We collected carcasses of 52 common eider Somateria mollissima adults and ducklings and blood samples from 11 nesting eider hens in the Gulf of Finland near Helsinki in 1994, 1995 and 1996. Samples of liver tissue were analysed for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium and zinc. Blood was analysed for lead, mercury and selenium. Most of the 21 adults examined at necropsy were emaciated with empty gizzards, and no ingested shotgun pellets or other metal were found in any of the birds. Three adult females had a combination of lesions and tissue lead residues characteristic of lead poisoning. Two of these birds had acid-fast intranuclear inclusion bodies in renal epithelial cells and high concentrations of lead (73.4 and 73.3 ppm; all liver residues reported on dry weight basis) in their livers. The third was emaciated with a liver lead concentration of 47.9 ppm. An adult male had a liver lead concentration of 81.7 ppm, which is consistent with severe clinical poisoning. Two other adults, one male and one female, had liver lead concentrations of 14.2 and 8.03 ppm, respectively. Lead concentrations in the blood of hens ranged from 0.11 to 0.63 ppm wet weight. Selenium residues of A?60 ppm were found in the livers of five adult males. Selenium concentrations in the blood of hens ranged from 1.18 to 3.39 ppm wet weight. Arsenic concentrations of 27.5-38.5 ppm were detected in the livers of four adult females. Detectable concentrations of selenium, mercury and molybdenum were found more frequently in the livers of adult males arriving on the breeding grounds than in incubating females, while the reverse was true for arsenic, lead and chromium. Mean concentrations of selenium, copper and molybdenum were higher in the livers of arriving males than in the livers of incubating hens, but hens had greater concentrations of iron and magnesium. Concentrations of trace elements were lower in the livers of ducklings than in the livers of adults.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nordic Society Oikos","doi":"10.2981/wlb.1998.022","usgsCitation":"Hollmén, T., Franson, J.C., Poppenga, R., Hario, M., and Kilpi, M., 1998, Lead poisoning and trace elements in common eiders Somateria mollissima from Finland: Wildlife Biology, v. 4, no. 4, p. 193-203, https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.1998.022.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"203","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135708,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Finland","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[28.59193,69.06478],[28.44594,68.36461],[29.97743,67.6983],[29.05459,66.94429],[30.21765,65.80598],[29.54443,64.94867],[30.44468,64.20445],[30.03587,63.55281],[31.51609,62.86769],[31.13999,62.35769],[30.21111,61.78003],[28.07,60.50352],[26.25517,60.42396],[24.49662,60.05732],[22.86969,59.84637],[22.29076,60.39192],[21.32224,60.72017],[21.54487,61.70533],[21.05921,62.60739],[21.53603,63.18974],[22.44274,63.81781],[24.73051,64.90234],[25.39807,65.11143],[25.29404,65.53435],[23.90338,66.00693],[23.56588,66.39605],[23.53947,67.93601],[21.97853,68.61685],[20.64559,69.10625],[21.24494,69.37044],[22.35624,68.84174],[23.66205,68.89125],[24.73568,68.64956],[25.68921,69.09211],[26.17962,69.8253],[27.73229,70.16419],[29.01557,69.76649],[28.59193,69.06478]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Finland\"}}]}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a85ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollmén, Tuula E.","contributorId":32112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hollmén","given":"Tuula E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poppenga, R.H.","contributorId":86308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppenga","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hario, Martti","contributorId":31340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hario","given":"Martti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kilpi, Mikaei","contributorId":102428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpi","given":"Mikaei","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223500,"text":"5223500 - 1998 - Relation of lead exposure to sediment ingestion in mute swans on the Chesapeake Bay, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T16:36:48.264214","indexId":"5223500","displayToPublicDate":"1998-11-01T12:18:40","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of lead exposure to sediment ingestion in mute swans on the Chesapeake Bay, USA","docAbstract":"Although wildlife risk assessments are generally based on the accumulation of environmental contaminants through food chains, wildlife may also ingest contaminants incidentally with sediment. Forty-two mute swans (Cygnus olor) were collected from unpolluted portions of central Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA, in spring 1995, and their intestinal digesta were analyzed for 13 metals (aluminum [Al], boron, barium, cadmium, copper [Cu], iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, lead [Pb], strontium, vanadium, and zinc) and for acid-insoluble ash, a marker of sediment. Swan livers and sediment samples also were analyzed for the same metals. Group method of data handling demonstrated that the digesta Al, which is associated with clays, was the best predictor of digesta Pb. Adding concentrations of other metals as predictors did not improve the accuracy of the estimates of Pb concentrations from Al concentrations. The r2 of the equation relating the log of digesta Pb to the log of digesta Al was 0.86, whereas the r2 of the equation relating the log of digesta Pb to the log of digesta acid-insoluble ash was 0.50. Accounting for the sediment ingested was critical to determining the exposure of mute swans to Pb, as well as to some of the other metals, and sediment ingestion should be considered in ecotoxicological risk assessments of waterfowl. The mean of 7.4% acid-insoluble ash in the digesta corresponded to an estimated 3.2% sediment in the diet. The Pb concentrations in the digesta were two to three times the concentration that would have been predicted from sediment Pb concentrations; presumably, the swans had ingested clays high in Pb that had settled on the vegetation. The swans were probably not exposed to high Cu concentrations but nevertheless had hepatic Cu concentrations that would be considered very high if found in other species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620171121","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W., Day, D., Morton, A., and Pachepsky, Y., 1998, Relation of lead exposure to sediment ingestion in mute swans on the Chesapeake Bay, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 11, p. 2298-2301, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620171121.","productDescription":"2298-2301","startPage":"2298","endPage":"2301","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198376,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":425380,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122664160/abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"17","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f7edf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. N. 0000-0002-8911-9141","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":55379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, D. 0000-0001-9070-7170","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9070-7170","contributorId":20298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morton, Alexandra","contributorId":42323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Alexandra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pachepsky, Y.","contributorId":29539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pachepsky","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38254,"text":"pp1596 - 1998 - Geochemical studies of rare earth elements in the Portuguese pyrite belt, and geologic and geochemical controls on gold distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:52","indexId":"pp1596","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1596","title":"Geochemical studies of rare earth elements in the Portuguese pyrite belt, and geologic and geochemical controls on gold distribution","docAbstract":"This report describes geochemical and geological studies which were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Servicos Geologicos de Portugal (SPG) in the Portuguese pyrite belt (PPB) in southern Portugal. The studies included rare earth element (REE) distributions and geological and geochemical controls on the distribution of gold. Rare earth element distributions were determined in representative samples of the volcanic rocks from five west-trending sub-belts of the PPB in order to test the usefulness of REE as a tool for the correlation of volcanic events, and to determine their mobility and application as hydrothermal tracers. REE distributions in felsic volcanic rocks show increases in the relative abundances of heavy REE and a decrease in La/Yb ratios from north to south in the Portuguese pyrite belt. Anomalous amounts of gold are distributed in and near massive and disseminated sulfide deposits in the PPB. Gold is closely associated with copper in the middle and lower parts of the deposits. Weakly anomalous concentrations of gold were noted in exhalative sedimentary rocks that are stratigraphically above massive sulfide deposits in a distal manganiferous facies, whereas anomalously low concentrations were detected in the barite-rich, proximal-facies exhalites. Altered and pyritic felsic volcanic rocks locally contain highly anomalous concentrations of gold, suggesting that disseminated sulfide deposits and the non-ore parts of massive sulfide deposits should be evaluated for their gold potential.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1596","usgsCitation":"Grimes, D.J., Earhart, R.L., de Carvalho, D., Oliveira, V., Oliveira, J.T., and Castro, P., 1998, Geochemical studies of rare earth elements in the Portuguese pyrite belt, and geologic and geochemical controls on gold distribution: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1596, 40 p.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1596.","productDescription":"40 p.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3494,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1596/p1596.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grimes, David J.","contributorId":36925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimes","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earhart, Robert L.","contributorId":74729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earhart","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Carvalho, Delfim","contributorId":62272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Carvalho","given":"Delfim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oliveira, Vitor","contributorId":10081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliveira","given":"Vitor","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oliveira, Jose T.","contributorId":25980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliveira","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Castro, Paulo","contributorId":12536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro","given":"Paulo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70199197,"text":"70199197 - 1998 - Analysis and simulation of reactive transport of metal contaminants in ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:00:59","indexId":"70199197","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T09:57:23","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis and simulation of reactive transport of metal contaminants in ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona","docAbstract":"Large-scale mining activities have generated a plume of acidic ground water more than 15 km long in the regional aquifer of the Pinal Creek Basin. A one-dimensional reactive-transport model was developed using PHREEQC to aid in the analysis of transport and chemical processes in the plume and to determine the uses and limitations of this type of modeling approach. In 1984, the acidic part of the plume had a pH as low as 3.4 and contained milligram-per-liter concentrations of iron, copper, aluminum and other metals. From 1984 to 1994, concentrations of contaminants in the alluvial aquifer in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona, decreased as a result of mixing, recharge, remedial pumping and chemical reactions. For reactions involving gypsum and rhodochrosite, the equilibrium modeling assumption of a local geochemical equilibrium was generally valid. From 1984 to 1990, water along the simulated flow path was at equilibrium or slightly supersaturated with gypsum, and gypsum equilibria controlled dissolved concentrations of calcium and sulfate. Beginning in 1991, water in the acidic part of the plume became increasingly undersaturated with respect to gypsum, indicating that the gypsum available for dissolution in the aquifer may have been completely consumed by about 1991. Rhodochrosite precipitation was thought responsible for the measured attenuation in dissolved manganese in the neutralized zone. For reactions involving calcite, the assumption of a local geochemical equilibrium was generally not valid. Dissolution of calcite in the transition zone was not sufficient to establish equilibrium although, following neutralization, the calcite saturation index decreased to −1.2 in 1986. Calcite undersaturation decreased along the flow path in the neutralized zone, and equilibrium was attained about 7 km downgradient of the transition zone. The assumption of a local geochemical equilibrium was not valid for oxidation–reduction reactions that involved iron oxides and manganese oxides. Kinetically controlled oxidation–reduction reactions continued in the acidic part of the flow path for years following the passage of the transition zone. Although the equilibrium approach helped to provide an increased understanding of contaminant transport at Pinal Creek, future work will require a kinetic modeling approach to more accurately simulate selected reactions between the plume and aquifer materials.
