{"pageNumber":"443","pageRowStart":"11050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16446,"records":[{"id":38343,"text":"pp1551E - 1994 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38343,"text":"pp1551E - 1994 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances","indexId":"pp1551E","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77047,"text":"pp1551 - 1992 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","indexId":"pp1551","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":77047,"text":"pp1551 - 1992 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","indexId":"pp1551","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-09T19:47:58.957446","indexId":"pp1551E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1551","chapter":"E","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances","docAbstract":"Seismic events have long been known to cause changes in the level of oceans, streams, lakes, and the water table. The great San Francisco earthquake of 1906 induced significant hydrologic changes that were qualitatively similar to those changes observed for the Loma Prieta earthquake. What is different is that the hydrologic data sets collected from the Loma Prieta event have enough detail to enable hypotheses on the causes for these changes to be tested. The papers in this chapter document changes in ocean level, stream morphology and flow, water table height, and ground-water flow rates in response to the earthquake. Although hydrologic disturbances may have occurred about 1 hour before the main shock, the papers in this chapter deal strictly with postevent hydrologic changes. The hydrologic responses reported here reflect changes that are not the result of surface rupture. They appear to be the result of landslides, the static displacements induced by the earthquake, and changes in the permeability of the near surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1551E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"1994, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1551, iii, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1551E.","productDescription":"iii, 64 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491955,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76953.htm","text":"Hydrologic changes associated with the earthquake in the San Lorenzo and Pescadero drainage basins","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":491954,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76952.htm","text":"Effects of the earthquake on surface waters in Waddell Valley [San Mateo County, California]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":491953,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76951.htm","text":"Stream-channel adjustment in Fern Canyon near Watsonville, California, after the earthquake","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3429,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1551/pp1551e/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402065,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76950.htm","text":"The origin of the tsunami excited by the earthquake -- faulting and slumping [Loma Prieta earthquake, central California coast]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124514,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1551_e.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.420654296875,\n              36.47872381162464\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.73950195312499,\n              36.47872381162464\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.73950195312499,\n              37.068327517596586\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.420654296875,\n              37.068327517596586\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.420654296875,\n              36.47872381162464\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e56da","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rojstaczer, Stuart A.","contributorId":79536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749491,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":7000094,"text":"7000094 - 1994 - U.S. Geological Survey yearbook, fiscal year 1993: At work across the Nation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T14:03:02","indexId":"7000094","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":392,"text":"Yearbook","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey yearbook, fiscal year 1993: At work across the Nation","docAbstract":"<p>The need for earth science has never been more paramount. The devastating flooding of the Mississippi River this past year, strikingly portrayed on the cover and discussed in detail in this report (p. 37-42), was a sobering reminder of nature's elemental power. As a Nation, we face many environmental and economic challenges, such as natural hazards, that can be addressed effectively only through science. Water quality, resource assessments, climate change, and toxic wastes are all critical issues that can best be dealt with when approached from a sound scientific base. The goal of the U.S. Geological Survey is to provide hydrologic, geologic, and topographic information and understanding that contribute to the wise management of the Nation's natural resources and that promote the health, safety, and well-being of all Americans. FY1993 has proven to be a particularly challenging one for the USGS. We entered into a time of transition from the long-term leadership of Director Dallas Peck and Associate Director Doyle Frederick to the appointment of a new director. We thank Dallas and Doyle for their many years of service and for their support during the transition.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/7000094","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, U.S. Geological Survey yearbook, fiscal year 1993: At work across the Nation: Yearbook, Report: 124 p.; 2 Plates: 17.14 x 10.97 inches and16.93 x 11.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/7000094.","productDescription":"Report: 124 p.; 2 Plates: 17.14 x 10.97 inches and16.93 x 11.02 inches","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":101696,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/yb/1993fy/report.pdf","size":"37003","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101697,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/yb/1993fy/plate-1.pdf","size":"2354","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":195849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/yb/1993fy/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":101698,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/yb/1993fy/plate-2.pdf","size":"1279","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611f19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017425,"text":"70017425 - 1994 - Formation and transport of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:05:48","indexId":"70017425","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation and transport of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in surface water","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00062a010","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Meyer, M.T., Mills, M.S., Zimmerman, L., Perry, C.A., and Goolsby, D.A., 1994, Formation and transport of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in surface water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 13, p. 2267-2277, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00062a010.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2267","endPage":"2277","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265838,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00062a010"}],"volume":"28","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1349e4b0c8380cd545c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, L.R.","contributorId":28624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1002403,"text":"1002403 - 1994 - Recent accretion in two managed marsh impoundments in coastal Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T11:35:56","indexId":"1002403","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent accretion in two managed marsh impoundments in coastal Louisiana","docAbstract":"Recent accretion was measured by the feldspar marker horizon method in two gravity-drained, managed, marsh impoundments and unmanaged reference marshes located on the rapidly subsiding coast of Louisiana. Water level management was designed to limit hydrologic exchange to the managed marsh by regulating the direction and rate of water flows. During a drawdown-flooding water management cycle, the unmanaged reference marshes had significantly higher vertical accretion rates, higher soil bulk density and soil mineral matter content, lower soil organic matter content, and higher rates of organic matter accumulation than the managed marsh. The rate of mineral matter accumulation was higher in both reference marshes, but was significantly higher in only one. Spatial variability in accumulation rates was low when analyzed in one managed marsh site, suggesting a primarily autochthonous source of matter. In contrast, the associated reference marsh apparently received allochthonous material that settled out in a distinct spatial pattern as water velocity decreased. The impoundment marshes experienced an accretion deficit of one full order of magnitude (0.1 vs. 1.0 m/yr) based on comparison of accretion and sea level rise data, while the unmanaged reference marshes experienced a five-fold smaller deficit or no deficit.  