The Anthropocene has yet to be defined in a way that is functional both to the international geological community and to the broader fields of environmental and social sciences. Formally defining the Anthropocene as a chronostratigraphical series and geochronological epoch with a precise global start date would drastically reduce the Anthropocene’s utility across disciplines. Instead, we propose the Anthropocene be defined as a geological event, thereby facilitating a robust geological definition linked with a scholarly framework more useful to and congruent with the many disciplines engaging with human-environment interactions. Unlike formal epochal definitions, geological events can recognize the spatial and temporal heterogeneity and diverse social and environmental processes that interact to produce anthropogenic global environmental changes. Consequently, an Anthropocene Event would incorporate a far broader range of transformative human cultural practices and would be more readily applicable across academic fields than an Anthropocene Epoch, while still enabling a robust stratigraphic characterization.
Magma-water interaction can dramatically influence the explosivity of volcanic eruptions. However, syn- and post-eruptive diffusion of external (non-magmatic) water into volcanic glass remains poorly constrained and may bias interpretation of water in juvenile products. Hydrogen isotopes in ash from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, record syn-eruptive hydration by vaporized glacial meltwater. Both ash aggregation and hydration occurred in the wettest regions of the plume, which resulted in the removal and deposition of the most hydrated ash in proximal areas <50 km from the vent. Diffusion models show that the high temperatures of pyroclast-water interactions (>400°C) are more important than the cooling rate in facilitating hydration. These observations suggest that syn-eruptive glass hydration occurred where meltwater was entrained at high temperature, in the plume margins near the vent. Ash in the drier plume interior remained insulated from entrained meltwater until it cooled sufficiently to avoid significant hydration.
White-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused dramatic declines of several cave-hibernating bat species in North America since 2006, which has increased the activity of non-susceptible species in some geographic areas or during times of night formerly occupied by susceptible species—indicative of disease-mediated competitive release (DMCR). Yet, this pattern has not been evaluated across multiple bat assemblages simultaneously or across multiple years since WNS onset. We evaluated whether WNS altered spatial and temporal niche partitioning in bat assemblages at four locations in the eastern United States using long-term datasets of bat acoustic activity collected before and after WNS arrival. Activity of WNS-susceptible bat species decreased by 79–98% from pre-WNS levels across the four study locations, but only one of our four study sites provided strong evidence supporting the DMCR hypothesis in bats post-WNS. These results suggest that DMCR is likely dependent on the relative difference in activity by susceptible and non-susceptible species groups pre-WNS and the relative decline of susceptible species post-WNS allowing for competitive release, as well as the amount of time that had elapsed post-WNS. Our findings challenge the generality of WNS-mediated competitive release between susceptible and non-susceptible species and further highlight declining activity of some non-susceptible species, especially Lasiurus borealis, across three of four locations in the eastern United States. These results underscore the broader need for conservation efforts to address the multiple potential interacting drivers of bat declines on both WNS-susceptible and non-susceptible species.
The origin and parental magma for layered cumulates in the Lower Banded series (LBS) and the J-M Reef Pd-Pt deposit of the Stillwater Complex remains poorly constrained. We present whole-rock lithogeochemistry and mineral chemistry from LBS rocks collected from drill holes and surface samples from the Mountain View area of the complex that in total span nearly the entirety of the LBS stratigraphy. Excess S, Pt, and Pd in the noritic and gabbronoritic cumulates of the LBS indicate that small amounts of high tenor sulfide liquid generated at very low degrees of sulfide oversaturation were ubiquitous parts of the cumulate assemblage. We show that a simple two-stage thermodynamic model of assimilation-batch crystallization of a komatiitic parental magma in the lower crust, produces a close match to a common suite of fine-grained gabbronorite dikes and sills that intrude both the complex and its footwall. After fractionating ultramafic cumulates in the lower crust, the model contaminated komatiitic liquid produces upper crustal cumulates by batch crystallization en route to or at the level of the intrusion. The modeled rocks have compositions and mineral assemblages closely resembling pyroxenite of the Bronzitite zone and both norite and gabbronorite cumulates in the lower LBS. The trends from the Bronzitite zone through Norite zone I and Gabbronorite zone I can be understood as the result of deposition of crystals from successive batches of the same contaminated parental magma, with an upward trend toward greater amounts of cooling before the separation of crystals from liquid. The olivine-bearing suite of Olivine-bearing zone I, which includes the J-M Reef, can be modeled by partial remelting of the same norite and gabbronorite cumulates due to a temporarily increased flux of hot, moderately less contaminated LBS parental magma that infiltrated partially molten cumulates because its density exceeded that of the interstitial liquid. This model suggests that infiltration of hot Mg-rich parental liquid into moderately PGE-enriched footwall cumulates may be fundamental to the formation of the extremely high tenor sulfide mineralization in the J-M Reef ore zone, and perhaps other reef-type deposits worldwide. The same metal tenors that would require silicate/sulfide mass ratios (i.e., R-factors) of 105 to 106 in a single stage of equilibration would be attained during this second stage of interaction by the incremental infiltration and passage of LBS parental magma through previously sulfide saturated cumulate mush.