Slag is a by-product of steel manufacturing and a ubiquitous fill material in northwestern Indiana. Ground water associated with slag deposits generally is characterized by high pH and elevated concentrations of many inorganic water-quality constituents. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, conducted a study in northwestern Indiana from June 1995 to September 1996 to improve understanding of the effects of slag deposits on the water quality of a glacial-outwash aquifer.
The Bairstow Landfill, a slag-fill deposit overlying the Calumet aquifer near Hammond, Indiana, was studied to represent conditions in slag-deposit settings that are common in northwestern Indiana. Ground water from 10 observation wells, located in four nests at the site, and surface water from the adjacent Lake George were analyzed for values of field-measured parameters and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and bulk properties. Solid-phase samples of slag and aquifer sediment collected during drilling were examined with X-ray diffraction and geochemical digestion and analysis.
Concentrations of calcium, potassium, sodium, and sulfate were highest in wells screened partly or fully in slag. Potassium concentrations in ground water ranged from 2.9 to 120 milligrams per liter (mg/L), were highest in water from slag deposits, and decreased with depth. The highest concentrations for aluminum, barium, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium were in water from the slag. Silica concentrations were highest in wells screened directly beneath the slag-aquifer interface, and magnesium concentrations were highest in intermediate and deep aquifer wells. Silica concentrations in shallow and intermediate aquifer wells ranged from 27 to 41 mg/L and were about 10 times greater than those in water from slag deposits. The highest concentrations for chromium, lead, and zinc were in ground water from immediately below the slag-aquifer interface.
The solid-phase analyses indicated that calcite, dolomite, and quartz generally were present throughout the slag-aquifer system; barian celestite, cristobalite, manganese-bearing calcite, and minrecordite were present in fewer samples. Trace elements that are liberated from the slag may be incorporated as impurities during precipitation of major minerals, sorbed onto clays and other grainsize fractions not analyzed as part of this study, or present in low-abundance minerals that were not detected by the X-ray analysis.
Mass-balance and speciation programs were used to identify geochemical processes that may be occurring as water infiltrates through the slag, flows into the aquifer, and discharges into Lake George. The geochemical models indicate that precipitation of calcite may be occurring where slag-affected water enters the aquifer. Models also indicate that dolomite precipitation and clay-mineral dissolution may be occurring at the slag-aquifer interface; however, dolomite precipitation is generally believed to require geologically long time periods. Silica may be dissolving where slag-affected ground water enters the aquifer and may be precipitating where slag-affected ground water discharges to the lakebed of Lake George.
In addition to the site-specific study, a statistical analysis of regional water quality was done to compare ground water in wells affected and unaffected by slag. When com-pared to wells in background locations in the Calumet aquifer, wells screened in slag across northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois generally had relatively higher pH and specific-conductance values and relatively higher concentrations of alkalinity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, total organic carbon, calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, aluminum, barium, and possibly magnesium, sulfate, chromium, cobalt, copper, cyanide, manganese, mercury, nickel, and vanadium. When compared to wells in slag and wells in background locations, ground water from immediately beneath or immediately downgradient from slag had relatively high concentrations of arsenic and silica. Water-quality characteristics in ground water at the Bairstow Landfill were similar to water-quality characteristics in slag-contact and slag-affected wells throughout northwestern Indiana.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974198","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E.R., Greeman, T.K., and Harvey, C., 1998, Hydrology and geochemistry of a slag-affected aquifer and chemical characteristics of slag-affected ground water, northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4198, v, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974198.","productDescription":"v, 67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414756,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48809.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157824,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4198/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.525,\n 41.6667\n ],\n [\n -87.525,\n 41.6556\n ],\n [\n -87.475,\n 41.6556\n ],\n [\n -87.475,\n 41.6667\n ],\n [\n -87.525,\n 41.6667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, C.C.","contributorId":102108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6554,"text":"fs19297 - 1998 - Comparison of NPDES program findings for selected cities in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-29T06:38:58","indexId":"fs19297","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"192-97","title":"Comparison of NPDES program findings for selected cities in the United States","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, under section 402 (p) of the Water Quality Act of 1987, has required municipalities with populations of more than 100,000 to obtain National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits for urban stormwater discharge. This regulation is intended to minimize pollutant loadings from urbanized areas and preserve the quality of streams that receive stormwater. To apply for a NPDES permit, a municipality must monitor the chemistry of stormwater from basins having residential, commercial, and industrial land uses, and estimate storm- and annual pollutant loads and event-mean concentrations of 12 selected properties and constituents. The properties and constituents include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, dissolved solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, total recoverable cadmium, total recoverable copper, total recoverable lead, and total recoverable zinc. These estimates will be used by the municipalities to evaluate the magnitude of pollutant loadings and the ef ficiency of management strategies that are intended to reduce pollutant loads.
\nAs part of a national synthesis of the study units in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) NPDES program, data were compiled on concentrations of the 12 properties and constituents required for load calculations. This report presents a comparison of these data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs19297","usgsCitation":"Fossum, K.D., and McDoniel, D.S., 1998, Comparison of NPDES program findings for selected cities in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 192-97, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs19297.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287721,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0192-97/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fossum, Kenneth D.","contributorId":34121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fossum","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDoniel, Dawn S.","contributorId":48549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDoniel","given":"Dawn","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220356,"text":"70220356 - 1998 - Carolina slate belt gold deposits in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-06T15:16:23.585749","indexId":"70220356","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T11:16:09","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8585,"text":"Information Handout","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Carolina slate belt gold deposits in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia","docAbstract":"The Southeastern United States, in particular, the Carolina slate belt of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, has been an important region of mineral production (fig. 1). This region is thought to have major potential for containing large undiscovered deposits of gold and silver, as well as copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, and tin. Gold production from the major mines (Haile, Brewer, Ridgeway, and Barite Hill) in South Carolina ranked sixth in the Nation in 1992. Despite the closing of all but one mine in 1997, the region continues to attract intense scrutiny by the mining industry.
