A one-dimensional surface energy-balance lake model, coupled to a thermodynamic model of lake ice, is used to simulate variations in the temperature of and evaporation from three Estonian lakes: Karujärv, Viljandi and Kirjaku. The model is driven by daily climate data, derived by cubic-spline interpolation from monthly mean data, and was run for periods of 8 years (Kirjaku) up to 30 years (Viljandi). Simulated surface water temperature is in good agreement with observations: mean differences between simulated and observed temperatures are from −0.8°C to +0.1°C. The simulated duration of snow and ice cover is comparable with observed. However, the model generally underpredicts ice thickness and overpredicts snow depth. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the model results are robust across a wide range (0.1–2.0 m −1) of lake extinction coefficient: surface temperature differs by less than 0.5°C between extreme values of the extinction coefficient. The model results are more sensitive to snow and ice albedos. However, changing the snow (0.2–0.9) and ice (0.15–0.55) albedos within realistic ranges does not improve the simulations of snow depth and ice thickness. The underestimation of ice thickness is correlated with the overestimation of snow cover, since a thick snow layer insulates the ice and limits ice formation. The overestimation of snow cover results from the assumption that all the simulated winter precipitation occurs as snow, a direct consequence of using daily climate data derived by interpolation from mean monthly data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90025-6","usgsCitation":"Vassiljev, J., Harrison, S., Hostetler, S.W., and Bartlein, P.J., 1994, Simulation of long-term thermal characteristics of three Estonian lakes: Journal of Hydrology, v. 163, no. 1, p. 107-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90025-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Estonia","otherGeospatial":"Karujärv, Kirjaku, Viljandi","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[24.31286,57.79342],[24.42893,58.38341],[24.0612,58.25737],[23.42656,58.61275],[23.3398,59.18724],[24.60421,59.46585],[25.86419,59.61109],[26.94914,59.4458],[27.98111,59.47539],[28.1317,59.30083],[27.42017,58.72458],[27.71669,57.7919],[27.28818,57.47453],[26.46353,57.47639],[25.60281,57.84753],[25.16459,57.97016],[24.31286,57.79342]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Estonia\"}}]}","volume":"163","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vassiljev, J.","contributorId":21458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vassiljev","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, S.P.","contributorId":245247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J","contributorId":194325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216580,"text":"70216580 - 1994 - Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:23:17.063545","indexId":"70216580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T13:12:29","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","title":"Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","docAbstract":"A physically based model of variations in δ18O and δ2H in Pyramid Lake is presented. For inputs, the model uses measurements of liquid water inflows and outflows and their associated isotopic compositions and a set of meteorological data (radiative fluxes, air temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed). The model simulates change of lake volume, thermal and isotopic stratification, evaporation, and the isotopic composition of evaporation. A validation of the model for 1987–1989 and 1991 indicates that it can reproduce measured intra‐ and interannual variations of δ18O and δ2H. Three applications of the model demonstrate its ability to simulate longer term responses of δ18O to change in the hydrologic balance and hydrologic characteristics (opening and closing) of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0356","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., and Benson, L.V., 1994, Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 39, no. 2, p. 356-364, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0356.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"356","endPage":"364","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pyramid Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 39.8401771327549\n ],\n [\n -119.3939208984375,\n 39.8401771327549\n ],\n [\n -119.3939208984375,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 39.8401771327549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216573,"text":"70216573 - 1994 - Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:20:00.191634","indexId":"70216573","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T12:35:13","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7443,"text":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model","docAbstract":"This paper discusses the surface hydrology of a multi‐year simulation of present day climate over the United States (US) conducted with a regional climate model (RegCM) nested within a general circulation model (GCM). The RegCM, which is run with a 60 km gridpoint spacing is interactively coupled with a state‐of‐the‐art surface physics package that includes full surface hydrology calculations (the Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme or BATS). The hydrologic budgets of ten regional drainage basins in the US are analysed. Model results are compared with available observations and with results from previous modelling experiments to evaluate the feasibility of using nested RegCM/GCM models for hydrology studies. In our experiment, the model captures the basic seasonality of the basin hydrologic budgets, although the simulated precipitation amounts are too high over the western US and too low over the eastern US. As a result, runoff, snow cover and soil water content are underestimated over the eastern US basins, while evaporation and runoff are overestimated in some of the western US basins. Topographically induced characteristics of precipitation, snow cover and runoff are well simulated over the mountainous western regions. Also well captured is the inter‐basin variation of hydrologic budgets which occurs in response to different climatic settings. The springtime snowmelt and peak runoff season generally occurs in the model earlier in the year than is observed. Although our work indicates that the coupled regional modelling system can be useful in applications to hydrological studies, results from this experiment indicate that better accuracy in the simulation of regional climatic variables and more detailed representation of some hydrologic processes would be required before the coupled modelling system could be used to provide accurate assessments of hydrologic responses to climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/qj.49712051510","usgsCitation":"Giorgi, F., Hostetler, S.W., and Shields Brodeur, C., 1994, Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, v. 120, no. 515, p. 161-183, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712051510.","productDescription":"23 p","startPage":"161","endPage":"183","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Brodeur","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169054,"text":"70169054 - 1994 - Suspended sediment and stream discharge in Bloody Run and Sny Magill watershed, water year 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T20:50:36.059065","indexId":"70169054","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T14:45:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5107,"text":"Iowa Geological Survey Bureau Technical Information Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"32","title":"Suspended sediment and stream discharge in Bloody Run and Sny Magill watershed, water year 1992","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were collected in the Bloody Run and Sny Magill watersheds in Clayton County, Iowa during the 1992 Water Year (October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1992) to provide data on suspended sediment and stream discharge from these watersheds. Suspended-sediment samples were collected daily during normal flow and several times during rainstorms. Stream stage was recorded continuously and stream-discharge measurements were made monthly to develop a stage-discharge relation. Data on drainage-basin morphology and precipitation were quantified to help understand the variability in sediment and stream discharge. The total suspended-sediment discharge for Water Year 1992 was 2,720 tons at site BR1 on Bloody Run and 1,940 tons at site SN1 on Sny Magill Creek The daily median suspended-sediment discharge was 1.1 tons at both sites BR1 and SN1. The maximum daily mean stream discharge (205 cubic feet per second) at site BR1 on Bloody Run occurred on November 1, 1991. The median daily discharge at BR1 for the 1992 Water year was 24 cubic feet per second or 0.70 cubic feet per second per square mile (ft3/s/mi2). The maximum daily mean stream discharge at site SN1 on Sny Magill Creek was 90 cubic feet per second which occurred on April 20, 1992. The median daily discharge at site SN1 for the 1992 Water Year was 15 cubic feet per second or 0.54 ft3/s/mi2.
