The selection of an instream flow requirement for water resource management often requires the review of how the physical habitat changes through time. This review is referred to as 'Time Series Analysis.\"
\nThe Tune Series Library (fSLIB) is a group of programs to enter, transform, analyze, and display time series data for use in stream habitat assessment. A time series may be defined as a sequence of data recorded or calculated over time. Examples might be historical monthly flow, predicted monthly weighted usable area, daily electrical power generation, annual irrigation diversion, and so forth. The time series can be analyzed, both descriptively and analytically, to understand the importance of the variation in the events over time. This is especially useful in the development of instream flow needs based on habitat availability.
\nThe TSLIB group of programs assumes that you have an adequate study plan to guide you in your analysis. You need to already have knowledge about such things as time period and time step, species and life stages to consider, and appropriate comparisons or statistics to be produced and displayed or tabulated. Knowing your destination, you must first evaluate whether TSLIB can get you there. Remember, data are not answers.
\nThis publication is a reference manual to TSLIB and is intended to be a guide to the process of using the various programs in TSLIB. This manual is essentially limited to the hands-on use of the various programs.
\na TSLIB use interface program (called RTSM) has been developed to provide an integrated working environment where the use has a brief on-line description of each TSLIB program with the capability to run the TSLIB program while in the user interface. For information on the RTSM program, refer to Appendix F.
\nBefore applying the computer models described herein, it is recommended that the user enroll in the short course \"Problem Solving with the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM).\" This course is offered by the Aquatic Systems Branch of the National Ecology Research Center. For more information about the TSLIB software, refer to the Memorandum of Understanding.
\nChapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology and TSLIB. Other chapters in this manual provide information on the different aspects of using the models. The information contained in the other chapters includes (2) acquisition, entry, manipulation, and listing of streamflow data; (3) entry, manipulation, and listing of the habitat-versus-streamflow function; (4) transferring streamflow data; (5) water resources systems analysis; (6) generation and analysis of daily streamflow and habitat values; (7) generation of the time series of monthly habitats; (8) manipulation, analysis, and display of month time series data; and (9) generation, analysis, and display of annual time series data.
\nEach section includes documentation for the programs therein with at least one page of information for each program, including a program description, instructions for running the program, and sample output.
\nThe Appendixes contain the following: (A) sample file formats; (B) descriptions of default filenames; (C) alphabetical summary of batch-procedure files; (D) installing and running TSLIB on a microcomputer; (E) running TSLIB on a CDC Cyber computer; (F) using the TSLIB user interface program (RTSM); and (G) running WATSTORE on the USGS Amdahl mainframe computer.
\nThe number for this version of TSLIB--Version II-- is somewhat arbitrary, as the TSLIB programs were collected into a library some time ago; but operators tended to use and manage them as individual programs. Therefore, we will consider the group of programs from the past that were only on the CDC Cyber computer as Version 0; the programs from the past that were on both the Cyber and the IBM-compatible microcomputer as Version I; and the programs contained in this reference manual as Version II.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Instream Flow Information Paper 27","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., Bartholow, J.M., Updike, M.A., and Moos, A.R., 1990, Reference manual for generation and analysis of Habitat Time Series: version II, 249 p.","productDescription":"249 p.","numberOfPages":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9b8e4b0239f1986bae2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":77598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Updike, Marlys A.","contributorId":32834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Updike","given":"Marlys","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moos, Alan R.","contributorId":10350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moos","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70124296,"text":"70124296 - 1990 - Chemical weathering in the Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:35:40","indexId":"70124296","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T11:05:37","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical weathering in the Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado","docAbstract":"Mineralogic, hydrologic, and geochemical data were used to determine the source of solutes to surface waters draining the Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS), an alpine-subalpine drainage located in the Front Range of Colorado. The flux of dissolved solids from LVWS is primarily controlled by interactions between snowmelt and materials derived from the local bedrock; the biomass has only a minor effect on solute budgets except for ammonium. LVWS is underlain by Precambrian granite and gneiss, the major minerals include quartz, microcline, plagioclase, biotite, and sillimanite. Small amounts of calcite were found along hydrothermally altered zones in the bedrock. Mass balance calculations indicate that the weathering of calcite contributes nearly 40% of the cations derived within the basin. The importance of calcite weathering in LVWS is a result of its chemical reactivity and the high rate of physical erosion in this alpine environment. The average cationic denudation rate in the drainage (390 eq/ha/yr) is similar to long-term rates in forested Adirondack watersheds (500–600 eq/ha/yr), but much lower than the average for the North American Continent (3800 eq/ha/yr). Surface waters in LVWS are susceptible to acidification should acid deposition from the atmosphere increase.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i012p02971","usgsCitation":"Mast, M.A., Drever, J.I., and Baron, J., 1990, Chemical weathering in the Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 12, p. 2971-2978, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i012p02971.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2971","endPage":"2978","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.913714,40.158067 ], [ -105.913714,40.553787 ], [ -105.493583,40.553787 ], [ -105.493583,40.158067 ], [ -105.913714,40.158067 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"26","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b99ee4b0239f1986ba15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drever, James I.","contributorId":68661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drever","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70124295,"text":"70124295 - 1990 - Negotiation techniques to resolve western water disputes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T11:04:26","indexId":"70124295","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Negotiation techniques to resolve western water disputes","docAbstract":"There is a growing literature on the resolution of natural resources conflicts. Much of it is practical, focusing on guidelines for hands-on negotiation. This literature can be a guide in water conflicts. This is especially true for negotiations over new environmental values such as instream flow. The concepts of competitive, cooperative, and integrative styles of conflict resolution are applied to three cases of water resource bargaining. Lessons for the effective use of these ideas include: break a large number of parties into small working groups, approach value differences in small steps, be cautious in the presence of an attentive public, keeps decisions at the local level, and understand the opponent's interests.