Current U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) efforts in the slate belt are led by a multidisciplinary team focused on an integrated, multistate, and multiyear project that has the potential to result in a fundamental reinterpretation of the economic geology of the region. The slate belt is considered a scientific frontier because of the rapid pace of data acquisition by the USGS, academia, and private sector geologists and because emerging concepts of its geologic evolution are controversial. Establishing the origin of the gold deposits is important, not only in guiding exploration, but for more accurate assessment of the potential for the occurrence of new deposits throughout the southern Appalachians. These efforts may result in further industry exploration that may lead to discovery of new economically viable mineral deposits, which would have a broad economic impact on the region. Another goal is to find ways to prevent human activities related to gold extraction from remobilizing toxic metals found in these deposits, which could have potential harmful effects on the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70220356","usgsCitation":"Ayuso, R.A., 1998, Carolina slate belt gold deposits in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia: Information Handout, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70220356.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":385485,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/info/ayuso1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Carolina slate belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.671875,\n 32.31499127724556\n ],\n [\n -77.464599609375,\n 32.31499127724556\n ],\n [\n -77.464599609375,\n 36.77409249464195\n ],\n [\n -83.671875,\n 36.77409249464195\n ],\n [\n -83.671875,\n 32.31499127724556\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":815256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020503,"text":"70020503 - 1998 - Characterization of toxic conditions above Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T00:11:32.352661","indexId":"70020503","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of toxic conditions above Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park, Missouri","docAbstract":"ABSTRACT: Wilson's Creek has an extensive history of toxicity from both point and nonpoint sources. Seven-day chronic daphnid (Ceriodaphnia dubia) bioassays identified one toxic site in the Wilson's Creek watershed. Procedures for the characterization phase of a Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) were modified for chronic assessment and performed on four water samples from the toxic site. The characterization involved chemical/physical alterations of samples, combined with bioassays, to help in identification of the class(es) of toxicants; followed by chemical analyses. To help understand the additivity of mixtures, toxic units were derived. Successive samples contained concentrations of copper, cadmium, nickel and zinc that literature values describe as being chronically toxic to daphnids. Summed chronic toxic units for these values greatly exceeded ambient toxic units, and more than accounted for observed toxicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04156.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Pulley, T., Nimmo, D., and Tessari, J., 1998, Characterization of toxic conditions above Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park, Missouri: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 34, no. 5, p. 1087-1098, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04156.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1087","endPage":"1098","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4e8e4b0c8380cd4bfc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pulley, T.S.","contributorId":22526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pulley","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, D.W.R.","contributorId":104235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"D.W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tessari, J.D.","contributorId":35903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tessari","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020482,"text":"70020482 - 1998 - Laramide alteration of proterozoic diabase: A likely contributor of copper to porphyry systems in the dripping spring mountains area, Southeastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T15:50:35.871695","indexId":"70020482","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laramide alteration of proterozoic diabase: A likely contributor of copper to porphyry systems in the dripping spring mountains area, Southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"Proterozoic diabase of the Dripping Spring range occurs as sills in the Proterozoic Apache Group and the Troy Quartzite and as intrustive sheets in basement rocks. The aggregate thickness of the diabase sills and intrusive sheets averages about 450 m in the part of the range showing little mid-Tertiary extension. Laramide alteration is of two types, dominated by chlorite and actinolite, respectively, and formed mostly from clinopyroxene. Actinolite-dominated assemblages are higher in Na and Ca. Hydrothermal biotite is common in the central areas of both alteration types. Laramide alteration forms two distribution patterns: a subsequent pattern centered on Laramide intrusions and small porphyry deposits, characterized by actinolitic alteration, and a more extensive branching linear pattern that follows Laramide structures, centered on the larger Ray porphyry deposit, extending toward other Laramide districts and showing both alteration types. Alteration has apparently mobilized copper and other metals from diabase. The freshest diabase samples average about 120 ppm copper with little variation. In chloritic alteration, about 100 ppm of this copper is expelled in the most completely altered rocks. In actinolitic alteration, diabase may either gain or lose copper during alteration. Chloritic alteration constitutes roughly 70 percent of the diabase alteration in the study area, where alteration averages 41 percent complete. This implies liberation of about 9X10 6 tons (t) copper from diabase alteration, significantly less than the 16X10 6 t copper in Laramide mineral deposits of the superdistrict Ray, Superior. Chilito. Christmas. However, diabase alteration may have been a significant component of the supply of copper to the Laramide mineral districts of the area. Synmineral magmatic sources of copper are not documented in this area. The distribution of Proterozoic diabase coincides with the central part of the southeastern Arizona copper province, which may thus owe much copper availability to an unusual abundance of diabase. However, many unanswered questions remain about metal supply from altering diabase.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.93.2.171","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Force, E.R., 1998, Laramide alteration of proterozoic diabase: A likely contributor of copper to porphyry systems in the dripping spring mountains area, Southeastern Arizona: Economic Geology, v. 93, no. 2, p. 171-183, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.93.2.171.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231300,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4471e4b0c8380cd66af5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Force, E. R.","contributorId":28235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020609,"text":"70020609 - 1998 - Effects of metal mining and milling on boundary waters of Yellowstone National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70020609","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of metal mining and milling on boundary waters of Yellowstone National Park, USA","docAbstract":"Aquatic resources in Soda Butte Creek within Yellowstone National Park, USA, continue to be threatened by heavy metals from historical mining and milling activities that occurred upstream of the park's boundary. This includes the residue of gold, silver, and copper ore mining and processing in the early 1900s near Cooke City, Montana, just downstream of the creek's headwaters. Toxicity tests, using surrogate test species, and analyses of metals in water, sediments, and macroinvertebrate tissue were conducted from 1993 to 1995. Chronic toxicity to test species was greater in the spring than the fall and metal concentrations were elevated in the spring with copper exceeding water quality criteria in 1995. Tests with amphipods using pore water and whole sediment from the creek and copper concentrations in the tissue of macroinvertebrates and fish also suggest that copper is the metal of concern in the watershed. In order to understand current conditions in Soda Butte Creek, heavy metals, especially copper, must be considered important factors in the aquatic and riparian ecosystems within and along the creek extending into Yellowstone National Park.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag New York","publisherLocation":"Secaucus, NJ, United States","doi":"10.1007/s002679900158","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, D., Willox, M., Lafrancois, T., Chapman, P., Brinkman, S., and Greene, J., 1998, Effects of metal mining and milling on boundary waters of Yellowstone National Park, USA: Environmental Management, v. 22, no. 6, p. 913-926, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900158.","startPage":"913","endPage":"926","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206859,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002679900158"},{"id":230992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a075ce4b0c8380cd5166a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, D.R.","contributorId":51052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willox, M.J.","contributorId":84945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willox","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lafrancois, T.D.","contributorId":74160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafrancois","given":"T.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chapman, P.L.","contributorId":29144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brinkman, S.F.","contributorId":47542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinkman","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greene, J.C.","contributorId":9423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70020585,"text":"70020585 - 1998 - Effect of zeolite on toxicity of ammonia in freshwater sediments: Implications for toxicity identification evaluation procedures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70020585","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of zeolite on toxicity of ammonia in freshwater sediments: Implications for toxicity identification evaluation procedures","docAbstract":"Techniques for reducing ammonia toxicity in freshwater sediments were investigated as part of a project to develop toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) procedures for whole sediments. Although ammonia is a natural constituent of freshwater sediments, pollution can lead to ammonia concentrations that are toxic to benthic invertebrates, and ammonia can also contribute to the toxicity of sediments that contain more persistent contaminants. We investigated the use of amendments of a natural zeolite mineral, clinoptilolite, to reduce concentrations of ammonia in sediment pore water. Zeolites have been widely used for removal of ammonia in water treatment and in aqueous TIE procedures. The addition of granulated zeolite to ammonia-spiked sediments reduced pore-water ammonia concentrations and reduced ammonia toxicity to invertebrates. Amendments of 20% zeolite (v/v) reduced ammonia concentrations in pore water by ???70% in spiked sediments with ammonia concentrations typical of contaminated freshwater sediments. Zeolite amendments reduced toxicity of ammonia-spiked sediments to three taxa of benthic invertebrates (Hyalella azteca, Lumbriculus variegatus, and Chironomus tentans), despite their widely differing sensitivity to ammonia toxicity. In contrast, zeolite amendments did not reduce acute toxicity of sediments containing high concentrations of cadmium or copper or reduce concentrations of these metals in pore waters. These studies suggest that zeolite amendments, used in conjunction with toxicity tests with sensitive taxa such as H. azteca, may be an effective technique for selective reduction of ammonia toxicity in freshwater sediments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2310:EOZOTO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Besser, J., Ingersoll, C., Leonard, E., and Mount, D., 1998, Effect of zeolite on toxicity of ammonia in freshwater sediments: Implications for toxicity identification evaluation procedures: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 11, p. 2310-2317, https://doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2310:EOZOTO>2.3.CO;2.","startPage":"2310","endPage":"2317","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206898,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2310:EOZOTO>2.3.CO;2"},{"id":231147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0630e4b0c8380cd51140","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, J.M.","contributorId":91569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leonard, E.N.","contributorId":71344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"E.