{"pageNumber":"444","pageRowStart":"11075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16504,"records":[{"id":70017462,"text":"70017462 - 1994 - Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:25:25.230368","indexId":"70017462","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Ozark region of the U.S. midcontinent is host to a number of Mississippi Valley-type districts, including the world-class Viburnum Trend, Old Lead Belt, and Tri-State districts and the smaller Southeast Missouri barite, Northern Arkansas, and Central Missouri districts. There is increasing evidence that the Ozark Mississippi Valley-type districts formed locally within a large, interconnected hydrothermal system that also produced broad fringing areas of trace mineralization, extensive subtle hydrothermal alteration, broad thermal anomalies, and regional deposition of hydrothermal dolomite cement. The fluid drive was provided by gravity flow accompanying uplift of foreland thrust belts during the Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian Ouaehita orogeny.In this study, we use chemical speciation and reaction path calculations, based on quantitative chemical analyses of fluid inclusions, to constrain likely hydrothermal brine compositions and to determine which precipitation mechanisms are consistent with the hydrothermal mineral assemblages observed regionally and locally within each Mississippi Valley-type district in the Ozark region. Deposition of the regional hydrothermal dolomite cement with trace sulfides likely occurred in response to near-isothermal effervescence of CO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;from basinal brines as they migrated to shallower crustal levels and lower confining pressures. In contrast, our calculations indicate that no one depositional process can reproduce the mineral assemblages and proportions of minerals observed in each Ozark ore district; rather, individual districts require specific depositional mechanisms that reflect the local host-rock composition, structural setting, and hydrology.Both the Northern Arkansas and Tri-State districts are localized by normal faults that likely allowed brines to rise from deeper Cambrian-Ordovician dolostone aquifers into shallower carbonate sequences dominated by limestones. In the Northern Arkansas district, jasperoid preferentially replaced limestones in the mixed dolostone-limestone sedimentary packages. Modeling results indicate that the ore and alteration assemblages in the Tri-State and Northern Arkansas districts resulted from the flow of initially dolomite-saturated brines into cooler limestones. Adjacent to fluid conduits where water/rock ratios were the highest, the limestone was replaced by dolomite. As the fluids moved outward into cooler limestone, jasperoid and sulfide replaced limestone. Isothermal boiling of the ore fluids may have produced open-space filling of hydrothermal dolomite with minor sulfides in breccia and fault zones. Local mixing of the regional brine with locally derived sulfur undoubtedly played a role in the development of sulfide-rich ore runs.Sulfide ores of the Central Missouri district are largely open-space filling of sphalerite plus minor galena in dolostone karst features localized along a broad anticline. Hydrothermal solution collapse during ore deposition was a minor process, indicating dolomite was slightly undersaturated during ore deposition. No silicification and only minor hydrothermal dolomite is present in the ore deposits. The reaction path that best explains the features of the Central Missouri sulfide deposits is the near-isothermal mixing of two dolomite-saturated fluids with different H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S and metal contents. Paleokarst features may have allowed the regional brine to rise stratigraphically and mix with locally derived, H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-rich fluids. The Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt ores are galena rich with lesser amounts of sphalerite; they replace the most permeable dolostone facies in the Bonneterre Dolomite. Hydrothermal dissolution of host dolostone was concurrent with sulfide deposition, but dolomite deposition occurred episodically between periods of sulfide deposition. The important ore controls in these districts are a variety of sedimentary and geologic features that allowed cross-stratigraphic fluid flow and provided opportunities for fluid mixing. The reaction path which best reproduces the broad features of the Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt ores is one in which a dolomite-saturated, lead-rich, zinc- and H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-poor brine mixes with a less saline, H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-rich fluid. The brine became enriched in K, Mg, and Pb and depleted in H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S as it flowed through sandstone and redbed aquifers prior to entering the district. This mixing model is consistent with the abundant fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence for fluid mixing in the districts. Small amounts of cooling associated with the mixing may have contributed to sulfide deposition.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1361","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Leach, D.L., Hofstra, A., Landis, G.P., Rowan, E., and Viets, J., 1994, Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 6, p. 1361-1383, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1361.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1361","endPage":"1383","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Ozarks","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              31.661702492806285\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2462291629069,\n              31.661702492806285\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2462291629069,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f593e4b0c8380cd4c2c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017887,"text":"70017887 - 1994 - Autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing, denitrifying bacteria in groundwater, potential agents for bioremediation of nitrate contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T14:52:28.98124","indexId":"70017887","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing, denitrifying bacteria in groundwater, potential agents for bioremediation of nitrate contamination","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstract-1\" class=\"section abstract\"><p id=\"p-2\">Addition of hydrogen or formate significantly enhanced the rate of consumption of nitrate in slurried core samples obtained from an active zone of denitrification in a nitrate-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer (Cape Cod, Mass.). Hydrogen uptake by the core material was immediate and rapid, with an apparent<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K<sub>m</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>of 0.45 to 0.60 μM and a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>of 18.7 nmol cm<sup>-3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>h<sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at 30°C. Nine strains of hydrogen-oxidizing denitrifying bacteria were subsequently isolated from the aquifer. Eight of the strains grew autotrophically on hydrogen with either oxygen or nitrate as the electron acceptor. One strain grew mixotrophically. All of the isolates were capable of heterotrophic growth, but none were similar to<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Paracoccus denitrificans</i>, a well-characterized hydrogen-oxidizing denitrifier. The kinetics for hydrogen uptake during denitrification were determined for each isolate with substrate depletion progress curves; the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K<sub>m</sub></i>s ranged from 0.30 to 3.32 μM, with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub>max</sub>s of 1.85 to 13.29 fmol cell<sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>h<sup>-1</sup>. Because these organisms appear to be common constituents of the in situ population of the aquifer, produce innocuous end products, and could be manipulated to sequentially consume oxygen and then nitrate when both were present, these results suggest that these organisms may have significant potential for in situ bioremediation of nitrate contamination in groundwater.