Anaerobic San Francisco Bay salt marsh sediments rapidly metabolized [14C]dimethylselenide (DMSe) to 14CH4 and 14CO2. Addition of selective inhibitors (2-bromoethanesulfonic acid or molybdate) to these sediments indicated that both methanogenic and sulfate-respiring bacteria could degrade DMSe to gaseous products. However, sediments taken from the selenium-contaminated Kesterson Wildlife Refuge produced only 14CO2 from [14C]DMSe, implying that methanogens were not important in the Kesterson samples. A pure culture of a dimethylsulfide (DMS)-grown methylotrophic methanogen converted [14C]DMSe to 14CH4 and14CO2. However, the organism could not grow on DMSe. Addition of DMS to either sediments or the pure culture retarded the metabolism of DMSe. This effect appeared to be caused by competitive inhibition, thereby indicating a common enzyme system for DMS and DMSe metabolism. DMSe appears to be degraded as part of the DMS pool present in anoxic environments. These results suggest that methylotrophic methanogens may demethylate methylated forms of other metals and metalloids found in nature.
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Close association between these liquefaction conditions and certain Coulomb failure conditions indicates that slope failure in such instances could be responsible for nearly spontaneous mobilization of destructive flowing soil masses on hillslopes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i011p01543","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., and Major, J.J., 1986, Groundwater Seepage Vectors and the Potential for Hillslope Failure and Debris Flow Mobilization: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 11, p. 1543-1548, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i011p01543.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1543","endPage":"1548","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014641,"text":"70014641 - 1986 - Crustal structure of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China, from seismic refraction profiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-25T16:40:09.542424","indexId":"70014641","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China, from seismic refraction profiles","docAbstract":"Seismic refraction, profiles in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, define the crustal structure in an area of active tectonics on the southern end of the Himalaya-Burma arc. The crustal thickness ranges from 38 to 46 kilometers, and the relatively low mean crustal velocity indicates a crustal composition compatible with normal continental crust and consisting mainly of meta-sedimentary and silicic intrusive rocks, with little mafic or ultramafic component. This composition suggests a crustal evolution involving sedimentary processes on the flank of the Yangtze platform rather than the accretion of oceanic island arcs, as has been proposed. An anomalously low upper-mantle velocity observed on one profile but not on another at right-angles to it may indicate active tectonic processes in the mantle or seismic anisotropy.
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R.","contributorId":104079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007652,"text":"1007652 - 1986 - Status of a translocated sea otter population and its habitat in Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-09T15:46:36.55921","indexId":"1007652","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2793,"text":"Murrelet","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of a translocated sea otter population and its habitat in Washington","docAbstract":"During the summers of 1969 and 1970, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and the Washington Department of Game translocated 59 sea otters from Amchitka Island, Alaska, to release sites in Washington (Jameson et al. 1982, Wildl. Soc. Bull. 10:100-107). Of the 29 released near Pt. Grenvil (Fig. 1) in 1969, 16 are known to have died. In 1970, 30 otters were held in a floating enclosure anchored near James Island, off La Push. They were released nearby in excellent condition on July 1970. Results of surveys from 1977 to 1981 were reported by Jameson et al. (1982). The purpose of this note is to report subsequent additional observations for 1983 and 1985 on the abundance, distribution, and habitat of the sea otter population in Washington
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","doi":"10.2307/3536464","usgsCitation":"Jameson, R.J., Kenyon, K.W., Jeffries, S., and VanBlaricom, G.R., 1986, Status of a translocated sea otter population and its habitat in Washington: Murrelet, v. 67, no. 3, p. 84-87, https://doi.org/10.2307/3536464.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"87","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269502,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3536464"},{"id":129784,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df8fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jameson, Ronald J.","contributorId":17938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenyon, Karl W.","contributorId":78791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jeffries, S.","contributorId":98675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffries","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"VanBlaricom, Glenn R. glennvb@usgs.gov","contributorId":3540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanBlaricom","given":"Glenn","email":"glennvb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":315793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70210019,"text":"70210019 - 1986 - Crustal structure of Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, from seismic refraction profiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-11T14:03:18.968535","indexId":"70210019","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-12T08:51:25","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, from seismic refraction profiles","docAbstract":"Seismic refraction, profiles in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, define the crustal structure in an area of active tectonics on the southern end of the Himalaya-Burma arc. The crustal thickness ranges from 38 to 46 kilometers, and the relatively low mean crustal velocity indicates a crustal composition compatible with normal continental crust and consisting mainly of meta-sedimentary and silicic intrusive rocks, with little mafic or ultramafic component. This composition suggests a crustal evolution involving sedimentary processes on the flank of the Yangtze platform rather than the accretion of oceanic island arcs, as has been proposed. An anomalously low upper-mantle velocity observed on one profile but not on another at right angles to it may indicate active tectonic processes in the mantle or seismic anisotropy.