These data suggest that the gravity-drained impoundments likely have a shorter life expectancy than the reference marshes in the rapidly subsiding Louisiana coast.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/1942126","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., 1994, Recent accretion in two managed marsh impoundments in coastal Louisiana: Ecological Applications, v. 4, no. 1, p. 166-176, https://doi.org/10.2307/1942126.","productDescription":"p. 166-176","startPage":"166","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15418,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.2307/1942126","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7002.000000000000000"},{"id":133989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629b9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":65424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016974,"text":"70016974 - 1994 - Relationships between atmospheric circulation and snowpack in the Gunnison River basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-23T11:13:56.599054","indexId":"70016974","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between atmospheric circulation and snowpack in the Gunnison River basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">In this study, winter mean 700 mbar height anomalies over the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the western USA are related to variability in snowpack accumulations measured on or about 1 April at 21 snowcourse stations within and near the Gunnison River basin in Colorado. Results indicate that lower than normal snowpack accumulations are primarily associated with positive 700 mbar height anomalies (anomalous anticyclonic circulation) over the western USA. Moist air from the Pacific Ocean is moved to the north of the western USA along the western margin of the anomalous anticyclonic circulation. In contrast, higher than normal snowpack accumulations are associated with negative 700 mbar height anomalies (anomalous cyclonic circulation) over the western USA and over most of the eastern North Pacific Ocean. The anomalous cyclonic circulation over the western USA enhances the movement of moisture from the Pacific Ocean into the southern and central parts of the West.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Results also indicate that variability in winter mean 700 mbar height anomalies can explain over 50% of the variability in snowpack accumulations in the Gunnison River basin. The significant linear relationships between 700 mbar height anomalies and snowpack accumulations in the Gunnison River basin can be used in conjunction with general circulation model simulations of 700 mbar height anomalies for future climatic conditions to estimate future snowpack accumulations in the Gunnison River basin.</div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90103-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., 1994, Relationships between atmospheric circulation and snowpack in the Gunnison River basin, Colorado: Journal of Hydrology, v. 157, no. 1-4, p. 157-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90103-1.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a793e4b0e8fec6cdc4ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017325,"text":"70017325 - 1994 - Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:08:20.679635","indexId":"70017325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation","docAbstract":"<p>A method for collecting suspended sediment samples has been developed that pumps a discharge-weighted volume of water from fixed depths at four to 40 locations across a river and separates the suspended sediment in the sample using a continuous-flow centrifuge. The efficacy of the method is evaluated by comparing the particle size distributions of sediment collected by the discharge-weighted pumping method with the particle size distributions of sediment collected by depth integration and separated by gravitational settling. The pumping method was found to undersample the suspended sand sized particles (&gt; 63 μm) but to collect a representative sample of the suspended silt and clay sized particles (&lt; 63 μm). The centrifuge separated the silt and clay sized particles (&lt; 63 μm) into three fractions. Based on the average results of processing 17 samples from the Mississippi River and several of its large tributaries in 1990, about 10% of the silt and clay sized material was trapped in a centrifuge bowl-bottom sealing unit containing the nozzle and consisted of mostly medium and coarse silt from 16 to 63 μm. About 74% was retained on a Teflon liner in the centrifuge bowl and consisted of sizes from 0–1 to 63 μm. About 9% was discharged from the centrifuge in the effluent and was finer than 0–1 μm. About 7% was lost during the processes of removing the wet sediment fractions from the centrifuge, drying and weighing.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080603","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Meade, R., 1994, Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 6, p. 513-530, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080603.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"513","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cede4b0c8380cd52d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017887,"text":"70017887 - 1994 - Autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing, denitrifying bacteria in groundwater, potential agents for bioremediation of nitrate contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T14:52:28.98124","indexId":"70017887","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing, denitrifying bacteria in groundwater, potential agents for bioremediation of nitrate contamination","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstract-1\" class=\"section abstract\"><p id=\"p-2\">Addition of hydrogen or formate significantly enhanced the rate of consumption of nitrate in slurried core samples obtained from an active zone of denitrification in a nitrate-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer (Cape Cod, Mass.). Hydrogen uptake by the core material was immediate and rapid, with an apparent<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K<sub>m</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>of 0.45 to 0.60 μM and a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>of 18.7 nmol cm<sup>-3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>h<sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at 30°C. Nine strains of hydrogen-oxidizing denitrifying bacteria were subsequently isolated from the aquifer. Eight of the strains grew autotrophically on hydrogen with either oxygen or nitrate as the electron acceptor. One strain grew mixotrophically. All of the isolates were capable of heterotrophic growth, but none were similar to<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Paracoccus denitrificans</i>, a well-characterized hydrogen-oxidizing denitrifier. The kinetics for hydrogen uptake during denitrification were determined for each isolate with substrate depletion progress curves; the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K<sub>m</sub></i>s ranged from 0.30 to 3.32 μM, with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub>max</sub>s of 1.85 to 13.29 fmol cell<sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>h<sup>-1</sup>. Because these organisms appear to be common constituents of the in situ population of the aquifer, produce innocuous end products, and could be manipulated to sequentially consume oxygen and then nitrate when both were present, these results suggest that these organisms may have significant potential for in situ bioremediation of nitrate contamination in groundwater.