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.60.6.1949-1955.1994","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Ceazan, M., and Brooks, M.H., 1994, Autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing, denitrifying bacteria in groundwater, potential agents for bioremediation of nitrate contamination: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 60, no. 6, p. 1949-1955, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.6.1949-1955.1994.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1949","endPage":"1955","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.6.1949-1955.1994","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228824,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.52819257551403,\n              41.81807593784862\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.65139579572578,\n              41.72331746560059\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.67064629888385,\n              41.61978497657461\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.68604670141005,\n              41.49590299059551\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.45504066351315,\n              41.55067082309725\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.39343905340752,\n              41.59099640346889\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.21633442435295,\n              41.61690669729941\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.91987667571854,\n              41.651437570027355\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.94682738013994,\n              41.74055668977613\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.90062617256046,\n              41.786505333668316\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.95067748077136,\n              41.949929900047266\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.06618049971979,\n              42.05578885083125\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.18938371993156,\n              42.10436768944999\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.28563623572192,\n              42.08722646367494\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.22403462561627,\n              42.01003362066524\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.15088271361542,\n              42.032915353005734\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.10468150603596,\n              42.0043119010179\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.08928110350979,\n              41.878303893398055\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.03537969466697,\n              41.886903258104496\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.02767949340365,\n              41.82094522144041\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.2047841224582,\n              41.763535124773625\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.28563623572192,\n              41.74342944398995\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.43964026098696,\n              41.76927844822339\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.52819257551403,\n              41.81807593784862\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eefce4b0c8380cd4a0ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ceazan, M.L.","contributorId":80015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ceazan","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brooks, Myron H. mhbrooks@usgs.gov","contributorId":4386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Myron","email":"mhbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":377842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017460,"text":"70017460 - 1994 - Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T11:20:11.162006","indexId":"70017460","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A field study of surface water and groundwater interactions during baseflow and stormflow conditions was performed at the Reedy Creek watershed in the Virginia Coastal Plain. Three estimates of the average saturated hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>) of the unconfined aquifer were in reasonable agreement (ranging from 0.0033 to 0.010 cm/s), indicating that baseflow in the creek is entirely from the drainage of shallow groundwater from the relatively thin (1–6 m thick) unconfined aquifer. This relatively permeable surficial aquifer was found to be underlain by dark, olive grey, clay-silt and diatomaceous Miocene deposits of low permeability known as the Calvert Formation, which is believed to function as a confining bed in the area.</p><p>A chemical hydrograph separation technique was used to resolve the contributions of [old] (pre-event) and [new] (event) water to stormflow. Results from a major rainstorm indicated that old water dominated the stormflow response of the watershed, although the new water contribution approached 40% at the hydrograph peak. Stormflow at Reedy Creek appears to result from saturation overland flow from variable source areas which include the stream channels and a significant part of the riparian wetland area. This response appears to be attributable to the transient dynamics of the shallow groundwater flow system and to the formation of localized groundwater mounds which raise the water-table to the wetland surface.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080503","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., Eshleman, K., and Pollard, J., 1994, Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 5, p. 411-427, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080503.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc2e4b0c8380cd63001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, A. K.","contributorId":8141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eshleman, K.N.","contributorId":12632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshleman","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollard, J.S.","contributorId":103813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollard","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017448,"text":"70017448 - 1994 - Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-19T12:52:00.858458","indexId":"70017448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","docAbstract":"<p><span>The ionic tracers lithium, sodium, chloride and bromide were used to measure flow loss in a small stream (≈︁ 10 ls</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). An injectate containing all four tracers was added continuously at five sites along a 507 m study reach of St Kevin Gulch, Lake County, Colorado to determine which sections of the stream were losing water to the stream bed and to ascertain how well the four tracers performed. The acidity of the stream (pH 3.6) made it possible for lithium and sodium, which are normally adsorbed by ion exchange with stream bed sediment, to be used as conservative tracers. Net flow losses as low as 0.8 ls</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, or 8% of flow, were calculated between measuring sites. By comparing the results of simultaneous injection it was determined whether subsections of the study reach were influent or effluent. Evaluation of tracer concentrations along 116 m of stream indicated that all four tracers behaved conservatively. Discharges measured by Parshall flumes were 4–18% greater than discharges measured by tracer dilution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080206","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Zellweger, G.W., 1994, Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 2, p. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080206.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Colorado","county":"Lake  County","otherGeospatial":"St. Kevin Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              39.690280594818034\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              39.690280594818034\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bee4b08c986b320c48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017486,"text":"70017486 - 1994 - Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream affected by acid mine drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T12:38:26","indexId":"70017486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream affected by acid mine drainage","docAbstract":"<p>Experiments in St. Kevin Gulch, an acid mine drainage stream, examined the coupling of hydrologic transport to chemical reactions affecting metal concentrations. Injection of LiCl as a conservative tracer was used to determine discharge and residence time along a 1497-m reach. Transport of metals downstream from inflows of acidic, metal-rich water was evaluated based on synoptic samples of metal concentrations and the hydrologic characteristics of the stream. Transport of SO<sub>4</sub> and Mn was generally conservative, but in the subreaches most affected by acidic inflows, transport was reactive. Both 0.1-um filtered and particulate Fe were reactive over most of the stream reach. Filtered Al partitioned to the particulate phase in response to high instream concentrations. Simulations that accounted for the removal of SO<sub>4</sub>, Mn, Fe, and Al with first-order reactions reproduced the steady-state profiles. The calculated rate constants for net removal used in the simulations embody several processes that occur on a stream-reach scale. The comparison between rates of hydrologie transport and chemical reactions indicates that reactions are only important over short distances in the stream near the acidic inflows, where reactions occur on a comparable time scale with hydrologic transport and thus affect metal concentrations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00061a014","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., Broshears, R.E., Bencala, K., and McKnight, D.M., 1994, Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream affected by acid mine drainage: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 12, p. 2065-2073, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00061a014.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2065","endPage":"2073","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc8de4b0c8380cd4e2f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broshears, R. E.","contributorId":75552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":376629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017473,"text":"70017473 - 1994 - Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:47:52","indexId":"70017473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides","docAbstract":"<p>The loss of the preemergent herbicide atrazine in surface runoff from experimental field plots growing corn (Zea mays L.) was significantly reduced using a starchencapsulated formulation versus a conventional powdered formulation. Field edge losses of starch-encapsulated atrazine were described as following a Rayleigh distribution totaling 1.8% of applied herbicide compared to exponential powdered atrazine losses of 2.9% applied - a 40% decrease. This has important implications for the reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water by agricultural chemicals. Unsaturated zone release of starchencapsulated atrazine was gradual, but comparable weed control was maintained. Deethylatrazine was a major dealkylated metabolite from each formulation, and deisopropylatrazine was a minor metabolite. The determination of soil partition coefficients for deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine (0.4 and 0.3, respectively), aqueous solubilities (3200 and 670 mg/L, respectively), and melting points (133 and 177 C, respectively) confirmed that the dealkylated metabolites should move more rapidly through the soil profile to groundwater than atrazine.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00050a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mills, M.S., and Thurman, E., 1994, Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 73-79, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00050a011.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e2e4b0e8fec6cdb9f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017425,"text":"70017425 - 1994 - Formation and transport of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:05:48","indexId":"70017425","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation and transport of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in surface water","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00062a010","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Meyer, M.T., Mills, M.S., Zimmerman, L., Perry, C.A., and Goolsby, D.A., 1994, Formation and transport of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in surface water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 13, p. 2267-2277, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00062a010.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2267","endPage":"2277","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265838,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00062a010"}],"volume":"28","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1349e4b0c8380cd545c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, L.R.","contributorId":28624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017424,"text":"70017424 - 1994 - Volume-controlled hydrologic property measurements in triaxial systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70017424","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Volume-controlled hydrologic property measurements in triaxial systems","docAbstract":"New capabilities for hydrologic property measurements in triaxial systems include: (1) volume-controlled and simultaneous measurements of hydraulic conductivity and one-dimensional consolidation (or specific storage) of a saturated test specimen; and (2) volume-controlled measurements of hydraulic conductivity, matric potential, and the variation of these properties with the moisture content of an unsaturated test specimen. Data on saturated kaolinite demonstrate simultaneous hydraulic-conductivity and one-dimensional consolidation tests with continuous monitoring of both vertical and horizontal effective stresses. Data on well-graded silty sand demonstrate the feasibility of concurrent constant-flow hydraulic conductivity and mattic potential measurements, and the variation of these properties with moisture content, for undisturbed and unsaturated specimens mounted in triaxial cells. Refinements needed to realize the full potential of these capabilities include a more rigid triaxial cell to minimize compliance, and an improved technique for measuring hydraulic-head differences within an unsaturated test specimen.