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01431.x","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B., and Taylor, J.G., 1990, Negotiation techniques to resolve western water disputes: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 26, no. 6, p. 967-975, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01431.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"967","endPage":"975","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293675,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01431.x"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9b3e4b0239f1986bab8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton L.","contributorId":24009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Jonathan G.","contributorId":37378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242829,"text":"70242829 - 1990 - The seismic cycle pursued","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T15:00:45.265367","indexId":"70242829","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T09:54:04","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The seismic cycle pursued","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/348580a0","usgsCitation":"Lindh, A.G., 1990, The seismic cycle pursued: Nature, v. 348, p. 580-581, https://doi.org/10.1038/348580a0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"580","endPage":"581","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"348","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindh, Allan Goddard","contributorId":59798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindh","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"Goddard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70124269,"text":"70124269 - 1990 - Relationships between live tree diameter and cavity abundance in a Missouri oak-hickory forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T16:31:17.171573","indexId":"70124269","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T09:50:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2899,"text":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between live tree diameter and cavity abundance in a Missouri oak-hickory forest","docAbstract":"We quantified relationships between mean dbh of live, dominant and codominant trees, and cavity abundance in an oak-hickory forest in southeast Missouri. Inspection of 3,981 trees >12.7 cm dbh in 107 0.1-ha plots indicated that cavities occurred in 19.9% of all trees. White oak, black oak, scarlet oak, and hickories composed 97% of the sample. Black oak contained the greatest number and frequency of cavities; white oak had the fewest cavities. In general, the proportion of trees with cavities increased as dbh increased, but mean tree dbh per plot explained little of the observed variance in cavity abundance. Correlations between tree diameter and cavity abundance were poor because of the wide variety of factors that affect cavity development in living trees. Differences in cavity occurrence among tree species suggest that black and scarlet oaks should be selected over hickories and white oak when managing for cavity trees.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of American Foresters","doi":"10.1093/njaf/7.4.179","usgsCitation":"Allen, A.W., and Corn, J.G., 1990, Relationships between live tree diameter and cavity abundance in a Missouri oak-hickory forest: Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, v. 7, no. 4, p. 179-183, https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.4.179.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"183","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293649,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"southeast Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.77999021277945,\n 38.50599287900263\n ],\n [\n -92.81688792890237,\n 36.47856348460461\n ],\n [\n -90.23314318478282,\n 36.44436113295183\n ],\n [\n -90.2544638871168,\n 35.991524234829384\n ],\n [\n -89.69461855053886,\n 36.031325987626566\n ],\n [\n -88.98005060413917,\n 36.71508927090488\n ],\n [\n -89.47830649668093,\n 37.47694777210765\n ],\n [\n -90.48534666742353,\n 38.556226974178486\n ],\n [\n -92.77999021277945,\n 38.50599287900263\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9b9e4b0239f1986bae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Arthur W.","contributorId":40648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corn, Janelle G.","contributorId":46430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"Janelle","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242820,"text":"70242820 - 1990 - Petrology of fluvial sands from the Amazonian foreland basin, Peru and Bolivia: Discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T13:03:28.727199","indexId":"70242820","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T07:51:11","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of fluvial sands from the Amazonian foreland basin, Peru and Bolivia: Discussion","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Johnsson, M., Stallard, R.F., and Lundberg, N., 1990, Petrology of fluvial sands from the Amazonian foreland basin, Peru and Bolivia: Discussion: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, no. 12, p. 1727-1729.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1727","endPage":"1729","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415997,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102%3C1727:POFSFT%3E2.3.CO;2"}],"country":"Bolivia, Peru","otherGeospatial":"Amazonian Foreland Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.80152648759743,\n -4.6785661394249445\n ],\n [\n -78.4841300434843,\n -5.890118728388316\n ],\n [\n -77.65631470057623,\n -6.1619831932476075\n ],\n [\n -75.59351845839308,\n -10.131194549700425\n ],\n [\n -73.57666416215585,\n -12.135730890307372\n ],\n [\n -73.19998370483606,\n -13.384421353145143\n ],\n [\n -71.92106167504437,\n -13.072832893860294\n ],\n [\n -69.73348895651682,\n -14.066897510262308\n ],\n [\n -68.06618703279042,\n -16.138581660392333\n ],\n [\n -65.71292439822179,\n -17.077966973845037\n ],\n [\n -63.773332179947786,\n -17.898615134361293\n ],\n [\n -64.31988638773127,\n -18.943677781789887\n ],\n [\n -64.85392328501962,\n -22.132936029080895\n ],\n [\n -64.43452415571136,\n -22.949372107290273\n ],\n [\n -64.01344566448819,\n -22.06472182968149\n ],\n [\n -62.876395661146475,\n -22.063800207619934\n ],\n [\n -62.139474554834834,\n -20.849108684547943\n ],\n [\n -61.89308392364893,\n -19.716282004276337\n ],\n [\n -59.13459633623944,\n -19.36265946200305\n ],\n [\n -58.11389614617991,\n -19.887574937878313\n ],\n [\n -57.43673879236752,\n -18.21538288768832\n ],\n [\n -57.58856628119793,\n -17.55814816645254\n ],\n [\n -58.222422206977114,\n -17.1098851407651\n ],\n [\n -58.32111587321043,\n -16.13424817481672\n ],\n [\n -59.95057272490605,\n -16.2305325665658\n ],\n [\n -60.49174424407555,\n -13.61319325319414\n ],\n [\n -61.73273329972564,\n -13.45211714991973\n ],\n [\n -63.05529553111296,\n -12.533580013625595\n ],\n [\n -64.32716082377698,\n -12.182859429188454\n ],\n [\n -64.93314087124458,\n -11.692877759892482\n ],\n [\n -64.88752342567167,\n -11.002888889998133\n ],\n [\n -65.18111501713923,\n -9.569748366026843\n ],\n [\n -66.91766508578934,\n -9.666697581494745\n ],\n [\n -68.68846617098654,\n -10.87487420587783\n ],\n [\n -70.27794170607714,\n -10.825487773917587\n ],\n [\n -70.22542154782042,\n -9.08374176675835\n ],\n [\n -71.35851068346004,\n -9.649073674343114\n ],\n [\n -72.43023503443783,\n -9.215293263245457\n ],\n [\n -73.5597274336881,\n -7.593490553010781\n ],\n [\n -72.93107308458968,\n -6.658577262431109\n ],\n [\n -72.67999147864258,\n -5.4041498755671\n ],\n [\n -70.67576438884831,\n -4.515111704305781\n ],\n [\n -69.7972279480673,\n -4.506759720306746\n ],\n [\n -70.298814178952,\n -3.623324874433507\n ],\n [\n -69.79409932804919,\n -2.5948150051231664\n ],\n [\n -71.04942304231481,\n -2.092642768616031\n ],\n [\n -71.67681107627465,\n -1.9023294186355741\n ],\n [\n -72.80612567935026,\n -2.0961498163816117\n ],\n [\n -74.06738739892067,\n -0.39934918905686345\n ],\n [\n -75.3353321216224,\n 0.2765765430680034\n ],\n [\n -75.83954357989603,\n -0.04338498212752029\n ],\n [\n -75.45379264555368,\n -0.7723347216958985\n ],\n [\n -76.77285406423047,\n -2.237568194674253\n ],\n [\n -78.67788732144678,\n -3.1500096320014705\n ],\n [\n -78.80152648759743,\n -4.6785661394249445\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnsson, Mark J.","contributorId":77579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"Mark J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lundberg, N.","contributorId":48712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundberg","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178182,"text":"70178182 - 1990 - Comparative toxicity of inorganic contaminants released by placer mining to early life stages of salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T14:12:48","indexId":"70178182","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1480,"text":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative toxicity of inorganic contaminants released by placer mining to early life stages of salmonids","docAbstract":"The acute toxicities of four trace inorganics associated with placer mining were determined, individually and in environmentally relevant mixtures, to early life stages of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) from Alaska and Montana, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) from Alaska and Washington, and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Montana. The descending rank order of toxicity to all species and life stages was copper > zinc > lead > arsenic. For each of the three species, sensitivity to the inorganics was greater in juveniles than in alvenins or in swim-up fry. Arctic grayling from Alaska were more sensitive than the other species tested, including Arctic grayling from Montana. For Arctic grayling, sensitivity to all four inorganics was significantly greater in swim-up fry from Alaska than in alevins from Montana, and sensitivity to arsenic and copper was significantly greater in juveniles from Alaska than in juveniles from Montana. In tests with environmentally relevant mixtures (based on ratios of concentrations measured in streams with placer mining) of these four inorganics, copper was identified as the major toxic component because it accounted for ⩾97% of the summed toxic units of the mixture, and an equitoxic mixture of these inorganics showed less-than-additive toxicity. Total and total recoverable copper concentrations reported in five Alaskan streams with active placer mines were higher than the acutely toxic concentrations, either individually or in mixtures, that the authors found to be acutely toxic to Arctic grayling and coho salmon from Alaska. However, caution should be used when comparing our results obtained in “clear” water to field situations, because speciation and toxicity of these inorganics may be altered in the presence of sediments suspended by placer mining activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0147-6513(90)90010-3","usgsCitation":"Buhl, K.J., and Hamilton, S., 1990, Comparative toxicity of inorganic contaminants released by placer mining to early life stages of salmonids: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 20, no. 3, p. 325-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(90)90010-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"342","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330772,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2ee4b0dee4cc90cbff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185519,"text":"70185519 - 1990 - The chemistry of iron, aluminum, and dissolved organic material in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountain streams, as controlled by watershed and in-stream processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:28:32","indexId":"70185519","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemistry of iron, aluminum, and dissolved organic material in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountain streams, as controlled by watershed and in-stream processes","docAbstract":"Several studies were conducted in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountain streams, and the results are discussed together in this paper to provide a synthesis of watershed and in-stream processes controlling Fe, Al, and DOC (dissolved organic carbon) concentrations. One of the streams, the Snake River, is naturally acidic; the other two, Peru Creek and St. Kevin Gulch, receive acid mine drainage. Analysis of stream water chemistry data for the acidic headwaters of the Snake River shows that some trace metal solutes (Al, Mn, Zn) are correlated with major ions, indicating that watershed processes control their concentrations. Once in the stream, biogeochemical processes can control transport if they occur over time scales comparable to those for hydrologic transport. Examples of the following in-stream reactions are presented: (1) photoreduction and dissolution of hydrous iron oxides in response to an experimental decrease in stream pH, (2) precipitation of Al at three stream confluences, and (3) sorption of dissolved organic material by hydrous iron and aluminum oxides in a stream confluence. The extent of these reactions is evaluated using conservative tracers and a transport model that includes storage in the substream zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i012p03087","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K.E., 1990, The chemistry of iron, aluminum, and dissolved organic material in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountain streams, as controlled by watershed and in-stream processes: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 12, p. 3087-3100, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i012p03087.