A general computer code, developed to calculate anelastic reflection-refraction coefficients, energy flow, and the physical characteristics for general P, S-I, and S-II waves, quantitatively describes physical characteristics for wave fields in anelastic media that do not exist in elastic media. Consideration of wave fields incident on boundaries between anelastic media shows that scattered wave fields experience reductions in phase and energy speeds, increases in maximum attenuation and Q−1, and directions of maximum energy flow distinct from phase propagation. Each of these changes in physical characteristics are shown to vary with angle of incidence. Finite relaxation times for anelastic media result in energy flow due to interaction of superimposed radiation fields and contribute to energy flow across anelastic boundaries for all angles of incidence. Agreement of theoretical and numerical results with laboratory measurements argues for the validity of the theoretical and numerical formulations incorporating inhomogeneous wave fields. The agreement attests to the applicability of the model and helps confirm the existence of inhomogeneous body waves and their associated set of distinct physical characteristics in the earth. The existence of such body waves in layered, low-loss anelastic solids implies the need to reformulate some seismological models of the earth. The exact anelastic formulation for a liquid-solid interface with no low-loss approximations predicts the existence of a range of angles of incidence or an anelastic Rayleigh window, through which significant amounts of energy are transmitted across the boundary. The window accounts for the discrepancy apparent between measured reflection data presented in early textbooks and predictions based on classical elasticity theory. Characteristics of the anelastic Rayleigh window are expected to be evident in certain sets of wide-angle, ocean-bottom reflection data and to be useful in estimating Q−1 for some ocean bottom reflectors.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB091iB11p11503","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., Glassmoyer, G., and Wennerberg, L., 1986, Influence of welded boundaries in anelastic media on energy flow, and characteristics of P, S-I, and S-II waves: Observational evidence for inhomogeneous body waves in low-loss solids: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 91, no. B11, p. 11503-11518, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB11p11503.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11503","endPage":"11518","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404541,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glassmoyer, Gary","contributorId":28619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70233968,"text":"70233968 - 1986 - Short-period strain (0.1–105 s): Near-source strain field for an earthquake (ML 3.2) near San Juan Bautista, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-28T14:08:19.543582","indexId":"70233968","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-10T08:54:46","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Short-period strain (0.1–105 s): Near-source strain field for an earthquake (ML 3.2) near San Juan Bautista, California","title":"Short-period strain (0.1–105 s): Near-source strain field for an earthquake (ML 3.2) near San Juan Bautista, California","docAbstract":"Measurements of dilational earth strain in the frequency band 25–10−5 Hz have been made on a deep borehole strainmeter installed near the San Andreas fault. These data are used to determine seismic radiation fields during nuclear explosions, teleseisms, local earthquakes, and ground noise during seismically quiet times. Strains of less than 10−10 on these instruments can be clearly resolved at short periods (< 10 s) and are recorded with wide dynamic range digital recorders. This permits measurement of the static and dynamic strain variations in the near field of local earthquakes. Noise spectra for earth strain referenced to 1 (strain)2/Hz show that strain resolution decreases at about 10 dB per decade of frequency from −150 dB at 10−4 Hz to −223 dB at 10 Hz. Exact expressions are derived to relate the volumetric strain and displacement field for a homogeneous P wave in a general viscoelastic solid as observed on colocated dilatometers and seismometers. A rare near-field recording of strain and seismic velocity was obtained on May 26, 1984, from an earthquake (ML 3.2) at a hypocentral distance of 3.2 km near the San Andreas fault at San Juan Bautista, California. While the data indicate no precursory strain release at the 5 × 10−11 strain level, a coseismic strain release of 1.86 nanostrain was observed. This change in strain is consistent with that calculated from a simple dislocation model of the event. Ground displacement spectra, determined from the downhole strain data and instrument-corrected surface seismic data, suggest that source parameters estimated from surface recordings may be contaminated by amplification effects in near-surface low-velocity materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB091iB11p11497","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., Borcherdt, R.D., and Linde, A.T., 1986, Short-period strain (0.1–105 s): Near-source strain field for an earthquake (ML 3.2) near San Juan Bautista, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 91, no. B11, p. 11497-11502, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB11p11497.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"11497","endPage":"11502","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Juan Bautista","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.79855346679686,\n 36.70916449436405\n ],\n [\n -121.40579223632812,\n 36.70916449436405\n ],\n [\n -121.40579223632812,\n 36.99048777141413\n ],\n [\n -121.79855346679686,\n 36.99048777141413\n ],\n [\n -121.79855346679686,\n 36.70916449436405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linde, A. T.","contributorId":21700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linde","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013871,"text":"1013871 - 1986 - Harvest, survival, growth, and movement of five strains of hatchery-reared rainbow trout in Virginia streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-31T16:33:27.174456","indexId":"1013871","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Harvest, survival, growth, and movement of five strains of hatchery-reared rainbow trout in Virginia streams","docAbstract":"Catchable-size (minimum length 17.8 cm) rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of five genetically distinct strains were harvested by anglers at significantly different rates when the fish were stocked into four put-and-take trout streams in southwestern Virginia. Fish from Standard Winter (SW) and Ennis (EN) strains were caught easily; 85.7 and 93.2% of their respective total harvests occurred during the first 2 d of the fishing season. Sand Creek (SC), Fish Lake (FL), and McConaughy (MC) strains were