{"pageNumber":"445","pageRowStart":"11100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16504,"records":[{"id":70017379,"text":"70017379 - 1994 - Behavior of pollutant-degrading microorganisms in aquifers: Predictions for genetically engineered organisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:37:59","indexId":"70017379","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behavior of pollutant-degrading microorganisms in aquifers: Predictions for genetically engineered organisms","docAbstract":"<p>Bioremediation via environmental introductions of degradative microorganisms requires that the microbes survive in substantial numbers and effect an increase in the rate and extent of pollutant removal. Combined field and microcosm studies were used to assess these abilities for laboratory-grown bacteria. Following introduction into a contaminated aquifer, viable cells of Pseudomonas sp. B13 were present in the contaminant plume for 447 days; die-off was rapid in pristine areas. In aquifer microcosms, survival of B13 and FR120, a genetically engineered derivative of B13 having enhanced catabolic capabilities for substituted aromatics, was comparable to B13 field results; both bacteria degraded target pollutants in microcosms made with aquifer samples from the aerobic zone of the pollutant plume. Results suggest that field studies with nonrecombinant microorganisms may be coupled to laboratory studies with derivative strains to estimate their bioremediative efficacy. Furthermore, laboratory strains of bacteria can survive for extended periods of time in nature and thus may have important bioremediative applications.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00055a025","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Krumme, M., Smith, R.L., Egestorff, J., Thiem, S., Tiedje, J., Timmis, K., and Dwyer, D., 1994, Behavior of pollutant-degrading microorganisms in aquifers: Predictions for genetically engineered organisms: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1134-1138, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00055a025.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1134","endPage":"1138","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0a1e4b0c8380cd4a807","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krumme, M.L.","contributorId":79257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krumme","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Egestorff, J.","contributorId":58792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egestorff","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thiem, S.M.","contributorId":30385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiem","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tiedje, J.M.","contributorId":25717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedje","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Timmis, K.N.","contributorId":61190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timmis","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dwyer, D.F.","contributorId":63977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70017399,"text":"70017399 - 1994 - Preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:51:56","indexId":"70017399","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"The preferential dealkylation pathways of the s-triazine herbicides, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), propazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], and simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], and two monodealkylated triazine metabolites, deisopropylatrazine (DIA: 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine) and deethylatrazine (DEA: 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) were investigated on two adjacent Eudora silt-loam plots growing corn (Zea mays L.). Results from the shallow unsaturated zone and surface-water runoff showed preferential removal of an ethyl side chain from atrazine, simazine, and DIA relative to an isopropyl side chain from atrazine, propazine, and DEA. It is hypothesized that deethylation reactions may proceed at 2-3 times the rate of deisopropylation reactions. It is concluded that small concentrations of DIA reportedly associated with the degradation of atrazine may be due to a rapid turnover rate of the metabolite in the unsaturated zone, not to small production levels. Because of continued dealkylation of both monodealkylated metabolites, a strong argument is advanced for the presence of a didealkylated metabolite in the unsaturated zone.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00053a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mills, M.S., and Michael, T.E., 1994, Preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 600-605, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00053a011.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"600","endPage":"605","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265836,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00053a011"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a821be4b0c8380cd7b8ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, Thurman E.","contributorId":86116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Thurman","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017410,"text":"70017410 - 1994 - Degradation of methyl bromide in anaerobic sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-16T18:53:03.816525","indexId":"70017410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degradation of methyl bromide in anaerobic sediments","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00052a026","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R., Miller, L., and Strohmaler, F., 1994, Degradation of methyl bromide in anaerobic sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 3, p. 514-520, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00052a026.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"514","endPage":"520","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe57e4b0c8380cd4ecaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strohmaler, F.E.","contributorId":68477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strohmaler","given":"F.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017411,"text":"70017411 - 1994 - Herbicide interchange between a stream and the adjacent alluvial aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-18T15:54:32.739068","indexId":"70017411","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herbicide interchange between a stream and the adjacent alluvial aquifer","docAbstract":"<p>Herbicide interchange between a stream and the adjacent alluvial aquifer and quantification of herbicide bank storage during high streamflow were investigated at a research site on the Cedar River flood plain, 10 km southeast of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. During high streamflow in March 1990, alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor were detected at concentrations above background in water from wells as distant as 20, 50, and 10 m from the river's edge, respectively. During high streamflow in May 1990, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor were detected at concentrations above background as distant as 20, 50, 10, and 20 m from the river's edge, respectively. Herbicide bank storage took place during high streamflow when hydraulic gradients were from the river to the alluvial aquifer and the laterally infiltrating river water contained herbicide concentrations larger than background concentrations in the aquifer. The herbicide bank storage can be quantified by multiplying herbicide concentration by the \"effective area\" that a well represented and an assumed porosity of 0.25. During March 1990, herbicide bank storage values were calculated to be 1.7,79, and 4.0 mg/m for alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor, respectively. During May 1990, values were 7.1, 54, 11, and 19 mg/m for alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor, respectively.