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"3087","endPage":"3100","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df07e4b05ec79911d1b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185790,"text":"70185790 - 1990 - Discussion of “Gas‐Transfer Measurements Using Headspace Analysis of Propane” by John R. Thene and John S. Gulliver (November/December, 1990, Vol. 116, No. 6)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-19T12:51:55","indexId":"70185790","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of “Gas‐Transfer Measurements Using Headspace Analysis of Propane” by John R. Thene and John S. Gulliver (November/December, 1990, Vol. 116, No. 6)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1992)118:3(454.3)","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., 1990, Discussion of “Gas‐Transfer Measurements Using Headspace Analysis of Propane” by John R. Thene and John S. Gulliver (November/December, 1990, Vol. 116, No. 6): Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 118, no. 3, p. 454-456, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1992)118:3(454.3).","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"454","endPage":"456","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338534,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc81fe4b02ff32c685736","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, Ronald E.","contributorId":59952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206239,"text":"70206239 - 1990 - Preliminary delineation of contaminated water-bearing fractures intersected by open-hole bedrock wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T12:49:45","indexId":"70206239","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-30T12:40:12","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary delineation of contaminated water-bearing fractures intersected by open-hole bedrock wells","docAbstract":"Contaminated water‐bearing fractures intersected by open‐hole bedrock wells were preliminarily delineated through a combination of geophysical logging, vertical‐flow measurements, and downhole water sampling as part of remedial site investigations in southeastern New York. The wells investigated range from 100 to 450 feet in depth, have only shallow surface casing, and intersect multiple water‐bearing zones. The distribution of water‐bearing zones that intersect the wells was determined from single‐point resistance, caliper, fluid‐resistivity, temperature, and acoustic‐televiewer logs. Measurable flow in the wells was downward from upper producing zones to lower receiving zones that are poorly connected in the aquifer and that differ in hydraulic head as a result of nearby pumping. A down hole sampler was used to collect discrete and composite water samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds from producing zones that are self‐purging as a result of flow in the wells.
The results obtained at two of the study sites are presented—the Spring Valley wellfield and the Mahopac business district. At the Spring Valley wellfield, a supply well completed in Mesozoic sandstone and conglomerate intersects water‐bearing zones at depths of 204 to 245 feet that produced contaminated water that was received by a zone at 278 feet. In the same well, a deeper zone at 345 feet produced uncontaminated water that was received by a zone at 403 feet. Correlation of information from the well, geophysical logs and drill cores from nearby monitoring wells, and bedrock outcrops indicates that most of the water‐bearing zones are bedding‐plane separations that probably provide pathways for contaminant transport in the bedrock aquifer for significant distances.
In the Mahopac business district, a deep test well completed in Precambrian gneiss intersected shallow waterbearing zones at 50 to 79 feet that produced contaminated water that was received by deep zones at 260 and 328 feet. The water‐bearing zones consist of single or closely spaced multiple fractures with dips of 5 to 50 degrees. By analogy with the results from this test well, deep open‐hole wells in the area may serve as “short circuits” in the ground water flow system and allow direct transport of contaminants to deeper zones in the fractured‐bedrock aquifer.
The methods presented can be used to investigate ground water flow and contamination in fractured‐bedrock aquifers in advance of more focused monitoring programs. The methods can be applied in existing open‐hole wells before test drilling and monitoring well installation to provide for efficient program design. The methods also can be used during the installation of monitoring wells to help determine completion depths and open intervals and to ensure that the wells are not serving as conduits for the flow of contaminated water.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1990.tb00028.x","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., and Conger, R.W., 1990, Preliminary delineation of contaminated water-bearing fractures intersected by open-hole bedrock wells: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 10, no. 4, p. 118-126, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1990.tb00028.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"126","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368615,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"Mahopec, Spring Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.0833854675293,\n 41.09435964868545\n ],\n [\n -74.02244567871092,\n 41.09435964868545\n ],\n [\n -74.02244567871092,\n 41.13988169508488\n ],\n [\n -74.0833854675293,\n 41.13988169508488\n ],\n [\n -74.0833854675293,\n 41.09435964868545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.76581192016602,\n 41.36225128971916\n ],\n [\n -73.71585845947266,\n 41.36225128971916\n ],\n [\n -73.71585845947266,\n 41.40011918484133\n ],\n [\n -73.76581192016602,\n 41.40011918484133\n ],\n [\n -73.76581192016602,\n 41.36225128971916\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, John H. 0000-0002-6054-6908 jhwillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-6908","contributorId":1553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"jhwillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conger, Randall W. rwconger@usgs.gov","contributorId":2086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conger","given":"Randall","email":"rwconger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016127,"text":"70016127 - 1990 - Surface displacements in the 1906 San Francisco and 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-19T16:24:19.155931","indexId":"70016127","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface displacements in the 1906 San Francisco and 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes","docAbstract":"The horizontal displacements accompanying the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are computed from geodetic survey measurements. The 1906 earthquake displacement field is entirely consistent with right-lateral strike slip on the San Andreas fault. In contrast, the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake exhibited subequal components of strike slip and reverse faulting. This result, together with other seismic and geologic data, may indicate that the two earthquakes occurred on two different fault planes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.250.4985.1241","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Segall, P., and Lisowski, M., 1990, Surface displacements in the 1906 San Francisco and 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes: Science, v. 250, no. 4985, p. 1241-1244, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.250.4985.1241.