harvested more uniformly over the first 3 weeks of fishing; 64.6, 58.4, and 43.4% of their respective total harvests occurred during the first 2 d. The average total harvests of SC (47.7%) and SW (46.7%) strains were similar and ranked highest among the five strains; however, no strain showed statistical superiority in all four streams. Harvest of the MC strain was consistently and significantly lower than the other four strains within each stream and averaged 25.6%. Average harvests of FL (42.8%) and EN (39.5%) strains were intermediate. Significant environmental (stream) influences and genotype-environment interactions were evident. No significant differences in tendency to move downstream were found. Fish of the EN, SW, and SC strains were significantly more vulnerable to fishing with bait (versus artificial lures) than fish from FL and MC strains. Differences in natural mortality rate, growth, and downstream movement among strains in a fifth, unfished, stream were not significant. Condition factor (K) decreased significantly for all five strains in an unfished stream. The MC strain appeared to be poorly suited for put-and-take streams, while SW and SC strains performed about equally well and are worthy of further evaluation in stocked stream environments. Managers should select strains (other than SW or SC) for future evaluation in put-and-take streams based on hatchery performance, but should give consideration to potential masking or damping effects of natural environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1986)6<569:HSGAMO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fay, C., and Pardue, G., 1986, Harvest, survival, growth, and movement of five strains of hatchery-reared rainbow trout in Virginia streams: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 6, no. 4, p. 569-579, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)6<569:HSGAMO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"579","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a443","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fay, C.W.","contributorId":23890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fay","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pardue, G.B.","contributorId":85921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardue","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121260,"text":"70121260 - 1986 - Meeting the challenge of policy-relevant science: lessons from a water resource project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:42:39","indexId":"70121260","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T13:41:35","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Meeting the challenge of policy-relevant science: lessons from a water resource project","docAbstract":"Water resource scientists face complex tasks in evaluating aspects of water projects, but relatively few assessment procedures have been applied and accepted as standard applications. Decision-makers often rely on environmental assessments to evaluate the value and operation of projects. There is often confusion about scientists' role in policy decisions. The scientist can affect policy-making as an expert withess, an advocate or a surrogate. By understanding the policy process, scientists can make their work more “policy relevant.” Using the Terror Lake hydro project in Alaska as a guide, three lessons are discussed: (1) not all problems are able to be solved with technology; (2) policy-relevant technology is rarely imposed on a problem; and (3) the scientist need not just react to the policy process, but can have an impact on how that process unfolds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00755.x","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B., 1986, Meeting the challenge of policy-relevant science: lessons from a water resource project: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 22, no. 5, p. 811-815, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00755.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"811","endPage":"815","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292658,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00755.x"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b656e4b09d12e0e8e6fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton L.","contributorId":24009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121226,"text":"70121226 - 1986 - Monitoring grizzly bear population trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T10:20:19","indexId":"70121226","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T10:15:44","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring grizzly bear population trends","docAbstract":"A simple different equation model was developed to provide additional perspective on observed mortality and trend data on Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). Records of mortalities of adult females from 1959 to 1985 were utilized, in conjunction with data on females with cubs. The overall downward trend of observed numbers of females with cubs generally agrees with the model calculations but does not adequately reflect mortality from 1970 to 1974. The model may be useful in developing a composite index of population trend.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3800971","usgsCitation":"Eberhardt, L., Knight, R., and Blanchard, B., 1986, Monitoring grizzly bear population trends: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 4, p. 613-618, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800971.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"618","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292615,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3800971"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b657e4b09d12e0e8e700","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhardt, L.L.","contributorId":72313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, R.R.","contributorId":59063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanchard, B.M.","contributorId":40907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015642,"text":"70015642 - 1986 - Quantification of instream flow needs of a wild and scenic river for water rights litigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-21T16:57:23.427658","indexId":"70015642","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantification of instream flow needs of a wild and scenic river for water rights litigation","docAbstract":"The lower 4 miles of the Red River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico, was designated as one of the “instant” components of the National Wild and Scenic River System in 1968. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), as the managing agency of the wild and scenic river, was a participant in a general water rights adjudication of the Red River stream system. The BLM sought a federal reserved water right and asserted a claim to the instream flows necessary to protect and maintain the values of the river. Instream flows are not recognized under New Mexico water law.