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of tbe Symposium on Hydraulic Conductivity and Waste Contaminant Transport in Soil","conferenceDate":"21 January 1993 through 22 January 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, United States","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Olsen, H.W., Willden, A.T., Kiusalaas, N.J., Nelson, K.R., and Poeter, E.P., 1994, Volume-controlled hydrologic property measurements in triaxial systems, <i>in</i> ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1142, San Antonio, TX, USA, 21 January 1993 through 22 January 1993, p. 482-504.","startPage":"482","endPage":"504","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc364e4b08c986b32b149","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Harold W.","contributorId":28985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willden, Arthur T.","contributorId":43930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willden","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kiusalaas, Nicholas J.","contributorId":22517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiusalaas","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, Karl R.","contributorId":63538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Poeter, Eileen P.","contributorId":78805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017368,"text":"70017368 - 1994 - Miocene and Pliocene lacustrine and fluvial sequences, Upper Ramparts and Canyon village, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T10:39:14","indexId":"70017368","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Miocene and Pliocene lacustrine and fluvial sequences, Upper Ramparts and Canyon village, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"Cenozoic strata exposed along the Porcupine River between the Upper Ramparts and Canyon Village, Alaska, can be divided into five unconformity-bounded units (sequences) which are: lower and middle Miocene unit A, the white sandy fluvial sequence with peat beds; middle Miocene unit B, the basalt sequence-part B1 is basalt, and part B2 is organic-rich sedimentary beds; upper Miocene unit C, mudrock-dominated lake sequence; late Miocene or Pliocene to Pleistocene unit D, terrace gravels, detrital organic matter and associated sediments, and Holocene unit E, mixed sand and gravel-rich sediment and other sedimentary material including peat and eolian silt. The sequence (unit A) of lower and middle Miocene fluvial deposits formed in streams and on flood plains, just before the inception of local volanism. Fossil pollen from unit A suggests conifer-dominated regional forests and cool temperate climates. Peat beds and lake deposits from unit B contain pollen that indicates a warmer temperate climate coinciding with the middle Miocene thermal maximum. The lake deposits (unit C) downstream from the basalts accumulated in a small basin which resulted from a hydrologic system that was dammed in the late Miocene but breached soon thereafter. The lower part of the terrace gravels (unit D) expresses breaching of the dammed hydrologic system (of unit C). The Porcupine River became a major tributary of the Yukon River in late Pleistocene time when Laurentide ice blocked drainage from the Yukon interior basins causing meltwater to spill over the low divide separating it from the Porcupine River drainage initiating erosion and capture of the Yukon interior basins. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90004-3","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Fouch, T.D., Carter, L.D., Kunk, M.J., Smith, C., and White, J.M., 1994, Miocene and Pliocene lacustrine and fluvial sequences, Upper Ramparts and Canyon village, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska: Quaternary International, v. 22-23, no. C, p. 11-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90004-3.","startPage":"11","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270057,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90004-3"}],"volume":"22-23","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b2ee4b0c8380cd6f3b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fouch, T. D.","contributorId":68333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouch","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, L. D.","contributorId":87959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, C.A.S.","contributorId":16168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, J. M.","contributorId":40268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017344,"text":"70017344 - 1994 - Relation between largest known flood discharge and elevation in Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70017344","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relation between largest known flood discharge and elevation in Montana","docAbstract":"Previous studies relating unit discharge to elevation indicated that large floods in the Rocky Mountains may be limited by elevation. However, high-elevation data are sparse in Montana and the indications may not be entirely correct. Based on data at 19 sites in Montana, a strong log-linear relation exists between large-flood discharge and drainage area. The use of unit discharge (peak discharge divided by drainage area) to compare flood magnitude from site to site may thus be biased and tend to overstate flood magnitude for small basins. Removal of the bias by use of a revised unit discharge (peak discharge divided by drainage area raised to the 0.16 power) results in no apparent relation between revised unit discharge and elevation in two areas of Montana. However, because of a paucity of data, the magnitude of revised unit discharge at elevations greater than 1,650 m is largely unknown. Additional data and research are needed to resolve questions about mountain flood hydrology.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Parrett, C., and Holnbeck, S.R., 1994, Relation between largest known flood discharge and elevation in Montana, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 870-874.","startPage":"870","endPage":"874","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a642e4b0e8fec6cdc14b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holnbeck, Stephen R. 0000-0001-7313-9298 holnbeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-9298","contributorId":1724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holnbeck","given":"Stephen","email":"holnbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017335,"text":"70017335 - 1994 - Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T08:18:15","indexId":"70017335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter","docAbstract":"<p>Vapor sorption capacities on a high-organic-content peat, a model for soil organic matter (SOM), were determined at room temperature for the following liquids: n-hexane, 1,4-dioxane, nitroethane, acetone, acetonitrile, 1-propanol, ethanol, and methanol. The linear organic vapor sorption is in keeping with the dominance of vapor partition in peat SOM. These data and similar results of carbon tetrachloride (CT), trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME), and water on the same peat from earlier studies are used to evaluate the effect of polarity on the vapor partition in SOM. The extrapolated liquid solubility from the vapor isotherm increases sharply from 3-6 wt % for low-polarity liquids (hexane, CT, and benzene) to 62 wt % for polar methanol and correlates positively with the liquid's component solubility parameters for polar interaction and hydrogen bonding. The same polarity effect may be expected to influence the relative solubilities of a variety of contaminants in SOM and, therefore, the relative deviations between the SOM-water partition coefficients (Kom) and corresponding octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) for different classes of compounds. The large solubility disparity in SOM between polar and nonpolar solutes suggests that the accurate prediction of Kom from Kow or Sw (solute water solubility) would be limited to compounds of similar polarity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00055a026","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., and Kile, D.E., 1994, Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1139-1144, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00055a026.