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mount, D.R.","contributorId":13774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mount","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26774,"text":"wri984124 - 1998 - Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish liver at selected sites in the Upper Colorado River basin, Colorado 1995-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-05T18:57:04.654908","indexId":"wri984124","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4124","title":"Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish liver at selected sites in the Upper Colorado River basin, Colorado 1995-96","docAbstract":"Trace elements were analyzed in streambed-sediment samples collected from 16 sites and in fish-liver samples collected from 14 sites in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Colorado as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. Sites sampled represented agricultural, mining, mixed, and urban/recreation land uses and background conditions. The results for 15 trace elements in streambed-sediment and in fish-liver samples are presented in this report. Fourteen of the selected trace elements were detected in streambed-sediment samples collected at all sites. Twelve of the selected trace elements were detected in fish liver at more than 50 percent of the sites. Cadmium, copper, selenium, and zinc were selected for a more detailed analysis. Cadmium, copper, and zinc concentrations in streambed sediment were highest at mining land-use sites in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province. Selenium concentrations in streambed sediment were highest at an agricultural land-use site in the Colorado Plateau physiographic province. The concentration of trace elements in streambed sediment generally increased as particle size decreased. Concentrations of trace elements in fish liver generally did not follow the same relation to land use as concentrations in streambed sediment; however, cadmium concentrations in fish liver were highest at a mining land-use site in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province, and selenium concentrations in fish liver were highest at an agricultural land-use site in the Colorado Plateau physiographic province. Copper and zinc concentrations in fish liver were highest at mixed land-use sites. Comparison of streambed-sediment and fish-liver concentrations to two other similar NAWQA studies in the Rocky Mountain region generally indicated similar patterns in relation to land use for streambed sediment, but not for fish liver. Cadmium, copper, and zinc concentrations in streambed sediment were highest at sites affected by mining in all three study units. Selenium concentrations in streambed sediment did not indicate relations among the three study units when compared to land use. Cadmium in fish liver was highest at sites affected by mining in all three study units. Copper, selenium, and zinc in fish liver did not indicate relations among the three study units when compared to land use.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984124","usgsCitation":"Deacon, J.R., and Stephens, V., 1998, Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish liver at selected sites in the Upper Colorado River basin, Colorado 1995-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4124, vi, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984124.","productDescription":"vi, 19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415280,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48986.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2079,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4124","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.0583,\n 40.3833\n ],\n [\n -109.0583,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 40.3833\n ],\n [\n -109.0583,\n 40.3833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4893e4b07f02db520e52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deacon, J. R.","contributorId":67110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deacon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, V. C.","contributorId":46569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"V. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26590,"text":"wri984103 - 1998 - Organochlorine compounds and trace elements in fish tissue and bed sediments in the lower Snake River basin, Idaho and Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-31T18:35:28.099106","indexId":"wri984103","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4103","title":"Organochlorine compounds and trace elements in fish tissue and bed sediments in the lower Snake River basin, Idaho and Oregon","docAbstract":"Fish-tissue and bed-sediment samples were collected to determine the occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds and trace elements in the lower Snake River Basin. Whole-body composite samples of suckers and carp from seven sites were analyzed for organochlorine compounds; liver samples were analyzed for trace elements. Fillets from selected sportfish were analyzed for organochlorine compounds and trace elements. Bed-sediment samples from three sites were analyzed for organochlorine compounds and trace elements. Twelve different organochlorine compounds were detected in 14 fish-tissue samples. All fish-tissue samples contained DDT or its metabolites. Concentrations of total DDT ranged from 11 micrograms per kilogram wet weight in fillets of yellow perch from C.J. Strike Reservoir to 3,633 micrograms per kilogram wet weight in a whole-body sample of carp from Brownlee Reservoir at Burnt River. Total DDT concentrations in whole-body samples of sucker and carp from the Snake River at C.J. Strike Reservoir, Snake River at Swan Falls, Snake River at Nyssa, and Brownlee Reservoir at Burnt River exceeded criteria established for the protection of fish-eating wildlife. Total PCB concentrations in a whole-body sample of carp from Brownlee Reservoir at Burnt River also exceeded fish-eating wildlife criteria. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds in whole-body samples, in general, were larger than concentrations in sportfish fillets. However, concentrations of dieldrin and total DDT in fillets of channel catfish from the Snake River at Nyssa and Brownlee Reservoir at Burnt River, and concentrations of total DDT in fillets of smallmouth bass and white crappie from Brownlee Reservoir at Burnt River exceeded a cancer risk screening value of 10-6 established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds in bed sediment were smaller than concentrations in fish tissue. Concentrations of p,p'DDE, the only compound detected in all three bed-sediment samples, ranged from 1.1 micrograms per kilogram dry weight in C.J. Strike Reservoir to 11 micrograms per kilogram dry weight in Brownlee Reservoir at Burnt River. Data from this study, compared with data collected in the upper Snake River Basin from 1992 to 1994, indicates that, in general, organochlorine concentrations in fish tissue and bed sediment increased from the headwaters of the Snake River in Wyoming downstream to Brownlee Reservoir. The largest trace-element concentrations in fish tissue were in liver samples from carp from Brownlee Reservoir at Burnt River and suckers from the Boise River near Twin Springs. Concentrations of most trace elements were larger in livers than in the sport- fish fillets. However, mercury concentrations were generally larger in the sportfish fillets; they ranged from 0.08 microgram per gram wet weight in yellow perch from C.J. Strike Reservoir to 0.32 microgram per gram wet weight in channel catfish from Brownlee Reservoir at Burnt River. None of the trace-element concentrations in fillets exceeded median international standards or U.S. Food and Drug Administration action levels. Large trace-element concentrations in the upper Snake River Basin were reported in liver samples from suckers from headwater streams, probably a result of historical mining and weathering of metal-rich rocks. Concentrations of most trace elements in the bed-sediment samples were largest in Brownlee Reservoir at Mountain Man Lodge. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc in bed sediment from the Mountain Man Lodge site exceeded either the threshold effect level or probable effect level established by the Canadian Government for the protection of benthic life. Arsenic, chromium, copper, and nickel concentrations in bed sediment from Brownlee Reservoir at Burnt River and chromium, copper, and nickel in bed sediment from C.J. Strike Reservoir also exceeded the threshold effect level.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984103","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Idaho Power Company","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., and Maret, T.R., 1998, Organochlorine compounds and trace elements in fish tissue and bed sediments in the lower Snake River basin, Idaho and Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4103, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984103.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415018,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48973.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262323,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4103/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":262322,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4103/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"lower Snake River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.2411,\n 42.75\n ],\n [\n -117.2411,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 42.75\n ],\n [\n -117.2411,\n 42.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e481de4b07f02db4df6f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Gregory M. gmclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Gregory","email":"gmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021138,"text":"70021138 - 1998 - Effect of enhanced manganese oxidation in the hyporheic zone on basin-scale geochemical mass balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T07:41:30","indexId":"70021138","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of enhanced manganese oxidation in the hyporheic zone on basin-scale geochemical mass balance","docAbstract":"We determined the role of the hyporheic zone (the subsurface zone where stream water and shallow groundwater mix) in enhancing microbially mediated oxidation of dissolved manganese (to form manganese precipitates) in a drainage basin contaminated by copper mining. The fate of manganese is of overall importance to water quality in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona, because manganese reactions affect the transport of trace metals. The basin-scale role of the hyporheic zone is difficult to quantify because stream-tracer studies do not always reliably characterize the cumulative effects of the hyporheic zone. This study determined cumulative effects of hyporheic reactions in Pinal Creek basin by characterizing manganese uptake at several spatial scales (stream-reach scale, hyporheic-flow-path scale, and sediment-grain scale). At the stream-reach scale a one-dimensional stream-transport model (including storage zones to represent hyporheic flow paths) was used to determine a reach-averaged time constant for manganese uptake in hyporheic zones, 1/λs, of 1.3 hours, which was somewhat faster but still similar to manganese uptake time constants that were measured directly in centimeter-scale hyporheic flow paths (1/λh= 2.6 hours), and in laboratory batch experiments using streambed sediment (1/λ = 2.7 hours). The modeled depths of subsurface storage zones (ds = 4–17 cm) and modeled residence times of water in storage zones (ts = 3–12 min) were both consistent with direct measurements in hyporheic flow paths (dh = 0–15 cm, th = 1–25 min). There was also good agreement between reach-scale modeling and direct measurements of the percentage removal of dissolved manganese in hyporheic flow paths (fs = 8.9%, andfh = 9.3%rpar;. Manganese uptake experiments in the laboratory using sediment from Pinal Creek demonstrated (through comparison of poisoned and unpoisoned treatments) that the manganese removal process was enhanced by microbially mediated oxidation. The cumulative effect of hyporheic exchange in Pinal Creek basin was to remove approximately 20% of the dissolved manganese flowing out of the drainage basin. Our results illustrate that the cumulative significance of reactive uptake in the hyporheic zone depends on the balance between chemical reaction rates, hyporheic porewater residence time, and turnover of streamflow through hyporheic flow paths. The similarity between the hyporheic reaction timescale (1/λs ≈ 1.3 hours), and the hyporheic porewater residence timescale (ts ≈ 8 min) ensured that there was adequate time for the reaction to progress. Furthermore, it was the similarity between the turnover length for stream water flow through hyporheic flow paths (Ls = stream velocity/storage-zone exchange coefficient ≈ 1.3 km) and the length of Pinal Creek (L ≈ 7 km), which ensured that all stream water passed through hyporheic flow paths several times. As a means to generalize our findings to other sites where similar types of hydrologic and chemical information are available, we suggest a cumulative significance index for hyporheic reactions, Rs = λstsL/Ls (dimensionless); higher values indicate a greater potential for hyporheic reactions to influence geochemical mass balance. Our experience in Pinal Creek basin suggests that values of Rs > 0.2 characterize systems where hyporheic reactions are likely to influence geochemical mass balance at the drainage-basin scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR03606","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J.W., and Fuller, C.C., 1998, Effect of enhanced manganese oxidation in the hyporheic zone on basin-scale geochemical mass balance: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 4, p. 623-636, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR03606.