Instream flow requirements were determined by several methods to quantify the claims made by the United States for a federal reserved water right under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. The scenic (aesthetic), recreational, and fish and wildlife values are the purposes for which instream flow requirements were claimed. Since water quality is related to these values, instream flows for waste transport and protection of water quality were also included in the claim. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Instream Flow Incremental Methodology was used to quantify the relationship between various flow regimes and fish habitat.
Experience in this litigation indicates the importance of using state-of-the-art methodologies in quantifying instream flow claims. The incremental methodology held up well under technical and legal scrutiny and is an example of the latest methodology that was applied successfully in an adjudication. On February 23, 1984, the parties involved in the adjudication entered a precedential stipulation recognizing a federal reserved right to instream flows for the Red River component of the National Wild and Scenic River System.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00747.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Garn, H.S., 1986, Quantification of instream flow needs of a wild and scenic river for water rights litigation: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 22, no. 5, p. 745-751, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00747.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"745","endPage":"751","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224051,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Taos County","otherGeospatial":"Red River, Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.01535714964673,\n 36.9816380607963\n ],\n [\n -106.01535714964673,\n 36.33100470140752\n ],\n [\n -105.14297958132214,\n 36.33100470140752\n ],\n [\n -105.14297958132214,\n 36.9816380607963\n ],\n [\n -106.01535714964673,\n 36.9816380607963\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9070e4b0c8380cd7fd30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garn, Herbert S. hsgarn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garn","given":"Herbert","email":"hsgarn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007563,"text":"1007563 - 1986 - Activity-time budgets of sea otters in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-07T16:00:01.414935","indexId":"1007563","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Activity-time budgets of sea otters in California","docAbstract":"
Daily time budgets and activity patterns of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) were determined by scan sampling at 4 study areas in central California. Diet was determined by direct observation of foraging animals. Average time invested in foraging ranged from 11 to 71% among viewing areas (1-2 km of coastline) and from 21 to 28% among study areas (8-10 km of coastline). Foraging time budgets were unrelated to season or the length of time that an area had been inhabited by otters. The diet of sea otters in California consisted almost entirely of marine invertebrates. These patterns were consistent with our review of other information on sea otter activity and diet in California. Diurnal foraging patterns were distinctly crepuscular at all sites and times sampled but one. Afternoon peaks in foraging activity were greater than morning peaks. Time budgets and diets were similar to those of sea otter populations in Alaska and the Soviet Union that were known to be below equilibrium density, thus suggesting that the presently curtailed growth of the California sea otter population is not due to food limitation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800973","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., Underwood, K.E., and Karmann, M.J., 1986, Activity-time budgets of sea otters in California: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 4, p. 626-636, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800973.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"626","endPage":"636","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"central California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.19192625120525,\n 36.72259570079257\n ],\n [\n -122.19192625120525,\n 34.95799110626237\n ],\n [\n -120.60794694715528,\n 34.95799110626237\n ],\n [\n -120.60794694715528,\n 36.72259570079257\n ],\n [\n -122.19192625120525,\n 36.72259570079257\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":315631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, Karen E.","contributorId":81452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karmann, Margit J.","contributorId":89096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karmann","given":"Margit","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185548,"text":"70185548 - 1986 - Chemical qualities of water that contribute to human health in a positive way","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:43:21","indexId":"70185548","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical qualities of water that contribute to human health in a positive way","docAbstract":"The emphasis on harmful substances that may occur in potable waters has almost obscured the fact that important beneficial constituents are commonly present.
The chemical substances in water that make positive contributions to human health act mainly in two ways: (i) nutritionally, by supplying essential macro and micro elements that the diet (excluding water) may not provide in adequate amounts (for example, Mg, I and Zn); and (ii) by providing macro and micro elements that inhibit the absorption and/or effects of toxic elements such as Hg, Pb and Cd. Specific examples of these beneficial effects will be given, also examples of harmful effects on health that may result from excessive intake of these ordinarily beneficial elements.