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Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, David A. 0000-0002-2749-8959 daeash@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-8959","contributorId":1887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"David","email":"daeash@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185409,"text":"70185409 - 1994 - Reply to “Comment on ‘An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams\" by R. L. Runkel and S. C. Chapra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T06:19:34","indexId":"70185409","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to “Comment on ‘An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams\" by R. L. Runkel and S. C. Chapra","docAbstract":"We thank Dawes and Short [this issue] for presenting an alternate technique for the efficient solution of the transient storage solute transport equations. After reading their comment, it is clear that several points in our original manuscript are in need of clarification. In this reply we provide additional information on our solution technique and comment briefly on the alternate scheme of Dawes and Short.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00986","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., and Charpa, S.C., 1994, Reply to “Comment on ‘An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams\" by R. L. Runkel and S. C. Chapra: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 10, p. 2863-2865, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00986.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"2863","endPage":"2865","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b96e4b0236b68f8295c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charpa, Steven C.","contributorId":189638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Charpa","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185722,"text":"70185722 - 1994 - Anaerobic biodegradation of halogenated and nonhalogenated N-, s-, and o-heterocyclic compounds in aquifer slurries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T11:49:01","indexId":"70185722","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic biodegradation of halogenated and nonhalogenated N-, s-, and o-heterocyclic compounds in aquifer slurries","docAbstract":"The fate of several halogenated and nonhalogenated heterocyclic compounds in anoxic aquifer slurries was investigated Substrate depletion and methane formation were monitored in serum bottle incubations by HPLC and GC, respectively Pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, and furan were not mineralized following an 11-month incubation, but the corresponding carboxylated or oxygenated compounds were That is, >74% of the theoretically expected amount of methane was recovered from nicotinic acid, uracil, or 2-furoic acid Chlorinated derivatives, like 2 chloro- or 6-chloronicotinic acid, as well as 4 chloro- and 5-chlorouracil resisted mineralization However, 5-bromouracil was reductively dehalogenated to stoichiometric amounts of uracil, whereas 2-chloropyrimidine was metabolized to a more polar unidentified compound that resisted further anaerobic biodegradation Microorganisms acclimated to 5-bromouracil were unable to transform 4 chloro or 5 chlorouracil These findings illustrate how the structure of heterocyclic contaminants influences their susceptibility to anaerobic decay
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620131002","usgsCitation":"Adrian, N.R., and Suflita, J.M., 1994, Anaerobic biodegradation of halogenated and nonhalogenated N-, s-, and o-heterocyclic compounds in aquifer slurries: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 10, p. 1551-1557, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131002.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1551","endPage":"1557","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7636e4b0ee37af29e4ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adrian, Neal R.","contributorId":189942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adrian","given":"Neal","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185721,"text":"70185721 - 1994 - Spatial variability in biodegradation rates as evidenced by methane production from an aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T15:35:18.472394","indexId":"70185721","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial variability in biodegradation rates as evidenced by methane production from an aquifer","docAbstract":"Accurate predictions of carbon and energy cycling rates in the environment depend on sampling frequencies and on the spatial variability associated with biological activities. We examined the variability associated with anaerobic biodegradation rates at two sites in an alluvial sand aquifer polluted by municipal landfill leachate. In situ rates of methane production were measured for almost a year, using anaerobic wells installed at two sites. Methane production ranged from 0 to 560 μmol · m-2 · day-1 at one site (A), while a range of 0 to 120,000 μmol · m-2 · day-1 was measured at site B. The mean and standard deviations associated with methane production at site A were 17 and 57 μmol · m-2 · day-1, respectively. The comparable summary statistics for site B were 2,000 and 9,900 μmol · m-2 · day-1. The coefficients of variation at sites A and B were 340 and 490%, respectively. Despite these differences, the two sites had similar seasonal trends, with the maximal rate of methane production occurring in summer. However, the relative variability associated with the seasonal rates changed very little. Our results suggest that (i) two spatially distinct sites exist in the aquifer, (ii) methanogenesis is a highly variable process, (iii) the coefficient of variation varied little with the rate of methane production, and (iv) in situ anaerobic biodegradation rates are lognormally distributed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.60.10.3632-3639.1994","usgsCitation":"Adrian, N.R., Robinson, J.A., and Suflita, J.M., 1994, Spatial variability in biodegradation rates as evidenced by methane production from an aquifer: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 60, no. 10, p. 3632-3639, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.10.3632-3639.1994.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3632","endPage":"3639","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479322,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.10.3632-3639.1994","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"60","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7636e4b0ee37af29e4d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adrian, Neal R.","contributorId":189942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adrian","given":"Neal","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Joseph A.","contributorId":189941,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017201,"text":"70017201 - 1994 - Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T15:33:35.038301","indexId":"70017201","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5426,"text":"Hydrology Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"One hundred samples were collected from the surface of the Upper Fremont Glacier at equally spaced intervals defined by an 8,100 m2 snow grid to assess the significance of lateral variability in major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values. For the major ions, the largest concentration range within the snow grid was sodium (0.5056 mg/l) and the smallest concentration range was sulfate (0.125 mg/l). Del oxygen-18 values showed a range of 7.45 per mil. Comparison of the observed variability of each chemical constituent to the variability expected by measurement error indicated substantial lateral variability within the surface-snow layer. Results of the nested ANOVA indicate most of the variance for every constituent is in the values grouped at the two smaller geographic scales (between 506 m2 and within 506 m2 sections). Calcium and sodium concentrations and del oxygen-18 values displayed the largest amount of variance at the largest geographic scale (between 2,025 m2 sections) within the grid and ranged from 14 to 26 per cent of the total variance. The variance data from the snow grid were used to develop equations to evaluate the significance of both positive and negative concentration/value peaks of nitrate and del oxygen-18 with depth, in a 160 m ice core. Solving the equations indicates that both the nitrate and del oxygen-18 ice-core profiles have concentration/value trends that exceed the limits expected from lateral variability. Values of del oxygen-18 in the section from 110-150 m below the surface consistently vary outside the expected limits and possibly represents cooler temperatures during the Little Ice Age from about 1810 to 1725 A.D.