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"623","endPage":"636","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05d7e4b0c8380cd50fb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, Christopher C. 0000-0002-2354-8074 ccfuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2354-8074","contributorId":1831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Christopher","email":"ccfuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021065,"text":"70021065 - 1998 - The deep structure of a sea-floor hydrothermal deposit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70021065","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The deep structure of a sea-floor hydrothermal deposit","docAbstract":"Hydrothermal circulation at the crests of mid-ocean ridges plays an important role in transferring heat from the interior of the Earth. A consequence of this hydrothermal circulation is the formation of metallic ore bodies known as volcanic-associated massive sulphide deposits. Such deposits, preserved on land, were important sources of copper for ancient civilizations and continue to provide a significant source of base metals (for example, copper and zinc). Here we present results from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 169, which drilled through a massive sulphide deposit on the northern Juan de Fuca spreading centre and penetrated the hydrothermal feeder zone through which the metal-rich fluids reached the sea floor. We found that the style of feeder-zone mineralization changes with depth in response to changes in the pore pressure of the hydrothermal fluids and discovered a stratified zone of high-grade copper-rich replacement mineralization below the massive sulphide deposit. This copper-rich zone represents a type of mineralization not previously observed below sea-floor deposits, and may provide new targets for land-based mineral exploration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/33126","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Zierenberg, R., Fouquet, Y., Miller, D.J., Bahr, J., Baker, P., Bjerkgard, T., Brunner, C., Duckworth, R., Gable, R., Gieskes, J., Goodfellow, W., Groschel-Becker, H.M., Guerin, G., Ishibashi, J., Iturrino, G., James, R., Lackschewitz, K., Marquez, L., Nehlig, P., Peter, J., Rigsby, C., Schultheiss, P., Shanks, W.C., Simoneit, B.R., Summit, M., Teagle, D., Urbat, M., and Zuffa, G., 1998, The deep structure of a sea-floor hydrothermal deposit: Nature, v. 392, no. 6675, p. 485-488, https://doi.org/10.1038/33126.","startPage":"485","endPage":"488","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487382,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/62494>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206520,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/33126"},{"id":230090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"392","issue":"6675","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa87e4b08c986b322884","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zierenberg, R.A.","contributorId":8998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierenberg","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fouquet, Y.","contributorId":103436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouquet","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, D. J.","contributorId":83185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bahr, J.M.","contributorId":62346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baker, P.A.","contributorId":55148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bjerkgard, T.","contributorId":50313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjerkgard","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brunner, C.A.","contributorId":58642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunner","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Duckworth, R.C.","contributorId":87320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duckworth","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gable, R.","contributorId":52355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gable","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gieskes, J.","contributorId":99726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gieskes","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Goodfellow, W.D.","contributorId":96861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodfellow","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Groschel-Becker, H. M.","contributorId":35898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschel-Becker","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Guerin, G.","contributorId":51943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guerin","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ishibashi, J.","contributorId":59579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishibashi","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Iturrino, G.","contributorId":44692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iturrino","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"James, R.H.","contributorId":63190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Lackschewitz, K.S.","contributorId":68914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lackschewitz","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Marquez, L.L.","contributorId":83299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marquez","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Nehlig, P.","contributorId":70953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nehlig","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Peter, J.M.","contributorId":83675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peter","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Rigsby, C.A.","contributorId":58800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rigsby","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Schultheiss, P.","contributorId":79657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultheiss","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Simoneit, Bernd R. T.","contributorId":51021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoneit","given":"Bernd","email":"","middleInitial":"R. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Summit, M.","contributorId":95223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summit","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Teagle, D.A.H.","contributorId":61594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teagle","given":"D.A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Urbat, M.","contributorId":84528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urbat","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Zuffa, G.G.","contributorId":40353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuffa","given":"G.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28}]}} ,{"id":70020721,"text":"70020721 - 1998 - Trace element concentrations in two subpopulations of lesser snow geese from Wrangel Island, Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-30T12:10:53","indexId":"70020721","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace element concentrations in two subpopulations of lesser snow geese from Wrangel Island, Russia","docAbstract":"Lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens) from the Wrangel Island, Russia breeding colony spend the winter in two widely separated areas: the northern subpopulation in southern British Columbia and northern Washington and the southern subpopulation in the Central Valley of California. We examined 19 trace elements in the eggs and livers of geese from these two subpopulations to examine whether geese from the different wintering areas have similar trace element burdens. Eggs collected at the breeding colony from geese of the southern subpopulation had slightly higher levels of manganese, an element that can cause neurological damage and behavioral changes in chicks, than geese of the northern subpopulation. Livers from adult geese collected on the two wintering areas showed significant differences in trace elements including copper, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, and zinc. Copper concentrations in the livers of geese from the southern subpopulation were much higher than those from the northern subpopulation (x¯ = 116 vs. 46 ppm; dry weight). Elevated levels of copper may induce anemia in birds. The differences in trace element concentrations of these two subpopulations may be related to farming practices in their wintering areas. Geese from the northern subpopulation feed in pastures and coastal marshes and migrate along the coast, but geese from the southern subpopulation feed predominantly in rice fields and migrate over farm land. Copper and manganese are major components of fertilizers and fungicides commonly applied during rice cultivation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449900304","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Hui, A., Takekawa, J.Y., Baranyuk, V.V., and Litvin, K., 1998, Trace element concentrations in two subpopulations of lesser snow geese from Wrangel Island, Russia: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 34, no. 2, p. 197-203, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900304.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"203","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb638e4b08c986b326b33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hui, A.","contributorId":72158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hui","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baranyuk, Vasily V.","contributorId":75482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baranyuk","given":"Vasily","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Litvin, K.V.","contributorId":67455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litvin","given":"K.