Because concentrations of the essential macro and micro elements that occur in natural, potable waters vary greatly, depending upon their source, geographic considerations are very important in any studies attempting to relate water quality to health. In this context, the inverse relationship between hard water and cardiovascular disease will be discussed. Specific data relating hardness and Mg and Ca content of potable waters to specific geographic regions of the U.S.A. will be presented. These data show a strong positive correlation between low Mg content and decreased longevity, and between high Ca and Mg content and increased longevity. In the regions considered, increased longevity correlates strongly with decreased cardiovascular mortality, and the decreased longevity with increased cardiovascular mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(86)90266-4","usgsCitation":"Hopps, H.C., 1986, Chemical qualities of water that contribute to human health in a positive way: Science of Total Environment, v. 54, p. 207-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(86)90266-4.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"207","endPage":"216","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338197,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d1fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopps, Howard C.","contributorId":189752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopps","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220789,"text":"5220789 - 1986 - Mortality of white-tailed deer in northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-07T17:22:38.920719","indexId":"5220789","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of white-tailed deer in northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Two hundred nine white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were radiotracked in the central Superior National Forest, Minnesota, from 1973 through winter 1983-84; 85 deaths were recorded. Annual survival was 0.31 for fawns (< 1.0 years old), 0.80 for yearling (1.0-2.0 years old) females, 0.41 for yearling males, 0.79 for adult (≥ 2.0 years old) females, and 0.47 for adult males. Monthly survival rates were high from May through December (0.94-1.00), except for yearling (0.60) and adult (0.69) bucks during the November hunting season. Most mortality occurred from January through April when gray wolf (Canis lupus) predation was an important mortality source for all cohorts. Yearling males were most vulnerable to hunting and adult males to wolf predation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800983","usgsCitation":"Nelson, M.E., and Mech, L., 1986, Mortality of white-tailed deer in northeastern Minnesota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 4, p. 691-698, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800983.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"691","endPage":"698","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Superior National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.7171689955044,\n 47.814507964415014\n ],\n [\n -91.7171689955044,\n 47.381059303495135\n ],\n [\n -91.09608652056981,\n 47.381059303495135\n ],\n [\n -91.09608652056981,\n 47.814507964415014\n ],\n [\n -91.7171689955044,\n 47.814507964415014\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b03e4b07f02db698d96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Michael E.","contributorId":7397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L. David","contributorId":66609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L. David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185549,"text":"70185549 - 1986 - A new formula for the analytical solution of the radial dispersion problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T12:05:34","indexId":"70185549","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new formula for the analytical solution of the radial dispersion problem","docAbstract":"A new formula is presented for the analytical solution of the radial dispersion problem, which analyzes the dispersive transport of a tracer in radial flow from a recharge well. This formula is simpler than a solution presented by previous investigators, but the two solutions are shown to be equivalent. Because the analytical solution consists of an integral of an oscillatory function, it is evaluated as an alternating series, the terms of which are the integrals over successive half cycles of the integrand. An efficient algorithm is used to accelerate convergence of the series. The accuracies of previous solutions obtained by finite difference, numerical Laplace transform, and perturbation methods are examined by comparison with the analytical solution. Numerical values of the solution are tabulated for readers interested in checking the accuracies of solute transport codes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i011p01597","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., 1986, A new formula for the analytical solution of the radial dispersion problem: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 11, p. 1597-1605, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i011p01597.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1605","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d1fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014603,"text":"70014603 - 1986 - Slip deficit on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, as revealed by inversion of geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-25T16:56:19.644802","indexId":"70014603","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip deficit on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, as revealed by inversion of geodetic data","docAbstract":"A network of geodetic lines spanning the San Andreas fault near the rupture zone of the 1966 Parkfield, California, earthquake (magnitude M = 6) has been repeatedly surveyed since 1959. In the study reported here the average rates of line-length change since 1966 were inverted to determine the distribution of interseismic slip rate on the fault. These results indicate that the Parkfield rupture surface has not slipped significantly since 1966. Comparison of the geodetically determined seismic moment of the 1966 earthquake with the interseismic slip-deficit rate suggests that the strain released by the latest shock will most likely be restored between 1984 and 1989, although this may not occur until 1995. These results lend independent support to the earlier forecast of an M = 6 earthquake near Parkfield within 5 years of 1988.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.233.4771.1409","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Segall, P., and Harris, R., 1986, Slip deficit on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, as revealed by inversion of geodetic data: Science, v. 233, no. 4771, p. 1409-1413, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.233.4771.1409.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1409","endPage":"1413","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225964,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.46875132764964,\n 35.919410179947405\n ],\n [\n -120.46875132764964,\n 35.87203859081076\n ],\n [\n -120.40541451288182,\n 35.87203859081076\n ],\n [\n -120.40541451288182,\n 35.919410179947405\n ],\n [\n -120.46875132764964,\n 35.919410179947405\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"233","issue":"4771","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9144e4b08c986b3197f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Segall, Paul","contributorId":241093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":368788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, R. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":13382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121265,"text":"70121265 - 1986 - Development and evaluation of habitat suitability criteria for use in the instream flow incremental methodology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:57:55","indexId":"70121265","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T13:51:51","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"FWS/OBS-86/7","title":"Development and evaluation of habitat suitability criteria for use in the instream flow incremental methodology","docAbstract":"The Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) is a habitat-based tool used to evaluate the environmental consequences of various water and land use practices. As such, knowledge about the conditions that provide favorable habitat for a species, and those that do not, is necessary for successful implementation of the methodology. In the context of IFIM, this knowledge is defined as habitat suitability criteria: characteristic behavioral traits of a species that are established as standards for comparison in the decision-making process.
