Conducting field work in cold weather is a demanding task. The most important safety consideration for field personnel is to maintain normal body temperature and avoid hypothermia.
The human body adjusts to cold temperatures through different physiological processes. Heat production is enhanced by increases in the rates of basal metabolism, specific dynamic action, and physical exercise, and heat loss is reduced by vasoconstriction.
Physiological adaptations alone are inadequate to stop rapid heat loss in cold temperatures. Additional insulation in the form of cold-weather clothing is necessary to retain heat.
The most practical method of dressing for winter conditions is the layering system. Wearing multiple thin layers allows one to fine tune the insulation needed for different temperatures and activity levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89415_1990","usgsCitation":"Denner, J., 1990, A primer on clothing systems for cold-weather field work: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-415, v, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89415_1990.","productDescription":"v, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0415_1990/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":346258,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0415_1990/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9a69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denner, Jon jdenner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denner","given":"Jon","email":"jdenner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":179496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29633,"text":"wri904101 - 1990 - Computerized stratified random site-selection approaches for design of a ground-water-quality sampling network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri904101","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4101","title":"Computerized stratified random site-selection approaches for design of a ground-water-quality sampling network","docAbstract":"Computer software was written to randomly select sites for a ground-water-quality sampling network. The software uses digital cartographic techniques and subroutines from a proprietary geographic information system. The report presents the approaches, computer software, and sample applications.\r\nIt is often desirable to collect ground-water-quality samples from various areas in a study region that have different values of a spatial characteristic, such as land-use or hydrogeologic setting. A stratified network can be used for testing hypotheses about relations between spatial characteristics and water quality, or for calculating statistical descriptions of water-quality data that account for variations that correspond to the spatial characteristic.\r\n\r\nIn the software described, a study region is subdivided into areal subsets that have a common spatial characteristic to stratify the population into several categories from which sampling sites are selected. Different numbers of sites may be selected from each category of areal subsets.\r\n\r\nA population of potential sampling sites may be defined by either specifying a fixed population of existing sites, or by preparing an equally spaced population of potential sites. In either case, each site is identified with a single category, depending on the value of the spatial characteristic of the areal subset in which the site is located. Sites are selected from one category at a time. One of two approaches may be used to select sites. Sites may be selected randomly, or the areal subsets in the category can be grouped into cells and sites selected randomly from each cell.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904101","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.C., 1990, Computerized stratified random site-selection approaches for design of a ground-water-quality sampling network: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4101, vi, 109 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904101.","productDescription":"vi, 109 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58453,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6306","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, J. C.","contributorId":75901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18674,"text":"ofr90416 - 1990 - Distribution of the basal clastic unit of the Oligocene Chadron Formation in the alliance 2-degree Quadrangle, northwestern Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:33","indexId":"ofr90416","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-416","title":"Distribution of the basal clastic unit of the Oligocene Chadron Formation in the alliance 2-degree Quadrangle, northwestern Nebraska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr90416","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, K.A., 1990, Distribution of the basal clastic unit of the Oligocene Chadron Formation in the alliance 2-degree Quadrangle, northwestern Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-416, 6 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90416.","productDescription":"6 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0416/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48012,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0416/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48013,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0416/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48014,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0416/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48015,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0416/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48016,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0416/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f58c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, K. A.","contributorId":77528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":65159,"text":"i1847 - 1990 - Experimental digital shaded-relief maps of Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T17:03:02.665485","indexId":"i1847","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1847","title":"Experimental digital shaded-relief maps of Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1847","usgsCitation":"Edwards, K., and Batson, R.M., 1990, Experimental digital shaded-relief maps of Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1847, 2 Plates: 22.41 x 33.20 inches and 21.38 x 28.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1847.