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1241","endPage":"1244","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.27020842664194,\n 38.82174328366341\n ],\n [\n -123.27020842664194,\n 34.0632673476597\n ],\n [\n -118.99544692365996,\n 34.0632673476597\n ],\n [\n -118.99544692365996,\n 38.82174328366341\n ],\n [\n -123.27020842664194,\n 38.82174328366341\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"250","issue":"4985","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fa3e4b08c986b31e735","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Segall, Paul","contributorId":241093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171308,"text":"70171308 - 1990 - Landslides caused by the intense precipitation of Hurricane Hugo in El Yunque and surrounding areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T14:04:57.225086","indexId":"70171308","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-21T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Landslides caused by the intense precipitation of Hurricane Hugo in El Yunque and surrounding areas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Boletin Oficial de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de Puerto Rico","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"Spanish","publisher":"Sociedad de Historia Natural","publisherLocation":"San Juan, PR","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., 1990, Landslides caused by the intense precipitation of Hurricane Hugo in El Yunque and surrounding areas, v. 24, no. 12, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575158b6e4b053f0edd03c68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":630523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206761,"text":"70206761 - 1990 - The late Cenozoic evolution of the Tuolumne River, central Sierra Nevada, California ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T11:13:00","indexId":"70206761","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-21T11:02:41","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The late Cenozoic evolution of the Tuolumne River, central Sierra Nevada, California ","docAbstract":"Erosional remnants of volcanic rock deposited in a lO-m.y.-old channel of the Tuolumne River permit its partial reconstruction. Projection of the reconstructed channel west to the Central Valley and east to the range crest, together with several assumptions about the position of the hinge line and changes in channel gradient, allows estimates of the amount of uplift at the range crest during the past 10 m.y. At Tioga Pass, this amounts to as much as 1,830 m, as compared to the 2,150 m estimated in an earlier study for Deadman Pass at the San Joaquin River 30 km to the south. Comparison of the geometry of these river systems leads to the conclusion that 10 m.y. ago an ancestral range of hills occupied the present site of the Sierran crest, and, although of relatively moderate relief, it was a barrier to westward drainage even before late Cenozoic uplift. At that time, the San Joaquin River was apparently the only river flowing westward across the range from well south of Mount Whitney north to Sonora Pass. The Tuolumne River evidently never extended east of this range. Comparison of the ancient channel with the modern channel of the Tuolumne River permits analysis of the later evolution of the river system and the development of Hetch Hetchy Valley and the Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne. At Rancheria Mountain, where the volcanic \"dam\" in the ancient channel was highest, the river was forced to shift laterally southward around the dam and adjacent to the volcanic infilling, and start its new channel in granitic bedrock. Near Rancheria Mountain, as much as 1,525 m of new channel incision has taken place in the past 10 m.y., and the modern channel is about 915 m lower than the abandoned channel. An undetermined amount of this downcutting was from glacial erosion. The Tuolumne river system provides no direct evidence for timing the onset of uplift, but the shape of the lO-m.y.-old channel at Rancheria Mountain suggests that uplift had been underway for some time before the volcanic infilling. This timing is compatible with evidence from the upper San Joaquin River. Hetch Hetchy Valley on the Tuolumne is a much \"fresher\" glaciated valley than is Yosemite Valley. Hetch Hetchy was filled to the brim with glacial ice as recently as 15,000-20,000 yr ago (Tioga glaciation), whereas Yosemite Valley probably has not been filled for 750,000 yr or more (Sherwin glaciation). Thus the upper reaches of Yosemite Valley cliffs have been shaped by spalling rather than by glacial scour and are much more irregular than those in Hetch Hetchy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0102:TLCEOT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Huber, N., 1990, The late Cenozoic evolution of the Tuolumne River, central Sierra Nevada, California : GSA Bulletin, v. 102, no. 1, p. 102-115, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0102:TLCEOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"115","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevadas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.00,\n 38.00\n ],\n [\n -119.00,\n 38.00\n ],\n [\n -119.00,\n 37.30\n ],\n [\n -120.00,\n 37.30\n ],\n [\n -120.00,\n 38.00\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huber, N.K.","contributorId":73610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huber","given":"N.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70125355,"text":"70125355 - 1990 - Use of wildlife models for habitat management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-16T12:51:11","indexId":"70125355","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-15T12:49:46","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Use of wildlife models for habitat management","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings : resource technology 90, Second International Symposium on Advanced Technology in Natural Resource Management","conferenceTitle":"Resource technology 90, Second International Symposium on Advanced Technology in Natural Resource Management","conferenceDate":"1990-11-12T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D.C.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Stauffer, D., Farmer, A., and Cade, B., 1990, Use of wildlife models for habitat management, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293956,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54195164e4b091c7ffc8e902","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stauffer, D.F.","contributorId":9317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, A.H.","contributorId":79063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, B.S.","contributorId":47315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70198217,"text":"70198217 - 1990 - The 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, and adjacent western Arizona with implications for the evolution of metamorphic core complexes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-29T08:24:50","indexId":"70198217","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, and adjacent western Arizona with implications for the evolution of metamorphic core complexes","title":"The 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, and adjacent western Arizona with implications for the evolution of metamorphic core complexes","docAbstract":"Mesozoic thickening and Cenozoic extension resulted in the juxtaposition of upper and middle crustal rocks in the eastern Mojave Desert, southeastern California and western Arizona. The application of 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology to rocks in this region provides information about the timing and nature of thrusting, plutonism, metamorphism, denudation, and detachment faulting. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of 175 to 125 Ma from the Clipper, Piute, Turtle, Mohave, Bill Williams, and Hualapai Mountains are interpreted to be the result of a middle Mesozoic thermal event(s) caused by crustal thickening. The 40Ar/39Ar data from the Clipper and Piute Mountains suggest that this thermal event was followed by a period of cooling at rates of 1°–5°C/m.y. Orogenesis culminated during the Late Cretaceous when rocks exposed in the Old Woman‐Piute, Chemehuevi, and Sacramento Mountains attained temperatures >500°C which reset the K–Ar systems of minerals from Proterozoic rocks. High‐grade metamorphism in the Old Woman Mountains area was caused by the intrusion of the Old Woman‐Piute batholith at 73±1 Ma. Cooling rates following batholith emplacement in the Old Woman Mountains were ∼100°C/m.y. between 73 and 70 Ma and 5°–10°C/m.y. from 70 to ∼30 Ma. Between 65 and 25 Ma the entire eastern Mojave Desert underwent a period of cooling at a rate of 2°–10°C/m.y. By 30 Ma, rocks exposed in the Old Woman‐Piute, Marble, Ship, Clipper, and Turtle Mountains were below ∼100°C. The 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Sacramento Mountains suggest that mylonitization caused by the onset of regional extension occurred at 23±1 Ma. When extension started in the Chemehuevi Mountains, rocks exposed in the southwestern and northeastern portions of footwall to the Chemehuevi detachment fault were at ∼180°C and ∼350°C, respectively. This suggests that the exposed part of the Chemehuevi detachment fault initiated at a dip of 5°–30° or as a series of higher‐angle faults that cut to a depth of 10–12 km and were later rotated to their present dip. Unroofing of the footwalls to detachment faults in the Sacramento and Chemehuevi Mountains resulted in average cooling rates of 10°–50°C/m.y. between 22 and 15 Ma.