Climate change is leading to increased drought intensity and fire frequency, creating early-successional landscapes with novel disturbance–recovery dynamics. In the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, early-successional interactions between nitrogen (N)-fixing shrubs (Ceanothus spp.) and long-lived conifers (Douglas-fir) are especially important determinants of forest development. We sampled post-fire vegetation and soil biogeochemistry in 57 plots along gradients of time since fire (7–28 years) and climatic water deficit (aridity). We found that Ceanothus biomass increased, and Douglas-fir biomass decreased with increasing aridity. High aridity and Ceanothus biomass interacted with lower soil C:N more than either factor alone. Ceanothus biomass was initially high after fire and declined with time, suggesting a large initial pulse of N-fixation that could enhance N availability for establishing Douglas-fir. We conclude that future increases in aridity and wildfire frequency will likely limit post-fire Douglas-fir establishment, though Ceanothus may ameliorate some of these impacts through benefits to microclimate and soils. Results from this study contribute to our understanding of the effects of climate change and wildfires on interspecific interactions and forest dynamics. Management seeking to accelerate forest recovery after high-severity fire should emphasize early-successional conifer establishment while maintaining N-fixing shrubs to enhance soil fertility.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/f12111567","usgsCitation":"Cinoglu, D., Epstein, H., Tepley, A.J., Anderson-Teixeira, K.J., Thompson, J.R., and Perakis, S.S., 2021, Climatic aridity shapes post-fire interactions between Ceanothus spp. and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) across the Klamath Mountains: Forests, v. 12, no. 11, 1567, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111567.","productDescription":"1567, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-133295","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111567","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":401970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.47509765625,\n 40.622291783092706\n ],\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 40.622291783092706\n ],\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -124.47509765625,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -124.47509765625,\n 40.622291783092706\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-11-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cinoglu, Damla","contributorId":292365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cinoglu","given":"Damla","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":34217,"text":"UT Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Epstein, Howard E","contributorId":292366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Epstein","given":"Howard E","affiliations":[{"id":62885,"text":"UVA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tepley, Alan J.","contributorId":139993,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tepley","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13346,"text":"University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Geography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J. 0000-0001-8461-9713","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8461-9713","contributorId":150956,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson-Teixeira","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":844409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, Jonathan R.","contributorId":292368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37315,"text":"Harvard","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perakis, Steven S. 0000-0003-0703-9314 sperakis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-9314","contributorId":145528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perakis","given":"Steven","email":"sperakis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":844411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70226157,"text":"70226157 - 2021 - Depths inferred from velocities estimated by remote sensing: A flow resistance equation-based approach to mapping multiple river attributes at the reach scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T12:13:19.787666","indexId":"70226157","displayToPublicDate":"2021-11-13T06:10:31","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depths inferred from velocities estimated by remote sensing: A flow resistance equation-based approach to mapping multiple river attributes at the reach scale","docAbstract":"In support of nutrient reduction efforts, total phosphorus loads and yields were computed using turbidity-surrogate and LOAD ESTimator (LOADEST) models for the Cedar River at Palo, Iowa, for January 1, 2009, to December 15, 2020. Sample data were used to create a total phosphorus concentration turbidity-surrogate model. Total phosphorus loads also were computed from two streamflow-based LOADEST load models for the periods 2009–20 and 2016–20. The 2009–20 model was used for comparison with previously published loads at this site. The 2016–20 LOADEST model was used with the turbidity-surrogate model before sensor deployment and during periods of missing sensor data to obtain a more complete annual total phosphorus load. This report presents computed loads and methods needed to compute site-specific loads accurately and track annual progress toward nutrient reduction goals within the State.
A comparison of loads from Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season; LOADEST; and surrogate models indicated substantial differences at this site among these methods. Changes in both monitoring approaches (high-frequency sensor and surrogate data) and changes in load-calculation methods present potential challenges in assessing trends, such as assessment of load reduction.
Annual total phosphorus loads for the Cedar River at Palo, Iowa, ranged from 1,370 to 2,360 U.S. short tons per year for 2018–20, based on the turbidity-surrogate model with gaps in sensor data filled with the 2016–20 LOADEST model. Annual total phosphorus yields for the Cedar River ranged from 0.67 to 1.16 pounds per acre per year for 2018–20. Although this load estimate is lower than previous estimates for the benchmark period of 2006–10, when normalized by streamflow, nearly all the apparent reduction can be attributed to differences in the load-calculation methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215127","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Cedar Rapids","usgsCitation":"Garrett, J.D., 2021, Total phosphorus loadings for the Cedar River at Palo, Iowa, 2009–20: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5127, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215127.","productDescription":"Report vi, 15 p.: Database; Related Work","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-127065","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391620,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5127/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":391621,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5127/sir20215127.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021-5127"},{"id":391622,"rank":3,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System—","linkHelpText":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database"},{"id":391623,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185090","text":"Transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Cedar River Basin, Iowa and Minnesota, 2000–15"}],"country":"United States","state":"Palo","otherGeospatial":"Cedar River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.83197021484375,\n 42.02889410108475\n ],\n [\n -91.71180725097655,\n 42.02889410108475\n ],\n [\n -91.71180725097655,\n 42.09312731992276\n ],\n [\n -91.83197021484375,\n 42.09312731992276\n ],\n [\n -91.83197021484375,\n 42.02889410108475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
400 South Clinton Street, Suite 269
Iowa City, IA 52240