","language":"English","publisher":"IWA Publishing","doi":"10.2166/nh.1994.0015","issn":"00291277","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Schuster, P., and Reddy, M., 1994, Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA: Hydrology Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 371-388, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1994.0015.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"388","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490146,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1994.0015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Fremont Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.74140699033266,\n 43.39547302682709\n ],\n [\n -109.74140699033266,\n 43.03946312247234\n ],\n [\n -109.24483755572332,\n 43.03946312247234\n ],\n [\n -109.24483755572332,\n 43.39547302682709\n ],\n [\n -109.74140699033266,\n 43.39547302682709\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee5be4b0c8380cd49d01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, P. F.","contributorId":30197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185392,"text":"70185392 - 1994 - Variations in water balance and recharge potential at three western desert sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:17:21","indexId":"70185392","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in water balance and recharge potential at three western desert sites","docAbstract":"Radioactive and hazardous waste landfills exist at numerous desert locations in the USA. At these locations, annual precipitation is low and soils are generally dry, yet little is known about recharge of water and transport of contaminants to the water table. Recent water balance measurements made at three desert locations, Las Cruces, NM, Beatty, NV, and the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site in the state of Washington, provide information on recharge potential under three distinctly different climate and soil conditions. All three sites show water storage increases with time when soils are coarse textured and plants are removed from the surface, the rate of increase being influenced by climatic variables such as precipitation, radiation, temperature, and wind. Lysimeter data from Hanford and Las Cruces indicate that deep drainage (recharge) from bare, sandy soils can range from 10 to >50% of the annual precipitation. At Hanford, when desert plants are present on sandy or gravelly surface soils, deep drainage is reduced but not eliminated. When surface soils are silt loams, deep drainage is eliminated whether plants are present or not. At Las Cruces and Beatty, the presence of plants eliminated deep drainage at the measurement sites. Differences in water balance between sites are attributed to precipitation quantity and distribution and to soil and vegetation types. The implication for waste management at desert locations is that surface soil properties and plant characteristics must be considered in waste site design in order to minimize recharge potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010009x","usgsCitation":"Gee, G., Wierenga, P., Andraski, B.J., Young, M., Fayer, M., and Rockhold, M., 1994, Variations in water balance and recharge potential at three western desert sites: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 58, no. 1, p. 63-72, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010009x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"63","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b96e4b0236b68f8295f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gee, G.W.","contributorId":189340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gee","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wierenga, P.J.","contributorId":189621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wierenga","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, M.H.","contributorId":189622,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fayer, M.J.","contributorId":189623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fayer","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rockhold, M.L.","contributorId":189624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockhold","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185388,"text":"70185388 - 1994 - Notes on a Mesodinium rubrum red tide in San Francisco Bay (California, USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:30:30","indexId":"70185388","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2430,"text":"Journal of Plankton Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Notes on a Mesodinium rubrum red tide in San Francisco Bay (California, USA)","docAbstract":"Discrete red patches of water were observed in South San Francisco Bay (USA) on 30 April 1993, and examination of live samples showed that this red tide was caused by surface accumulations of the pigmented ciliate Mesodinium rubrum . Vertical profiles showed strong salinity and temperature stratification in the upper 5 m, peak chlorophyll fluorescence in the upper meter, and differences in the small-scale density structure and fluorescence distribution among red patches. Events preceding this Mesodinium red tide included: (i) heavy precipitation and run-off, allowing for strong salinity stratification; (ii) a spring diatom bloom where the chlorophyll a concentration reached 50 mg m −3 ; (ii) depletions of dissolved inorganic N and Si in the photic zone; and (iv) several days of rapid warming and stabilization of the upper surface layer. These conditions may be general prerequisites for M.rubrum blooms in temperate estuaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/plankt/16.9.1269","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., Cole, B.E., and Hager, S.W., 1994, Notes on a Mesodinium rubrum red tide in San Francisco Bay (California, USA): Journal of Plankton Research, v. 16, no. 9, p. 1269-1276, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/16.9.1269.