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.60.6.1949-1955.1994","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Ceazan, M., and Brooks, M.H., 1994, Autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing, denitrifying bacteria in groundwater, potential agents for bioremediation of nitrate contamination: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 60, no. 6, p. 1949-1955, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.6.1949-1955.1994.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1949","endPage":"1955","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.6.1949-1955.1994","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228824,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.52819257551403,\n              41.81807593784862\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.65139579572578,\n              41.72331746560059\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.67064629888385,\n              41.61978497657461\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.68604670141005,\n              41.49590299059551\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.45504066351315,\n              41.55067082309725\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.39343905340752,\n              41.59099640346889\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.21633442435295,\n              41.61690669729941\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.91987667571854,\n              41.651437570027355\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.94682738013994,\n              41.74055668977613\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.90062617256046,\n              41.786505333668316\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.95067748077136,\n              41.949929900047266\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.06618049971979,\n              42.05578885083125\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.18938371993156,\n              42.10436768944999\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.28563623572192,\n              42.08722646367494\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.22403462561627,\n              42.01003362066524\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.15088271361542,\n              42.032915353005734\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.10468150603596,\n              42.0043119010179\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.08928110350979,\n              41.878303893398055\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.03537969466697,\n              41.886903258104496\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.02767949340365,\n              41.82094522144041\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.2047841224582,\n              41.763535124773625\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.28563623572192,\n              41.74342944398995\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.43964026098696,\n              41.76927844822339\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.52819257551403,\n              41.81807593784862\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eefce4b0c8380cd4a0ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ceazan, M.L.","contributorId":80015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ceazan","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brooks, Myron H. mhbrooks@usgs.gov","contributorId":4386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Myron","email":"mhbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":377842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017335,"text":"70017335 - 1994 - Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T08:18:15","indexId":"70017335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter","docAbstract":"<p>Vapor sorption capacities on a high-organic-content peat, a model for soil organic matter (SOM), were determined at room temperature for the following liquids: n-hexane, 1,4-dioxane, nitroethane, acetone, acetonitrile, 1-propanol, ethanol, and methanol. The linear organic vapor sorption is in keeping with the dominance of vapor partition in peat SOM. These data and similar results of carbon tetrachloride (CT), trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME), and water on the same peat from earlier studies are used to evaluate the effect of polarity on the vapor partition in SOM. The extrapolated liquid solubility from the vapor isotherm increases sharply from 3-6 wt % for low-polarity liquids (hexane, CT, and benzene) to 62 wt % for polar methanol and correlates positively with the liquid's component solubility parameters for polar interaction and hydrogen bonding. The same polarity effect may be expected to influence the relative solubilities of a variety of contaminants in SOM and, therefore, the relative deviations between the SOM-water partition coefficients (Kom) and corresponding octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) for different classes of compounds. The large solubility disparity in SOM between polar and nonpolar solutes suggests that the accurate prediction of Kom from Kow or Sw (solute water solubility) would be limited to compounds of similar polarity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00055a026","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., and Kile, D.E., 1994, Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1139-1144, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00055a026.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1144","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0783e4b0c8380cd51727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017344,"text":"70017344 - 1994 - Relation between largest known flood discharge and elevation in Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70017344","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relation between largest known flood discharge and elevation in Montana","docAbstract":"Previous studies relating unit discharge to elevation indicated that large floods in the Rocky Mountains may be limited by elevation. However, high-elevation data are sparse in Montana and the indications may not be entirely correct. Based on data at 19 sites in Montana, a strong log-linear relation exists between large-flood discharge and drainage area. The use of unit discharge (peak discharge divided by drainage area) to compare flood magnitude from site to site may thus be biased and tend to overstate flood magnitude for small basins. Removal of the bias by use of a revised unit discharge (peak discharge divided by drainage area raised to the 0.16 power) results in no apparent relation between revised unit discharge and elevation in two areas of Montana. However, because of a paucity of data, the magnitude of revised unit discharge at elevations greater than 1,650 m is largely unknown. Additional data and research are needed to resolve questions about mountain flood hydrology.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Parrett, C., and Holnbeck, S.R., 1994, Relation between largest known flood discharge and elevation in Montana, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 870-874.","startPage":"870","endPage":"874","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a642e4b0e8fec6cdc14b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holnbeck, Stephen R. 0000-0001-7313-9298 holnbeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-9298","contributorId":1724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holnbeck","given":"Stephen","email":"holnbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017988,"text":"70017988 - 1994 - The effect of a confining unit on the geochemical evolution of ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-22T11:15:18.274101","indexId":"70017988","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of a confining unit on the geochemical evolution of ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer system","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">In west-central Florida, sections of the Upper Floridan aquifer system range in character from confined to leaky to unconfined. The confining unit is the Hawthorn Formation, a clay-rich sequence. The presence or absence of the Hawthorn Formation affects the geochemical evolution of the ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer system. Mass-balance and mass-transfer models suggest that, in unconfined areas, the geochemical reactions are dolomite dissolution, ion exchange (Mg for Na, K), sulfate reduction, calcite dissolution, and CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>exchange. In the areas in which the Hawthorn Formation is leaky, the evolution of the ground water is accounted for by ion exchange, sulfate reduction, calcite dissolution, and CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>exchange. In the confined areas, no ion exchange and only limited sulfate reduction occur, and the chemical character of the ground water is consistent with dolomite and gypsum dissolution, calcite precipitation, and CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ingassing. The Hawthorn Formation acts both as a physical barrier to the transport of CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and organic matter and as a source of ion-exchange sites, but the carbonate-mineral reactions are largely unaffected by the extent of confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer.</div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90189-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wicks, C., and Herman, J., 1994, The effect of a confining unit on the geochemical evolution of ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer system: Journal of Hydrology, v. 153, no. 1-4, p. 139-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90189-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228739,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"153","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab12e4b08c986b322bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wicks, C.M.","contributorId":86132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, J.S.","contributorId":73345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017368,"text":"70017368 - 1994 - Miocene and Pliocene lacustrine and fluvial sequences, Upper Ramparts and Canyon village, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T10:39:14","indexId":"70017368","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Miocene and Pliocene lacustrine and fluvial sequences, Upper Ramparts and Canyon village, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"Cenozoic strata exposed along the Porcupine River between the Upper Ramparts and Canyon Village, Alaska, can be divided into five unconformity-bounded units (sequences) which are: lower and middle Miocene unit A, the white sandy fluvial sequence with peat beds; middle Miocene unit B, the basalt sequence-part B1 is basalt, and part B2 is organic-rich sedimentary beds; upper Miocene unit C, mudrock-dominated lake sequence; late Miocene or Pliocene to Pleistocene unit D, terrace gravels, detrital organic matter and associated sediments, and Holocene unit E, mixed sand and gravel-rich sediment and other sedimentary material including peat and eolian silt. The sequence (unit A) of lower and middle Miocene fluvial deposits formed in streams and on flood plains, just before the inception of local volanism. Fossil pollen from unit A suggests conifer-dominated regional forests and cool temperate climates. Peat beds and lake deposits from unit B contain pollen that indicates a warmer temperate climate coinciding with the middle Miocene thermal maximum. The lake deposits (unit C) downstream from the basalts accumulated in a small basin which resulted from a hydrologic system that was dammed in the late Miocene but breached soon thereafter. The lower part of the terrace gravels (unit D) expresses breaching of the dammed hydrologic system (of unit C). The Porcupine River became a major tributary of the Yukon River in late Pleistocene time when Laurentide ice blocked drainage from the Yukon interior basins causing meltwater to spill over the low divide separating it from the Porcupine River drainage initiating erosion and capture of the Yukon interior basins. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90004-3","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Fouch, T.D., Carter, L.D., Kunk, M.J., Smith, C., and White, J.M., 1994, Miocene and Pliocene lacustrine and fluvial sequences, Upper Ramparts and Canyon village, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska: Quaternary International, v. 22-23, no. C, p. 11-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90004-3.","startPage":"11","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270057,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90004-3"}],"volume":"22-23","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b2ee4b0c8380cd6f3b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fouch, T. D.","contributorId":68333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouch","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, L. D.","contributorId":87959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, C.A.S.","contributorId":16168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, J. M.","contributorId":40268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70016707,"text":"70016707 - 1994 - Hydrologic time and sustainability of shallow aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T06:42:44","indexId":"70016707","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic time and sustainability of shallow aquifers","docAbstract":"Measurement of water and short intervals of time are coeval events that began about 6000 BC in Mesopotamia. Even though time and hydrology have been intimately entwined, with time terms in the denominator of many hydrologic parameters, hydrology's a priori claim to time has not been consummated. Moreover, time takes on a greater importance now than in the past as the focus shifts to small site-scale aquifers whose sustainability can be physically and chemically threatened. One of the challenges for research in hydrogeology is to establish time scales for hydrologic phenomena such as infiltration rates, groundwater flow rates, rates of organic and inorganic reactions, and rates of groundwater withdrawal over the short term, and the long term and to understand the consequences of these various time scales. Credible monitoring programs must consider not only the spatial scale, but also the time scale of the phenomena being monitored.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Water down under 1994 conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Water Down Under 1994 Conference","conferenceDate":"November 21-25, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Adelaide, Austtralia","language":"English","publisher":"Institution of Engineers, Australia","publisherLocation":"Crows Nest, NSW","issn":"03136922","usgsCitation":"Back, W., 1994, Hydrologic time and sustainability of shallow aquifers, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Water down under 1994 conference, v. 1, no. 94 /10, Adelaide, Austtralia, November 21-25, 1994, p. 331-335.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"331","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"94 /10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3691e4b0c8380cd60806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Back, William","contributorId":59007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017448,"text":"70017448 - 1994 - Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-19T12:52:00.858458","indexId":"70017448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","docAbstract":"<p><span>The ionic tracers lithium, sodium, chloride and bromide were used to measure flow loss in a small stream (≈︁ 10 ls</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). An injectate containing all four tracers was added continuously at five sites along a 507 m study reach of St Kevin Gulch, Lake County, Colorado to determine which sections of the stream were losing water to the stream bed and to ascertain how well the four tracers performed. The acidity of the stream (pH 3.6) made it possible for lithium and sodium, which are normally adsorbed by ion exchange with stream bed sediment, to be used as conservative tracers. Net flow losses as low as 0.8 ls</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, or 8% of flow, were calculated between measuring sites. By comparing the results of simultaneous injection it was determined whether subsections of the study reach were influent or effluent. Evaluation of tracer concentrations along 116 m of stream indicated that all four tracers behaved conservatively. Discharges measured by Parshall flumes were 4–18% greater than discharges measured by tracer dilution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080206","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Zellweger, G.W., 1994, Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 2, p. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080206.