\nHabitat suitability criteria may be expressed in a variety of types and formats. The type, or category, refers to the procedure used to develop the criteria. Category I criteria are based on professional judgment, with little or no empirical data. Category II criteria have as their source, microhabitat data collected at locations where target organisms are observed or collected. These are called “utilization” functions because they are based on observed locations that were used by the target organism. These functions tend to be biased by the environmental conditions that were available to the fish or invertebrates at the time they were observed. Correction of the utilization function for environmental availability creates category III, or “preference” criteria, which tend to be much less site specific than category II criteria.
\nThere are also several ways to express habitat suitability in graphical form. The binary format establishes a suitable range for each variable as it pertains to a life stage of interest, and is presented graphically as a step function. The quality rating for a variable is 1.0 if it falls within the range of the criteria, and 0.0 if it falls outside the range. The univariate curve format established both the usable range and the optimum range for each variable, with conditions of intermediate usability expressed along the portion between the tails and the peak of the curve. Multivariate probability density functions, which can be used to compute suitability for several variables simultaneously, are conveyed as three dimensional figures with suitability on the z-axis, and two independent variables on the x-y plane. These functions are useful for incorporating interactive terms between two or more variable. Such interactions can also be demonstrated using conditional criteria, which are stratified by cover type or substrate size. Conditional criteria may be of any category or format, but are distinguishable by two or more sets of functional relationships for each life stage.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Instream Flow Information Paper #21","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDI Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K.D., 1986, Development and evaluation of habitat suitability criteria for use in the instream flow incremental methodology, 235 p.","productDescription":"235 p.","numberOfPages":"235","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b64de4b09d12e0e8e68b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121359,"text":"70121359 - 1986 - Introduction to stream network habitat analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T10:06:08","indexId":"70121359","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T09:52:46","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Biological Report 86(8)","title":"Introduction to stream network habitat analysis","docAbstract":"Increasing demands on stream resources by a variety of users have resulted in an increased emphasis on studies that evaluate the cumulative effects of basinwide water management programs. Network habitat analysis refers to the evaluation of an entire river basin (or network) by predicting its habitat response to alternative management regimes. The analysis principally focuses on the biological and hydrological components of the riv er basin, which include both micro- and macrohabitat. (The terms micro- and macrohabitat are further defined and discussed later in this document.) Both conceptual and analytic models are frequently used for simplifying and integrating the various components of the basin. The model predictions can be used in developing management recommendations to preserve, restore, or enhance instream fish habitat.
\nA network habitat analysis should begin with a clear and concise statement of the study objectives and a thorough understanding of the institutional setting in which the study results will be applied. This includes the legal, social, and political considerations inherent in any water management setting. The institutional environment may dictate the focus and level of detail required of the study to a far greater extent than the technical considerations. After the study objectives, including species on interest, and institutional setting are collectively defined, the technical aspects should be scoped to determine the spatial and temporal requirements of the analysis. A macro level approach should be taken first to identify critical biological elements and requirements. Next, habitat availability is quantified much as in a \"standard\" river segment analysis, with the likely incorporation of some macrohabitat components, such as stream temperature. Individual river segments may be aggregated to represent the networkwide habitat response of alternative water management schemes. Things learned about problems caused or opportunities generated may be fed back to the design of new alternatives, which themselves may be similarly tested. One may get as sophisticated an analysis as the decisionmaking process demands.
