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The accumulation of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems results in systems in which soil organic matter (SOM) carbon often exceeds biomass carbon (Post and Kwon, 2000). This SOM pool exists at a steady state between GPP and Re in ecosystems unless drivers change or the ecosystem endures environmental perturbations (for example, climatic). As indicated by Wilhelm and others (2011), conversion of grasslands to agriculture and cultivation can result in reduced soil carbon, with the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere by stimulated oxidation and higher Re; therefore, land-use and land management practices have clear effects on NEP, with potential repercussions on ecosystems. The recent demand for biofuels has changed land-use and cropping patterns, especially in Midwestern United States (Wilhelm and others, 2011). It is important to ensure the sustainability of these and other land uses and to assess the effects on NEP.\nFlux tower networks, such as AmeriFlux and FLUXNET, consist of a growing number of eddy covariance flux tower sites that provide a synoptic record of the exchange of carbon, water, and energy between the ecosystem and atmosphere at various temporal frequencies. These towers also detect and measure certain site characteristics, such as wind, temperature, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric pressure, soil features, and phenological progressions. Efforts are continuous to combine flux tower network data with remote sensing data to upscale the conditions observed at specific sites to a regional and, ultimately, worldwide scale. Data-driven regression tree models have the ability to incorporate flux tower records and remote sensing data to quantify exchanges of carbon with the atmosphere (Wylie and others, 2007; Xiao and others, 2010; Zhang and others, 2010; Zhang and others, 2011). Previous study results demonstrated the dramatic effect weather has on NEP and revealed specific ecoregions and times acting as carbon sinks or sources. As of 2012, more than 100 site-years of flux tower measurements, represented by more than 50 individual cropland or grassland sites throughout the Great Plains and surrounding area, have been acquired, quality controlled, and partitioned into gross photosynthesis (Pg) and ecosystem Re using detailed light-response, soil temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) based analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123134","usgsCitation":"Howard, D., Gilmanov, T., Gu, Y., Wylie, B., and Zhang, L., 2012, Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of the Great Plains, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3134, 6 p.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123134.","productDescription":"6 p.; maps (col.)","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040006","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263765,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3134/fs12-3134.pdf"},{"id":263764,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3134/"},{"id":263766,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3134.gif"}],"country":"United States;Canada","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.2,28.2 ], [ -114.2,54.1 ], [ -95.6,54.1 ], [ -95.6,28.2 ], [ -114.2,28.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be81e4b09fd40bb0eb1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Daniel 0000-0002-7563-7538","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7563-7538","contributorId":56946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmanov, Tagir","contributorId":6351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmanov","given":"Tagir","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gu, Yingxin 0000-0002-3544-1856 ygu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3544-1856","contributorId":409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gu","given":"Yingxin","email":"ygu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce 0000-0002-7374-1083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":107996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhang, Li","contributorId":98139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Li","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041511,"text":"fs20123133 - 2012 - Wetland fire remote sensing research--The Greater Everglades example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-06T21:52:54","indexId":"fs20123133","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3133","title":"Wetland fire remote sensing research--The Greater Everglades example","docAbstract":"Fire is a major factor in the Everglades ecosystem. For thousands of years, lightning-strike fires from summer thunderstorms have helped create and maintain a dynamic landscape suited both to withstand fire and recover quickly in the wake of frequent fires. Today, managers in the Everglades National Park are implementing controlled burns to promote healthy, sustainable vegetation patterns and ecosystem functions. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is using remote sensing to improve fire-management databases in the Everglades, gain insights into post-fire land-cover dynamics, and develop spatially and temporally explicit fire-scar data for habitat and hydrologic modeling.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123133","usgsCitation":"Jones, J., 2012, Wetland fire remote sensing research--The Greater Everglades example: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3133, 2 p.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123133.","productDescription":"2 p.; maps (col.)","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3133.gif"},{"id":263767,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3133/"},{"id":263768,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3133/pdf/fs2012-3133.