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1144","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0783e4b0c8380cd51727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017411,"text":"70017411 - 1994 - Herbicide interchange between a stream and the adjacent alluvial aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-18T15:54:32.739068","indexId":"70017411","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herbicide interchange between a stream and the adjacent alluvial aquifer","docAbstract":"<p>Herbicide interchange between a stream and the adjacent alluvial aquifer and quantification of herbicide bank storage during high streamflow were investigated at a research site on the Cedar River flood plain, 10 km southeast of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. During high streamflow in March 1990, alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor were detected at concentrations above background in water from wells as distant as 20, 50, and 10 m from the river's edge, respectively. During high streamflow in May 1990, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor were detected at concentrations above background as distant as 20, 50, 10, and 20 m from the river's edge, respectively. Herbicide bank storage took place during high streamflow when hydraulic gradients were from the river to the alluvial aquifer and the laterally infiltrating river water contained herbicide concentrations larger than background concentrations in the aquifer. The herbicide bank storage can be quantified by multiplying herbicide concentration by the \"effective area\" that a well represented and an assumed porosity of 0.25. During March 1990, herbicide bank storage values were calculated to be 1.7,79, and 4.0 mg/m for alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor, respectively. During May 1990, values were 7.1, 54, 11, and 19 mg/m for alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor, respectively.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00062a018","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., and Squillace, P., 1994, Herbicide interchange between a stream and the adjacent alluvial aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 13, p. 2336-2344, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00062a018.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2336","endPage":"2344","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Cedar Rapids","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.197265625,\n              41.68932225997044\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.14257812499999,\n              41.68932225997044\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.14257812499999,\n              42.14304156290942\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.197265625,\n              42.14304156290942\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.197265625,\n              41.68932225997044\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3066e4b0c8380cd5d5fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Wuncheng","contributorId":189650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Wuncheng","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Squillace, P.","contributorId":15777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017570,"text":"70017570 - 1994 - Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review","docAbstract":"Hydrologic models provide a framework in which to conceptualize and investigate the relationships between climate and water resources. A review of current studies that assess the impacts of climate change using hydrologic models indicates a number of problem areas common to the variety of models applied. These problem areas include parameter estimation, scale, model validation, climate scenario generation, and data. Research needs to address these problems include development of (1) a more physically based understanding of hydrologic processes and their interactions; (2) parameter measurement and estimation techniques for application over a range of spatial and temporal scales; (3) quantitative measures of uncertainty in model parameters and model results; (4) improved methodologies of climate scenario generation; (5) detailed data sets in a variety of climatic and physiographic regions; and (6) modular modeling tools to provide a framework to facilitate interdisciplinary research. Solutions to these problems would significantly improve the capability of models to assess the effects of climate change. ?? 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01094105","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Leavesley, G., 1994, Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review: Climatic Change, v. 28, no. 1-2, p. 159-177, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01094105.","startPage":"159","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206153,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01094105"},{"id":228804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c3ee4b0c8380cd6fb2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017601,"text":"70017601 - 1994 - A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T00:03:38.493693","indexId":"70017601","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Many types of landslide movement are induced by large rainstorms, and empirical rainfall intensity/duration thresholds for initiating movement have been determined for various parts of the world. In this paper, I present a simple pressure diffusion model that provides a physically based hydrologic link between rainfall intensity/duration at the ground surface and destabilizing pore-water pressures at depth. The model approximates rainfall infiltration as a sinusoidally varying flux over time and uses physical parameters that can be determined independently. If destabilizing pore pressures can be estimated, then the model enables the development of a stability criterion defining destabilizing rainfall intensity/duration conditions. Using a comprehensive data set from an intensively monitored landslide, I demonstrate that the model is capable of distinguishing movement-inducing rainstorms.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629714","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Reid, M., 1994, A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall: Journal of Geology, v. 102, no. 6, p. 709-717, https://doi.org/10.1086/629714.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"709","endPage":"717","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e0e4b0c8380cd469c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016582,"text":"70016582 - 1994 - Sorption of chlorobenzenes to cape cod aquifer sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T12:42:19","indexId":"70016582","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sorption of chlorobenzenes to cape cod aquifer sediments","docAbstract":"<p>Sorption of tetra- and pentachlorobenzene by sediment from a glacial outwash aquifer on Cape Cod, MA, was evaluated. Particle size and mineralogical fractions (separated based on paramagnetic susceptibility) were characterized with respect to sediment organic carbon (SOC), mineralogy, surface area, metal oxide coatings, and spatial variability. SOC increases by a factor of 10 as particle size decreases from 500-1000 to &lt;63 um. Magnetic mineral abundance is a function of particle size and increases from 5 % in the 500-1000-xm fraction to &gt; 25 % in the &lt;63-um fraction, and SOC is preferentially associated with the magnetic minerals. Sorption increases with decreasing particle size (increasing SOC, magnetic minerals, surface area, and metal oxyhydroxides), and the magnetic mineral fraction has greater sorption than the bulk or nonmagnetic fractions. Removal of SOC decreases sorption proportional to the decrease in SOC and results in a nonlinear isotherm.