\nFigure 1 shows a decision point that asks whether the results from the micro- or macrohabitat models display cumulative or synergistic effects. If they do, then network habitat analysis is the appropriate tool. We are left, however, in a difficult bind. We may not know a priori whether the effects are cumulative or synergistic unless some network-type questions are investigated as part of the scoping process. The next several sections raise issues designed to alert the modeler to relevant questions necessary to address this paradox.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ecology Center","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., and Waddle, T.J., 1986, Introduction to stream network habitat analysis, ix, 242 p.","productDescription":"ix, 242 p.","numberOfPages":"251","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707dee4b05ec1f2431bef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":77598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222152,"text":"5222152 - 1986 - Mortality of captive whooping cranes caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T15:34:30.172534","indexId":"5222152","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T09:27:37","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2528,"text":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of captive whooping cranes caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus","docAbstract":"Of 39 captive whooping cranes (Grus americana), 7 died during a 7-week period (Sept 17 through Nov 4, 1984) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Md. Before their deaths, 4 cranes did not develop clinical signs, whereas the other 3 cranes were lethargic and ataxic, with high aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and lactic acid dehydrogenase activities, and high uric acid concentrations. Necropsies indicated that the birds had ascites, intestinal mucosal discoloration, fat depletion, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and visceral gout. Microscopically, extensive necrosis and inflammation were seen in many visceral organs; the CNS was not affected. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus was isolated from specimens of the livers, kidneys, lungs, brains, and intestines of 4 of the 7 birds that died, and EEE virus-neutralizing antibody was detected in 14 (44%) of the 32 surviving birds. Other infectious or toxic agents were not found. Morbidity or mortality was not detected in 240 sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) interspersed among the whooping cranes; however, 13 of the 32 sandhill cranes evaluated had EEE virus-neutralizing antibody. Of the 41 wild birds evaluated in the area, 3 (4%) had EEE virus-neutralizing antibody. Immature Culiseta melanura (the most probable mosquito vector) were found in scattered foci 5 km from the research center.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dein, F., Carpenter, J.W., Clark, G., Montali, R., Crabbs, C., Tsai, T., and Docherty, D.E., 1986, Mortality of captive whooping cranes caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 189, no. 9, p. 1006-1010.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1006","endPage":"1010","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.8215560913086,\n 39.01211473926839\n ],\n [\n -76.8112564086914,\n 39.006779213995024\n ],\n [\n -76.7973518371582,\n 39.01024735120522\n ],\n [\n -76.7892837524414,\n 39.0111810513999\n ],\n [\n -76.78773880004883,\n 39.021717670472995\n ],\n [\n -76.78018569946289,\n 39.02091747601645\n ],\n [\n -76.77452087402342,\n 39.025318433450245\n ],\n [\n -76.7702293395996,\n 39.02878566149626\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 39.033052785617514\n ],\n [\n -76.75048828125,\n 39.034786231200506\n ],\n [\n -76.7398452758789,\n 39.0446527269137\n ],\n [\n -76.7281723022461,\n 39.06584769863456\n ],\n [\n -76.71976089477539,\n 39.07424394651966\n ],\n [\n -76.72199249267578,\n 39.08783575382141\n ],\n [\n -76.75580978393555,\n 39.090500507014646\n ],\n [\n -76.76971435546875,\n 39.092632237079165\n ],\n [\n -76.78876876831055,\n 39.094230992341096\n ],\n [\n -76.80473327636719,\n 39.09742839412634\n ],\n [\n -76.83511734008789,\n 39.066380823434486\n ],\n [\n -76.8303108215332,\n 39.058650119748236\n ],\n [\n -76.82722091674805,\n 39.050785259521625\n ],\n [\n -76.83425903320312,\n 39.042919523376106\n ],\n [\n -76.83528900146484,\n 39.03945298873317\n ],\n [\n -76.82104110717773,\n 39.03438620907069\n ],\n [\n -76.8156337738037,\n 39.01704974180402\n ],\n [\n -76.81503295898438,\n 39.01478235097201\n ],\n [\n -76.8215560913086,\n 39.01211473926839\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"189","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4780","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dein, F. J.","contributorId":97030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dein","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, J. W.","contributorId":81854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, G.G.","contributorId":68275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Montali, R.J.","contributorId":19131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montali","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crabbs, C.L.","contributorId":51265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabbs","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tsai, T.F.","contributorId":100342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsai","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Docherty, D. E.","contributorId":83469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70014842,"text":"70014842 - 1986 - Recovery of compacted soils in Mojave Desert ghost towns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T15:40:23.485618","indexId":"70014842","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of compacted soils in Mojave Desert ghost towns","docAbstract":"Residual compaction of soils was measured at seven sites in five Mojave Desert ghost towns. Soils in these Death Valley National Monument townsites were compacted by vehicles, animals, and human trampling, and the townsites had been completely abandoned and the buildings removed for 64 to 75 yr. The soils studied (generally sandy, mixed, Typic Calciorthids) were derived from granitic or volcanic alluvium at elevations from 1310 to 1730 m. Compaction measurements in the townsites, including penetration depth, penetration resistance, bulk density, and peak shear stress, indicated that only one site had completely recovered to ambient soil conditions after 75 yr. Recovery times extrapolated using a linear recovery model ranged from 80 to 140 yr and averaged 100 yr. The recovery times were related to elevation, suggesting freeze-thaw loosening as an important factor in ameliorating soil compaction in the Mojave Desert.