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.5183,24.85 ], [ -81.5183,25.8899 ], [ -80.3887,25.8899 ], [ -80.3887,24.85 ], [ -81.5183,24.85 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1bea4e4b09fd40bb0eb3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, John 0000-0001-6117-3691 jwjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-3691","contributorId":2220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"John","email":"jwjones@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041454,"text":"fs20123124 - 2012 - The Midwest Stream Quality Assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T14:05:41.793654","indexId":"fs20123124","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3124","title":"The Midwest Stream Quality Assessment","docAbstract":"In 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) and USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center (CERC) will be collaborating with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Rivers and Streams Assessment (NRSA) to assess stream quality across the Midwestern United States. The sites selected for this study are a subset of the larger NRSA, implemented by the EPA, States and Tribes to sample flowing waters across the United States (http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/riverssurvey/index.cfm). The goals are to characterize water-quality stressors—contaminants, nutrients, and sediment—and ecological conditions in streams throughout the Midwest and to determine the relative effects of these stressors on aquatic organisms in the streams. Findings will contribute useful information for communities and policymakers by identifying which human and environmental factors are the most critical in controlling stream quality. This collaborative study enhances information provided to the public and policymakers and minimizes costs by leveraging and sharing data gathered under existing programs. In the spring and early summer, NAWQA will sample streams weekly for contaminants, nutrients, and sediment. During the same time period, CERC will test sediment and water samples for toxicity, deploy time-integrating samplers, and measure reproductive effects and biomarkers of contaminant exposure in fish or amphibians. NRSA will sample sites once during the summer to assess ecological and habitat conditions in the streams by collecting data on algal, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities and collecting detailed physical-habitat measurements. Study-team members from all three programs will work in collaboration with USGS Water Science Centers and State agencies on study design, execution of sampling and analysis, and reporting.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123124","collaboration":"A Collaboration Between the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P.C., Frey, J.W., and Tarquinio, E., 2012, The Midwest Stream Quality Assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3124, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123124.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263722,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3124/"},{"id":263724,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3124.jpg"},{"id":263723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3124/pdf/Midwest_Stream_Quality_Assess_%20fs.pdf"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Midwest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.19580078125,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -98.19580078125,\n 45.38301927899065\n ],\n [\n -82.55126953124999,\n 45.38301927899065\n ],\n [\n -82.55126953124999,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -98.19580078125,\n 37.020098201368114\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c11acde4b005831885e289","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C. 0000-0001-7564-9814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-9814","contributorId":211144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":867130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frey, Jeffrey W. 0000-0002-3453-5009 jwfrey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-5009","contributorId":487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jwfrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":867131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tarquinio, Ellen","contributorId":303308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tarquinio","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040996,"text":"fs20123112 - 2012 - Slope-Area Computation Program Graphical User Interface 1.0—A Preprocessing and Postprocessing Tool for Estimating Peak Flood Discharge Using the Slope-Area Method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-28T10:18:37","indexId":"fs20123112","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3112","title":"Slope-Area Computation Program Graphical User Interface 1.0—A Preprocessing and Postprocessing Tool for Estimating Peak Flood Discharge Using the Slope-Area Method","docAbstract":"The slope-area method is a technique for estimating the peak discharge of a flood after the water has receded (Dalrymple and Benson, 1967). This type of discharge estimate is called an “indirect measurement” because it relies on evidence left behind by the flood, such as high-water marks (HWMs) on trees or buildings. These indicators of flood stage are combined with measurements of the cross-sectional geometry of the stream, estimates of channel roughness, and a mathematical model that balances the total energy of the flow between cross sections. This is in contrast to a “direct” measurement of discharge during the flood where cross-sectional area is measured and a current meter or acoustic equipment is used to measure the water velocity. When a direct discharge measurement cannot be made at a gage during high flows because of logistics or safety reasons, an indirect measurement of a peak discharge is useful for defining the high-flow section of the stage-discharge relation (rating curve) at the stream gage, resulting in more accurate computation of high flows. The Slope-Area Computation program (SAC; Fulford, 1994) is an implementation of the slope-area method that computes a peak-discharge estimate from inputs of water-surface slope (from surveyed HWMs), channel geometry, and estimated channel roughness. SAC is a command line program written in Fortran that reads input data from a formatted text file and prints results to another formatted text file. Preparing the input file can be time-consuming and prone to errors. This document describes the SAC graphical user interface (GUI), a crossplatform “wrapper” application that prepares the SAC input file, executes the program, and helps the user interpret the output. The SAC GUI is an update and enhancement of the slope-area method (SAM; Hortness, 2004; Berenbrock, 1996), an earlier spreadsheet tool used to aid field personnel in the completion of a slope-area measurement. The SAC GUI reads survey data, develops a plan-view plot, water-surface profile, cross-section plots, and develops the SAC input file. The SAC GUI also develops HEC-2 files that can be imported into HEC–RAS.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123112","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D.N., 2012, Slope-Area Computation Program Graphical User Interface 1.0—A Preprocessing and Postprocessing Tool for Estimating Peak Flood Discharge Using the Slope-Area Method: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3112, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123112.