The Mohave tui chub (Siphateles bicolor mohavensis) was nearly extirpated from the Mojave River drainage in California by the mid-twentieth century and was listed as endangered in 1970. A source population of Mohave tui chub exists at MC Spring in Zzyzx, California, and has been used for several re-establishment efforts in previous decades. Two potential habitats in the Mojave National Preserve with perennial sources of water were identified by the National Park Service as candidates for additional Mohave tui chub re-establishment: West Pond and Rainbow Wells Pond. West Pond, an artificial pond at Zzyzx near MC Spring, contained a population of Mohave tui chub that died off in 1985 because of changes in water quality. The pond was rehabilitated in the past several years through re-excavation and by pumping fresh groundwater into the pond. Rainbow Wells Pond is an abandoned excavated mine site in the Cima Dome area. The bottom of the excavation intersects the water table, forming a pond. In cooperation with the National Park Service, the U.S. Geological Survey monitored water-quality conditions at West Pond and Rainbow Wells Pond for 1 year to characterize the suitability of spring habitat for re-establishment of Mohave tui chub populations. Data were also collected at three existing Mohave tui chub habitats in Mojave National Preserve to provide further information on the range of acceptable physical and chemical conditions. Initial water-quality results at West Pond indicate the pond has similar water quality as existing Mohave tui chub habitats. Initial water-quality results at Rainbow Wells Pond indicate the dissolved oxygen concentrations and springtime water temperatures are less than the long-term tolerable ranges for Mohave tui chub.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215106","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Earp, K.J., and Paul, A.P., 2021, Water and sediment chemistry of selected existing and potential habitats of the Mohave tui chub, Mojave National Preserve, California, 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5106, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215106.","productDescription":"Report: v, 26 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099414","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391580,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","linkHelpText":"National Water Information System"},{"id":391576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5106/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":391577,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5106/sir20215106.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":391578,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5106/sir20215106.xml"},{"id":391579,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5106/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.2301025390625,\n 35.47409160773029\n ],\n [\n -115.36193847656249,\n 35.54116627999815\n ],\n [\n -115.59814453125001,\n 35.55457449014312\n ],\n [\n -115.806884765625,\n 35.567980458012094\n ],\n [\n -116.43859863281249,\n 35.38457160381764\n ],\n [\n -116.55944824218749,\n 35.074964853989556\n ],\n [\n -116.54296874999999,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -116.16943359374999,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -115.7080078125,\n 34.36611072883117\n ],\n [\n -115.224609375,\n 34.261756524459805\n ],\n [\n -114.72473144531251,\n 34.30260622622907\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 34.58347505599177\n ],\n [\n -114.6368408203125,\n 34.84536693184101\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 35.016500995886005\n ],\n [\n -115.2301025390625,\n 35.47409160773029\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 95819
In temperate regions of the world, food resources are seasonally limited, which causes some wildlife species to seek out nutrient-rich resources to better meet their caloric needs. Animals that utilize high-quality resources may reap fitness benefits as they prepare for mating, migration, or hibernation. American black bears (Ursus americanus) are omnivores that consume both plant and animal food resources to meet macronutrient needs. Black bears capitalize on high-quality food resources, such as soft mast in summer and hard mast during autumn, but we know less about the importance of resource quality during spring. Therefore, we sought to understand the relationship between the spatiotemporal variation in the availability of food and resource selection of black bears during spring. We also aimed to infer potential changes in foraging tactics, from opportunistic foraging to more active selection. Although black bears are described as opportunistic omnivores, we hypothesized they select areas with high-quality forage when available. We instrumented 7 black bears with GPS collars in 2017 and 2018 and estimated fine-scale resource selection with integrated step-selection functions. We found evidence that black bear movements were influenced by forage quality of vegetative food resources. However, we failed to find evidence that black bears actively alter their movements to take advantage of seasonal neonate elk. Although black bears represent a substantial cause of mortality for neonate elk, we found that black bears likely feed on neonates encountered opportunistically while traveling between patches of high-quality forage. Few studies have shown evidence of an omnivorous species capitalizing on spatiotemporal variation in forage quality, yet our data suggest this may be an important strategy for species with diverse diets, particularly where resources are seasonally limited.
Axis deer (Axis axis) are invasive species that threaten native ecosystems and agriculture on Maui Island. To mitigate negative effects, it is necessary to understand current abundance, population trajectory, and how to most effectively reduce the population. Our objectives were to examine the population history of Maui axis deer, estimate observed population growth, and use species-specific demographic parameters in a VORTEX population viability analysis to examine removal scenarios that would most effectively reduce the population. Only nine deer were introduced in 1959, but recent estimates of >10,000 deer suggest population growth rates (r) ranging between 0.147 and 0.160 even though >11,200 have been removed by hunters and resource managers. In VORTEX simulations, we evaluated an initial population size of 6,000 females and 4,000 males, reflecting the probable 3F:2M sex ratio, with annual removal rates of 10%, 20%, and 30% over a 10-year period. A removal rate of 10% resulted in a positive growth rate of 0.103 ± 0.001. A 20% removal rate resulted in only a slightly negative growth, while a 30% removal rate resulted in –0.130 ± 0.004. By increasing the ratio of females removed to 4F:1M in the 30% harvest scenario, the decline nearly doubled, resulting in –0.223 ± 0.004. Effectively reducing axis deer will most likely require an annual removal of approximately 20–30% of the population and with a greater proportion of females to increase the population decline. Selective removal of males may not only be inefficient, but also counterproductive to population reduction goals.
Tropical mangrove forests have been described as “coastal kidneys,” promoting sediment deposition and filtering contaminants, including excess nutrients. Coastal areas throughout the world are experiencing increased human activities, resulting in altered geomorphology, hydrology, and nutrient inputs. To effectively manage and sustain coastal mangroves, it is important to understand nitrogen (N) storage and accumulation in systems where human activities are causing rapid changes in N inputs and cycling. We examined N storage and accumulation rates in recent (1970 – 2016) and historic (1930 – 1970) decades in the context of urbanization in the San Juan Bay Estuary (SJBE, Puerto Rico), using mangrove soil cores that were radiometrically dated. Local anthropogenic stressors can alter N storage rates in peri-urban mangrove systems either directly by increasing N soil fertility or indirectly by altering hydrology (e.g., dredging, filling, and canalization). Nitrogen accumulation rates were greater in recent decades than historic decades at Piñones Forest and Martin Peña East. Martin Peña East was characterized by high urbanization, and Piñones, by the least urbanization in the SJBE. The mangrove forest at Martin Peña East fringed a poorly drained canal and often received raw sewage inputs, with N accumulation rates ranging from 17.7 to 37.9 g m–2 y–1 in recent decades. The Piñones Forest was isolated and had low flushing, possibly exacerbated by river damming, with N accumulation rates ranging from 18.6 to 24.2 g m–2 y–1 in recent decades. Nearly all (96.3%) of the estuary-wide mangrove N (9.4 Mg ha–1) was stored in the soils with 7.1 Mg ha–1 sequestered during 1970–2017 (0–18 cm) and 2.3 Mg ha–1 during 1930–1970 (19–28 cm). Estuary-wide mangrove soil N accumulation rates were over twice as great in recent decades (0.18 ± 0.002 Mg ha–1y–1) than historically (0.08 ± 0.001 Mg ha–1y–1). Nitrogen accumulation rates in SJBE mangrove soils in recent times were twofold larger than the rate of human-consumed food N that is exported as wastewater (0.08 Mg ha–1 y–1), suggesting the potential for mangroves to sequester human-derived N. Conservation and effective management of mangrove forests and their surrounding watersheds in the Anthropocene are important for maintaining water quality in coastal communities throughout tropical regions.