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Colorado","county":"Lake  County","otherGeospatial":"St. Kevin Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              39.690280594818034\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              39.690280594818034\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bee4b08c986b320c48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017460,"text":"70017460 - 1994 - Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T11:20:11.162006","indexId":"70017460","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A field study of surface water and groundwater interactions during baseflow and stormflow conditions was performed at the Reedy Creek watershed in the Virginia Coastal Plain. Three estimates of the average saturated hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>) of the unconfined aquifer were in reasonable agreement (ranging from 0.0033 to 0.010 cm/s), indicating that baseflow in the creek is entirely from the drainage of shallow groundwater from the relatively thin (1–6 m thick) unconfined aquifer. This relatively permeable surficial aquifer was found to be underlain by dark, olive grey, clay-silt and diatomaceous Miocene deposits of low permeability known as the Calvert Formation, which is believed to function as a confining bed in the area.</p><p>A chemical hydrograph separation technique was used to resolve the contributions of [old] (pre-event) and [new] (event) water to stormflow. Results from a major rainstorm indicated that old water dominated the stormflow response of the watershed, although the new water contribution approached 40% at the hydrograph peak. Stormflow at Reedy Creek appears to result from saturation overland flow from variable source areas which include the stream channels and a significant part of the riparian wetland area. This response appears to be attributable to the transient dynamics of the shallow groundwater flow system and to the formation of localized groundwater mounds which raise the water-table to the wetland surface.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080503","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., Eshleman, K., and Pollard, J., 1994, Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 5, p. 411-427, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080503.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc2e4b0c8380cd63001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, A. K.","contributorId":8141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eshleman, K.N.","contributorId":12632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshleman","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollard, J.S.","contributorId":103813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollard","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017462,"text":"70017462 - 1994 - Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:25:25.230368","indexId":"70017462","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Ozark region of the U.S. midcontinent is host to a number of Mississippi Valley-type districts, including the world-class Viburnum Trend, Old Lead Belt, and Tri-State districts and the smaller Southeast Missouri barite, Northern Arkansas, and Central Missouri districts. There is increasing evidence that the Ozark Mississippi Valley-type districts formed locally within a large, interconnected hydrothermal system that also produced broad fringing areas of trace mineralization, extensive subtle hydrothermal alteration, broad thermal anomalies, and regional deposition of hydrothermal dolomite cement. The fluid drive was provided by gravity flow accompanying uplift of foreland thrust belts during the Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian Ouaehita orogeny.In this study, we use chemical speciation and reaction path calculations, based on quantitative chemical analyses of fluid inclusions, to constrain likely hydrothermal brine compositions and to determine which precipitation mechanisms are consistent with the hydrothermal mineral assemblages observed regionally and locally within each Mississippi Valley-type district in the Ozark region. Deposition of the regional hydrothermal dolomite cement with trace sulfides likely occurred in response to near-isothermal effervescence of CO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;from basinal brines as they migrated to shallower crustal levels and lower confining pressures. In contrast, our calculations indicate that no one depositional process can reproduce the mineral assemblages and proportions of minerals observed in each Ozark ore district; rather, individual districts require specific depositional mechanisms that reflect the local host-rock composition, structural setting, and hydrology.Both the Northern Arkansas and Tri-State districts are localized by normal faults that likely allowed brines to rise from deeper Cambrian-Ordovician dolostone aquifers into shallower carbonate sequences dominated by limestones. In the Northern Arkansas district, jasperoid preferentially replaced limestones in the mixed dolostone-limestone sedimentary packages. Modeling results indicate that the ore and alteration assemblages in the Tri-State and Northern Arkansas districts resulted from the flow of initially dolomite-saturated brines into cooler limestones. Adjacent to fluid conduits where water/rock ratios were the highest, the limestone was replaced by dolomite. As the fluids moved outward into cooler limestone, jasperoid and sulfide replaced limestone. Isothermal boiling of the ore fluids may have produced open-space filling of hydrothermal dolomite with minor sulfides in breccia and fault zones. Local mixing of the regional brine with locally derived sulfur undoubtedly played a role in the development of sulfide-rich ore runs.Sulfide ores of the Central Missouri district are largely open-space filling of sphalerite plus minor galena in dolostone karst features localized along a broad anticline. Hydrothermal solution collapse during ore deposition was a minor process, indicating dolomite was slightly undersaturated during ore deposition. No silicification and only minor hydrothermal dolomite is present in the ore deposits. The reaction path that best explains the features of the Central Missouri sulfide deposits is the near-isothermal mixing of two dolomite-saturated fluids with different H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S and metal contents. Paleokarst features may have allowed the regional brine to rise stratigraphically and mix with locally derived, H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-rich fluids. The Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt ores are galena rich with lesser amounts of sphalerite; they replace the most permeable dolostone facies in the Bonneterre Dolomite. Hydrothermal dissolution of host dolostone was concurrent with sulfide deposition, but dolomite deposition occurred episodically between periods of sulfide deposition. The important ore controls in these districts are a variety of sedimentary and geologic features that allowed cross-stratigraphic fluid flow and provided opportunities for fluid mixing. The reaction path which best reproduces the broad features of the Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt ores is one in which a dolomite-saturated, lead-rich, zinc- and H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-poor brine mixes with a less saline, H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-rich fluid. The brine became enriched in K, Mg, and Pb and depleted in H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S as it flowed through sandstone and redbed aquifers prior to entering the district. This mixing model is consistent with the abundant fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence for fluid mixing in the districts. Small amounts of cooling associated with the mixing may have contributed to sulfide deposition.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1361","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Leach, D.L., Hofstra, A., Landis, G.P., Rowan, E., and Viets, J., 1994, Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 6, p. 1361-1383, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1361.