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00062a018","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., and Squillace, P., 1994, Herbicide interchange between a stream and the adjacent alluvial aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 13, p. 2336-2344, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00062a018.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2336","endPage":"2344","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Cedar Rapids","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.197265625,\n              41.68932225997044\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.14257812499999,\n              41.68932225997044\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.14257812499999,\n              42.14304156290942\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.197265625,\n              42.14304156290942\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.197265625,\n              41.68932225997044\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3066e4b0c8380cd5d5fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Wuncheng","contributorId":189650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Wuncheng","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Squillace, P.","contributorId":15777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017424,"text":"70017424 - 1994 - Volume-controlled hydrologic property measurements in triaxial systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70017424","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Volume-controlled hydrologic property measurements in triaxial systems","docAbstract":"New capabilities for hydrologic property measurements in triaxial systems include: (1) volume-controlled and simultaneous measurements of hydraulic conductivity and one-dimensional consolidation (or specific storage) of a saturated test specimen; and (2) volume-controlled measurements of hydraulic conductivity, matric potential, and the variation of these properties with the moisture content of an unsaturated test specimen. Data on saturated kaolinite demonstrate simultaneous hydraulic-conductivity and one-dimensional consolidation tests with continuous monitoring of both vertical and horizontal effective stresses. Data on well-graded silty sand demonstrate the feasibility of concurrent constant-flow hydraulic conductivity and mattic potential measurements, and the variation of these properties with moisture content, for undisturbed and unsaturated specimens mounted in triaxial cells. Refinements needed to realize the full potential of these capabilities include a more rigid triaxial cell to minimize compliance, and an improved technique for measuring hydraulic-head differences within an unsaturated test specimen.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of tbe Symposium on Hydraulic Conductivity and Waste Contaminant Transport in Soil","conferenceDate":"21 January 1993 through 22 January 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, United States","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Olsen, H.W., Willden, A.T., Kiusalaas, N.J., Nelson, K.R., and Poeter, E.P., 1994, Volume-controlled hydrologic property measurements in triaxial systems, <i>in</i> ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1142, San Antonio, TX, USA, 21 January 1993 through 22 January 1993, p. 482-504.","startPage":"482","endPage":"504","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc364e4b08c986b32b149","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Harold W.","contributorId":28985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willden, Arthur T.","contributorId":43930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willden","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kiusalaas, Nicholas J.","contributorId":22517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiusalaas","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, Karl R.","contributorId":63538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Poeter, Eileen P.","contributorId":78805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017425,"text":"70017425 - 1994 - Formation and transport of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:05:48","indexId":"70017425","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation and transport of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in surface water","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00062a010","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Meyer, M.T., Mills, M.S., Zimmerman, L., Perry, C.A., and Goolsby, D.A., 1994, Formation and transport of deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in surface water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 13, p. 2267-2277, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00062a010.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2267","endPage":"2277","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265838,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00062a010"}],"volume":"28","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1349e4b0c8380cd545c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, L.R.","contributorId":28624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017448,"text":"70017448 - 1994 - Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-19T12:52:00.858458","indexId":"70017448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","docAbstract":"<p><span>The ionic tracers lithium, sodium, chloride and bromide were used to measure flow loss in a small stream (≈︁ 10 ls</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). An injectate containing all four tracers was added continuously at five sites along a 507 m study reach of St Kevin Gulch, Lake County, Colorado to determine which sections of the stream were losing water to the stream bed and to ascertain how well the four tracers performed. The acidity of the stream (pH 3.6) made it possible for lithium and sodium, which are normally adsorbed by ion exchange with stream bed sediment, to be used as conservative tracers. Net flow losses as low as 0.8 ls</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, or 8% of flow, were calculated between measuring sites. By comparing the results of simultaneous injection it was determined whether subsections of the study reach were influent or effluent. Evaluation of tracer concentrations along 116 m of stream indicated that all four tracers behaved conservatively. Discharges measured by Parshall flumes were 4–18% greater than discharges measured by tracer dilution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080206","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Zellweger, G.W., 1994, Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 2, p. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080206.