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p20005","usgsCitation":"Foster, D., Harrison, T., Miller, C.F., and Howard, K.A., 1990, The 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, and adjacent western Arizona with implications for the evolution of metamorphic core complexes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B12, p. 20005-20024, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p20005.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"20005","endPage":"20024","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355858,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.62536621093749,\n 33.93880275084578\n ],\n [\n -113.895263671875,\n 33.93880275084578\n ],\n [\n -113.895263671875,\n 35.652832827451654\n ],\n [\n -116.62536621093749,\n 35.652832827451654\n ],\n [\n -116.62536621093749,\n 33.93880275084578\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c1127e1e4b034bf6a81ff8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, D.A.","contributorId":82865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, T.M.","contributorId":60788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, C. F.","contributorId":89971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70242605,"text":"70242605 - 1990 - Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T21:37:26.384742","indexId":"70242605","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-08T16:30:38","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge","docAbstract":"THE Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, on the northern Gorda Ridge, contains mounds and chimneys of hydrothermally precipitated sulphide and sulphate minerals typical of sea-floor hydrothermal vent sites1. In addition, large areas of the sea floor are covered by subhorizontal hydrothermal crusts. Samples of the crust recovered by submersible are composed of intensely altered fragments of basalt and basaltic hyaloclastite cemented by amorphous silica and chalcedony with less abundant barite, and minor amounts of base-metal sulphide minerals2. Some surfaces of the crust were formerly colonized by bacterial mats, which are locally preserved by replacement and overgrowth of the bacterial filaments by metal sulphide minerals and amorphous silica. The bacterial filaments are selectively replaced by prousite (Ag3AsS3), pearceite3(Ag14.7–xCu1.3+xAs2S11), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and rarely by galena (PbS). Our observations suggest that bacterially mediated processes selectively precipitate silver, arsenic and copper, and that biological processes may contribute to precious-metal enrichment in some sea-floor hydrothermal base-metal sulphide deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/348155a0","usgsCitation":"Zierenberg, R.A., and Schiffman, P., 1990, Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge: Nature, v. 348, p. 155-157, https://doi.org/10.1038/348155a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Gorda Ridge, Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.03723484807483,\n 40.39689408192942\n ],\n [\n -124.03723484807483,\n 42.8586708153079\n ],\n [\n -127.93026920048419,\n 42.8586708153079\n ],\n [\n -127.93026920048419,\n 40.39689408192942\n ],\n [\n -124.03723484807483,\n 40.39689408192942\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"348","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zierenberg, Robert A.","contributorId":91883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierenberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffman, Peter","contributorId":40119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffman","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016141,"text":"70016141 - 1990 - Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-30T16:39:33.706273","indexId":"70016141","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge","docAbstract":"The Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, on the northern Gorda Ridge, contains mounds and chimneys of hydrothermally precipitated sulphide and sulphate minerals typical of sea-floor hydrothermal vent sites1. In addition, large areas of the sea floor are covered by subhorizontal hydrothermal crusts. Samples of the crust recovered by submersible are composed of intensely altered fragments of basalt and basaltic hyaloclastite cemented by amorphous silica and chalcedony with less abundant barite, and minor amounts of base-metal sulphide minerals2. Some surfaces of the crust were formerly colonized by bacterial mats, which are locally preserved by replacement and overgrowth of the bacterial filaments by metal sulphide minerals and amorphous silica. The bacterial filaments are selectively replaced by prousite (Ag3AsS3), pearceite3(Ag14.7–xCu1.3+xAs2S11), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and rarely by galena (PbS). Our observations suggest that bacterially mediated processes selectively precipitate silver, arsenic and copper, and that biological processes may contribute to precious-metal enrichment in some sea-floor hydrothermal base-metal sulphide deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/348155a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Zierenberg, R., and Schiffmant, P., 1990, Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge: Nature, v. 348, no. 6297, p. 155-157, https://doi.org/10.1038/348155a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"348","issue":"6297","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5648e4b0c8380cd6d4aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zierenberg, R.A.","contributorId":8998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierenberg","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffmant, Peter","contributorId":51016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffmant","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208935,"text":"70208935 - 1990 - Field methods for measurement of ground water redox chemical parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-05T18:25:24","indexId":"70208935","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-05T18:23:17","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field methods for measurement of ground water redox chemical parameters","docAbstract":"An inexpensive, versatile, and portable system is presented, which facilitates rapid field determinations of redox potentials, pH, conductivity, ferrous and total iron, nitrite, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. Accuracy is facilitated by on‐site measurements of most parameters using specially constructed flow‐through cells and, for several analyses, sealed reagent ampoules, which can be broken and developed inside a flowing stream of ground water. Coupled with laboratory analyses of more stable ground water parameters, this system can provide accurate and relatively inexpensive determinations of redox conditions in ground water.