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00054a021","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Barber, L., 1994, Sorption of chlorobenzenes to cape cod aquifer sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 5, p. 890-897, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00054a021.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"890","endPage":"897","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b930de4b08c986b31a265","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, L.B. II","contributorId":6097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.B.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017793,"text":"70017793 - 1994 - The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids derived from the degradation of petroleum contaminants in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:21:00","indexId":"70017793","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids derived from the degradation of petroleum contaminants in groundwater","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids in groundwater downgradient from a crude-oil spill near Bemidji, Minnesota, was studied over a five year period (1986–1990). The organic acids are metabolic intermediates of the degradation of components of the crude oil and are structurally related to hydrocarbon precursors. The concentrations of organic acids, particularly aliphatic acids, increase as the microbial alteration of hydrocarbons progresses. The organic-acid pool changes in composition and concentration over time and in space as the degradation processes shift from Fe(III) reduction to methanogenesis. Over time, the aquifer system evolves into one in which the groundwater contains more oxidized products of hydrocarbon degradation and the reduced forms of iron, manganese, and nitrogen. Laboratory microcosm experiments with aquifer material support the hypothesis that organic acids observed in the groundwater originate from the microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons under anoxic conditions.</p><p>The geochemistry of two other shallow aquifers in coastal plain sediments, one contaminated with creosote waste and the other with gasoline, were compared to the Bemidji site. The geochemical evolution of the low-molecular-weight organic acid pool in these systems is controlled, in part, by the presence of electron acceptors available for microbially mediated electron-transfer reactions. The depletion of electron acceptors in aquifers leads to the accumulation of aliphatic organic acids in anoxic groundwater.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90511-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I., Baedecker, M., Eganhouse, R., and Goerlitz, D., 1994, The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids derived from the degradation of petroleum contaminants in groundwater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 2, p. 863-877, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90511-8.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"863","endPage":"877","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac47e4b08c986b3233b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baedecker, M.J.","contributorId":42702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eganhouse, R.P.","contributorId":67555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goerlitz, D.F.","contributorId":8445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"D.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017514,"text":"70017514 - 1994 - Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T10:07:14","indexId":"70017514","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley, California","docAbstract":"<p>Tritium records were used to study hydrologic processes associated with irrigation and drainage in the Imperial Valley, a 2000-km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>agricultural area in the southeastern California desert. Tritium was analyzed in surface water, ground water, soil-pore water and drain water, and the results were compared to the historical record of tritium in the Colorado River. The Colorado River record was reconstructed using a simple reservoir model and precipitation data in the Colorado River Basin for the period prior to 1965, and from continuous measurements in the river for 1965–1988. This historical record is especially useful in the arid Imperial Valley because recent agricultural development has been entirely dependent on irrigation water diverted from the Colorado River and local recharge is negligible.</p><p>Results indicate that it takes about 5 a for irrigation drainage to move through the soil to a depth of 2–3 m. Drainwaters have a wide range in tritium concentrations because of varying degrees of influence from ground-water intrusion, and from rapid percolation of irrigation through preferred pathways. The net result is that drainwater from about 40 fields had a range in tritium concentration similar to that of the Colorado River over the last 9 a (1980–1988), a period during which tritium concentration was declining about 15% annually in the river.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90061-2","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Michel, R.L., and Schoeder, R., 1994, Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley, California: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 4, p. 387-401, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90061-2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"401","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Imperial Valley","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf39e4b08c986b329a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoeder, R.A.","contributorId":103429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoeder","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017325,"text":"70017325 - 1994 - Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:08:20.679635","indexId":"70017325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation","docAbstract":"<p>A method for collecting suspended sediment samples has been developed that pumps a discharge-weighted volume of water from fixed depths at four to 40 locations across a river and separates the suspended sediment in the sample using a continuous-flow centrifuge. The efficacy of the method is evaluated by comparing the particle size distributions of sediment collected by the discharge-weighted pumping method with the particle size distributions of sediment collected by depth integration and separated by gravitational settling. The pumping method was found to undersample the suspended sand sized particles (&gt; 63 μm) but to collect a representative sample of the suspended silt and clay sized particles (&lt; 63 μm). The centrifuge separated the silt and clay sized particles (&lt; 63 μm) into three fractions. Based on the average results of processing 17 samples from the Mississippi River and several of its large tributaries in 1990, about 10% of the silt and clay sized material was trapped in a centrifuge bowl-bottom sealing unit containing the nozzle and consisted of mostly medium and coarse silt from 16 to 63 μm. About 74% was retained on a Teflon liner in the centrifuge bowl and consisted of sizes from 0–1 to 63 μm. About 9% was discharged from the centrifuge in the effluent and was finer than 0–1 μm. About 7% was lost during the processes of removing the wet sediment fractions from the centrifuge, drying and weighing.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080603","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Meade, R., 1994, Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 6, p. 513-530, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080603.