Equations for estimating the 7-day, 2-year and 7-day, 10-year low flows at sites on ungaged streams are presented. Regression analysis was used to develop equations relating basin characteristics and low-flow characteristics at 82 gaging stations. Significant basin characteristics in the equations are contributing drainage area and flow-duration ratio, which is the 20-percent flow duration divided by the 90-percent flow duration. Flow-duration ratio has been regionalized for Indiana on a plate in this report. Ratios for use in the equations are obtained from this plate. Drainage areas are determined from maps or are obtained from reports.
The predictive capability of the method was determined by tests of the equations and of the flow-duration ratios on the plate. The accuracy of the equations alone was tested by estimating the low-flow characteristics at 82 gaging stations where flow-duration ratio is already known. In this case, the standard errors of estimate for 7-day, 2-year and 7-day, 10-year low flows are 19 and 28 percent. When flow-duration ratios for the 82 gaging stations are obtained from the map, the standard errors are 46 and 61 percent. However, when stations with drainage areas less than 10 square miles are excluded from the test, the standard errors reduce to 38 and 49 percent. Standard errors increase when stations with small basins are included, probably because some of the flow-duration ratios obtained for these small basins are incorrect. Local geology and its effect on the ratio are not adequately reflected on the plate, which shows the regional variation in flow-duration ratio. In all the tests, no bias is apparent areally, with increasing drainage area or with increasing ratio.
Guidelines and limitations should be considered when using the method. The method can he applied only at sites in the northern and the central physiographic zones of the State. Low-flow characteristics cannot be estimated for regulated streams unless the amount of regulation is known so that the estimated low-flow characteristic can be adjusted. The method is most accurate for sites with drainage areas ranging from 10 to 1,000 square miles and for predictions of 7-day, 10-year low flows ranging from 0.5 to 340 cubic feet per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr86323","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana State Board of Health","usgsCitation":"Arihood, L.D., and Glatfelter, D.R., 1986, Method for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-323, Report: iv, 32 p.; 1 Plate: 24.76 x 40.71 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86323.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 32 p.; 1 Plate: 24.76 x 40.71 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science 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Tables describing the station location, type of data collected, and place where data are available are included, as well as maps showing the location of most of the stations. (USGS)
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These activities are part of the Federal program of appraising the Nation 's water resources. Water resources appraisals in Florida are highly diversified, ranging from hydrologic records networks to interpretive appraisals of water resources and applied research to develop investigative techniques. Thus, water resource investigations range from basic descriptive water-availability studies for areas of low-intensity water development and management to sophisticated cause and effect studies in areas of high-intensity water development and management. The interpretive reports and records that are products of the investigations are a principal hydrologic foundation upon which the plans for development, management, and protection of Florida 's water resources may be based. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr8668","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.F., Ranzau, C., Lind, W., and Coplin, L., 1986, Records of wells, drillers' logs, water-level measurements, and chemical analyses of ground water in Brazoria, Fort Bend, and Waller counties, Texas, 1980-84: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-68, Report: iii, 51 p.; 3 Plates: 15.46 x 15.69 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8668.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 51 p.; 3 Plates: 15.46 x 15.69 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":144572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0068/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40424,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0068/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40425,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0068/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40426,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0068/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40427,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Brazoria County, Fort Bend County, Waller County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, James F. III","contributorId":173660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"James","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ranzau, C.F. Jr.","contributorId":26696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranzau","given":"C.F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lind, W.B.","contributorId":58645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lind","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coplin, L.S.","contributorId":49366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplin","given":"L.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":60571,"text":"mf1834A - 1986 - Mineral occurrence map and tabulation of geologic, commodity, and production data, Ajo and Lukeville 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangles, southwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T08:35:28","indexId":"mf1834A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1834","chapter":"A","title":"Mineral occurrence map and tabulation of geologic, commodity, and production data, Ajo and Lukeville 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangles, southwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"This map is part of a folio of maps of the Ajo and Lukeville 1 ° x 2° quadrangles, Arizona, prepared under the Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1834A","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J., and Tosdal, R., 1986, Mineral occurrence map and tabulation of geologic, commodity, and production data, Ajo and Lukeville 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangles, southwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1834, Document: 39 p.; Plate: 52.99 x 29.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1834A.","productDescription":"Document: 39 p.; Plate: 52.99 x 29.14 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1986/1834a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88823,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1986/1834a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":327397,"rank":301,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1834-A/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,31.75 ], [ -114,33 ], [ -112,33 ], [ -112,31.75 ], [ -114,31.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636163","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, J.A.","contributorId":76308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tosdal, R. 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The list of references is intended as a primary source of information for investigators concerned with previous studies in the basin. Reference numbers correlate with a key-word index to help the user select and locate desired references. 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","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr86387","usgsCitation":"1986, Three-component digital velocity and acceleration recordings made in conjunction with the PACE reflection experiment (November 1985): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-387, 259 p. :chiefly ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86387.","productDescription":"259 p. :chiefly ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0387/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40577,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0387/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b955","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684689,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12337,"text":"ofr86469 - 1986 - Thermal considerations and the Cajon Pass borehole","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:27","indexId":"ofr86469","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-469","title":"Thermal considerations and the Cajon Pass borehole","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr86469","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A., Sass, J., Moses, T.H., and Galanis, S., 1986, Thermal considerations and the Cajon Pass borehole: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-469, 17 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86469.","productDescription":"17 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0469/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40573,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0469/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4bdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":165944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moses, T. H. Jr.","contributorId":70385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moses","given":"T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galanis, S.P. Jr.","contributorId":55005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galanis","given":"S.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26709,"text":"wri864188 - 1986 - Assessment of ground-water contamination at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, 1982-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-16T16:09:39","indexId":"wri864188","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4188","title":"Assessment of ground-water contamination at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, 1982-85","docAbstract":"Continued study of ground-water contamination at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, defined the movement and distribution of volatile organic compounds in the glacial sand and gravel aquifer at known sites of contamination, and has defined new plumes at two other sites.