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":306,"text":"Geology Research and Information","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3112.gif"},{"id":263442,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3112/fs2012-3112.pdf"},{"id":263441,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3112/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4c921e4b0e8fec6ce1663","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, D. Nathan","contributorId":79776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040828,"text":"fs20123129 - 2012 - Summary of the diamond resource potential and production capacity assessment of Guinea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-20T09:48:49","indexId":"fs20123129","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3129","title":"Summary of the diamond resource potential and production capacity assessment of Guinea","docAbstract":"In May of 2000, a meeting was convened in Kimberley, South Africa, by representatives of the diamond industry and leaders of African governments to develop a certification process intended to assure that export shipments of rough diamonds were free of conflict concerns. Outcomes of the meeting were formally supported later in December of 2000 by the United Nations in a resolution adopted by the General Assembly. By 2002, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) was ratified and signed by diamond-producing and diamond-importing countries. As of August 2012, the Kimberley Process (KP) had 51 participants representing 77 countries. With the passing of the AD, the Plenary agreed that further efforts should be made to assess Guinea's diamond production capacity. In support of this objective, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) partnered with the Kimberley Process Working Group of Diamond Experts (WGDE) and Guinea's Ministry of Mines and Geology (MMG) to conduct a field campaign in Guinea from April 24 through May 2, 2010. The field team was composed of Mark Van Bockstael of the WGDE, Peter Chirico of the USGS, and several geologists from the MMG. The team visited diamond mining sites in western Guinea's Kindia, Forècariah, Coyah, and Tèlimèlè Prefectures, in which the Guinean government identified newly discovered deposits mined by artisans. Several mining sites within the Kissidougou Prefecture in southeastern Guinea were also visited as part of this study. Geologic and geomorphic information on the diamond deposits was collected at each site. The fieldwork conducted during this trip served as a means of acquiring critical data needed to conduct a full assessment of diamond resources and production capacity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123129","collaboration":"Prepared under the auspices of the U.S. Department of State","usgsCitation":"Chirico, P., and Malpeli, K., 2012, Summary of the diamond resource potential and production capacity assessment of Guinea: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3129, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123129.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3129.gif"},{"id":263293,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3129/"},{"id":263294,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3129/pdf/fs2012-3129.pdf"}],"country":"Guinea;West Africa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -15.0,6.0 ], [ -15.0,13.0 ], [ -7.0,13.0 ], [ -7.0,6.0 ], [ -15.0,6.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50abfb89e4b0afbc75eb9818","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chirico, Peter G.","contributorId":27086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chirico","given":"Peter G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malpeli, Katherine C.","contributorId":55106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malpeli","given":"Katherine C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040827,"text":"fs20123128 - 2012 - A methodology for conducting national-scale alluvial diamond resource potential and production capacity assessments, with a focus on artisanal mining","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T10:53:33","indexId":"fs20123128","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3128","title":"A methodology for conducting national-scale alluvial diamond resource potential and production capacity assessments, with a focus on artisanal mining","docAbstract":"In May of 2000, a meeting was convened in Kimberley, South Africa, by representatives of the diamond industry and leaders of African governments to develop a certification process intended to assure that export shipments of rough diamonds were free of conflict concerns. Outcomes of the meeting were formally supported later in December of 2000 by the United Nations in a resolution adopted by the General Assembly. By 2002, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme was ratified and signed by diamond-producing and diamond-importing countries. As of August 2012, the Kimberley Process (KP) had 51 participants representing 77 countries.\n\nIt is often difficult to obtain independent verification of the diamond production statistics that are provided to the KP. However, some degree of independent verification can be obtained through an understanding of a country’s naturally occurring endowment of diamonds and the intensity of mining activities. Studies that integrate these two components can produce a range of estimated values for a country’s diamond production, and these estimates can then be compared to the production statistics released by that country.\n\nThis methodology is used to calculate (1) the diamond resource potential of a country, which refers to the total number of carats estimated to be remaining in the country, and (2) the diamond production capacity of a country, which is the current volume of diamonds that may realistically be produced per year utilizing current human and physical resources. The following sections outline the methodology used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to perform diamond assessments in Mali, the Central African Republic, Ghana, and Guinea.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123128","collaboration":"Prepared under the auspices of the U.S. Department of State","usgsCitation":"Chirico, P., and Malpeli, K., 2012, A methodology for conducting national-scale alluvial diamond resource potential and production capacity assessments, with a focus on artisanal mining: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3128, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123128.