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1361","endPage":"1383","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Ozarks","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              31.661702492806285\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2462291629069,\n              31.661702492806285\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2462291629069,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f593e4b0c8380cd4c2c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017463,"text":"70017463 - 1994 - Observations on the geology and geohydrology of the Chernobyl' nuclear accident site, Ukraine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-15T12:11:38.160115","indexId":"70017463","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on the geology and geohydrology of the Chernobyl' nuclear accident site, Ukraine","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><p class=\"first last\">The most higly contaminated surface areas from cesium-137 fallout from the April 1986 accident at the Chernobyl' nuclear power station in Ukraine occur within the 30-km radius evacuation zone set up around the station, and an 80-km lobe extending to the west-southwest. Lower levels of contamination extend 300 km to the west of the power station. The deposition of this radioactive dust on the surface and the subsequent entombment of the damaged reactor effectively result in the de facto establishment of an above-ground nuclear waste storage site. This site is located on a thick sedimentary sequence of loose, mostly clastic deposits, with a shallow (generally 3-5 m) water table. The geology, the presence of surface water, a shallow water table, and leaky aquifers at depth make this an unfavorable environment for the long-term containment and storage of the radioactive debris. An understanding of the general geology and hydrology of the area is important to assess the environmental impact of this unintended waste storage site, and to evaluate the potential for radionuclide migration through the soil and rock and into subsurface aquifers and nearby rivers.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206819409465456","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Matzko, J., Percious, D., Rachlin, J., and Marples, D., 1994, Observations on the geology and geohydrology of the Chernobyl' nuclear accident site, Ukraine: International Geology Review, v. 36, no. 2, p. 203-211, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819409465456.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228556,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ad7e4b0c8380cd7439f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matzko, J.R.","contributorId":56653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzko","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Percious, D.J.","contributorId":95067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percious","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rachlin, J.","contributorId":43929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rachlin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marples, D.R.","contributorId":80442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marples","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017473,"text":"70017473 - 1994 - Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:47:52","indexId":"70017473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides","docAbstract":"<p>The loss of the preemergent herbicide atrazine in surface runoff from experimental field plots growing corn (Zea mays L.) was significantly reduced using a starchencapsulated formulation versus a conventional powdered formulation. Field edge losses of starch-encapsulated atrazine were described as following a Rayleigh distribution totaling 1.8% of applied herbicide compared to exponential powdered atrazine losses of 2.9% applied - a 40% decrease. This has important implications for the reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water by agricultural chemicals. Unsaturated zone release of starchencapsulated atrazine was gradual, but comparable weed control was maintained. Deethylatrazine was a major dealkylated metabolite from each formulation, and deisopropylatrazine was a minor metabolite. The determination of soil partition coefficients for deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine (0.4 and 0.3, respectively), aqueous solubilities (3200 and 670 mg/L, respectively), and melting points (133 and 177 C, respectively) confirmed that the dealkylated metabolites should move more rapidly through the soil profile to groundwater than atrazine.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00050a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mills, M.S., and Thurman, E., 1994, Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 73-79, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00050a011.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e2e4b0e8fec6cdb9f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017476,"text":"70017476 - 1994 - Fluid chemistry evolution and mineral deposition in the main-stage Creede epithermal system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:11:44.49369","indexId":"70017476","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid chemistry evolution and mineral deposition in the main-stage Creede epithermal system","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper presents results of chemical speciation and reaction path calculations that model fluid chemistry evolution and ore deposition in the main-stage Creede, Colorado, epithermal system. An extensive geologic, mineralogic, and geochemical framework for mineralization has been developed by many researchers for the central and southern district vein systems (OH and P veins; central and southern Amethyst and Bulldog Mountain vein systems) and is used to constrain and guide the modeling presented in this paper. Previous studies have shown that the central base metal sulfide-rich and southern barite- and silver-rich Creede ores were deposited by hydrothermal brines with temperatures as high as 285 degrees C and salinities as high as 13 wt percent NaCl equiv. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that mixing with dilute steam-heated ground waters was the dominant ore deposition mechanism, although boiling did occur during some stages. Speciation calculations confirm that the hydrothermal fluids, due to their high salinities, were relatively acidic (pH near 5.5) and transported significant quantities of base metals (i.e., up to 10-2 m total concentrations of Zn) as chloride complexes. Reaction path calculations show that strong north-south mineralogical variations in main-stage mineralization are best accounted for by variable boiling of the hydrothermal brines, followed by lateral mixing of the brines with overlying dilute, steam-heated ground waters. The extent of boiling prior to mixing was a function of the temperature and gas contents of the hydrothermal fluids as they first entered the district ore zones from depth, and of the thickness of the steam-heated ground-water column overlying the hydrothermal fluids. The calculations indicate that limited amounts of boiling (during stages when the overlying ground-water column was relatively thick) produced a chlorite-pyrite-hematite-sphalerite-galena-chalcopyrite + or - adularia assemblage in the central district vein systems (OH and P veins; central Amethyst and Bulldog Mountain vein systems). More extensive boiling (during a stage in which the ground-water table apparently dropped considerably) deposited quartz, fluorite, adularia, and hematite with only minor sulfides in the central district veins. Boiling ceased when the saturation pressure of the hydrothermal fluids dropped below hydrostatic pressures generated by the overlying ground-water column. Following boiling, lateral mixing with overlying steam-heated ground waters initially produced sphalerite- and galena-rich assemblages in the central district vein systems. With continued mixing to the south, the hydrothermal fluids deposited abundant barite, subordinate sphalerite, galena, and quartz, and lesser native silver, acanthite, and sulfosalts in the district's southern vein systems (southern Amethyst, southern Bulldog Mountain vein systems).Modeling results for Creede and other epithermal fluid compositions show that epithermal ore grades, mineral assemblages, and mineral zoning patterns are strongly influenced by shallow hydrologic processes such as boiling and fluid mixing. As a result, epithermal mineral assemblages and zoning patterns can be used to reconstruct the paleohydrology of the hydrothermal systems from which they were deposited, and thus provide useful tools for epithermal ore exploration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1860","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., 1994, Fluid chemistry evolution and mineral deposition in the main-stage Creede epithermal system: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 1860-1882, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1860.