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 22.41 x 33.20 inches and 21.38 x 28.93 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494105,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9950.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":255315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1847/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":255314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1847/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255313,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1847/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255312,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1847/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.006495,40.997815],[-110.000708,40.997352],[-109.999838,40.99733],[-109.97553,40.997912],[-109.855299,40.997614],[-109.854302,40.997661],[-109.715409,40.998191],[-109.713877,40.998266],[-109.676421,40.998395],[-109.534926,40.998143],[-109.500694,40.999127],[-109.250735,41.001009],[-109.231985,41.002059],[-109.173682,41.000859],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-109.048455,40.826081],[-109.049088,40.714562],[-109.048373,40.662602],[-109.048249,40.653601],[-109.048044,40.619231],[-109.050074,40.540358],[-109.049955,40.539901],[-109.050698,40.499963],[-109.050314,40.495092],[-109.050946,40.444368],[-109.050969,40.222662],[-109.050973,40.180849],[-109.050944,40.180712],[-109.050813,40.059579],[-109.050873,40.058915],[-109.050615,39.87497],[-109.05104,39.660472],[-109.051363,39.497674],[-109.050765,39.366677],[-109.051512,39.126095],[-109.052436,38.999985],[-109.053292,38.942878],[-109.053233,38.942467],[-109.053797,38.905284],[-109.053943,38.904414],[-109.054189,38.874984],[-109.057388,38.795456],[-109.059541,38.719888],[-109.060253,38.599328],[-109.059962,38.499987],[-109.060062,38.275489],[-109.054648,38.244921],[-109.041762,38.16469],[-109.041837,38.153022],[-109.04282,37.999301],[-109.042819,37.997068],[-109.043121,37.97426],[-109.041058,37.907236],[-109.041653,37.88117],[-109.041844,37.872788],[-109.041723,37.842051],[-109.041754,37.835826],[-109.041461,37.800105],[-109.042098,37.74999],[-109.041636,37.74021],[-109.04176,37.713182],[-109.041732,37.711214],[-109.042269,37.666067],[-109.042089,37.623795],[-109.042131,37.617662],[-109.041806,37.604171],[-109.041865,37.530726],[-109.041915,37.530653],[-109.043137,37.499992],[-109.043464,37.484711],[-109.04581,37.374993],[-109.046039,37.249993],[-109.045584,37.249351],[-109.045487,37.210844],[-109.045978,37.201831],[-109.045995,37.177279],[-109.045156,37.112064],[-109.045203,37.111958],[-109.045173,37.109464],[-109.045189,37.096271],[-109.044995,37.086429],[-109.045058,37.074661],[-109.045166,37.072742],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.181196,36.999271],[-109.233848,36.999266],[-109.246917,36.999346],[-109.26339,36.999263],[-109.268213,36.999242],[-109.270097,36.999266],[-109.378039,36.999135],[-109.381226,36.999148],[-109.495338,36.999105],[-109.625668,36.998308],[-109.875673,36.998504],[-110.000677,36.997968],[-110.000876,36.998502],[-110.021778,36.998602],[-110.47019,36.997997],[-110.490908,37.003566],[-110.50069,37.00426],[-110.599512,37.003448],[-110.625605,37.003416],[-110.62569,37.003721],[-110.75069,37.003197],[-111.066496,37.002389],[-111.133718,37.000779],[-111.254853,37.001077],[-111.278286,37.000465],[-111.405517,37.001497],[-111.405869,37.001481],[-111.412784,37.001478],[-112.35769,37.001025],[-112.368946,37.001125],[-112.534545,37.000684],[-112.538593,37.000674],[-112.540368,37.000669],[-112.545094,37.000734],[-112.558974,37.000692],[-112.609787,37.000753],[-112.899366,37.000319],[-112.966471,37.000219],[-113.965907,36.999976],[-113.965907,37.000025],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-114.051749,37.088434],[-114.051822,37.090976],[-114.052827,37.103961],[-114.051867,37.134292],[-114.052179,37.14711],[-114.051673,37.172368],[-114.051405,37.233854],[-114.051974,37.283848],[-114.051974,37.284511],[-114.0518,37.293044],[-114.0518,37.293548],[-114.051927,37.370459],[-114.051927,37.370734],[-114.051765,37.418083],[-114.052448,37.43144],[-114.052701,37.492014],[-114.052685,37.502513],[-114.052718,37.517264],[-114.052689,37.517859],[-114.052962,37.592783],[-114.052472,37.604776],[-114.051728,37.745997],[-114.051785,37.746249],[-114.05167,37.746958],[-114.051109,37.756276],[-114.049919,37.765586],[-114.048473,37.809861],[-114.049677,37.823645],[-114.049928,37.852508],[-114.049658,37.881368],[-114.050423,37.999961],[-114.049903,38.148601],[-114.050138,38.24996],[-114.049417,38.2647],[-114.05012,38.404536],[-114.050091,38.404673],[-114.050485,38.499955],[-114.049834,38.543784],[-114.049862,38.547764],[-114.050154,38.57292],[-114.049883,38.677365],[-114.049749,38.72921],[-114.049168,38.749951],[-114.049465,38.874949],[-114.048521,38.876197],[-114.048054,38.878693],[-114.049104,39.005509],[-114.047079,39.499943],[-114.047728,39.542742],[-114.047273,39.759413],[-114.047783,39.79416],[-114.047214,39.821024],[-114.047134,39.906037],[-114.046555,39.996899],[-114.046835,40.030131],[-114.046386,40.097896],[-114.046741,40.104231],[-114.046683,40.116931],[-114.046153,40.231971],[-114.046178,40.398313],[-114.045826,40.424823],[-114.045218,40.430282],[-114.045518,40.494474],[-114.045577,40.495801],[-114.045281,40.506586],[-114.043505,40.726292]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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f92b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Kathleen","contributorId":43833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batson, R. M.","contributorId":76714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":41341,"text":"ofr90134 - 1990 - Potentiometric surface of the intermediate aquifer system, west-central Florida, September 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-18T19:56:58.592616","indexId":"ofr90134","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-134","title":"Potentiometric surface of the intermediate aquifer system, west-central Florida, September 1989","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90134","usgsCitation":"Knochenmus, L.A., and Barr, G., 1990, Potentiometric surface of the intermediate aquifer system, west-central Florida, September 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-134, 1 Plate: 23.14 × 34.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90134.