The endangered Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus semotus, Vespertilionidae, also known as Aeorestes semotus and ‘ōpe‘ape‘a) occurs on all the principal volcanic islands in Hawai‘i. Advances in acoustic bat monitoring techniques have contributed to the body of knowledge of bat activity and behavior in many areas of the State of Hawai‘i; however, there is still much that is unknown about the population and seasonal distribution of Hawaiian hoary bats on O‘ahu. A two-year acoustic survey for presence of Hawaiian hoary bats was conducted at 17 stations across four Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH) properties on O‘ahu to document distribution, seasonal patterns, and foraging activity. Bats were confirmed present at all properties; MCBH Kaneohe Bay on Mōkapu Peninsula, Marine Corps Training Area Bellows (MCTAB) in Waimanalo, Camp H M Smith in Halawa Heights, and Puuloa Range Training Facility (RTF) on the ‘Ewa coastal plain. Hawaiian hoary bats were recorded in airspace at all four properties during important periods of Hawaiian hoary bat life history, including periods of pregnancy, lactation, and pup fledging; however, overall presence was low. Foraging activity as identified from characteristic feeding buzzes was very rare and was recorded on only three nights over the entire study. Within-night bat detection pooled for all nights and stations at each property showed that bat activity was mostly confined to the first several hours of the night at MCBH Kaneohe Bay and Puuloa RTF, whereas bat activity was spread throughout the night at Camp H M Smith and MCTAB. Overall, detection frequency was low (year 1 = 0.009, year 2 = 0.007, average = 0.008) at the study sites on O‘ahu compared to results from acoustic monitoring studies on the islands of Maui and Hawai‘i. However, the low rate of bat presence on MCBH properties is consistent with recent studies at other locations on the Island of O‘ahu. Monitoring the seasonal presence and distribution of Hawaiian hoary bats on MCBH facilities, especially at forest and wetland habitats, could contribute to the broader scientific understanding of islandwide distribution and behavior on O‘ahu, which is essential for species recovery planning and implementation of best management practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo","collaboration":"HI/Dept. of Land and Nat. Resources; DOI/U.S. Fish and Wildlife; DoD/Marine Corps Base Hawaii; Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo","usgsCitation":"Pinzari, C., Montoya-Aiona, K., Gross, D., and Courtot, K., 2021, Hawaiian hoary bat acoustic surveys on Marine Corps Base Hawaii, 2019–2021: Technical Report 100, iv, 29 p.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","ipdsId":"IP-132851","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393176,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10790/6798"},{"id":393190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"O'ahu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.0108642578125,\n 21.220261047755002\n ],\n [\n -157.6318359375,\n 21.220261047755002\n ],\n [\n -157.6318359375,\n 21.54251136615996\n ],\n [\n -158.0108642578125,\n 21.54251136615996\n ],\n [\n -158.0108642578125,\n 21.220261047755002\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pinzari, Corinna A. 0000-0001-9794-7564","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-7564","contributorId":208455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pinzari","given":"Corinna A.","affiliations":[{"id":13341,"text":"Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montoya-Aiona, Kristina 0000-0002-1776-5443 kmontoya-aiona@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-5443","contributorId":5899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montoya-Aiona","given":"Kristina","email":"kmontoya-aiona@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, Danielle","contributorId":218186,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gross","given":"Danielle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13341,"text":"Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Courtot, Karen 0000-0002-8849-4054 kcourtot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-4054","contributorId":140002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courtot","given":"Karen","email":"kcourtot@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70227485,"text":"70227485 - 2021 - Hazard-consistent seismic losses and collapse capacities for light-frame wood buildings in California and Cascadia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T14:52:59.707307","indexId":"70227485","displayToPublicDate":"2021-11-11T08:43:39","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1101,"text":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazard-consistent seismic losses and collapse capacities for light-frame wood buildings in California and Cascadia","docAbstract":"We evaluate the seismic performance of modern seismically designed wood light-frame (WLF) buildings, considering regional seismic hazard characteristics that influence ground motion duration and frequency content and, thus, seismic risk. Results show that WLF building response correlates strongly with ground motion spectral shape but weakly with duration. Due to the flatter spectral shape of ground motions from subduction events, WLF buildings at sites affected by these earthquakes may experience double the economic losses for a given intensity of shaking, and collapse capacities may be reduced by up to 50%, compared to those at sites affected by crustal earthquakes. These differences could motivate significant increases in design values at sites affected by subduction earthquakes to achieve the uniform risk targets of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7 standard.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10518-021-01258-y","usgsCitation":"Chase, R.E., Liel, A.B., Luco, N., and Bullock, Z., 2021, Hazard-consistent seismic losses and collapse capacities for light-frame wood buildings in California and Cascadia: Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, v. 19, p. 6615-6639, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01258-y.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"6615","endPage":"6639","ipdsId":"IP-129311","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01258-y","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":394517,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, California, Oregon Washington","city":"Anchorage, Eugene, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco, 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-122.76123046875,\n 45.44471679159555\n ],\n [\n -122.38494873046875,\n 45.44471679159555\n ],\n [\n -122.38494873046875,\n 45.60395019421033\n ],\n [\n -122.76123046875,\n 45.60395019421033\n ],\n [\n -122.76123046875,\n 45.44471679159555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1728744506836,\n 44.00343436215528\n ],\n [\n -123.04309844970705,\n 44.00343436215528\n ],\n [\n -123.04309844970705,\n 44.109281923355645\n ],\n [\n -123.1728744506836,\n 44.109281923355645\n ],\n [\n -123.1728744506836,\n 44.00343436215528\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.4591064453125,\n 47.47637579720933\n ],\n [\n -122.24212646484375,\n 47.47637579720933\n ],\n [\n -122.24212646484375,\n 47.758714187846294\n ],\n [\n -122.4591064453125,\n 47.758714187846294\n ],\n [\n -122.4591064453125,\n 47.47637579720933\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.08697509765622,\n 61.062272494474065\n ],\n [\n -149.67498779296875,\n 61.062272494474065\n ],\n [\n -149.67498779296875,\n 61.28739102214365\n ],\n [\n -150.08697509765622,\n 61.28739102214365\n ],\n [\n -150.08697509765622,\n 61.062272494474065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, Robert Edward 0000-0002-8155-6830","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8155-6830","contributorId":271198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":831149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liel, Abbie