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1860","endPage":"1882","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a126ee4b0c8380cd542ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017486,"text":"70017486 - 1994 - Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream affected by acid mine drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T12:38:26","indexId":"70017486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream affected by acid mine drainage","docAbstract":"<p>Experiments in St. Kevin Gulch, an acid mine drainage stream, examined the coupling of hydrologic transport to chemical reactions affecting metal concentrations. Injection of LiCl as a conservative tracer was used to determine discharge and residence time along a 1497-m reach. Transport of metals downstream from inflows of acidic, metal-rich water was evaluated based on synoptic samples of metal concentrations and the hydrologic characteristics of the stream. Transport of SO<sub>4</sub> and Mn was generally conservative, but in the subreaches most affected by acidic inflows, transport was reactive. Both 0.1-um filtered and particulate Fe were reactive over most of the stream reach. Filtered Al partitioned to the particulate phase in response to high instream concentrations. Simulations that accounted for the removal of SO<sub>4</sub>, Mn, Fe, and Al with first-order reactions reproduced the steady-state profiles. The calculated rate constants for net removal used in the simulations embody several processes that occur on a stream-reach scale. The comparison between rates of hydrologie transport and chemical reactions indicates that reactions are only important over short distances in the stream near the acidic inflows, where reactions occur on a comparable time scale with hydrologic transport and thus affect metal concentrations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00061a014","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., Broshears, R.E., Bencala, K., and McKnight, D.M., 1994, Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream affected by acid mine drainage: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 12, p. 2065-2073, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00061a014.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2065","endPage":"2073","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc8de4b0c8380cd4e2f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broshears, R. E.","contributorId":75552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":376629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017514,"text":"70017514 - 1994 - Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T10:07:14","indexId":"70017514","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley, California","docAbstract":"<p>Tritium records were used to study hydrologic processes associated with irrigation and drainage in the Imperial Valley, a 2000-km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>agricultural area in the southeastern California desert. Tritium was analyzed in surface water, ground water, soil-pore water and drain water, and the results were compared to the historical record of tritium in the Colorado River. The Colorado River record was reconstructed using a simple reservoir model and precipitation data in the Colorado River Basin for the period prior to 1965, and from continuous measurements in the river for 1965–1988. This historical record is especially useful in the arid Imperial Valley because recent agricultural development has been entirely dependent on irrigation water diverted from the Colorado River and local recharge is negligible.</p><p>Results indicate that it takes about 5 a for irrigation drainage to move through the soil to a depth of 2–3 m. Drainwaters have a wide range in tritium concentrations because of varying degrees of influence from ground-water intrusion, and from rapid percolation of irrigation through preferred pathways. The net result is that drainwater from about 40 fields had a range in tritium concentration similar to that of the Colorado River over the last 9 a (1980–1988), a period during which tritium concentration was declining about 15% annually in the river.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90061-2","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Michel, R.L., and Schoeder, R., 1994, Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley, California: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 4, p. 387-401, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90061-2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"401","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Imperial Valley","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf39e4b08c986b329a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoeder, R.A.","contributorId":103429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoeder","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017517,"text":"70017517 - 1994 - Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:32:36","indexId":"70017517","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2","docAbstract":"Aquatic humic substances (AHS) were isolated from peatbog water by adsorption (1) on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) and (2) on Amberlite XAD-2 (XAD) to compare yields of the methods and the composition of the isolated AHS. To provide a detailed comparison, the isolates were fractionated using size-exclusion and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The fractions were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, infrared and 13C-nuclear magnetic spectroscopies and analyzed for elemental, functional-group, carbohydrate and amino acid compositions. More AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C than onto XAD-2 (94 and 74%, respectively). However, only 76% of the AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C was recovered using 0.1 M NaOH, whereas 98% of the AHS adsorbed onto XAD was released by consecutive elution with 1 M NH4OH (91%) and methanol (7%). Four main fractions of different composition were obtained from each of the alkali-desorbed AHS samples by Sephadex-gel chromatography. General agreement was found in relative amounts, spectroscopic characteristics and composition of corresponding fractions of both isolates except nitrogen content, which was significantly higher in AHS isolated with XAD, apparently due to the reaction of AHS with NH4OH used for the desorption from the resin.Aquatic humic substances (AHS) were isolated from peatbog water by adsorption (1) on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) and (2) on Amberlite XAD-2 (XAD) to compare yields of the methods and the composition of the isolated AHS. To provide a detailed comparison, the isolates were fractionated using size-exclusion and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The fractions were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, infrared and 13C-nuclear magnetic spectroscopies and analyzed for elemental, functional-group, carbohydrate and amino acid compositions. More AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C than onto XAD-2 (94 and 74%, respectively). However, only 76% of the AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C was recovered using 0.1 M NaOH, whereas 98% of the AHS adsorbed onto XAD was released by consecutive elution with 1 M NH4OH (91%) and methanol (7%). Four main fractions of different composition were obtained from each of the alkali-desorbed AHS samples by Sephadex-gel chromatography. General agreement was found in relative amounts, spectroscopic characteristics and composition of corresponding fractions of both isolates except nitrogen content, which was significantly higher in AHS isolated with XAD, apparently due to the reaction of AHS with NH4OH used for the desorption from the resin.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Hejzlar, J., Szpakowska, B., and Wershaw, R., 1994, Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2: Water Research, v. 28, no. 9, p. 1961-1970, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1961","endPage":"1970","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206139,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6"}],"volume":"28","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f869e4b0c8380cd4d0b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hejzlar, J.","contributorId":95632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hejzlar","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szpakowska, B.","contributorId":98058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szpakowska","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017524,"text":"70017524 - 1994 - Intense alpha-particle emitting crystallites in uranium mill wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:08:16","indexId":"70017524","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2905,"text":"Nuclear Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intense alpha-particle emitting crystallites in uranium mill wastes","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","issn":"09698086","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., Stieff, L.R., Germani, M., Tanner, A., and Evans, J., 1994, Intense alpha-particle emitting crystallites in uranium mill wastes: Nuclear Geophysics, v. 8, no. 5, p. 443-454.