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"4","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":229,"text":"Earth Surface Processes 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diamond resource potential and production capacity of Côte d’Ivoire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-20T10:02:31","indexId":"fs20123130","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3130","title":"Summary of the reconnaissance investigation of the diamond resource potential and production capacity of Côte d’Ivoire","docAbstract":"This study presents the results of a multiyear effort to monitor the diamond mining activities of Côte d’Ivoire’s two main diamond regions, Séguéla and Tortiya. The innovative approach developed for this study integrates archival reports and maps, high-resolution satellite imagery, and terrain modeling to assess the diamond resource potential and production capacity of the Séguéla and Tortiya deposits.\n\nA geologic resource assessment was conducted to calculate the remaining diamond reserves for Séguéla and Tortiya using archival geologic data, including gravel grade and thickness recorded by the Ivorian mining company Société pour le Développement Minier (SODEMI). These data were combined with terrain analysis and geomorphological maps in a geological process-driven model. After accounting for previous production, a total of 10,100,000 carats are estimated to be remaining in Séguéla and a total of 1,100,000 carats are estimated to be remaining in Tortiya, based on currently known deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123130","collaboration":"Prepared under the auspices of the U.S. Department of State","usgsCitation":"Chirico, P., and Malpeli, K., 2012, Summary of the reconnaissance investigation of the diamond resource potential and production capacity of Côte d’Ivoire: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3130, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123130.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":229,"text":"Earth Surface Processes Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263298,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3130.gif"},{"id":263296,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3130/pdf/fs2012-3130.pdf"},{"id":263297,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3130/"}],"otherGeospatial":"C�te D�ivoire;Ivory Coast","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -8.6,4.35 ], [ -8.6,10.74 ], [ -2.49,10.74 ], [ -2.49,4.35 ], [ -8.6,4.35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50abfb8ee4b0afbc75eb981c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chirico, Peter G.","contributorId":27086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chirico","given":"Peter G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malpeli, Katherine C.","contributorId":55106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malpeli","given":"Katherine C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040849,"text":"fs20123132 - 2012 - Understanding pesticides in California's Delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-20T19:52:12","indexId":"fs20123132","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3132","title":"Understanding pesticides in California's Delta","docAbstract":"The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (Delta) is the hub of California’s water system and also an important habitat for imperiled fish and wildlife. 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One highly visible consequence has been a rapid decline in Arctic sea ice over the past 3 decades - a decline projected to continue and result in ice-free summers likely as soon as 2030. The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) are dependent on sea ice over the continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean's marginal seas. The continental shelves are shallow regions with high biological productivity, supporting abundant marine life within the water column and on the sea floor. Polar bears use sea ice as a platform for hunting ice seals; walruses use sea ice as a resting platform between dives to forage for clams and other bottom-dwelling invertebrates. How have sea ice changes affected polar bears and walruses? 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The distribution of rainfall can cause floods and droughts, which affects streamflow, groundwater, water availability, water quality, recreation, and aquatic habitats. Ohio is bordered by the Ohio River and Lake Erie and has over 44,000 miles of streams and more than 60,000 lakes and ponds (State of Ohio, 1994). Nearly all the rural population obtain drinking water from groundwater sources.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) works in cooperation with local, State, and other Federal agencies, as well as universities, to furnish decisionmakers, policymakers, USGS scientists, and the general public with reliable scientific information and tools to assist them in management, stewardship, and use of Ohio’s natural resources. The diversity of scientific expertise among USGS personnel enables them to carry out large- and small-scale multidisciplinary studies. The USGS is unique among government organizations because it has neither regulatory nor developmental authority—its sole product is reliable, impartial, credible, relevant, and timely scientific information, equally accessible and available to everyone. The USGS Ohio Water Science Center provides reliable hydrologic and water-related ecological information to aid in the understanding of use and management of the Nation’s water resources, in general, and Ohio’s water resources, in particular. This fact sheet provides an overview of current (2012) or recently completed USGS studies and data activities pertaining to water resources in Ohio. More information regarding projects of the USGS Ohio Water Science Center is available at http://oh.water.usgs.gov/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123118","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, K., Kula, S., Bambach, P., and Runkle, D., 2012, Science to support the understanding of Ohio's water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3118, 6 p.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123118.","productDescription":"6 p.; maps (col.)","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3118.jpg"},{"id":263162,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3118/"},{"id":263163,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3118/pdf/fs2012-3118_web.