B.","contributorId":184158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liel","given":"Abbie","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luco, Nico 0000-0002-5763-9847 nluco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5763-9847","contributorId":145730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luco","given":"Nico","email":"nluco@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":831151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bullock, Zach","contributorId":271199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bullock","given":"Zach","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56314,"text":"Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70229519,"text":"70229519 - 2021 - Mineral deposit discovery order and three-part quantitative assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-11T13:08:11.334928","indexId":"70229519","displayToPublicDate":"2021-11-11T07:07:04","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral deposit discovery order and three-part quantitative assessments","docAbstract":"Larger oil pools tending to be discovered earlier in an exploration play suggests the same pattern might exist for mineral deposits and could be used in predicting sizes of undiscovered deposits in mineral assessments. The volume of individual petroleum pools is highly correlated with surface projection area of pools in basins. The gradual additions to individual oil pool reserves over time adds to the appearance of larger pools being discovered earlier.
Comparisons of surface projected areas of mineral deposits to their tonnages showed significant positive relationships in all 10 deposit types analyzed, suggesting that larger deposits should be discovered earlier than small deposits.
Analysis of deposits consistent with three-part mineral assessments identified 9 combinations of mineral deposit types in large regions each containing multiple geological permissive tracts showing negative and 1 positive relationships of deposit size with discovery date significant at the 1% level. Twenty other tests of regions containing multiple permissive settings had either negative or positive relationships, none significantly different from those that might occur by chance. The large regions are mostly based on political boundaries. These results suggest mineral deposit discovery order is not the same as observed in oil pool exploration.
The widely employed three-part quantitative mineral resource assessments are an obvious choice to benefit from patterns of declining deposit sizes with order of discovery. The 30 tests of relationships of discovery dates to deposit sizes demonstrated here were performed with deposits consistent with those in three-part assessments, but the large areas are not consistent with permissive tracts used in these assessments because they also contain substantial non-permissive geology.
In 100 permissive tracts assessed with three-part assessments of multiple deposit types located throughout the world, the median number of known well-explored deposits is 1 and 90 percent of tracts report less than 9 deposits. The number of well-explored deposits in three-part assessed tracts tends to be quite small, limiting any ability to recognize a discovery order versus size relationship.
In a three-part assessment of undiscovered porphyry copper deposits of South America, only 7 of 26 delineated tracts contained more than 2 known deposits and only 1 had a significant negative relationship between tonnage of known deposits and year of discovery (p = 0.04). Most predicted undiscovered deposits in this tract were expected to be under extensive unexplored post-mineralization cover, meaning the general grade and tonnage model should be applied because the discovery order process starts over. Projection of deposit sizes based on discovery order would provide a biased estimate of the undiscovered deposit sizes in this case. Thus, although a discovery order versus size relationship could exist in three-part mineral assessments, only rarely might the pattern be useful to predict sizes of undiscovered deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104566","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., and Zientek, M., 2021, Mineral deposit discovery order and three-part quantitative assessments: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 139, no. Part B, 104566, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104566.","productDescription":"104566, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-127845","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104566","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":397016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396983,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104566"}],"volume":"139","issue":"Part B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. 0000-0001-6812-6441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6812-6441","contributorId":288318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zientek, Michael L. 0000-0002-8522-9626","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-9626","contributorId":210763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70228315,"text":"70228315 - 2021 - Characterization of the biological, physical, and chemical properties of a toxic thin layer in a temperate marine system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-08T13:03:32.116162","indexId":"70228315","displayToPublicDate":"2021-11-11T06:59:06","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10098,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series (MEPS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of the biological, physical, and chemical properties of a toxic thin layer in a temperate marine system","docAbstract":"The distribution of plankton in the ocean is patchy across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. One type of oceanographic feature that exemplifies this patchiness is a ‘thin layer’. Thin layers are subsurface aggregations of plankton that range in vertical thickness from centimeters to a few meters, which may extend horizontally for kilometers and persist for days. We undertook a field campaign to characterize the biological, physical, and chemical properties of thin layers in Monterey Bay, California (USA), an area where these features can be persistent. The particle aggregates (marine snow) sampled in the study had several quantifiable properties indicating how the layer was formed and how its structure was maintained. Particles were more elongated above the layer, and then changed orientation angle and increased in size within the layer, suggesting passive accumulation of particles along a physical gradient. The shift in particle aggregate orientation angle near the pycnocline suggests that shear may also have played a role in generating the thin layer. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were the most abundant phytoplankton within the thin layer. Further, both dissolved and particulate domoic acid were highest within the thin layer. We suggest that phosphate stress is responsible for the formation of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. aggregates. This stress together with increased nitrogen in the layer may lead to increased bloom toxicity in the subsurface blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Several zooplankton groups were observed to aggregate above and below the layer. With the knowledge that harmful algal bloom events can occur in subsurface thin layers, modified sampling methods to monitor for these hidden incubators could greatly improve the efficacy of early-warning systems designed to detect harmful algal blooms in coastal waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps13879","usgsCitation":"McManus, M., Greer, A.T., Timmerman, A.H., Sevadjian, J.C., Woodson, C.B., Cowen, R., Fong, D.A., Monismith, S.G., and Cheriton, O.M., 2021, Characterization of the biological, physical, and chemical properties of a toxic thin layer in a temperate marine system: Marine Ecology Progress Series (MEPS), v. 678, p. 17-35, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13879.