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"443","endPage":"454","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c98e4b0c8380cd62e8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stieff, L. R.","contributorId":25619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stieff","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Germani, M.S.","contributorId":49948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Germani","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tanner, A.B.","contributorId":44155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017526,"text":"70017526 - 1994 - Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediment and livers of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:10:50","indexId":"70017526","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediment and livers of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary","docAbstract":"<p>A preliminary assessment was made in 1992 of chlorinated organic compounds in sediments and in livers of striped bass from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary. Samples of sediment and striped bass livers contained DDT (ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-) and its degradation products, DDD (ethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-) and DDE (ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-); PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls); alpha and gamma chlordane, and cis and trans nonachlor. In addition, the livers of striped bass contained small concentrations of DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), a pre-emergent herbicide. Agricultural run-off from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, as well as atmospheric deposition, are probably responsible for a low chronic background of DDT in sediments throughout San Francisco Bay. Larger concentrations of DDT in sediment near Richmond in the Central Bay, and Coyote Creek in the South Bay may be derived from point sources. Ratios of pentachloro isomers of PCBs to hexachloro isomers in the South Bay sediments were different from those in the Central and North Bay, suggesting either differences in microbial activity in the sediments or different source inputs of PCBs. Concentrations of alpha chlordane in livers of striped bass were greater than those of gamma chlordane, which suggests a greater environmental stability and persistence of alpha chlordane. Trans nonachlor, a minor component of technical chlorodane, was present in greater concentrations than alpha and gamma chlordane and cis nonachlor. Trans nonachlor is more resistant to metabolism than alpha and gamma chlordane and cis nonachlor, and serves as an environmentally stable marker compound of chlordane contamination in the estuary. Chlorinated organic compounds have bioaccumulated in the livers of striped bass. These compounds may contribute to the decline of the striped bass in San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-326X(94)90129-5","issn":"0025326X","usgsCitation":"Pereira, W.E., Hostettler, F., Cashman, J., and Nishioka, R.S., 1994, Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediment and livers of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 28, no. 7, p. 434-441, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)90129-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"434","endPage":"441","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206152,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)90129-5"}],"volume":"28","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b41e4b0c8380cd745d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cashman, J.R.","contributorId":89295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nishioka, R. S.","contributorId":69915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nishioka","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017530,"text":"70017530 - 1994 - Rapid geomorphic change caused by glacial outburst floods and debris flows along Tahoma Creek, Mount Rainier, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-09T15:48:46","indexId":"70017530","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid geomorphic change caused by glacial outburst floods and debris flows along Tahoma Creek, Mount Rainier, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of a hazards-assessment study, we examined the nature and rate of geomorphic change caused by outburst floods and debris flows along Tahoma Creek. Mount Rainier, since 1967. Archival aerial photographs of the area proved to be a rich source of qualitative geomorphic information. On the basis of limited direct evidence and considerations of stream hydrology, we conclude that nearly all of these debris flows began as outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier. The water floods transformed to debris flows by incorporating large masses of sediment in a 2-km-long channel reach where the stream has incised proglacial sediments and debris-rich, stagnant glacier ice. Comparison of topographic maps for 1970 and 1991 shows that the average sediment flux out of the incised reach has been about 2 to 4 × 105 m<sup>3</sup> a<sup>-1</sup> corresponding to an average denudation rate in the upper part of the Tahoma Creek drainage basin of about 20 to 40 mm a<sup>-1</sup>, a value exceeded only rarely in basins affected by debris flows. However, little of this sediment has yet passed out of the Tahoma Creek basin. Comparison of geomorphic change at Tahoma Creek to that in two other alpine basins affected by outburst floods suggests that debris-rich stagnant ice can be an important source of sediment for debris flows as long as floods are frequent or channel slope is great.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1551792","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., and Driedger, C.L., 1994, Rapid geomorphic change caused by glacial outburst floods and debris flows along Tahoma Creek, Mount Rainier, Washington, USA: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 26, no. 4, p. 319-327, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551792.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"327","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier, Tahoma Creek","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94e4e4b0c8380cd816a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driedger, C. L.","contributorId":101656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driedger","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017539,"text":"70017539 - 1994 - Peak flow rate and recession-curve characteristics of a karst spring in the Inner Bluegrass, central Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:25:49.115052","indexId":"70017539","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peak flow rate and recession-curve characteristics of a karst spring in the Inner Bluegrass, central Kentucky","docAbstract":"<p><span>The flow rate at the terminal spring of a 1929 ha karst ground-water catchment has been continuously monitored for 2 years, and 108 identifiable events were analyzed. The peak flow rates followed a beta frequency distribution with parameters&nbsp;</span><i>α</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.365 and&nbsp;</span><i>γ</i><span>&nbsp;= 1.135. Events were separated into high-flow and low-flow. High-flow events had characteristics attributable to pipe flow. Correlation and stepwise regression were used to develop peak flow rate prediction equations for the combined 108 events and for the 81 low-flow events. The portion of the recession curve identified as pipe flow was a watershed constant and time invariant. The base flow was seasonal, increasing in the winter to approximately 0.071 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;and decreasing in the summer to approximately 0.014 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90006-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Felton, G., and Currens, J., 1994, Peak flow rate and recession-curve characteristics of a karst spring in the Inner Bluegrass, central Kentucky: Journal of Hydrology, v. 162, no. 1-2, p. 99-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90006-X.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"162","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a760ce4b0c8380cd77ec3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Felton, G.K.","contributorId":75706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felton","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Currens, J.C.","contributorId":72036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currens","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}