94 x 24.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2137A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.94 x 24.29 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2137a.jpg"},{"id":390771,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5740.htm"},{"id":283665,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2137-A/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.0,38.0 ], [ -114.0,39.0 ], [ -112.0,39.0 ], [ -112.0,38.0 ], [ -114.0,38.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9fe4b07f02db660ec7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, William R.","contributorId":53838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Motooka, Jerry M.","contributorId":36611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motooka","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHugh, John B.","contributorId":64651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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