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020728,"text":"70020728 - 1998 - Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Boston Harbor: Changes with time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:13:43","indexId":"70020728","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Boston Harbor: Changes with time","docAbstract":"The concentrations of metals in surface sediments of Boston Harbor have decreased during the period 1977–1993. This conclusion is supported by analysis of: (1) surface sediments collected at monitoring stations in the outer harbor between 1977 and 1993; (2) metal concentration profiles in sediment cores from depositional areas of the harbor; and (3) historical data from a contaminated-sediment database, which includes information on metal and organic contaminants and sediment texture. The background and matrix-corrected concentrations of lead (Pb) measured in the surficial layer (0–2 cm) of cores decreased by an average of 46%±12% among four locations in the outer harbor during the 16 y period. Chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn) exhibited similar trends. Results from our sediment sampling are supported by historical data that were compiled from diverse sources into a regional sediment database. This sediment database contains approximately 3000 samples; of these, about 460 samples were collected and analyzed for Cu, Hg, or Zn and many other sediment parameters in Boston Harbor surface sediments between 1971–1993. The database indicates that the concentrations of these three metals also decreased with time in Boston’s Inner Harbor. The decreases in metal concentrations that are observed in more recent years parallel a general decrease in the flux of metals to the harbor, implemented by: (1) ending the sewage sludge discharge to the Harbor in December, 1991; (2) greater source reduction (e.g. recovery of silver from photographic processing) and closing or moving of industries; (3) improvements in wastewater handling and sewage treatment; and (4) diminishing use of lead in gasoline beginning about 1973. Despite the general decrease in metal concentrations in Boston Harbor surface sediments, the concentrations of Ag and Hg measured at some outer harbor stations in 1993 were still at, or above, the level associated with frequent adverse effects to marine organisms (guidelines are: Ag 3.7 μg g−1, Hg 1.17 μg g−1, from Long et al., 1995). Concentrations of the other metals listed were in the range considered to occasionally induce adverse biological effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00027-5","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., and Manheim, F., 1998, Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Boston Harbor: Changes with time: Marine Environmental Research, v. 45, no. 2, p. 127-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00027-5.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"155","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -69.884033203125,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -69.884033203125,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 41.69752591075902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5474e4b0c8380cd6cfa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53920,"text":"bsr19970002 - 1998 - Copper hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:43","indexId":"bsr19970002","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1997-0002","title":"Copper hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Eisler, R., 1998, Copper hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review: Biological Science Report 1997-0002, iv, 98 p. ; 28 cm.","productDescription":"iv, 98 p. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685e9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisler, Ronald","contributorId":101303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisler","given":"Ronald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019413,"text":"70019413 - 1997 - Development of the copper and molybdenum industries and the Armenian economy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-24T16:35:13.831715","indexId":"70019413","displayToPublicDate":"2013-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3104,"text":"Post-Soviet Geography and Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the copper and molybdenum industries and the Armenian economy","docAbstract":"Production of copper and molybdenum in Armenia is examined, with special emphasis on the location of major deposits, former and proposed future centers of processing, and contribution of metals exports to the country's foreign trade revenues. Particular emphasis is placed on the impacts on these industries of the disruption of economic ties resulting from the dissolution of the USSR and an economic crisis precipitated by a major earthquake, Armenia's tension with Azerbaijan over armed conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas in Azerbaijan, an economic blockade imposed by Turkey and Azerbaijan, and a consequent severe energy crisis. The paper highlights developments in the mid-1990s in copper and molybdenum and in the recent expansion of trade relations with Iran.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10889388.1997.10641039","issn":"10889388","usgsCitation":"Bond, A., and Levine, R., 1997, Development of the copper and molybdenum industries and the Armenian economy: Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, v. 38, no. 2, p. 105-120, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.1997.10641039.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226559,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Armenia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 43.35947772720189,\n 41.31029220701305\n ],\n [\n 43.50975353709444,\n 40.028379259021364\n ],\n [\n 44.56330067295548,\n 39.604124449341725\n ],\n [\n 46.67225017483645,\n 38.897415743425285\n ],\n [\n 46.620398629363486,\n 39.707650623696594\n ],\n [\n 45.82755264281003,\n 39.942820469544955\n ],\n [\n 46.017132621619865,\n 40.38263246594235\n ],\n [\n 45.20232689794753,\n 41.30541362804425\n ],\n [\n 43.35947772720189,\n 41.31029220701305\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a007be4b0c8380cd4f76d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bond, A.R.","contributorId":20910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Levine, R.M.","contributorId":90050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levine","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26947,"text":"wri974272 - 1997 - Mesocosm experiments to assess factors affecting phosphorus retention and release in an extended Wisconsin wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T15:54:54","indexId":"wri974272","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4272","title":"Mesocosm experiments to assess factors affecting phosphorus retention and release in an extended Wisconsin wetland","docAbstract":"Phosphorus retention by wetland sediments and vegetation was investigated in Jackson Creek wetland, an extension of an existing prairie marsh in southeastern Wisconsin. The extended wetland construction was undertaken in 1992-93 to help reduce the phosphorus loading to a downstream eutrophic lake. Two approaches were used to study potential and actual phosphorus retention in the system. Mesocosm experiments of 20-40 days duration indicated that retention of total and dissolved reactive phosphorus in mesocosm cells containing macrophytes and/or sediments was reduced by factors of 2-20 relative to cells containing only water or a copper algicide to suppress metabolic activity. In contrast to the nutrient trapping function, these results show a potential for net phosphorus release that can be associated with increased biological richness. Measurements of water flow and nutrient loads at the wetland's inflow and outflow points demonstrated 9-39% net uptake of phosphorus on an annual scale but frequent occurrences of net phosphorus release over shorter (one-month) time scales. These episodes of release are most likely during the summer months. Thus, the wetland role in phosphorus cycling is not one of a true source or sink, although the annual budget data alone suggest substantial net retention. Effective management of the wetland for its nutrient trapping potential can be hindered by this oversimplification. The system is instead subject to relatively short-term alternation between net import and export. The periodic phosphorus export, although representing a small fraction of net annual import, could be critical for growth of macrophyte and algal communities downstream.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974272","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Elder, J.F., Manion, B., and Goddard, G.L., 1997, Mesocosm experiments to assess factors affecting phosphorus retention and release in an extended Wisconsin wetland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4272, vi, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974272.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4272/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55835,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4272/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Walworth County","otherGeospatial":"Delevan Lake, Jackson Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.57383728027344,\n 42.717759147911806\n ],\n [\n -88.76884460449219,\n 42.62385465855651\n ],\n [\n -88.8079833984375,\n 42.583422001323584\n ],\n [\n -88.76335144042969,\n 42.55763248666914\n ],\n [\n -88.69606018066406,\n 42.54498667313236\n ],\n [\n -88.6164093017578,\n 42.552574468712514\n ],\n [\n -88.56559753417969,\n 42.56623017635374\n ],\n [\n -88.48663330078125,\n 42.628401690377316\n ],\n [\n -88.45848083496094,\n 42.64204079304428\n ],\n [\n -88.44131469726562,\n 42.66325123326261\n ],\n [\n -88.43376159667969,\n 42.68344492725026\n ],\n [\n -88.41316223144531,\n 42.705145830019895\n ],\n [\n -88.4674072265625,\n 42.72835235396481\n ],\n [\n -88.57383728027344,\n 42.717759147911806\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624f47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, J. F.","contributorId":54143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manion, B.J.","contributorId":59844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manion","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goddard, G. L.","contributorId":10442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25507,"text":"wri974236 - 1997 - Field screening of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Yuma Valley, Arizona, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"wri974236","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4236","title":"Field screening of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Yuma Valley, Arizona, 1995","docAbstract":"Because of concerns expressed by the U.S. Congress and the environmental community, the Department of the Interior began a program in late 1985 to identify the nature and extent of water-quality problems induced by irrigation that might exist in the western States. Surface water, bottom sediment, and biota were collected from March through September 1995 along the lower Colorado River and in agricultural drains at nine sites in the Yuma Valley, Arizona, and analyzed for selected inorganic and organic constituents. Analyses of water, bottom sediment, and biota were completed to determine if irrigation return flow has caused, or has the potential to cause, harmful effects on human health, fish, and wildlife in the study area.\r\nConcentrations of dissolved solids in surface-water samples collected in March generally did not vary substantially from surface-water samples collected in June. Concentrations of dissolved solids ranged from 712 to 3,000 milligrams per liter and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level of 500 milligrams per liter for drinking water. Concentrations of chloride in 9 of 18 water samples and concentrations of sulfate in 16 of 18 water samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level of 250 milligrams per liter for drinking water. Calcium and sodium were the dominant cations, and chloride and sulfate were the dominant anions.\r\nThe maximum selenium concentration of 8 micrograms per liter exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency aquatic-life chronic criterion of 5 micrograms per liter. Concentrations of lead in 7 of 18 water samples and concentrations of mercury in 4 of 18 water samples exceeded the aquatic-life cronic criteria of 3.2 and 0.012 micrograms per liter, respectively. Concentrations of antimony, beryllium, cadmium, and silver in the water samples were below analytical reporting limits. Arsenic was detected in 3 of 9 bottom-sediment samples, and concentrations ranged from 11 to 16 micrograms per gram. Concentrations ofaluminum, beryllium, boron, copper, lead, and zinc were highest in samples from Main Drain at southerly international boundary near San Luis, Arizona. Selenium was detected in all bottom-sediment samples, and concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 0.7 micrograms per gram. Concentrations of cadmium, europium, homium, mercury, molybdenum, silver, tantalum, tin, and uranium were below analytical reporting limits in the bottom-sediment samples. Concentrations of trace elements in bottom-sediment samples were within the ranges found in a study of soils of the western United States and did not indicate a significant accumulation of these constituents. p,p'Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (commonly referred to as p,-p'-DDE) was detected in one bottom-sediment sample at a concentration of 1.4 micrograms per gram. No other organochlorine compounds were detected in the bottom-sediment samples. DDE was present in all fish and bird samples. Almost one-half of the fish samples contained DDE residues that were two times higher than the mean calculated for a national study in 1984-85. Twenty-tree percent of the fish contained more than three times the national mean. Fish from downstream parts of the Main Drain had the highest concentrations of DDE. Although concentrations of DDE in fish and in bird carcasses and eggs were above background levels, residues generally were below thresholds associated with chronic