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.8203,38.4034 ], [ -84.8203,41.9773 ], [ -84.5182,41.9773 ], [ -84.5182,38.4034 ], [ -84.8203,38.4034 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a4bd85e4b0fd76c78323ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, Kimberly kshaffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Kimberly","email":"kshaffer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kula, Stephanie","contributorId":11893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kula","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bambach, Phil","contributorId":24642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bambach","given":"Phil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runkle, Donna","contributorId":51317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"Donna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040730,"text":"fs20123071 - 2012 - Urban development results in stressors that degrade stream ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:31:49","indexId":"fs20123071","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3071","title":"Urban development results in stressors that degrade stream ecosystems","docAbstract":"In 2003, eighty-three percent of Americans lived in metropolitan areas, and considerable population increases are predicted within the next 50 years. Nowhere are the environmental changes associated with urban development more evident than in urban streams. Contaminants, habitat destruction, and increasing streamflow flashiness resulting from urban development have been associated with the disruption of biological communities, particularly the loss of sensitive aquatic biota. Every stream is connected downstream to other water bodies, and inputs of contaminants and (or) sediments to streams can cause degradation downstream with adverse effects on biological communities and on economically valuable resources, such as fisheries and tourism. Understanding how algal, invertebrate, and fish communities respond to physical and chemical stressors associated with urban development can provide important clues on how multiple stressors may be managed to protect stream health as a watershed becomes increasingly urbanized. This fact sheet highlights selected findings of a comprehensive assessment by the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of the effects of urban development on stream ecosystems in nine metropolitan study areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123071","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Bell, A.H., Coles, J.F., McMahon, G., and Woodside, M., 2012, Urban development results in stressors that degrade stream ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3071, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123071.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263153,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3071.jpg"},{"id":263151,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3071/"},{"id":263152,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3071/pdf/2012-3071.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a4bd95e4b0fd76c78323dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, Amanda H. 0000-0002-7199-2145 ahbell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-2145","contributorId":1752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Amanda","email":"ahbell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coles, James F. 0000-0002-1953-012X jcoles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1953-012X","contributorId":2239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coles","given":"James","email":"jcoles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Gerard 0000-0001-7675-777X gmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-777X","contributorId":191488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Gerard","email":"gmcmahon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodside, Michael D. mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":2903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodside","given":"Michael D.","email":"mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040724,"text":"fs20123122 - 2012 - Mercury and halogens in coal--Their role in determining mercury emissions from coal combustion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-14T09:41:47","indexId":"fs20123122","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3122","title":"Mercury and halogens in coal--Their role in determining mercury emissions from coal combustion","docAbstract":"Mercury is a toxic pollutant. In its elemental form, gaseous mercury has a long residence time in the atmosphere, up to a year, allowing it to be transported long distances from emission sources. Mercury can be emitted from natural sources such as volcanoes, or from anthropogenic sources, such as coal-fired powerplants. In addition, all sources of mercury on the Earth's surface can re-emit it from land and sea back to the atmosphere, from which it is then redeposited. Mercury in the atmosphere is present in such low concentrations that it is not considered harmful. Once mercury enters the aquatic environment, however, it can undergo a series of biochemical transformations that convert a portion of the mercury originally present to methylmercury, a highly toxic organic form of mercury that accumulates in fish and birds. Many factors contribute to creation of methylmercury in aquatic ecosystems, including mercury availability, sediment and nutrient load, bacterial influence, and chemical conditions. In the United States, consumption of fish with high levels of methylmercury is the most common pathway for human exposure to mercury, leading the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue fish consumption advisories in every State. The EPA estimates that 50 percent of the mercury entering the atmosphere in the United States is emitted from coal-burning utility powerplants. An EPA rule, known as MATS (for Mercury and Air Toxics Standards), to reduce emissions of mercury and other toxic pollutants from powerplants, was signed in December 2011. The rule, which is currently under review, specifies limits for mercury and other toxic elements, such as arsenic, chromium, and nickel. MATS also places limits on emission of harmful acid gases, such as hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid. These standards are the result of a 2010 detailed nationwide program by the EPA to sample stack emissions and thousands of shipments of coal to coal-burning powerplants. The United States is the only nation to have collected such detailed information for mercury in both its coal and its utility emissions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123122","collaboration":"Other Contributors: Utah Geological Survey and ADA Environmental Solutions, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Kolker, A., Quick, J., Senior, C.L., and Belkin, H.E., 2012, Mercury and halogens in coal--Their role in determining mercury emissions from coal combustion: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3122, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123122.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3122.gif"},{"id":263125,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3122/"},{"id":263126,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3122/pdf/FS2012-3122_Web.