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"1269","endPage":"1276","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337950,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.40829467773436,\n 38.15723682167875\n ],\n [\n -122.44674682617188,\n 38.156156969924915\n ],\n [\n -122.51129150390625,\n 38.11403028044574\n ],\n [\n -122.50442504882814,\n 38.026458711461245\n ],\n [\n -122.51266479492188,\n 37.88027325525864\n ],\n [\n -122.47283935546874,\n 37.81629348024509\n ],\n [\n -122.40554809570311,\n 37.7761422535397\n ],\n [\n -122.4041748046875,\n 37.71967662525055\n ],\n [\n -122.37670898437499,\n 37.61423141542417\n ],\n [\n -122.25860595703125,\n 37.52170787501458\n ],\n [\n -122.0745849609375,\n 37.40289194122376\n ],\n [\n -121.91940307617188,\n 37.42688834526727\n ],\n [\n -121.9317626953125,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -122.10067749023438,\n 37.621845878167704\n ],\n [\n -122.24075317382812,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -122.36984252929688,\n 37.947446401992934\n ],\n [\n -122.31903076171875,\n 37.97343243999255\n ],\n [\n -122.2613525390625,\n 38.09133660751176\n ],\n [\n -122.40829467773436,\n 38.15723682167875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f82968","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hager, Stephen W.","contributorId":48935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185399,"text":"70185399 - 1994 - Anaerobic biodegradation of methyl esters by Acetobacterium woodii and Eubacterium limosum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-21T15:13:49","indexId":"70185399","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2352,"text":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic biodegradation of methyl esters by Acetobacterium woodii and Eubacterium limosum","docAbstract":"The ability ofAcetobacterium woodii andEubacterium limosum to degrade methyl esters of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and isobutyrate was examined under growing and resting-cell conditions. Both bacteria hydrolyzed the esters to the corresponding carboxylates and methanol under either condition. Methanol was further oxidized to formate under growing but not resting conditions. Unlike the metabolism of phenylmethylethers, no H2 requirement was evident for ester biotransformation. The hydrolysis of methyl carboxylates is thermodynamically favorable under standard conditions and the mixotrophic metabolism of ester/CO2 allowed for bacterial growth. These results suggest that the degradation of methyl carboxylates may be a heretofore unrecognized nutritional option for acetogenic bacteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Industrial Microbiology","doi":"10.1007/BF01569735","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., and Suflita, J.M., 1994, Anaerobic biodegradation of methyl esters by Acetobacterium woodii and Eubacterium limosum: Journal of Industrial Microbiology, v. 13, no. 5, p. 321-327, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01569735.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f82965","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shi","contributorId":189630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Shi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70204864,"text":"70204864 - 1994 - Hydrologic control of litter decomposition in seasonally flooded prairie marshes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T10:36:47","indexId":"70204864","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-31T10:26:56","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic control of litter decomposition in seasonally flooded prairie marshes","docAbstract":"The effect of seasonal inundation on the decomposition of emergent macrophyte litter (Scolochloa festucacea) was examined under experimental flooding regimes in a northern prairie marsh. Stem and leaf litter was subjected to six aboveground inundation treatments (ranging from never flooded to flooded April through October) and two belowground treatments (nonflooded and flooded April to August). Flooding increased the rate of mass loss from litter aboveground but retarded decay belowground. Aboveground, N concentration decreased and subsequently increased earlier in the longer flooded treatments, indicating that flooding decreased the time that litter remained in the leaching and immobilization phases of decay. Belowground, both flooded and nonflooded litter showed an initial rapid loss of N, but concentration and percent of original N remaining were greater in the nonflooded marsh throughout the first year. This suggested that more N was immobilized on litter under the nonflooded, more oxidizing soil conditions. Both N concentration and percent N remaining of belowground litter were greater in the flooded than the nonflooded marsh the second year, suggesting that N immobilization was enhanced after water-level drawdown. These results suggest different mechanisms by which flooding affects decomposition in different wetland environments. On the soil surface where oxygen is readily available, flooding accelerates decomposition by increasing moisture. Belowground, flooding creates anoxic conditions that slow decay. The typical hydrologic pattern in seasonally flooded prairie marshes of spring flooding followed by water-level drawdown in summer may maximize system decomposition rates by allowing rapid decomposition aboveground in standing water and by annually alleviating soil anoxia.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00006247","usgsCitation":"Neckles, H.A., and Neill, C., 1994, Hydrologic control of litter decomposition in seasonally flooded prairie marshes: Hydrobiologia, v. 286, no. 3, p. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00006247.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Manitoba","city":"Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.9815673828125,\n 50.359480346298696\n ],\n [\n -98.19030761718749,\n 50.243692022558044\n ],\n [\n -98.34686279296874,\n 50.20327530414826\n ],\n [\n -98.5198974609375,\n 50.23666548810372\n ],\n [\n -98.59954833984375,\n 50.27880916018711\n ],\n [\n -98.6297607421875,\n 50.231394907552854\n ],\n [\n -98.50616455078125,\n 50.11881702842054\n ],\n [\n -98.26446533203125,\n 50.08710669808234\n ],\n [\n -98.0804443359375,\n 50.14522626967904\n ],\n [\n -97.9266357421875,\n 50.29109404231143\n ],\n [\n -97.90740966796875,\n 50.341954777309994\n ],\n [\n -97.9815673828125,\n 50.359480346298696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"286","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neckles, Hilary A. 0000-0002-5662-2314 hneckles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5662-2314","contributorId":3821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neckles","given":"Hilary","email":"hneckles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neill, Christopher","contributorId":218247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neill","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129015,"text":"70129015 - 1994 - Establishment, sex structure and