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 23.14 × 34.21 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":388114,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17866.htm"},{"id":79103,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0134/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 26.70635985763354\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 26.70635985763354\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 28.256005619824972\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 28.256005619824972\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 26.70635985763354\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682f0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knochenmus, Lari A. lari@usgs.gov","contributorId":301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"Lari","email":"lari@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":224856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barr, G. L.","contributorId":22312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29671,"text":"wri894102 - 1990 - Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area, California, 1986-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri894102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4102","title":"Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area, California, 1986-87","docAbstract":"Water, bottom sediment, and biota were sampled during 1986 and 1987 in the Salton Sea area to determine concentrations of trace elements and pesticides as part of the Department of Interior Irrigation Drainage Program. The sampling sites (12 water, 15 bottom sediment, and 5 biota) were located in the Coachella and Imperial Valleys. The focus of sampling was to determine the current or potential threat to the wildlife of the Salton National Wildlife Refuge from irrigation projects sponsored or operated by the Department of the Interior. Results of the investigation indicate that selenium is the major element of concern. Elevated concentrations of selenium in water were restricted to tile-drain effluent. The maximum selenium concentration of 300 microg/L was detected in a tile-drain sample, and the minimum concentration of 1 microg/L was detected in a composite sample of Salton Sea water. The median selenium concentration was 19 microg/L. In contrast to the water, the highest bottom-sediment selenium concentration of 3.3 mg/kg was in a composite sample from the Salton Sea. The selenium detected in samples of waterfowl and fish also are of concern, but, to date, no studies have been done in the Salton Sea area to determine if selenium has caused adverse biological effects. Concentrations of boron and manganese were elevated in tile-drain samples throughout the Imperial Valley. Boron concentrations in migratory waterfowl were at levels that could cause reproduction impairment. Elevated concentrations of chromium, nickel, and zinc were detected in the Whitewater River , but they were not associated with irrigation drainage. Organochlorine pesticide residues were detected in bottom sediment throughout the study area at levels approaching those measured more than 10 years ago. More detailed studies would be needed to determine if these residues are affecting the waterfowl. 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C.","contributorId":49788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urban","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":64607,"text":"i1930 - 1990 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the De Long Mountains A-1 and B-1 quadrangles and part of the C-1 Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:52","indexId":"i1930","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1930","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the De Long Mountains A-1 and B-1 quadrangles and part of the C-1 Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1930","usgsCitation":"Curtis, S., Ellersieck, I., Mayfield, C., and Tailleur, I., 1990, Reconnaissance geologic map of the De Long Mountains A-1 and B-1 quadrangles and part of the C-1 Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1930, 1 map :col. ;102 x 40 cm., on sheet 137 x 96 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 sheet (98 x 102 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/i1930.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;102 x 40 cm., on sheet 137 x 96 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 sheet (98 x 102 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":107187,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10007.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10007"},{"id":187422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"63360","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162.6,68 ], [ -162.6,68.58333333333333 ], [ -162,68.58333333333333 ], [ -162,68 ], [ -162.6,68 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a72e4b07f02db642c60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, S.M.","contributorId":16823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellersieck, Inyo","contributorId":34914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellersieck","given":"Inyo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayfield, C.F.","contributorId":95467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayfield","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tailleur, I.L.","contributorId":59027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tailleur","given":"I.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":65158,"text":"i1850 - 1990 - Experimental digital shaded-relief maps of southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:02","indexId":"i1850","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1850","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Experimental digital shaded-relief maps of southwestern United States","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1850","usgsCitation":"Edwards, K., and Batson, R.M., 1990, Experimental digital shaded-relief maps of southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1850, 2 maps :1 col. ;sheets 69 x 87 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1850.","productDescription":"2 maps :1 col. ;sheets 69 x 87 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":107153,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9953.