poisoning and reproductive problems in figh and wildlife. Concentrations of 18 trace elements were detected in cattail (Typha sp.) roots, freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea), fish, and bird samples. Selenium in most fish and in livers of red-winged (Agelaius phoeniceus) and yellow-headed (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) blackbirds was above background concentrations but below toxic concentrations. In contrast, selenium was present in a killdeer (Charadrium vociferus) liver sample at potentially toxic con","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974236","usgsCitation":"Tadayon, S., King, K.A., Andrews, B., and Roberts, W., 1997, Field screening of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Yuma Valley, Arizona, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4236, iii, 42 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974236.","productDescription":"iii, 42 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4236/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54224,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4236/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f52a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":193979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Kirk A.","contributorId":9203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, Brenda","contributorId":83964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Brenda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roberts, William","contributorId":36175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25775,"text":"wri974242 - 1997 - Sources of contamination in an urban basin in Marquette, Michigan and an analysis of concentrations, loads, and data quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T16:00:49","indexId":"wri974242","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4242","title":"Sources of contamination in an urban basin in Marquette, Michigan and an analysis of concentrations, loads, and data quality","docAbstract":"The concentrations of contaminants generated from discrete source areas are critical to urban nonpoint Source Load and Management Model (SLAMM) loading calculations to Lake Superior. This study summarizes data-collection efforts during 12 storms in October 1993 and from May through August 1994, in which stormwater data were collected concurrently at 33 sites representing the eight major source areas in a 117-hectare urban basin in Marquette, Mich. For the 12 storms, commercial rooftops produced the highest geometric mean concentrations of dissolved metals such as lead (20 mg/L), zinc (263 mg/L), cadmium (0.71 mg/L), and copper (17.8 mg/L). Parking lots produced the highest concentration for all of the individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (summation equal to 64 mg/L). Residential lawns generated the highest concentrations of total kjeldahl nitrogen (9.3 mg/L) and total phosphorus (2.3 mg/L). A mass-budget approach, in which summed source area loads are compared to those measured at the basin outlet for individual storms, provided the basis for an error analysis to identify unreliable concentration data. Of the 611 concentration samples used in the mass budgets, 59 were identified as unreliable. Seventy-six percent of the unreliable samples came from collection bottles that were filled prior to the end of runoff. These full bottles may have captured a first-flush effect or acted as a sediment trap. The relative importance of an individual source-area load to the overall basin-outlet load varied according to the individual constituent. Parking lots were a major contributor of total zinc (30 percent), total cadmium (25 percent), total copper (22 percent), and all the PAH compounds (=64 percent); whereas low-traffic streets were a major producer of total suspended solids (27 percent), nitrate plus nitrite (21 percent), and total cadmium (25 percent). Grass areas were a major producer of total kjeldahl nitrogen (31 percent) and total phosphorus (26 percent), even though the water volume generated from grass areas was low (5.8 percent of the total water volume generated).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Steuer, J., Selbig, W., Hornewer, N., and Prey, J., 1997, Sources of contamination in an urban basin in Marquette, Michigan and an analysis of concentrations, loads, and data quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4242, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974242.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4242/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54527,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Marquette","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.240966796875,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -93.240966796875,\n 47.65058757118734\n ],\n [\n -86.165771484375,\n 47.65058757118734\n ],\n [\n -86.165771484375,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -93.240966796875,\n 46.08847179577592\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7651","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steuer, Jeffrey","contributorId":97530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selbig, William","contributorId":78365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selbig","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornewer, Nancy J.","contributorId":57895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornewer","given":"Nancy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prey, Jeffrey","contributorId":81143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prey","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26326,"text":"wri974169 - 1997 - Geographical distribution and potential for adverse biological effects of selected trace elements and organic compounds in streambed sediment in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River basins, 1992-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri974169","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4169","title":"Geographical distribution and potential for adverse biological effects of selected trace elements and organic compounds in streambed sediment in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River basins, 1992-94","docAbstract":"Streambed-sediment samples were collected in 1992-94 at selected sites in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins to determine the geographical distribution of trace elements and organic compounds and their potential for adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms. Chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, chlordane, DDT, PAHs, and PCBs were detected in samples from throughout the basins, but concentrations of these constituents generally were lowest in the northern forested drainage basins and highest in the southern urbanized drainage basins of Springfield, Massachusetts, and Hartford, New Haven and Bridgeport, Connecticut. Possible anthropogenic sources of these contaminants include industrial effluent; municipal wastewater; runoff from agricultural, urban and forested areas; and atmospheric deposition. Some organic compounds pose the greatest threat to biological organisms in terms of exceedances of sediment-quality guidelines; those compounds are present at sufficiently high concentrations to potentially cause severe effects at several locations in the basins.Some trace elements represent the most geographically widespread threat to living organisms. These exceed sediment-quality guidelines over a wider geographical area, although usually by lower ratios of contaminant concentration to sediment-quality guideline than the organic compounds.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974169","usgsCitation":"Breault, R., and Harris, S.L., 1997, Geographical distribution and potential for adverse biological effects of selected trace elements and organic compounds in streambed sediment in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River basins, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4169, vi, 24 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974169.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2016,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974169","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4169.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8fd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breault, Robert F. 0000-0002-2517-407X rbreault@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-407X","contributorId":2219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breault","given":"Robert F.","email":"rbreault@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Sandra L.","contributorId":16868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22449,"text":"ofr97398 - 1997 - Trace-element concentrations and transport in the Coeur d'Alene river, Idaho, water years 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-19T12:53:17","indexId":"ofr97398","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-398","title":"Trace-element concentrations and transport in the Coeur d'Alene river, Idaho, water years 1993-94","docAbstract":"for almost a century, the U.S. Geological Survey has collected hydrologic data at a network of stream-gaging stations throughout the Coeur d'Alene Lake and River drainage basin. Since 1990, extensive water-quality data have been collected for a comprehensive study of potential eutrophication of Coeur d'Alene Lake and for assessment of the environmental effects of past mining and ore-processing activities in the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River valley. Although the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River provided only about 20 percent of the Coeur d'Alene River's annual discharge to Coeur d'Alene Lake, it contributed as much as 84 percent of the annual cadmium and 83 percent of the annual zinc loads entering the Lake. The South Fork contributed at most 14 percent of the annual lead and 21 percent of the copper loads carried by the Coeur d'Alene River to Coeur d'Alene Lake. Cadmium, copper, and zinc loads more than doubled between the upstream and downstream boundaries of the Bunker Hill (Kellogg, Idaho) Superfund site in water years 1993 and 1994; lead load increased 24 percent and 33 percent, respectively, in water years 1993 and 1994. Zinc was transported primarily in a dissolved or colloidal phase, the major source being the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River valley, downstream from the Elizabeth Park gaging station. Lead was transported primarily as particulate material, the major source being sediments eroded from the main-stem Coeur d'Alene River channel and flood plain. Annual lead and zinc loads at Rose Lake were significantly larger than at Harrison or Cataldo, indicating entrainment of trace elements in the reach between Cataldo and Rose Lake, and subsequent deposition or loss in the reach between Rose Lake and Harrison.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boise, Idaho","doi":"10.3133/ofr97398","usgsCitation":"Beckwith, M.A., Woods, P.F., and Berenbrock, C., 1997, Trace-element concentrations and transport in the Coeur d'Alene river, Idaho, water years 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-398, iii, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97398.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p.","numberOfPages":"10","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"1994-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0398/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51978,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0398/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur D'alene River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,47.0 ], [ -117.0,48.0 ], [ -115.0,48.0 ], [ -115.0,47.0 ], [ -117.0,47.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beckwith, Michael A.","contributorId":66670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckwith","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woods, Paul F.","contributorId":82273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29318,"text":"wri974120 - 1997 - Metals, pesticides, and semivolatile organic compounds in sediment in Valley Forge National Historical Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T10:38:22","indexId":"wri974120","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4120","title":"Metals, pesticides, and semivolatile organic compounds in sediment in Valley Forge National Historical Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Schuylkill River flows through Valley Forge National Historical Park in Lower Providence and West Norriton Townships in Montgomery County, Pa. The concentration of selected metals, pesticides, semivolatile organic compounds, and total carbon in stream-bottom sediments from Valley Forge National Historical Park were determined for samples collected once at 12 sites in and around the Schuylkill River.