breeding system of an exotic riparian willow, Salix X rubens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T10:31:12","indexId":"70129015","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T10:25:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishment, sex structure and breeding system of an exotic riparian willow, Salix X rubens","docAbstract":"Several Eurasian tree willows (Salix spp.) have become naturalized in riparian areas outside of their native range. Salix x rubens is a Eurasian willow that is conspicuous along streams in the high plains of Colorado. We examined establishment of seedlings and cuttings, the sex structure and the breeding system of S. x rubens. An experiment was conducted on establishment and growth of seedlings and cuttings under a range of hydrologic conditions. Seedlings became established under all conditions except when flooded, although many fewer seedlings became established where soil surface conditions were relatively dry. Cuttings became established under all experimental conditions, but most frequently where soil moisture was highest. The sex structure of S. x rubens was determined along several streams in the Colorado high plains. Of 2175 trees surveyed, >99% (2172) were female. Salix x rubens produce viable seed apparently as a result of hybridization with another Eurasian willow, S. alba var. vitellina. Salix x rubens often reproduces vegetatively, which, combined with low hybrid seedling survival in the field, may explain the unusual sex structure. Salix x rubens will likely continue to spread vegetatively in high plains riparian areas, and the potential for spread through hybridization could increase if males of compatible Salix spp. are planted near extant S. x rubens.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Midland Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","publisherLocation":"Notre Dame, IN","doi":"10.2307/2426210","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P.B., Scott, M.L., Friedman, J.M., and Laven, R.D., 1994, Establishment, sex structure and breeding system of an exotic riparian willow, Salix X rubens: American Midland Naturalist, v. 132, no. 1, p. 159-172, https://doi.org/10.2307/2426210.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295378,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2426210"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de28e4b0b0a643c732cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, Michael L. scottm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Michael","email":"scottm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laven, Richard D.","contributorId":11144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laven","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185413,"text":"70185413 - 1994 - Geochemical interactions between constituents in acidic groundwater and alluvium in an aquifer near Globe, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:39:07","indexId":"70185413","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical interactions between constituents in acidic groundwater and alluvium in an aquifer near Globe, Arizona","docAbstract":"Acidic water from a copper-mining area has contaminated an alluvial aquifer and stream near Globe, Arizona. The most contaminated groundwater has a pH of 3.3, and contains about 100 mmol/1 SO4, 50 mmol/1 Fe, 11 mmol/1 Al and 3 mmol/1 Cu. Reactions between alluvium and acidic groundwater were first evaluated in laboratory column experiments. A geochemical model was developed and used in the equilibrium speciation program, MINTEQA2, to simulate breakthrough curves for different constituents from the column. The geochemical model was then used to simulate the measured changes in concentration of aqueous constituents along a flow path in the aquifer.
The pH was predominantly controlled by reaction with carbonate minerals. Where carbonates had been dissolved, adsorption of H+ by iron oxides was used to simulate pH. Acidic groundwater contained little or no dissolved oxygen, and most aqueous Fe was present as Fe(II). In the anoxic core of the plume, Fe(II) was oxidized by MnO2 to Fe(III), which then precipitated as Fe(OH)3. Attenuation of aqueous Cu, Co, Mn, Ni and Zn was a function of pH and could be quantitatively modeled with the diffuse-layer, surface complexation model in MINTEQA2. Aluminum precipitated as amorphous Al(OH)3 at pH < 4.7 and as AlOHSO4 at pH < 4.7. Aqueous Ca and SO4were close to equilibrium with gypsum.
After the alluvium in the column had reached equilibrium with acidic groundwater, uncontaminated groundwater was eluted through the column to evaluate the effect of reactants on groundwater remediation. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni and Zn rapidly decreased to the detection limits within a few pore volumes. All of the gypsum that had precipitated initially redissolved, resulting in elevated Ca and SO4concentrations for about 5 pore volumes. Aluminum and pH exhibited the most potential for continued adverse effects on groundwater quality. As H+ desorbed from Fe(OH)3, pH remained below 4.5 for more than 20 pore volumes, resulting in dissolution of AlOHSO4 and elevated aqueous Al.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90058-2","usgsCitation":"Stollenwerk, K.G., 1994, Geochemical interactions between constituents in acidic groundwater and alluvium in an aquifer near Globe, Arizona: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 4, p. 353-369, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90058-2.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"353","endPage":"369","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337988,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f8296e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185733,"text":"70185733 - 1994 - Methanolobus taylorii sp nov, a new methylotropic, estuarine methanogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T17:40:21.293064","indexId":"70185733","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2075,"text":"International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Methanolobus taylorii sp nov, a new methylotropic, estuarine methanogen","title":"Methanolobus taylorii sp nov, a new methylotropic, estuarine methanogen","docAbstract":"Previously published phylogenetic studies of 16S rRNA showed that methylotrophic, slightly halophilic, methanogenic strain GS-16T (T = type strain) represents a new species of bacterium. We propose the name Methanolobus taylorii for this species; strain GS-16 is the type strain.