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"35","ipdsId":"IP-129200","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13879","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395606,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"678","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McManus, Margaret A","contributorId":275122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McManus","given":"Margaret A","affiliations":[{"id":39036,"text":"University of Hawaii at Manoa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greer, Adam T","contributorId":275123,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greer","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"T","affiliations":[{"id":12697,"text":"University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Timmerman, Amanda HV","contributorId":275126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Timmerman","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"HV","affiliations":[{"id":39679,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sevadjian, Jeff C","contributorId":275129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sevadjian","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":39679,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woodson, C. Brock","contributorId":275132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brock","affiliations":[{"id":56710,"text":"School of ECAM Engineering, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cowen, Robert","contributorId":275135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cowen","given":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fong, Derek A","contributorId":275136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fong","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":196322,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":833679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cheriton, Olivia M. 0000-0003-3011-9136","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3011-9136","contributorId":204459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheriton","given":"Olivia","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":833680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70226847,"text":"70226847 - 2021 - Remotely sensed fine-fuel changes from wildfire and prescribed fire in a semi-arid grassland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T12:40:09.70423","indexId":"70226847","displayToPublicDate":"2021-11-11T06:37:21","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5678,"text":"Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remotely sensed fine-fuel changes from wildfire and prescribed fire in a semi-arid grassland","docAbstract":"The spread of flammable invasive grasses, woody plant encroachment, and enhanced aridity have interacted in many grasslands globally to increase wildfire activity and risk to valued assets. Annual variation in the abundance and distribution of fine-fuel present challenges to land managers implementing prescribed burns and mitigating wildfire, although methods to produce high-resolution fuel estimates are still under development. To further understand how prescribed fire and wildfire influence fine-fuels in a semi-arid grassland invaded by non-native perennial grasses, we combined high-resolution Sentinel-2A imagery with in situ vegetation data and machine learning to estimate yearly fine-fuel loads from 2015 to 2020. The resulting model of fine-fuel corresponded to field-based validation measurements taken in the first (R
Sustaining the quality of the Nation’s water resources and the health of our diverse ecosystems depends on the availability of sound water-resources data and information to develop effective, science-based policies. Effective management of water resources also brings more certainty and efficiency to important economic sectors. Taken together, these actions lead to immediate and long-term economic, social, and environmental benefits that will make a difference to the lives of the almost 400 million people projected to live in the United States by 2050.
The Chesapeake Bay is the largest and most productive estuary in the United States and is a vital environmental and economic resource. Approximately half of the water volume of the Chesapeake Bay originates from streams and rivers that drain the 64,243 mi2 Chesapeake Bay watershed. The Bay and its tributaries have been degraded by excessive nutrients, such as nitrogen, from contributing watersheds. Inputs of nitrogen to the Bay lead to increased algal growth, decreased dissolved oxygen, and declining fisheries. In 2000, the Chesapeake Bay was listed as impaired under the Clean Water Act and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for nutrients and sediment have been established to assist with management actions aimed at nutrient reductions. Effective nutrient management requires an understanding of past, present, and future nutrient sources, fate, and transport in the watershed.
The Chesapeake Bay community has been a pioneer in science, management, and regulation to improve water quality. Factors like climate, hydrology, source inputs, and management controls play a vital role in determining the delivery and magnitude of nitrogen inputs to the Bay. Science in the form of monitoring data, predictive tools, and interpretive reports can help inform decisions to better balance the use and control of nitrogen in coastal areas. The findings in this report can contribute to effective management of the Bay and its watershed by providing a synthesis of the understanding of how human activities and environmental change in the watershed in the past, present, and future will influence the export of nitrogen to the Bay.
We hope this publication will provide you with insights and information to meet your water resource needs and will foster increased civilian awareness and involvement in the protection and restoration of our Nation’s waters. The information in this report is intended primarily for those interested or involved in resource management and protection, conservation, regulation, and policymaking at the regional and national levels.
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The State of Illinois is one of the leading contributors of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. During water years 2016–20, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, operated continuous monitoring stations on eight major rivers in Illinois to better quantify nutrient and sediment loadings from the State of Illinois to the Mississippi River. This report estimates nitrate, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment loadings over that period, which can provide a benchmark against which to assess future changes in loading.
In addition, this report develops a new method for incorporating the uncertainty created by gaps in continuous datasets based on Bayesian machine learning. Data gaps are a common problem in continuous monitoring, and gap filling is necessary to quantify loadings and the uncertainty in loadings, which is essential if these results are to provide a benchmark for future studies. The uncertainty estimates may also be useful in an operational context, and this report provides examples of how uncertainty can be used in monitoring-network design and potentially reducing monitoring costs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215092","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Hodson, T.O., Terrio, P.J., Peake, C.S., and Fazio, D.J., 2021, Continuous monitoring and Bayesian estimation of nutrient and sediment loads from Illinois watersheds, for water years 2016–2020: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5092, 40 p., https://doi.org/ 10.3133/ sir20215092.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 40 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-126875","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436121,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9T6W30D","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Estimated nutrient and sediment 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405 N. Goodwin Ave.