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9953"},{"id":189109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"2000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,32 ], [ -123,42 ], [ -109,42 ], [ -109,32 ], [ -123,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f92c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Kathleen","contributorId":43833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batson, R. M.","contributorId":76714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":61428,"text":"mf2149 - 1990 - West-east stratigraphic correlations of surface and subsurface sections of the intertongued Eocene Wasatch and Green River formations, northern Green River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T07:53:11","indexId":"mf2149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2149","title":"West-east stratigraphic correlations of surface and subsurface sections of the intertongued Eocene Wasatch and Green River formations, northern Green River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2149","usgsCitation":"Roehler, H.W., 1990, West-east stratigraphic correlations of surface and subsurface sections of the intertongued Eocene Wasatch and Green River formations, northern Green River basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2149, 1 Plate: 39.43 x 26.09 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2149.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.43 x 26.09 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2149.jpg"},{"id":284441,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2149/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Northern Green River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.0,41.886389 ], [ -110.0,42.1 ], [ -109.0,42.1 ], [ -109.0,41.886389 ], [ -110.0,41.886389 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7d84e4b0b2908510f6c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roehler, Henry W.","contributorId":48529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roehler","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29775,"text":"wri894169 - 1990 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Valley Creek basin, eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T13:31:25","indexId":"wri894169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4169","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Valley Creek basin, eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Sixty-eight percent of the 22.6-square-mile Valley Creek basin is underlain by Cambrian and Ordovician limestone and dolomite. Ground water flows through a network of interconnected secondary openings; primary porosity is virtually nonexistent. Some of these openings have been enlarged by solution. Secondary porosity and permeability exhibit great spatial variability, and the yield and specific capacity of wells are highly variable. The number of water-bearing zones decreases with depth. Fifty percent of water-bearing zones are encountered within 100 feet of the land surface, and 81 percent are within 200 feet.\r\n\r\n Most ground-water flow in the Valley Creek basin is local and discharges to nearby streams. Ground-water discharge comprised an average of 76 percent of the flow of Valley Creek during 1983--87, including both natural ground- water discharge and quarry pumpage discharged to Valley Creek. Discharge from the Cedar Hollow quarry comprised 21 to 26 percent of the base flow of Valley Creek; the average was 23 percent. The average natural base flow of Valley Creek would be 8 percent lower if the quarry were not operating.\r\n\r\n Regional ground-water flow is to the northeast to the Schuylkill River. On the western side of the Valley Creek basin, the ground-water divide is 1/2 mile west of the surface-water divide. An estimated 0.75 million gallons per day of ground water flows from the adjacent West Valley Creek basn eastward into the Valley Creek basin. A ground-water divide is not present on the eastern side of the basin; the water table slopes gently eastward toward the Schuylkill River. On the northeaster side, an estimated 1.76 million gallons per day of ground water flows northeastward out of the basin to the Schuylkill River beneath the surface-water divide. On the southeaster side, an estimated 0.85 million gallons per day of ground water flows beneath the surface-water divide into the basin.\r\n\r\n Annual water budgets and an average water budget were calculated for 1983-87 for the 20.8-square-mile area bove the streamflow-gaging station. Annual precipitation for 1983-87 ranged from 40.61 to 56.55 inches and averaged 47.25 inches; annual streamflow ranged from 15.55 to 28.57 inches and averaged 22.31 inches; annual evapotranspiration ranged from 18.21 to 24.83 inches and averaged 22.90 inches; and annual recharge ranged from 15.89 to 26.84 inches and averaged 21.04 inches.\r\n\r\n The Valley Creek basin was modeled as a two-dimensional water-table aquifer. Recharge to, ground-water flow through, and discharge from the rocks of Chester valley were simulated. In order to include the natural hydrologic boundaries of the ground-water-flwo system, the 66.4-square-mile area between the Brandywine Creek and the Schuylkill River was modeled. The model was calibrated under stead-state conditions using avareage recharge and evapotranspiration rates. Aquifer hydraulic conductivity was estimated from specific-capacity and quifer-test data. The average (1983-87) annual water budget for hte Valley Creek basin was simualted.\r\n\r\n The effect of increased ground-water development on base flow and underflow was simulated by locating a hypothetical well field produceing 4 million gallons per day in different parts of the basin. Pumpage from a well field near surface-water divides would induce as much as an additional 1.41 inches per year of underflow from an adjacent surface-water basin. Pumpage from a well field near the center of the basin would affect base flow more than underflow.\r\n\r\n Increased seepage of ground water into quarries as a result of their expansion was simulated as increased withdrawal by pumping. A 100-percent increase in the pumping rate of the Cedar Hollow quarry, from 3.93 to 7.86 million gallons per day, owuld reduce the natural base flow of Valley Creek by 18 percent. However, the quarry pumpage would be discharged to Valley Creek, thereby increasing the base flow at the gaging station by ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894169","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R., 1990, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Valley Creek basin, eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4169, viii, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894169.","productDescription":"viii, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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