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"513","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cede4b0c8380cd52d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017755,"text":"70017755 - 1994 - Studies of the Reactivity of the Ferrihydrite Surface by Iron Isotopic Exchange and Mössbauer Spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-02T13:43:05.166992","indexId":"70017755","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of the Reactivity of the Ferrihydrite Surface by Iron Isotopic Exchange and Mössbauer Spectroscopy","docAbstract":"<p>Two-line ferrihydrite is an important adsorbent of many toxics in natural and anthropogenic systems; however, the specific structural sites responsible for the high adsorption capacity are not well understood. A combination of chemical and spectroscopic techniques have been employed in this study to gain further insight into the structural nature of sites at the ferrihydrite surface. The kinetics of iron isotopic exchange demonstrated that there are at least two types of iron sites in ferrihydrite. One population of sites, referred to as <i>labile</i> sites, approached iron isotopic equilibrium within 24 hr in <sup>59</sup>Fe-NTA solutions, while the second population of sites, referred to as <i>non-labile</i>, exhibited a much slower rate of isotopic exchange. Adsorbed arsenate reduced the degree of exchange by labile sites, indicating that the anion blocked or greatly inhibited the rate of exchange of these sites. Mössbauer spectra were collected from a variety of samples including <sup>56</sup>Fe-ferrihydrite samples with <sup>57</sup>Fe in labile sites, samples containing <sup>57</sup>Fe throughout the structure, and samples with <sup>57</sup>Fe in non-labile sites. The spectra showed characteristic broad doublets signifying poor structural order. Refined fits of the spectra indicated that labile sites have larger quadrupole splitting, hence more local distortion, than non-labile sites. In all cases, the spectra demonstrated some degree of asymmetry, indicating a distribution of Fe environments in ferrihydrite. Overall spectral findings, combined with recent EXAFS results (Waychunas <i>et al.</i>, 1993), indicate that labile sites likely are more reactive (with respect to iron isotopic exchange) because they have fewer neighboring Fe octahedra and are therefore bound less strongly to the ferrihydrite structure. The labile population of sites probably is composed of end sites of the dioctahedral chain structure of 2-line ferrihydrite, which is a subset of the entire population of surface sites. Mössbauer spectra of samples containing adsorbed arsenate indicated that the anion may slightly decrease the distortion of labile sites and stabilized the structure as a whole by bidentate bonding.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420104","usgsCitation":"Rea, B.A., Davis, J., and Waychunas, G.A., 1994, Studies of the Reactivity of the Ferrihydrite Surface by Iron Isotopic Exchange and Mössbauer Spectroscopy: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 42, no. 1, p. 23-34, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420104.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228440,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cb1e4b08c986b31d488","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rea, Brigid A.","contributorId":82282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Brigid","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, James A.","contributorId":69289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waychunas, Glenn A.","contributorId":189615,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Waychunas","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017517,"text":"70017517 - 1994 - Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:32:36","indexId":"70017517","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2","docAbstract":"Aquatic humic substances (AHS) were isolated from peatbog water by adsorption (1) on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) and (2) on Amberlite XAD-2 (XAD) to compare yields of the methods and the composition of the isolated AHS. To provide a detailed comparison, the isolates were fractionated using size-exclusion and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The fractions were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, infrared and 13C-nuclear magnetic spectroscopies and analyzed for elemental, functional-group, carbohydrate and amino acid compositions. More AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C than onto XAD-2 (94 and 74%, respectively). However, only 76% of the AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C was recovered using 0.1 M NaOH, whereas 98% of the AHS adsorbed onto XAD was released by consecutive elution with 1 M NH4OH (91%) and methanol (7%). Four main fractions of different composition were obtained from each of the alkali-desorbed AHS samples by Sephadex-gel chromatography. General agreement was found in relative amounts, spectroscopic characteristics and composition of corresponding fractions of both isolates except nitrogen content, which was significantly higher in AHS isolated with XAD, apparently due to the reaction of AHS with NH4OH used for the desorption from the resin.Aquatic humic substances (AHS) were isolated from peatbog water by adsorption (1) on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) and (2) on Amberlite XAD-2 (XAD) to compare yields of the methods and the composition of the isolated AHS. To provide a detailed comparison, the isolates were fractionated using size-exclusion and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The fractions were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, infrared and 13C-nuclear magnetic spectroscopies and analyzed for elemental, functional-group, carbohydrate and amino acid compositions. More AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C than onto XAD-2 (94 and 74%, respectively). However, only 76% of the AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C was recovered using 0.1 M NaOH, whereas 98% of the AHS adsorbed onto XAD was released by consecutive elution with 1 M NH4OH (91%) and methanol (7%). Four main fractions of different composition were obtained from each of the alkali-desorbed AHS samples by Sephadex-gel chromatography. General agreement was found in relative amounts, spectroscopic characteristics and composition of corresponding fractions of both isolates except nitrogen content, which was significantly higher in AHS isolated with XAD, apparently due to the reaction of AHS with NH4OH used for the desorption from the resin.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Hejzlar, J., Szpakowska, B., and Wershaw, R., 1994, Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2: Water Research, v. 28, no. 9, p. 1961-1970, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1961","endPage":"1970","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206139,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6"}],"volume":"28","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f869e4b0c8380cd4d0b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hejzlar, J.","contributorId":95632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hejzlar","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szpakowska, B.","contributorId":98058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szpakowska","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70171385,"text":"70171385 - 1994 - Washington State metals in soils program: Preliminary results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-31T09:15:22","indexId":"70171385","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1925,"text":"Hydrological Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Washington State metals in soils program: Preliminary results","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Hydrology","usgsCitation":"Ames, K.C., 1994, Washington State metals in soils program: Preliminary results: Hydrological Science and Technology, v. 10, no. 1-4, p. 15-30.