The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC) has archived two decades of Landsat data, providing a rich collection of information about the dynamics of the Earth's land surface. Major changes to the surface features of the planet can be detected, measured, and studied using Landsat data. The effects of desertification, deforestation, pollution, cataclysmic volcanic activity, and other natural and anthropogenic events can be examined by resource scientists using data acquired from the Landsat series of Earth-observing satellites. The availability of a nearly uninterrupted flow of information from the Landsats, in a consistent data format, gives researchers an important tool for studying surface changes over time.
\nThis booklet provides an overview of the Landsat program and shows the application of the data to monitor changes occurring on the surface of the Earth. To show changes that have taken place within the last 20 years or less, image pairs were constructed from the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and thematic mapper (TM) sensors. Landsat MSS data provide a historical global record of the land surface from the early 1970's to present. Landsat TM data provide land surface information from the early 1980's to present.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70048800","usgsCitation":"Cross, M.D., 1990, Historical Landsat data comparisons: illustrations of land surface change, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70048800.","productDescription":"37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70048800.jpg"},{"id":310360,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70048800/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a2186e4b051792d019540","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cross, Matthew D.","contributorId":95378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006856,"text":"70006856 - 1990 - Establishment of bottomland oak plantations on the Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge complex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T17:26:57.593887","indexId":"70006856","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-01T14:15:09","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3447,"text":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishment of bottomland oak plantations on the Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge complex","docAbstract":"Stocking, height and diameter growth, and invasion of both herbaceous and woody plant species are reported for 5 direct seeded and 5 planted seedling stands of bottomland oaks, all of which were between 4 and 8 years old. Stocking was generally higher in the planted seedling stands. Both height and diameter growth were substantially higher in the planted seedling stands. Low stocking and poor growth, especially for the direct seeded stands, was associated with medium-textured soils and a heavy cover of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) and goldenrod (Solidago altissima). Invasion of woody species was heavily dominated by light-seeded species, and was highest in stands close to mature trees.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/sjaf/14.4.206","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., 1990, Establishment of bottomland oak plantations on the Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge complex: Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, v. 14, no. 4, p. 206-210, https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/14.4.206.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.021728515625,\n 33.01067881643441\n ],\n [\n -90.91014862060547,\n 33.01067881643441\n ],\n [\n -90.91014862060547,\n 33.10304621868762\n ],\n [\n -91.021728515625,\n 33.10304621868762\n ],\n [\n -91.021728515625,\n 33.01067881643441\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a68e4b0c8380cd52346","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199495,"text":"70199495 - 1990 - The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of Uchucchacua, Peru; studies of structure, mineralogy, metal zoning, Sr isotopes, and fluid inclusions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T13:06:17","indexId":"70199495","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-01T13:05:05","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of Uchucchacua, Peru; studies of structure, mineralogy, metal zoning, Sr isotopes, and fluid inclusions","docAbstract":"Uchucchacua is an Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn mineral district in the central Andes of Peru. Host rocks are massive Jumasha Formation shelf limestones of Turonian age that have been folded into an asymmetric northeast-verging anticline of Andean trend. Strata near the fold crest are cut by minor dacitic intrusions and have been displaced by a conjugate set of steep wrench faults that strike northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest. Most ore occurrences are restricted to host rocks that lie below marly limestone at the top of the middle Jumasha Formation. Vein ores located along the fracture system have formed by fissure infill and by replacement of limestone wall rocks. Larger sheetlike replacement orebodies are parallel and adjacent to a large fault. Replacement is in zones of brecciation adjacent to fault bends which were dilatent during sinistral slip of the master fracture. Such fracture belts may have been subject to paleokarst solution processes before mineralization.Four paragenetic stages have been identified. Fe, Mn, and Si were introduced at the exoskarn stage (I) as the anhydrous silicates ferroan tephroite, johannsenite, rhodonite, and bustamite. During the early main stage (II) ferroan tephroite was replaced by friedelite and magnetite under oxidizing conditions at a relatively low pH. Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu, and B were introduced; principal sulfides are pyrrhotite, Fe-rich sphalerite, Mn-rich wurtzite, alabandite, galena, chalcopyrite, and tetrahedrite. Pyrrhotite was replaced by other sulfides during later stage II. Main gangue minerals were calcite, kutnohorite, rhodochrosite, and quartz. Ag, As, and Sb were introduced during the late stage (III) in the form of sulfosalts, principally pyrargyrite. Redistribution of metals introduced at stage II resulted in the growth of Fe-poor sphalerite and alabandite accompanied by calcite gangue. Decreasing Fe contents of alabandite and sphalerite during late stage II and stage III, together with the appearance of pyrite, indicate an increase in sulfur fugacity and/or decrease in temperature over this period. The supergene stage (IV) affects the upper 30 to 150 m of most veins and involves the growth of Mn hydroxides, goethite, orpiment, marcasite, cerussite, and siderite.Distribution patterns of metal ratios and high metal values define ore bands, with a succession of antiforms and synforms. Ore-band locations are determined by vein width, itself a function of wall-rock reactivity, and fracture permeability. Metal ratio distributions in the Luz vein show symmetric dispersion of metals at right angles to the ore-band axis. Ag shows the least dispersion with progressively greater dispersion of Pb and Zn.Geologic considerations indicate mineralization at a minimum depth of 1,600 m. Most primary fluid inclusions in calcite of probable stage II origin were trapped over a temperature range of about 200 degrees to 337 degrees C (hydrostatic pressure) or about 225 degrees to 362 degrees C (lithostatic). Fluid inclusions from late stage II quartz were trapped at about 165 degrees to 205 degrees C (hydrostatic) or 190 degrees to 230 degrees C (lithostatic). Salinity ranged from 0.5 to 29.7 equiv wt percent NaCl-CaCl 2with little relation to temperature. Calcite 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of 0.70743 to 0.71122 extend well outside the range of values both determined for magmatic rocks of the region and estimated for the host limestones but are probably compatible with older sedimentary rocks of the mine district. Salinity levels and NaCl/CaCl 2 ratios are similar to basinal brines associated with Mississippi Valley-type deposits. It is concluded that basinal brine, expelled from the deforming Mesozoic sequence, was a significant component of the ore fluid. This fluid was probably heated by dacitic magmas or cooling dacitic intrusions; a polygenetic high-salinity magmatic-basinal fluid then rose along existing strike-slip fractures toward the mineralization site where it mixed with heated low-salinity ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.85.7.1348","usgsCitation":"Bussell, M.A., 1990, The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of Uchucchacua, Peru; studies of structure, mineralogy, metal zoning, Sr isotopes, and fluid inclusions: Economic Geology, v. 85, no. 7, p. 1348-1383, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.85.7.1348.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"1348","endPage":"1383","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357493,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","city":"Uchucchacua","volume":"85","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c1127e2e4b034bf6a81ff90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bussell, M. Andrew","contributorId":208007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bussell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70123800,"text":"70123800 - 1990 - Multiple scales of patchiness and patch structure: a hierarchical framework for the study of heterogeneity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-09T10:46:08","indexId":"70123800","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-01T10:44:37","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple scales of patchiness and patch structure: a hierarchical framework for the study of heterogeneity","docAbstract":"We develop a hierarchical model of heterogeneity that provides a framework for classifying patch structure across a range of scales. Patches at lower levels in the hierarchy are more simplistic and correspond to the traditional view of patches. At levels approaching the upper bounds of the hierarchy the internal structure becomes more heterogeneous and boundaries more ambiguous. At each level in the hierarchy, patch structure will be influenced by both contrast among patches as well as the degree of aggregation of patches at lower levels in the hierarchy. We apply this model to foraging theory, but it has wider applications as in the study of habitat selection, population dynamics, and habitat fragmentation. It may also be useful in expanding the realm of landscape ecology beyond the current focus on anthropocentric scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oikos","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Scandinavian Society Oikos","publisherLocation":"Copenhagen","doi":"10.2307/3545542","usgsCitation":"Kotliar, N.B., and Wiens, J., 1990, Multiple scales of patchiness and patch structure: a hierarchical framework for the study of heterogeneity: Oikos, v. 59, no. 2, p. 253-260, https://doi.org/10.2307/3545542.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293508,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293507,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545542"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5410146ee4b07ab1cd980a5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotliar, Natasha B.","contributorId":23116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotliar","given":"Natasha","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiens, John A.","contributorId":56566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiens","given":"John A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242138,"text":"70242138 - 1990 - Influence of exchange flow between the channel and hyporheic zone on nitrate production in a small mountain stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T16:05:09.625825","indexId":"70242138","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-01T10:44:17","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of exchange flow between the channel and hyporheic zone on nitrate production in a small mountain stream","docAbstract":"Variation in local exchange of flows between the channel and hyporheic zone produced temporally shifting concentration gradients of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and ammonium in subsurface waters of a small, gravel-cobble bed stream. Channel water advected laterally supplied dissolved oxygen, and groundwater supplied ammonium to support hyporheic nitrification. Nitrate production was highest in sediment slurries from aerobic hyporheic sites, was absent at nearly anoxic sites, and was stopped by nitrification inhibitors (chlorate and nitrapyrin). Ammonium amendment to sediment slurries only slightly enhanced nitrate production indicating that sorption competed with biota for available substrate. Nitrate concentration increased from 75–130 μg N/L during 9 d of ammonium amendment to a hyporheic subsurface flow. Ammonium concentration rose slowly relative to a sulfate tracer initially, and declined slowly after cutoff as ammonium desorbed. Nitrate levels remained elevated for 6 d after cutoff as desorbed ammonium became biotically available. Interactions between the channel's hydrology, lithology, and biology such as we observed in nitrate production are probably more common than reported. However, the magnitude of the resulting nutrient flux will depend on factors which determine the depth and lateral extension of suitable hyporheic habitat.
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