","language":"English","publisher":"Microbiology Society","doi":"10.1099/00207713-44-3-573","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R.S., and Boone, D.R., 1994, Methanolobus taylorii sp nov, a new methylotropic, estuarine methanogen: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, v. 44, no. 3, p. 573-575, https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-44-3-573.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"575","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479328,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-44-3-573","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7637e4b0ee37af29e4d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boone, David R.","contributorId":173348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boone","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129372,"text":"70129372 - 1994 - Instream flows and cottonwood establishment in the Bosque del Apache reach of the Rio Grande","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T11:43:41","indexId":"70129372","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-29T11:41:54","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Instream flows and cottonwood establishment in the Bosque del Apache reach of the Rio Grande","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Annual Summer Symposium of the American Water Resources Association: Effects of human-induced hydrologic systems","conferenceTitle":"Annual Summer Symposium of the American Water Resources Association: Effects of human-induced hydrologic systems","conferenceDate":"1994-06-26T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Jackson Hole, WY","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1994, Instream flows and cottonwood establishment in the Bosque del Apache reach of the Rio Grande, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"5","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775b3e4b0f888a81b8327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":71111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185390,"text":"70185390 - 1994 - Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T08:09:24","indexId":"70185390","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr","title":"Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr","docAbstract":"This paper describes a direct comparison of apparent ages derived from 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2), and 85Kr measurements in shallow groundwater. Wells chosen for this study are completed in the unconfined surficial aquifers in late Cenozoic Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments of the Delmarva Peninsula, on the east coast of the United States. Most of the apparent tracer ages agree within 2 years of each other for recharge dates between 1965 and 1990. Discrepancies in apparent tracer ages usually can be explained by hydrological processes such as mixing in a discharge area. Recharge rate calculations based on apparent tracer age gradients at multilevel well locations agree with previous recharge estimates. High recharge rates on the Delmarva Peninsula result in nearly complete dissolved-gas confinement in the groundwater. The remarkable agreement between the different tracer ages indicates negligible mixing of waters of different ages, insignificant dispersion, minimal gas loss to the atmosphere, and insignificant sorption-desorption processes at this location.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00156","usgsCitation":"Ekwurzel, B., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W.M., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Michel, R.L., Weppernig, R., and Stute, M., 1994, Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1693-1708, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00156.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"1693","endPage":"1708","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f82978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ekwurzel, Brenda","contributorId":189618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ekwurzel","given":"Brenda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schlosser, Peter","contributorId":50936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smethie, William M. Jr.","contributorId":189619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smethie","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weppernig, Ralf","contributorId":189620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weppernig","given":"Ralf","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stute, Martin","contributorId":131127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stute","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7254,"text":"Columbia University - Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70185723,"text":"70185723 - 1994 - Microbial transformation of nitroaromatics in surface soils and aquifer materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T14:58:13.060524","indexId":"70185723","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial transformation of nitroaromatics in surface soils and aquifer materials","docAbstract":"Microorganisms indigenous to surface soils and aquifer materials collected at a munitions-contaminated site transformed 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) to amino-nitro intermediates within 20 to 70 days. Carbon mineralization studies with both unlabeled (TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT) and radiolabeled ([14C]TNT) substrates indicated that a significant fraction of these source compounds was degraded to CO2.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.60.6.2170-2175.1994","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., Chapelle, F.H., Landmeyer, J., and Schumacher, J., 1994, Microbial transformation of nitroaromatics in surface soils and aquifer materials: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 60, no. 6, p. 2170-2175, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.6.2170-2175.1994.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2170","endPage":"2175","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/201620","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Weldon Spring","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.73698354073991,\n 38.7467591076545\n ],\n [\n -90.73698354073991,\n 38.67288047585902\n ],\n [\n -90.56205991061313,\n 38.67288047585902\n ],\n [\n -90.56205991061313,\n 38.7467591076545\n ],\n [\n -90.73698354073991,\n 38.7467591076545\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7637e4b0ee37af29e4d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schumacher, J.G.","contributorId":54398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumacher","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185419,"text":"70185419 - 1994 - Ammonium sorption to channel and riparian sediments: A transient storage pool for dissolved inorganic nitrogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:09:20","indexId":"70185419","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ammonium sorption to channel and riparian sediments: A transient storage pool for dissolved inorganic nitrogen","docAbstract":"Sediment (0.5 mm–2.0 mm grain size) was incubated in nylon bags (200 μm mesh) below the water table in the channel and in two transects of shallow wells perpendicular to the banks (to 18 m) of a third-order stream during August, 1987. One transect of wells drained steep old-growth forest, and the other a steep 23 year-old clear-cut partially regenerated in alder. At approximately 6-week intervals between October, 1987, and June, 1988, bags were retrieved. Total exchangeable ammonium was determined on sediment, and dissolved oxygen, nitrate and ammonium were determined in stream and well water. Exchangeable ammonium ranged from 10 μeq/100 g of sediment in the stream where nitrification potential and subsurface exchange with stream water were high, to 115 μeq/100 g sediment 18 m inland where channel water-groundwater mixing and nitrification potential were both low. Sorbed ammonium was highest during summer/autumn base flow and lowest during winter storm flow. Both channel and well water contained measurable dissolved oxygen at all times. Ammonium concentration was typically < 10 μg-N/L in channel water, increased with distance inland, but did not exceed 365 μg-N/L at any site. Nitrate concentration was typically higher in well water than channel water. Nitrate levels increased dramatically in wells at the base of the clear-cut following the onset of autumn rains. The results indicate a potential for temporary storage of ammonium on riparian sediments which may influence biotic nitrogen cycling, and alter the timing and form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen transport from the watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02182880","usgsCitation":"Triska, F.J., Jackman, A.P., Duff, J.H., and Avanzino, R.J., 1994, Ammonium sorption to channel and riparian sediments: A transient storage pool for dissolved inorganic nitrogen: Biogeochemistry, v. 26, no. 2, p. 67-83, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182880.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"67","endPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f82971","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duff, John H. jhduff@usgs.gov","contributorId":961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"John","email":"jhduff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199238,"text":"70199238 - 1994 - Chemistry of dissolved organic matter in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-12T09:09:53","indexId":"70199238","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-05T09:08:01","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"7","title":"Chemistry of dissolved organic matter in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs","docAbstract":"Recent investigations provide new insight on the structural chemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in freshwater environments and the role of these structures in contaminant binding. Molecular models of DOM derived from allochthonous and autochthonous sources show that short-chain, branched, and alicyclic structures are terminated by carboxyl or methyl groups in DOM from both sources. Allochthonous DOM, however, had aromatic structures indicative of tannin and lignin residues, whereas the autochthonous DOM was characterized by aliphatic alicyclic structures indicative of lipid hydrocarbons as the source. DOM isolated from different morphoclimatic regions had minor structural differences.