Relatively low concentrations of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead were detected in all samples. The concentrations of these metals are similar to concentrations in other stream-bottom sediment samples collected in the region. The concentrations of iron, manganese, and zinc were elevated in samples from four sites in the Schuylkill River, and the concentration of mercury was elevated in a sample from an impoundment along the river.
The organophosphorus insecticide diazinon was detected in relatively low concentrations in half of the 12 samples analyzed. The organo-chlorine insecticide DDE was detected in all 12 samples analyzed; dieldrin was detected in 10 samples, chlordane, DDD, and DDT were detected in 9 samples, and heptachlor epoxide was detected in one sample. The concentrations of organo-chlorine and organophosphorus insecticides were relatively low and similar to concentrations in samples collected in the region.
Detectable concentrations of 17 semivolatile organic compounds were measured in the 12 samples analyzed. The most commonly detected compounds were fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. The maximum concentration detected was 4,800 micrograms per kilogram of phenanthrene. The highest concentrations of compounds were detected in Lamb Run, a small tributary to the Schuylkill River with headwaters in an industrial corporate center. The concentration of compounds in the Schuylkill River below Lamb Run is higher than the Schuylkill River above Lamb Run, indicating that sediment from Lamb Run is increasing the concentration of semivolatile organic compounds in sediment from the Schuylkill River. Concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds are lower in sediment from the Schuylkill River below Myer's Run than above Myer's Run because of the addition of relatively clean sediment from Myer's Run. Samples collected from the floodplain, impounding basin, and wetland along the Schuylkill River contained the lowest concen-trations of semivolatile organic compounds.
Detectable concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) were measured in 11 of the 12 samples analyzed. The maximum PCB concentration was 37 micrograms per kilogram. Sediment samples from Lamb Run contained the highest concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds and PCB's.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974120","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Reif, A.G., and Sloto, R.A., 1997, Metals, pesticides, and semivolatile organic compounds in sediment in Valley Forge National Historical Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4120, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974120.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4120/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":58159,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4120/wri19974120.pdf","text":"Report","size":"465 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4120"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Montgomery ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.4833,40.4194],[-75.4643,40.4082],[-75.4518,40.4008],[-75.4465,40.3975],[-75.4299,40.3873],[-75.4257,40.3845],[-75.4216,40.3812],[-75.4068,40.3724],[-75.4032,40.37],[-75.402,40.3696],[-75.3985,40.3672],[-75.383,40.3584],[-75.3629,40.3462],[-75.3534,40.3406],[-75.3487,40.3378],[-75.3433,40.3341],[-75.3084,40.3131],[-75.3007,40.3089],[-75.3001,40.3084],[-75.2592,40.2855],[-75.2013,40.25],[-75.1989,40.2486],[-75.1906,40.2439],[-75.1339,40.2106],[-75.1032,40.1923],[-75.0943,40.1867],[-75.0153,40.1394],[-75.032,40.127],[-75.0468,40.116],[-75.0561,40.1084],[-75.0654,40.1],[-75.0723,40.0911],[-75.0809,40.0835],[-75.0947,40.0693],[-75.0888,40.0633],[-75.0914,40.0592],[-75.1012,40.0522],[-75.1074,40.0477],[-75.1311,40.0586],[-75.1564,40.0736],[-75.1647,40.0788],[-75.1759,40.0844],[-75.1865,40.0733],[-75.2119,40.0878],[-75.2231,40.093],[-75.2566,40.0623],[-75.2646,40.0552],[-75.2523,40.0441],[-75.2418,40.0353],[-75.2253,40.0241],[-75.21,40.0143],[-75.2303,40.0006],[-75.2504,39.9901],[-75.2638,39.984],[-75.2736,39.9787],[-75.2778,39.9765],[-75.3079,40.0147],[-75.3096,40.017],[-75.3114,40.0192],[-75.3119,40.0202],[-75.3168,40.018],[-75.3205,40.0162],[-75.3222,40.0176],[-75.3286,40.0268],[-75.3338,40.0332],[-75.3361,40.036],[-75.3448,40.0475],[-75.3494,40.053],[-75.3517,40.0558],[-75.361,40.0668],[-75.3669,40.0723],[-75.3927,40.0604],[-75.42,40.0966],[-75.4369,40.0899],[-75.4401,40.0941],[-75.4558,40.0876],[-75.4563,40.0945],[-75.4633,40.0971],[-75.4618,40.1027],[-75.4693,40.1066],[-75.4719,40.1116],[-75.4691,40.1169],[-75.4627,40.119],[-75.4611,40.1241],[-75.4729,40.1287],[-75.4905,40.1253],[-75.5088,40.1347],[-75.5107,40.1422],[-75.5036,40.1506],[-75.5,40.1563],[-75.503,40.1593],[-75.5127,40.1595],[-75.5184,40.1475],[-75.5239,40.1468],[-75.5275,40.1492],[-75.527,40.1664],[-75.5387,40.1739],[-75.544,40.1794],[-75.5503,40.19],[-75.5554,40.2023],[-75.5589,40.2073],[-75.5606,40.2096],[-75.5636,40.2101],[-75.5661,40.2093],[-75.5655,40.207],[-75.5644,40.2029],[-75.5645,40.2006],[-75.5676,40.1975],[-75.5694,40.1966],[-75.5724,40.1967],[-75.5766,40.1981],[-75.5796,40.2004],[-75.5801,40.2045],[-75.5835,40.21],[-75.591,40.2214],[-75.5973,40.2347],[-75.5997,40.2365],[-75.6014,40.2379],[-75.605,40.2389],[-75.6081,40.2366],[-75.6088,40.2348],[-75.6076,40.2326],[-75.6059,40.2294],[-75.6047,40.2275],[-75.6078,40.2258],[-75.6114,40.2244],[-75.6151,40.2245],[-75.6186,40.2277],[-75.6209,40.2305],[-75.6304,40.2347],[-75.6406,40.2371],[-75.6478,40.2404],[-75.6549,40.2428],[-75.6645,40.2461],[-75.6705,40.2466],[-75.6741,40.2458],[-75.6784,40.2436],[-75.6864,40.2387],[-75.6894,40.2378],[-75.6912,40.2388],[-75.6968,40.2417],[-75.6961,40.2426],[-75.6949,40.2444],[-75.6899,40.2502],[-75.6744,40.269],[-75.6681,40.2775],[-75.6644,40.2811],[-75.66,40.2874],[-75.6501,40.299],[-75.6488,40.3008],[-75.6457,40.3044],[-75.6389,40.313],[-75.6258,40.3295],[-75.6233,40.3322],[-75.6164,40.3407],[-75.6084,40.3483],[-75.6046,40.3533],[-75.6034,40.355],[-75.5971,40.364],[-75.5884,40.3748],[-75.5685,40.3976],[-75.5666,40.4003],[-75.5647,40.4021],[-75.5604,40.4066],[-75.5516,40.4182],[-75.5466,40.4245],[-75.5416,40.4299],[-75.5278,40.4464],[-75.5249,40.4441],[-75.5065,40.4325],[-75.4994,40.4283],[-75.4833,40.4194]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Montgomery\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070