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a4bd77e4b0fd76c78323bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolker, Allan 0000-0002-5768-4533 akolker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"Allan","email":"akolker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quick, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":31268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"Jeffrey C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Senior, Connie L.","contributorId":17103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Connie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040679,"text":"fs20123126 - 2012 - Mapping grasslands suitable for cellulosic biofuels in the Greater Platte River Basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-08T14:38:17","indexId":"fs20123126","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3126","title":"Mapping grasslands suitable for cellulosic biofuels in the Greater Platte River Basin, United States","docAbstract":"Biofuels are an important component in the development of alternative energy supplies, which is needed to achieve national energy independence and security in the United States. The most common biofuel product today in the United States is corn-based ethanol; however, its development is limited because of concerns about global food shortages, livestock and food price increases, and water demand increases for irrigation and ethanol production. Corn-based ethanol also potentially contributes to soil erosion, and pesticides and fertilizers affect water quality. Studies indicate that future potential production of cellulosic ethanol is likely to be much greater than grain- or starch-based ethanol. As a result, economics and policy incentives could, in the near future, encourage expansion of cellulosic biofuels production from grasses, forest woody biomass, and agricultural and municipal wastes. If production expands, cultivation of cellulosic feedstock crops, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and miscanthus (Miscanthus species), is expected to increase dramatically. The main objective of this study is to identify grasslands in the Great Plains that are potentially suitable for cellulosic feedstock (such as switchgrass) production. Producing ethanol from noncropland holdings (such as grassland) will minimize the effects of biofuel developments on global food supplies. Our pilot study area is the Greater Platte River Basin, which includes a broad range of plant productivity from semiarid grasslands in the west to the fertile corn belt in the east. The Greater Platte River Basin was the subject of related U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) integrated research projects.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123126","usgsCitation":"Wylie, B.K., and Gu, Y., 2012, Mapping grasslands suitable for cellulosic biofuels in the Greater Platte River Basin, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3126, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123126.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","ipdsId":"IP-038945","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263031,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3126/"},{"id":263032,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3126/FS2012-3126.pdf"},{"id":263033,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3126.gif"}],"country":"United 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These systems can provide crucial support to policymakers, planners, and communities for making better decisions about long-term natural hazards mitigation and land-use planning.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123001","collaboration":"Research at the USGS Western Geographic Science Center","usgsCitation":"Dinitz, L., Forney, W., and Byrd, K., 2012, Decision-support systems for natural-hazards and land-management issues: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3001, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123001.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3001.gif"},{"id":116370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262762,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3001/fs2012-3001.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"508844f8e4b0a0cec3e5b5bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinitz, Laura","contributorId":52330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinitz","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forney, William","contributorId":23509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forney","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byrd, Kristin","contributorId":82053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"Kristin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040374,"text":"fs20123123 - 2012 - A climate trend analysis of Senegal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-16T17:16:16","indexId":"fs20123123","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3123","subseriesTitle":"Informing Climate Change Adaptation Series","title":"A climate trend analysis of Senegal","docAbstract":"This brief report, drawing from a multi-year effort by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), identifies modest declines in rainfall, accompanied by increases in air temperatures. 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Conclusions: * Summer rains have remained steady in Senegal over the past 20 years but are 15 percent below the 1920-1969 average. * Temperatures have increased by 0.9° Celsius since 1975, amplifying the effect of droughts. * Cereal yields are low but have been improving. * The amount of farmland per person is low and declining rapidly. * Current population and agriculture trends could lead to a 30-percent reduction in per capita cereal production by 2025.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123123","collaboration":"Famine Early Warning Systems Network—Informing Climate Change Adaptation Series","usgsCitation":"Funk, C.C., Rowland, J., Adoum, A., Eilerts, G., Verdin, J., and White, L., 2012, A climate trend analysis of Senegal: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3123, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123123.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3123.bmp"},{"id":262600,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3123/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262601,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3123/FS12-3123.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Senegal","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -17.529800,12.307300 ], [ -17.529800,16.693100 ], [ -11.348600,16.693100 ], [ -11.348600,12.307300 ], [ -17.529800,12.307300 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4988e4b0b290850ef412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Funk, Christopher C. 