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental chemistry of lakes and reservoirs ","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ba-1994-0237.ch007","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., 1994, Chemistry of dissolved organic matter in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, chap. 7 of Environmental chemistry of lakes and reservoirs , v. 237, p. 195-221, https://doi.org/10.1021/ba-1994-0237.ch007.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"221","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357248,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111330e4b034bf6a813afb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J. A.","contributorId":195371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185401,"text":"70185401 - 1994 - Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:53:11","indexId":"70185401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland","docAbstract":"An interdisciplinary field experiment was conducted to study the water and energy balance of a semiarid rangeland watershed in southeast Arizona during the summer of 1990. Two subwatersheds, one grass dominated and the other shrub dominated, were selected for intensive study with ground-based remote sensing systems and hydrometeorological instrumentation. Surface energy balance was evaluated at both sites using direct and indirect measurements of the turbulent fluxes (eddy correlation, variance, and Bowen ratio methods) and using an aerodynamic approach based on remote measurements of surface reflectance and temperature and conventional meteorological information. Estimates of net radiant flux density (Rn), derived from measurements of air temperature, incoming solar radiation, and surface temperature and radiance compared well with values measured using a net radiometer (mean absolute difference (MAD) ≃ 50 W/m2 over a range from 115 to 670 W/m2). Soil heat flux density (G) was estimated using a relation between G/Rn and a spectral vegetation index computed from the red and near-infrared surface reflectance. These G estimates compared well with conventional measurements of G using buried soil heat flux plates (MAD ≃ 20 W/m2 over a range from −13 to 213 W/m2). In order to account for the effects of sparse vegetation, semiempirical adjustments to the single-layer bulk aerodynamic resistance approach were required for evaluation of sensible heat flux density (H). This yielded differences between measurements and remote estimates of H of approximately 33 W/m2 over a range from 13 to 303 W/m2. The resulting estimates of latent heat flux density, LE, were of the same magnitude and trend as measured values; however, a significant scatter was still observed: MAD ≃ 40 W/m2 over a range from 0 to 340 W/m2. Because LE was solved as a residual, there was a cumulative effect of errors associated with remote estimates of Rn, G, and H.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03064","usgsCitation":"Moran, M.S., Kustas, W.P., Vidal, A., Stannard, D., Blanford, J., and Nichols, W.D., 1994, Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1339-1349, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03064.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"1339","endPage":"1349","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f8297f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vidal, A.","contributorId":94451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185725,"text":"70185725 - 1994 - Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T12:09:53","indexId":"70185725","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?","docAbstract":"Humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) are common forms of organic matter in marine sedirnents, and are routinely ingested by deposit- and suspension-feeding animals. These compounds may be a sink for metals, implying that once metals are bound to humic substances they are no longer available to food webs. A series of experiments was conducted to quantitatively examine this premise using 2 estuarine bivalves from San Francisco Bay, USA: the suspension feeder Potarnocorbula arnurensis and the facultative deposit feeder Macoma balthica. HA and FA, isolated from marine sediments, were bound as organic coatings to either hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) or silica particles. Cd and Cr(II1) were adsorbed to the organic coatings or directly to uncoated HFO and silica particles. Pulse-chase laboratory feeding expenments using '\"'Cd and \"Cr(III) were then conducted to determine absorption efficiencies of Cd and Cr for individual specimens using each of the partlcle types. The results demonstrated that: (1) absorption of Cr(I1I) from all types of non-living particles was consistently low (< 11%). Ingested Cd showed greater bioavailability than Cr(IIl), perhaps due to differences in metal chemistry. (2) Bivalves absorbed Cd bound to uncoated HFO or silica particles (i.e. with no HA or FA present). (3) The presence of organic coatings on part~cles reduced Cd bioavailabhty compared with uncoated particles. (4) Both geochemical and biological conditions affected the food chain transfer of Cd. The data suggest that in marine systems inorganic and organic-coated particles are predominantly a sink for Cr in sediments. In the transfer of Cd to consumer animals, inorganic particles and humic substances can act as a link (although not a highly efficient one) under oxidized conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter Research","doi":"10.3354/meps108133","usgsCitation":"Decho, A., and Luoma, S.N., 1994, Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 108, no. 1-2, p. 133-145, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"133","endPage":"145","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7637e4b0ee37af29e4d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan","contributorId":189947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185411,"text":"70185411 - 1994 - Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T09:40:13","indexId":"70185411","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3711,"text":"Water Environment Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment","docAbstract":"A network of 9-m-tall surface flux measurement stations were deployed at eight sparsely vegetated sites during the Monsoon '90 experiment to measure net radiation, Q, soil heat flux, G, sensible heat flux, H (using eddy correlation), and latent heat flux, λE (using the energy balance equation). At four of these sites, 2-m-tall eddy correlation systems were used to measure all four fluxes directly. Also a 2-m-tall Bowen ratio system was deployed at one site. Magnitudes of the energy balance closure (Q + G + H + λE) increased as the complexity of terrain increased. The daytime Bowen ratio decreased from about 10 before the monsoon season to about 0.3 during the monsoons. Source areas of the measurements are developed and compared to scales of heterogeneity arising from the sparse vegetation and the topography. There was very good agreement among simultaneous measurements of Q with the same model sensor at different heights (representing different source areas), but poor agreement among different brands of sensors. Comparisons of simultaneous measurements of G suggest that because of the extremely small source area, extreme care in sensor deployment is necessary for accurate measurement in sparse canopies. A recently published model to estimate fetch is used to interpret measurements of H at the 2 m and 9 m heights. Three sites were characterized by undulating topography, with ridgetops separated by about 200–600 m. At these sites, sensors were located on ridgetops, and the 9-m fetch included the adjacent valley, whereas the 2-m fetch was limited to the immediate ridgetop and hillside. Before the monsoons began, vegetation was mostly dormant, the watershed was uniformly hot and dry, and the two measurements of H were in close agreement. After the monsoons began and vegetation fully matured, the 2-m measurements of H were significantly greater than the 9-m measurements, presumably because the vegetation in the valleys was denser and cooler than on the ridgetops and hillsides. At one lowland site with little topographic relief, the vegetation was more uniform, and the two measurements of H were in close agreement during peak vegetation. Values of λE could only be compared at two sites, but the 9-m values were greater than the 2-m values, suggesting λE from the dense vegetation in the valleys was greater than elsewhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93WR03037","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D., Blanford, J., Kustas, W.P., Nichols, W.D., Amer, S., Schmugge, T., and Weltz, M., 1994, Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment: Water Environment Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1227-1239, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03037.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1239","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f8297c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Amer, S.A.","contributorId":189639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmugge, T.J.","contributorId":189640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmugge","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weltz, M.A.","contributorId":77732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weltz","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70187322,"text":"70187322 - 1994 - The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:50:43","indexId":"70187322","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5355,"text":"Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution","docAbstract":"Apparent phreatic explosion craters, caldera-floor volcanic cones, and geothermal features outline a ring fracture zone along which Mount Mazama collapsed to form the Crater Lake caldera during its climactic eruption about 6,850 yr B.P. Within a few years, subaerial deposits infilled the phreatic craters and then formed a thick wedge (10-20 m) of mass flow deposits shed from caldera walls. Intense volcanic activity (phreatic explosions, subaerial flows, and hydrothermal venting) occurred during this early postcaldera stage, and a central platform of subaerial andesite flows and scoria formed on the caldera floor.