The Arrow Street purge system, installed in 1982 to remove contaminants from the Building 43 plume, has lowered concentrations of trichloroethylene in ground water in the central part of the most contaminated area from a range of 1,000 to 2,000 micrograms per liter to about 200 micrograms per liter. Trichloroethylene is not escaping off-Base from this area.
In the southern part of the Base a plume containing principally trichloroethylene and dichloroethylene has been delineated along Mission Drive. Maximum concentrations observed were 5,290 micrograms per liter of trichloroethylene and 1,480 micrograms per liter of dichloroethylene. Hydrologically suitable sites for purge wells are identified in the southern part of the plume using a new ground-water flow model of the Base.
A benzene plume near the bulk-fuel storage area, delineated in earlier work, lias shifted to a more northerly direction under influence of the Arrow Street purge system. Sites initially identified for purging the benzene plume have been repositioned because of the change in contaminant movement. JP-4 fuel was found to be accumulating in wells near the bulk-fuel storage area, largely in response to seasonal fluctuations in the water table. It is thought to originate from a spill that occurred several years ago.
A more thorough definition of contaminants in the northern landfill area has permitted a determination of the most hydrologically suitable sites for purge wells. In general, Concentrations found in water do not differ greatly from those observed in 1981.
Since 1981, concentrations of trichloroethylene have decreased significantly in the Alert Apron plume. Near the origin of the plume, the concentration of trichloroethylene has decreased from 1,000 micrograms per liter in 1980 to 50 micrograms per liter in 1984. Water from Van Etten Lake near the termination of the plume had only a trace of trichloroethylene at one site.
Benzene detected in water from well AF2 seems to originate near the former site of buried fuel tanks west of the operational apron. During periods of normal purge pumping along Arrow Street, contaminants are drawn to the purge system. During periods when pumping is low, contaminants are drawn toward water-supply wells AF2, AF4, and AF5.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri864188","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Cummings, T., and Twenter, F.R., 1986, Assessment of ground-water contamination at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, 1982-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4188, Document: ix, 110 p.; 3 Plates: 41.76 x 35.90 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864188.","productDescription":"Document: ix, 110 p.; 3 Plates: 41.76 x 35.90 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55576,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4188/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55577,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4188/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55578,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4188/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55579,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Wurtsmith Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.422222,\n 44.483333\n ],\n [\n -83.422222,\n 44.429167\n ],\n [\n -83.329167,\n 44.429167\n ],\n [\n -83.329167,\n 44.483333\n ],\n [\n -83.422222,\n 44.483333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d137","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cummings, T. R.","contributorId":104082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twenter, F. R.","contributorId":81080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twenter","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27038,"text":"wri864210 - 1986 - Hydraulic characteristics of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary clastic aquifers: Eastern Alabama, Georgia, and western South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T13:19:18","indexId":"wri864210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4210","title":"Hydraulic characteristics of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary clastic aquifers: Eastern Alabama, Georgia, and western South Carolina","docAbstract":"Transmissivity and storativity data for the clastic sediments of the northern Coastal Plain of eastern Alabama, Georgia, and western South Carolina were compiled and evaluated. Transmissivity values ranged from less than 100 to about 35,000 ft sq/day; storativity ranged from about 0.00002 to 0.0002. Data for lower Tertiary sediments represented by the Clayton and Tallahatta Formations and equivalent Midwayan and Claibornian sediments are listed for 17 sites. Transmissivity values of these sediments range from about 500 to 10,000 ft sq/day. Transmissivity values for the Cretaceous Providence Sand and Cusseta Sand and equivalent Navarroan-Tayloran sediments are listed for 10 sites and range from about 500 to 34,000 ft sq/day. Transmissivity values for the Blufftown and Eutaw Formations and equivalent Cretaceous Tayloran-Austinian sediments are listed for 16 sites and range from about 3000 to 35,000 ft sq/day. Transmissivity of the Cretaceous Tuscaloosa Formation and equivalent Eaglefordian sediments is listed for 5 sites and ranges from about 30 to 500 ft sq/day. Estimates of transmissivity based on well specific capacity were computed by using the modified nonequilibrium formula and linear regression analysis. The regression analysis was based on log-transformed paired transmissivity and specific-capacity data at 48 pumping wells. The regression model provided better estimates of transmissivity than the modified nonequilibrium formula. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri864210","usgsCitation":"Faye, R.E., and McFadden, K.W., 1986, Hydraulic characteristics of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary clastic aquifers: Eastern Alabama, Georgia, and western South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4210, Report: viii, 22 p.; 1 Plate: 28.96 x 23.59 inches; 4 Sheets: 14.79 x 18.46 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864210.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 22 p.; 1 Plate: 28.96 x 23.59 inches; 4 Sheets: 14.79 x 18.46 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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