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Christopher","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowland, Jim 0000-0003-4837-3511","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4837-3511","contributorId":22891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adoum, Alkhalil","contributorId":59670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adoum","given":"Alkhalil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eilerts, Gary","contributorId":31101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eilerts","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verdin, James 0000-0003-0238-9657","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":99647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"White, Libby","contributorId":61680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Libby","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70040236,"text":"70040236 - 2012 - WaterSMART-The Colorado River Basin focus-area study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-10T17:16:12","indexId":"70040236","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3114","title":"WaterSMART-The Colorado River Basin focus-area study","docAbstract":"Increasing demand for the limited water resources of the United States continues to put pressure on water-resource agencies to balance the competing needs of ecosystem health with municipal, agricultural, and recreational uses. In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) identified a National Water Census as one of six pivotal future science directions for the USGS in the following decade. The envisioned USGS National Water Census would evaluate large-scale effects of changes in land use and land cover, water use, and climate on water availability, water quality, and human and aquatic ecosystem health. The passage of the SECURE (Science and Engineering to Comprehensively Understand and Responsibly Enhance) Water Act in 2009 was a key step towards implementing the USGS National Water Census. Section 9508 of the Act authorizes a \"national water availability and use assessment program\" within the USGS (1) to provide a more accurate assessment of the status of the water resources of the United States; and (2) to develop the science for improved forecasts of the availability of water for future economic, energy production, and environmental uses. Initial funding for the USGS to begin working on the National Water Census came with the approval of the U.S. Department of the Interior's WaterSMART (Sustain and Manage America's Resources for Tomorrow) Initiative. The WaterSMART Initiative provides funding to the USGS, Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S. Department of Energy to achieve a sustainable water strategy to meet the Nation's water needs. WaterSMART funding also allowed the USGS to begin the national Water Availability and Use Assessment, as called for under the SECURE Water Act.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70040236","usgsCitation":"Bruce, B.W., 2012, WaterSMART-The Colorado River Basin focus-area study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3114, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70040236.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":546,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Area","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262486,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262487,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3114/fs2012-3114.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012-3114.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona;Colorado;New Mexico;Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.3900,31.2900 ], [ -115.3900,42.0000 ], [ -105.4700,42.0000 ], [ -105.4700,31.2900 ], [ -115.3900,31.2900 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50788fd9e4b0cfc2d59f5b7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruce, Breton W. bbruce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"Breton","email":"bbruce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040209,"text":"fs20123106 - 2012 - Evolution of 3-D geologic framework modeling and its application to groundwater flow studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-15T13:51:47.6161","indexId":"fs20123106","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3106","title":"Evolution of 3-D geologic framework modeling and its application to groundwater flow studies","docAbstract":"In this Fact Sheet, the authors discuss the evolution of project 3-D subsurface framework modeling, research in hydrostratigraphy and airborne geophysics, and methodologies used to link geologic and groundwater flow models.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123106","usgsCitation":"Blome, C.D., and Smith, D.V., 2012, Evolution of 3-D geologic framework modeling and its application to groundwater flow studies: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3106, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123106.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262306,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3106/fs12-3106.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262311,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3106.gif"},{"id":262305,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3106/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma,Texas","otherGeospatial":"Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer, Edwards aquifer, Trinity aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.63333333333334,25.833333333333332 ], [ -106.63333333333334,34.666666666666664 ], [ -94.48333333333333,34.666666666666664 ], [ -94.48333333333333,25.833333333333332 ], [ -106.63333333333334,25.833333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50dcb095e4b0d55926e3f0b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blome, Charles D. 0000-0002-3449-9378 cblome@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-9378","contributorId":1246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"Charles","email":"cblome@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David V. 0000-0003-0426-4401 dvsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-4401","contributorId":1306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"dvsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040156,"text":"fs20123113 - 2012 - Understanding beach health throughout the Great Lakes -- continuing research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-03T17:16:16","indexId":"fs20123113","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3113","title":"Understanding beach health throughout the Great Lakes -- continuing research","docAbstract":"The overall mission of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Beach Health