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574eb5dee4b0ee97d51a841a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ames, K. C.","contributorId":20781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ames","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70046627,"text":"ofr19940236 - 1994 - 1:250,000-scale Hydrologic Units of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-17T14:33:33","indexId":"ofr19940236","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1994-0236","title":"1:250,000-scale Hydrologic Units of the United States","docAbstract":"The Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) was developed in the mid 70s to put into digital form a numberof data layers which were of interest to the USGS. One of these data layers was the Hydrologic Units. The map is based on the Hydrologic Unit Maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey Office of Water Data Coordination, together with the list descriptions and name of region, subregion, accounting units, and cataloging unit. The hydrologic units are encoded with an eight-digit number that indicates the hydrologic region (first two digits), hydrologic subregion (second two digits), accounting unit (third two digits), and cataloging unit (fourth two digits). The data produced by GIRAS was originally collected at a scale of 1:250K.  Some areas, notably major cities in the west, were recompiled at a scale of 1:100K. In order to join the data together and use the data in a geographic information system (GIS) the data were processed in the ARC/INFO GUS software package.  Within the GIS, the data were edgematched and the neatline boundaries between maps were removed to create a single data set for the conterminous\nUnited States. NOTE: A version of this data theme that is more throughly checked (though based on smaller-scale maps) is available here: http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?huc2m","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Service","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr19940236","usgsCitation":"Steeves, P., and Nebert, D., 1994, 1:250,000-scale Hydrologic Units of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 1994-0236, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr19940236.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273843,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/huc250k.xml"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -127.90613546,22.8757219 ], [ -127.90613546,48.28250713 ], [ -65.32190735,48.28250713 ], [ -65.32190735,22.8757219 ], [ -127.90613546,22.8757219 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd491be4b0b290850eee4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steeves, Peter","contributorId":38049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeves","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nebert, Douglas","contributorId":60389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nebert","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70195437,"text":"70195437 - 1994 - Secondary minerals and acid mine-water chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-12T08:18:26","indexId":"70195437","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5629,"text":"Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Volumes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"seriesNumber":"22","title":"Secondary minerals and acid mine-water chemistry","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental geochemistry of sulfide mine-wastes (Short course handbook, vol. 22)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":13,"text":"Handbook"},"language":"English","publisher":"Mineral Association of Canada","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., Blowes, D., Nordstrom, D.K., and Jambor, J., 1994, Secondary minerals and acid mine-water chemistry, chap. <i>of</i> Environmental geochemistry of sulfide mine-wastes (Short course handbook, vol. 22): Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Volumes, p. 247-270.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"270","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351660,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/index.php?p=25#SC22-E"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2321e4b0da30c1bfd64a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Blowes, D.W","contributorId":195353,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blowes","given":"D.W","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728606,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jambor, J.L.","contributorId":107460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jambor","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728607,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blowes, D.W","contributorId":195353,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blowes","given":"D.W","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jambor, J.L.","contributorId":107460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jambor","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70134540,"text":"70134540 - 1994 - Lake Michigan's late Quaternary limnological and climate history from ostracode, oxygen isotope, and magnetic susceptibility","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T13:03:43","indexId":"70134540","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake Michigan's late Quaternary limnological and climate history from ostracode, oxygen isotope, and magnetic susceptibility","docAbstract":"<p>The limnology of Lake Michigan has changed dramatically since the late Pleistocene in response to the expansion and contraction of continental glaciers, to differential isostatic rebound, and to climate change. The lake sediment's stratigraphic trends, magnetic susceptibility, &delta;<sup>18</sup>O, and ostracode species abundance ratios provide criteria to identify the lake's response to glacial ice and to differential isostatic rebound. The latter phenomena dominate the lake's late Pleistocene and early Holocene history. The lake's hydrological budget provides the primary linkage between the lake and climate, particularly effective moisture. Dissolved salts were stored in the lake's water column when the lake's output shifted toward evaporation, but were flushed when output shifted toward outflow. The lake's salt storage history may be interpreted from some ostracode, &delta;<sup>18</sup>O, and magnetic susceptibility records found in sediment cores. Climate change influenced the entire lake's limnological history, but became the primary limnological driver from about the middle-Holocene to the present. The complex limnological history of Lake Michigan resulted in substantial changes in the ostracode species assemblages; from about 12,000 ka to about 5,500 ka, five ostracode intervals can be identified. These ostracode intervals provide a within-lake biostratigraphy and a stratigraphic reference for reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental dynamics of the lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71134-5","usgsCitation":"Forester, R.M., Colman, S.M., Reynolds, R.L., and Keigwin, L.D., 1994, Lake Michigan's late Quaternary limnological and climate history from ostracode, oxygen isotope, and magnetic susceptibility: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 20, no. 1, p. 93-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71134-5.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"107","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296394,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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