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The Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge is located in the southern part of Altar Valley, southwest of Tucson in southeastern Arizona. The primary water-supply well at the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge has experienced a two-decade decrease in groundwater levels in the well, as have other wells in the southern part of Altar Valley. In part to understand this trend, a study was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, to summarize what is known about the geohydrologic system on the refuge and analyze groundwater-level trends and precipitation-groundwater correlations. In addition, available data were compiled where possible on the climate, land cover, soils, geology, and hydrology to provide a foundation for future modeling of the system.
Altar Valley is a sedimentary basin bounded by a mixture of Paleozoic to Tertiary sedimentary, volcanic, granitic, and metamorphic rocks. The valley fill is undifferentiated Tertiary to Quaternary sediments underlain by middle Miocene to Pliocene rocks that consist of moderately to strongly consolidated conglomerate and sandstone. Surface water, when present in the predominantly ephemeral streams of the valley, flows from south to north. Arivaca Creek has a cienega (or wetland) where groundwater surfaces before it flows as a short perennial reach out of Arivaca Basin. Groundwater maps compiled between 1934 and 2016 showed groundwater flowing from south to north. Before the 1980s, temporal patterns of groundwater levels in wells in Altar Valley varied substantially from one well to another. In the mid-1980s, comparatively high levels of precipitation occurred: the 1980s median value was 15.3 inches, whereas the median for the period of record was 13.2 inches. In addition, apparently corresponding groundwater level increases were seen in nearly all wells studied. After this initial increase, two different groundwater-level trends began to be observed in two spatially distinct sets of wells: in the northern part, groundwater levels were relatively steady, whereas in the southern part, groundwater levels declined from 10 to 20 feet between 1990 and 2019. Annual groundwater pumpage declined substantially in the northern part of the valley beginning in the early 1980s, but it began to increase again in the 1990s. Pumpage in the southern part has remained low and relatively steady compared to the northern part. Although the precise reasons for the declining groundwater levels in the southern part remain unclear, groundwater levels may be affected by factors such as climate cycles, long-term drought, and temperature-induced declines in recharge, resulting in increased evapotranspiration.
Preliminary analyses of two wells, one selected from each part of the valley, using linear regression and lag correlation to investigate correlation between annual precipitation and groundwater levels, showed a maximum correlation at a lag of about 17 years in the southern part of the valley and about 25 years in the northern part, indicating that, although variable sources and traveltimes of recharged water may be needed to propagate to each location, the strongest correlation at each well is with precipitation that was recharged 17 and 25 years prior to the groundwater response in that well. Assuming a constant flow of groundwater from the southern to the northern part of the valley, a decrease in recharge is expected to lead to a decrease in aquifer storage. As to the comparatively stable groundwater levels in the northern part, pumpage is still only about one-half what it was in the early 1980s, even though pumpage has increased there since the 1990s. Water levels in most wells in the northern part were drawn down prior to the decrease in pumping in the early 1980s, possibly owing to a combination of pumping and the nearly 20-year midcentury drought that occurred between 1940 and 1960. Water levels were in the process of recovering when the increase in pumping occurred in the 1990s. Because the water levels were recovering (increasing) instead of remaining static, the increased pumping may have only limited the recovery rather than causing a decrease in water levels, as a new quasi-equilibrium state may have been reached. Additional possible causes for the stable groundwater levels include (1) upgradient aquifer transmissivity that was high enough to offset pumping, (2) a low-permeability barrier, such as bedrock or clay, at the north end of the valley that caused groundwater pooling, (3) higher lateral inflow of groundwater in the northern part of the valley, (4) a delay in the effect of storage declines propagating from the south, or (5) some combination thereof.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215050","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Owen-Joyce, S.J., Callegary, J.B., and Rosebrough, A.E., 2021, Preliminary geohydrologic assessment of Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge, Altar Valley, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5050, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215050.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 29 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-118417","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391517,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5050/sir20215050.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":391518,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QST8OX","linkHelpText":"Groundwater well data and annual groundwater pumpage data (1984–2019) in Altar Valley, Arizona"},{"id":391516,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5050/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Altar Valley, Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.56341552734375,\n 31.459125370764387\n ],\n [\n -111.34780883789062,\n 31.459125370764387\n ],\n [\n -111.34780883789062,\n 31.81864727496152\n ],\n [\n -111.56341552734375,\n 31.81864727496152\n ],\n [\n -111.56341552734375,\n 31.459125370764387\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
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520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
The Great Basin in the western United States hosts various hydrothermal systems, including both active geothermal systems and ancient systems preserved as mineral deposits. New magnetotelluric and structural geologic data were collected in the Gabbs Valley area of western Nevada to demonstrate the advantage of imaging the full crustal column below known hydrothermal systems. Three-dimensional models are developed and jointly interpreted where the key findings are bottom-up and top-down controls on hydrothermal systems. Bottom-up control is dictated by weaknesses in the brittle-ductile transition that allow hydrothermal fluids to propagate into the crust; these are often collocated with Miocene volcanic structures. Top-down control is dominated by modern Walker Lane and Basin and Range tectonics that control fluid transport through the middle and upper crust. This study demonstrates that the characterization of regional mineral and geothermal resources is better informed by imaging lower crustal structures and preferential pathways to the surface.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are adaptable systems that can solve problems that are difficult to describe with a mathematical relationship. They seek relationships between different types of datasets with their abilities to learn either with supervision or without. ANNs recognize patterns between input and output space and generalize solutions, in a way simulating the human brain’s learning experience with many relatively simple individual processing elements, called neurons. Neurons are networked (network topology) in a number of ways depending on the problem type and complexity. One of the most widely used ANN learning techniques is supervised learning coupled with a multilayer perceptron (MLP) topology due to its flexible applicability to a wide range of modeling problems involving both general classification and regression. ANNs, due to this flexibility, have been applied to many fields since the 1990s and their theory, types (such as radial basis functions, random...