Initiative is to provide science-based information and methods that will allow beach managers to more accurately make beach closure and advisory decisions, understand the sources and physical processes affecting beach contaminants, and understand how science-based information can be used to mitigate and restore beaches and protect the public. \nThe USGS, in collaboration with many Federal, State, and local agencies and universities, has conducted research on beach-health issues in the Great Lakes Region for more than a decade. The work consists of four science elements that align with the initiative's mission: real-time assessments of water quality; coastal processes; pathogens and source tracking; and data analysis, interpretation, and communication. The ongoing or completed research for each of these elements is described in this fact sheet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123113","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2012, Understanding beach health throughout the Great Lakes -- continuing research: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3113, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123113.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3113.jpg"},{"id":262200,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262201,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3113/pdf/fs2012-3113.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin;New York;Michigan;Ohio;Indiana","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"506c020ae4b05073318eeadf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040153,"text":"fs20123115 - 2012 - Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of the Arabian Peninsula and Zagros Fold Belt, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-18T13:17:29.044485","indexId":"fs20123115","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3115","title":"Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of the Arabian Peninsula and Zagros Fold Belt, 2012","docAbstract":"Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated means of 86 billion barrels of oil and 336 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered natural gas resources in the Arabian Peninsula and Zagros Fold Belt. The USGS assessed the potential for undiscovered conventional oil and gas accumulations within the Arabian Peninsula and Zagros Fold Belt as part of the USGS World Petroleum Resources Project. Twenty-three assessment units within seven petroleum systems were quantitatively assessed in this study, which represents a reassessment of this area last published in 2000.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123115","collaboration":"World Petroleum Resources Project","usgsCitation":"Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of the Arabian Peninsula and Zagros Fold Belt, 2012; 2012; FS; 2012-3115; Pitman, Janet K.; Schenk, Christopher J.; Brownfield, Michael E.; Charpentier, Ronald R.; Cook, Troy A.; Klett, Timothy R.; Pollastro, Richard M.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3115/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":262180,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262181,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3115/fs2012-3115.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.45 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Fact Sheet 2012-3115"}],"country":"Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 34,12 ], [ 34,39 ], [ 50,39 ], [ 50,12 ], [ 34,12 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"

Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver, CO 80225-0046

","publishedDate":"2012-10-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"506c01d8e4b05073318eeacd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305 schenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"schenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brownfield, Michael E. 0000-0003-3633-1138 mbrownfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-1138","contributorId":1548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Michael","email":"mbrownfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Charpentier, Ronald R. charpentier@usgs.gov","contributorId":934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charpentier","given":"Ronald R.","email":"charpentier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":467781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cook, Troy A.","contributorId":52519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klett, Timothy R. 0000-0001-9779-1168 tklett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-1168","contributorId":709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klett","given":"Timothy R.","email":"tklett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":467778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pollastro, Richard M.","contributorId":25100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollastro","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70040066,"text":"fs20123116 - 2012 - Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Ordovician Utica Shale of the Appalachian Basin Province, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-27T17:16:16","indexId":"fs20123116","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3116","title":"Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Ordovician Utica Shale of the Appalachian Basin Province, 2012","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey assessed unconventional oil and gas resources of the Upper Ordovician Utica Shale and adjacent units in the Appalachian Basin Province. The assessment covers parts of Maryland, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. The geologic concept is that black shale of the Utica Shale and adjacent units generated hydrocarbons from Type II organic material in areas that are thermally mature for oil and gas. The source rocks generated petroleum that migrated into adjacent units, but also retained significant hydrocarbons within the matrix and adsorbed to organic matter of the shale. These are potentially technically recoverable resources that can be exploited by using horizontal drilling combined with hydraulic fracturing techniques.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123116","collaboration":"National Assessment of Oil and Gas","usgsCitation":"Kirschbaum, M.A., Schenk, C.J., Cook, T.A., Ryder, R., Charpentier, R., Klett, T., Gaswirth, S., Tennyson, M., and Whidden, K.J., 2012, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Ordovician Utica Shale of the Appalachian Basin Province, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3116, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123116.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science 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