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050051x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Webb, R.H., Steiger, J.W., and Wilshire, H.G., 1986, Recovery of compacted soils in Mojave Desert ghost towns: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 50, no. 5, p. 1341-1344, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050051x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1341","endPage":"1344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225537,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.94087452715209,\n 36.840358983330546\n ],\n [\n -117.94087452715209,\n 35.46347940063626\n ],\n [\n -116.34926160614305,\n 35.46347940063626\n ],\n [\n -116.34926160614305,\n 36.840358983330546\n ],\n [\n -117.94087452715209,\n 36.840358983330546\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a332e4b0e8fec6cdb7ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":141216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steiger, John W.","contributorId":19196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiger","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilshire, Howard G.","contributorId":68346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilshire","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014576,"text":"70014576 - 1986 - The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T15:48:12.387972","indexId":"70014576","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils","docAbstract":"A method has been developed for rapid, transient measurement of hysteretic soil-moisture characteristics as a function of temperature. While a varying soil-water pressure was imposed on a thin sample by means of flexible membranes held in firm contact with the soil, water content was measured by gamma-ray attenuation, and matric potential was measured with tensiometers. The applied pressure was cycled through a program designed to obtain hysteretic θ(ψ) main and scanning curves. Isothermal characteristics were measured for 181-µm glass beads, Plainfield (Typic Udipsamments) sand, and an undisturbed core of Plano (Typic Argiudolls) silt loam at several temperatures in the 4° to 50°C range. At each temperature the measurements included main drying and wetting curves covering the θ range from 0.30 to 0.05 m3 water/m3 for glass beads, 0.30 to 0.17 for sand, and 0.45 to 0.37 for silt loam. A model has been developed to quantify the temperature dependence as a function of θ. Combined with an isothermal hysteresis model of Mualem, this model requires only three characteristic functions to represent all hysteretic θ(ψ) curves for a given medium at all temperatures. Model calculations for the sand and silt loam data indicate that except near saturation, the temperature effect is greater than can be accounted for by the temperature dependence of the surface tension of pure water. The results rule out several possible explanations but they support the hypothesis that the concentration and effectiveness of dissolved surfactants increases with temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050004x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., and Miller, E., 1986, The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 50, no. 5, p. 1105-1113, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050004x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1105","endPage":"1113","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0ebe4b08c986b325123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, E.E.","contributorId":50299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014607,"text":"70014607 - 1986 - Theory, construction and operation of simple tensiometers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T11:56:45.009597","indexId":"70014607","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10067,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theory, construction and operation of simple tensiometers","docAbstract":"The tensiometer, introduced by Richards and Gardner (1936) has been a tool often ignored in unsaturated zone investigations. Hazardous waste disposal studies that require values of unsaturated zone matric potentials will expand tensiometer use. Familiarity with operation and installation principles is necessary to ensure quality data collection.
The essential elements of a tensiometer are a porous cup connected with tubing to a vacuum gauge; all are filled with water. When the porous cup is buried in unsaturated soil, the soil draws water through the cup wall, until the water tension inside the cup equals the surrounding soil-water tension. The tension is transmitted through the water filled tube to an accessible vacuum gauge (manometer or transducer) and is recorded manually or automatically.
Although specialized tensiometers exist, the tensiometer presented here in detail is suited to diverse on-site applications. Constructed from readily available, inexpensive parts, it can measure as much as 0.85 bar of tension. Design features include a flushing system for removal of entrapped air or mercury, and an easily maintained modular network of nylon manometers and water-supply tubes.
Good hydraulic connection between porous cup and soil and meticulous backfill procedures are necessary for accurate measurement of representative matric potentials. Proper and consistent use of tensiometers should yield reliable values of matric potentials, and lead to a better understanding of unsaturated zone processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb00952.x","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.I., 1986, Theory, construction and operation of simple tensiometers: Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation, v. 6, no. 3, p. 70-78, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb00952.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"70","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225968,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb204e4b08c986b325551","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009911,"text":"70009911 - 1986 - Survey and appraisal of US energy resources: Production and consumption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-23T17:13:56.695502","indexId":"70009911","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2918,"text":"OPEC Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survey and appraisal of US energy resources: Production and consumption","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-0076.1986.tb00118.x","issn":"02770180","usgsCitation":"Root, D.H., and Attanasi, E.D., 1986, Survey and appraisal of US energy resources: Production and consumption: OPEC Review, v. 10, no. 3, p. 369-392, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0076.1986.tb00118.x.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"392","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba285e4b08c986b31f77d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}