Anas acuta (Northern pintail; hereafter pintail) was selected as a model species on which to base a decision-support framework linking regional actions to continental-scale population and harvest objectives. This framework was then used to engage stakeholders, such as Landscape Conservation Cooperatives’ (LCCs’) habitat management partners within areas of importance to pintails, while maximizing cross-taxa effects from the framework. The mathematical framework for the model had been previously developed for pintails. A key assumption incorporated into the model is that density dependence in survival occurs during the post-hunting (winter) period, where resources are hypothesized to be limiting. Because few data are available to directly inform this process, the approach used was to build a hierarchical Bayesian integrated population model (IPM) that simultaneously uses data from bird-band recoveries, breeding population counts, and harvest surveys to estimate values of parameters of an annual population projection model, including population size, survival rate, reproductive rate, and process and observation error variances, that are logically consistent with each other, given the mathematical structure imposed through the IPM.
The main accomplishments of this study are (1) development of an IPM for pintail to guide harvest and habitat management, (2) development of a Prairie Parkland Region breeding submodel to predict pintail productivity, (3) development of statistical methodology to estimate pintail productivity (as measured by the ratio of juvenile to adults in hunter-collected wing samples) and winter survival and to relate these estimates to covariates, and (4) illustration of how to use a model and estimated parameter values to predict pintail population size and sustainable harvest as a function of habitat.
Estimation of pintail survival from bird-banding data shows that there has been relatively little variation in survival over the period 1960–2013. A productivity model showed strong effects of breeding ground conditions, wintering-ground precipitation, and density dependence on pintail productivity. Thus, most temporal variation in pintail demographic rates has been due to effects on reproduction and not survival, including effects of breeding or wintering-ground habitat. These results indicate that habitat conservation efforts may be most effective if they focus on maintaining or increasing breeding and wintering-ground habitat to increase pintail productivity rather than pintail survival. Environmental perturbations in excess of historical experience, such as what could occur under climate change, might have meaningful effects on survival but cannot be estimated with current data. Direct effects of climate, land use, or management are likely to be greater on productivity than survival, but substantial uncertainty remains about predictions of equilibrium population size and sustainable yield.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201084","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Osnas, E.E., Boomer, G.S., Devries, J.H., and Runge, M.C., 2021, Decision-support framework for linking regional-scale management actions to continental-scale conservation of wide-ranging species: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1084, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201084.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 31 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-083951","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391433,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93YTR3X","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data release—Decision-support framework for linking regional-scale management actions to continental-scale conservation of wide-ranging species"},{"id":391431,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1084/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":391432,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1084/ofr20201084.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.72 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1084"}],"contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12100 Beech Forest Road
Laurel, MD 20708
The Digital Shoreline Analysis System version 5 software is an add-in to Esri ArcGIS Desktop version 10.4–10.7 that enables a user to calculate rate-of-change statistics from a time series of vector shoreline positions. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System provides an automated method for establishing measurement locations, performs rate calculations, provides the statistical data necessary to assess the reliability of the rates, and includes a beta model for forecasting shoreline position. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System version 5.1 includes updates to the interface and the application of proxy-datum bias. This in-depth user guide provides comprehensive instruction on the installation and use of the program, including how to create a reference baseline for measurements, steps needed to generate measurement transects and metadata, guidelines on how to manually add or edit existing transects, and an explanation of the visualization options to display calculated rates of shoreline change.
Note: As of May 2024, the current version of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), version 6.0, is a standalone desktop application for calculating shoreline or boundary change over time. The user guide for DSAS version 5.1 is applicable to many aspects of version 6.0. The user guide provides relevant information on the DSAS workflow, including how to define a reference baseline for measurements, attribute requirements for baselines and shorelines, and supporting information on rate calculations and statistics.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211091","usgsCitation":"Himmelstoss, E.A., Henderson, R.E., Kratzmann, M.G., and Farris, A.S., 2021, Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) version 5.1 user guide: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1091, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211091.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 104 p.; Software Release","numberOfPages":"104","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-123671","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390774,"rank":4,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/whcmsc/science/digital-shoreline-analysis-system-dsas","text":"Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS)"},{"id":390775,"rank":3,"type":{"id":35,"text":"Software Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13WIZ8M","text":"Digital Shoreline Analysis System version 6.0"},{"id":390767,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1091/ofr20211091.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1091"},{"id":390766,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1091/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543–1598
The endangered Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagle (Aquila audax fleayi) is the focus of continued research and conservation efforts. A tool for accurate and efficient identification of the sex of individuals would be a valuable aid to research and management. However, plumages are monomorphic between the sexes, making sex identification difficult without molecular analyses. Our aim was to assess whether Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagles of different age classes could be sexed accurately using morphological measurements. We took measurements of 25 live late-stage eagle nestlings and 108 carcasses of free-flying birds found opportunistically throughout Tasmania. Sex of all individuals was confirmed via genetic analyses. Free-flying birds were larger than nestlings; thus, we used age-specific statistical tools to distinguish the sexes. For both nestlings and free-flying birds, females were significantly larger than males, but overlap between the sexes prevented accurate sex identification using any single measurement. We used stepwise linear discriminant function analyses to select morphometric measurements necessary for accurate sex identification. Free-flying birds could be sexed with 97.6% accuracy using a combination of measurements of the forearm length, tarsus width (i.e., lateromedial width), and hallux length. Late-stage nestlings (9–10 wk old) could be sexed with 95.4% accuracy using measurements of the hallux width (i.e., lateromedial width), hallux breadth (i.e., anteroposterior width of hallux), and tarsus breadth (i.e., anteroposterior width of the tarsometatarsus at the narrowest point). The discriminate functions we present also allow the identification of sex in cases where morphological sex identification may be in doubt and molecular analyses should be prioritized. These equations provide a valuable research tool for studies of sexual differences in behavior and causes of mortality of this endangered subspecies.