Radiocarbon ages suggest that deposition of Iacustrine hemipelagic sediment began on the central platform about 150 yr after the caldera collapse. This is the minimum time to fill the lake halfway with water and cover the platform assuming present hydrologic conditions of precipitation and evaporation but with negligible leakage of lake water. Wizard Island formed during the final part of the 300-yr lake-filling period as shown by its (1) upper subaerial lava flows from 0 to -70 m below present water level and lower subaqueous lava flows from -70 to -500 m and by (2) lacustrine turbidite sand derived from Wizard Island that was deposited on the central platform about 350 yr after the caldera collapse. Pollen stratigraphy indicates that the warm and dry climate of middle Holocene time correlates with the early lake deposits. Diatom stratigraphy also suggests a more thermally stratified and phosphate-rich environment associated respectively with this climate and greater hydrothermal activity during the early lake history.
Apparent coarse-grained and thick-bedded turbidites of the early lake beds were deposited throughout northwest, southwest, and eastern basins during the time that volcanic and seismic activity formed the subaqueous Wizard Island, Merriam Cone, and rhyodacite dome. The last known postcaldera volcanic activity produced a subaqueous rhyodacite ash bed and dome about 4,240 yr B.P. The late lake beds with base-of-slope aprons and thin, fine-grained basin-plain turbidites were deposited during the volcanically quiescent period of the past 4,000 yr.
Deposits in Crater Lake and on similar caldera floors suggest that four stages characterize the postcaldera evolution of smaller (≤10 km in diameter) terrestrial caldera lake floors: (1) initial-stage caldera collapse forms the ring fracture zone that controls location of the main volcanic eruptive centers and sedimentary basin depocenters on the caldera floor; (2) early-stage subaerial sedimentation rapidly fills ring-fracture depressions and constructs basin-floor debris fans from calderawall landslides; (3) first-stage subaqueous sedimentation deposits thick flat-lying lake turbidites throughout basins, while a thin blanket of hemipelagic sediment covers volcanic edifices that continue to form concurrently with lake sedimentation; and (4) second-stage subaqueous sedimentation after the waning of major volcanic activity and the earlier periods of most rapid sedimentation develops small sili-ciclastic basin base-of-slope turbidite aprons and central basin plains. Renewed volcanic activity or lake destruction could cause part or all of the cycle to repeat.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0684:TVSAPH>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C.H., Bacon, C.R., Robinson, S.W., Adam, D.P., Bradbury, J.P., Barber, J.H., Schwartz, D., and Vagenas, G., 1994, The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution: Bulletin, v. 106, no. 5, p. 684-704, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0684:TVSAPH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"684","endPage":"704","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","volume":"106","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030339e4b0e862d230f7ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C. Hans","contributorId":191503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Stephen W.","contributorId":191504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, John H. Jr.","contributorId":102821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwartz, Deborah","contributorId":191505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Deborah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vagenas, Ginger","contributorId":191506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vagenas","given":"Ginger","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70185397,"text":"70185397 - 1994 - Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:12:34","indexId":"70185397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands","docAbstract":"Remotely sensed data in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal-infrared wave bands were collected from a low-flying aircraft during the Monsoon '90 field experiment. Monsoon '90 was a multidisciplinary experiment conducted in a semiarid watershed. It had as one of its objectives the quantification of hydrometeorological fluxes during the “monsoon” or wet season. The remote sensing observations along with micrometeprological and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) data were used to compute the surface energy balance over a range of spatial scales. The procedure involved averaging multiple pixels along transects flown over the meteorological and flux (METFLUX) stations. Average values of the spectral reflectance and thermal-infrared temperatures were computed for pixels of order 10−1 to 101 km in length and were used with atmospheric data for evaluating net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G), and sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes at these same length scales. The model employs a single-layer resistance approach for estimating H that requires wind speed and air temperature in the ABL and a remotely sensed surface temperature. The values of Rn and G are estimated from remote sensing information together with near-surface observations of air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Finally, LE is solved as the residual term in the surface energy balance equation. Model calculations were compared to measurements from the METFLUX network for three days having different environmental conditions. Average percent differences for the three days between model and the METFLUX estimates of the local fluxes were about 5% for Rn, 20% for Gand H, and 15% for LE. Larger differences occurred during partly cloudy conditions because of errors in interpreting the remote sensing data and the higher spatial and temporal variation in the energy fluxes. Minor variations in modeled energy fluxes were observed when the pixel size representing the remote sensing inputs changed from 0.2 to 2 km. Regional scale estimates of the surface energy balance using bulk ABL properties for the model parameters and input variables and the 10-km pixel data differed from the METFLUX network averages by about 4% for Rn, 10% for G and H, and 15% for LE. Model sensitivity in calculating the turbulent fluxes H and LE to possible variations in key model parameters (i.e., the roughness lengths for heat and momentum) was found to be fairly significant. Therefore the reliability of the methods for estimating key model parameters and potential errors needs further testing over different ecosystems and environmental conditions.