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Colorado","county":"Lake  County","otherGeospatial":"St. Kevin Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              39.690280594818034\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              39.690280594818034\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bee4b08c986b320c48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017460,"text":"70017460 - 1994 - Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T11:20:11.162006","indexId":"70017460","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A field study of surface water and groundwater interactions during baseflow and stormflow conditions was performed at the Reedy Creek watershed in the Virginia Coastal Plain. Three estimates of the average saturated hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>) of the unconfined aquifer were in reasonable agreement (ranging from 0.0033 to 0.010 cm/s), indicating that baseflow in the creek is entirely from the drainage of shallow groundwater from the relatively thin (1–6 m thick) unconfined aquifer. This relatively permeable surficial aquifer was found to be underlain by dark, olive grey, clay-silt and diatomaceous Miocene deposits of low permeability known as the Calvert Formation, which is believed to function as a confining bed in the area.</p><p>A chemical hydrograph separation technique was used to resolve the contributions of [old] (pre-event) and [new] (event) water to stormflow. Results from a major rainstorm indicated that old water dominated the stormflow response of the watershed, although the new water contribution approached 40% at the hydrograph peak. Stormflow at Reedy Creek appears to result from saturation overland flow from variable source areas which include the stream channels and a significant part of the riparian wetland area. This response appears to be attributable to the transient dynamics of the shallow groundwater flow system and to the formation of localized groundwater mounds which raise the water-table to the wetland surface.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080503","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., Eshleman, K., and Pollard, J., 1994, Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 5, p. 411-427, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080503.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc2e4b0c8380cd63001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, A. K.","contributorId":8141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eshleman, K.N.","contributorId":12632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshleman","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollard, J.S.","contributorId":103813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollard","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017462,"text":"70017462 - 1994 - Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:25:25.230368","indexId":"70017462","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Ozark region of the U.S. midcontinent is host to a number of Mississippi Valley-type districts, including the world-class Viburnum Trend, Old Lead Belt, and Tri-State districts and the smaller Southeast Missouri barite, Northern Arkansas, and Central Missouri districts. There is increasing evidence that the Ozark Mississippi Valley-type districts formed locally within a large, interconnected hydrothermal system that also produced broad fringing areas of trace mineralization, extensive subtle hydrothermal alteration, broad thermal anomalies, and regional deposition of hydrothermal dolomite cement. The fluid drive was provided by gravity flow accompanying uplift of foreland thrust belts during the Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian Ouaehita orogeny.In this study, we use chemical speciation and reaction path calculations, based on quantitative chemical analyses of fluid inclusions, to constrain likely hydrothermal brine compositions and to determine which precipitation mechanisms are consistent with the hydrothermal mineral assemblages observed regionally and locally within each Mississippi Valley-type district in the Ozark region. Deposition of the regional hydrothermal dolomite cement with trace sulfides likely occurred in response to near-isothermal effervescence of CO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;from basinal brines as they migrated to shallower crustal levels and lower confining pressures. In contrast, our calculations indicate that no one depositional process can reproduce the mineral assemblages and proportions of minerals observed in each Ozark ore district; rather, individual districts require specific depositional mechanisms that reflect the local host-rock composition, structural setting, and hydrology.Both the Northern Arkansas and Tri-State districts are localized by normal faults that likely allowed brines to rise from deeper Cambrian-Ordovician dolostone aquifers into shallower carbonate sequences dominated by limestones. In the Northern Arkansas district, jasperoid preferentially replaced limestones in the mixed dolostone-limestone sedimentary packages. Modeling results indicate that the ore and alteration assemblages in the Tri-State and Northern Arkansas districts resulted from the flow of initially dolomite-saturated brines into cooler limestones. Adjacent to fluid conduits where water/rock ratios were the highest, the limestone was replaced by dolomite. As the fluids moved outward into cooler limestone, jasperoid and sulfide replaced limestone. Isothermal boiling of the ore fluids may have produced open-space filling of hydrothermal dolomite with minor sulfides in breccia and fault zones. Local mixing of the regional brine with locally derived sulfur undoubtedly played a role in the development of sulfide-rich ore runs.Sulfide ores of the Central Missouri district are largely open-space filling of sphalerite plus minor galena in dolostone karst features localized along a broad anticline. Hydrothermal solution collapse during ore deposition was a minor process, indicating dolomite was slightly undersaturated during ore deposition. No silicification and only minor hydrothermal dolomite is present in the ore deposits. The reaction path that best explains the features of the Central Missouri sulfide deposits is the near-isothermal mixing of two dolomite-saturated fluids with different H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S and metal contents. Paleokarst features may have allowed the regional brine to rise stratigraphically and mix with locally derived, H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-rich fluids. The Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt ores are galena rich with lesser amounts of sphalerite; they replace the most permeable dolostone facies in the Bonneterre Dolomite. Hydrothermal dissolution of host dolostone was concurrent with sulfide deposition, but dolomite deposition occurred episodically between periods of sulfide deposition. The important ore controls in these districts are a variety of sedimentary and geologic features that allowed cross-stratigraphic fluid flow and provided opportunities for fluid mixing. The reaction path which best reproduces the broad features of the Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt ores is one in which a dolomite-saturated, lead-rich, zinc- and H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-poor brine mixes with a less saline, H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-rich fluid. The brine became enriched in K, Mg, and Pb and depleted in H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S as it flowed through sandstone and redbed aquifers prior to entering the district. This mixing model is consistent with the abundant fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence for fluid mixing in the districts. Small amounts of cooling associated with the mixing may have contributed to sulfide deposition.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1361","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Leach, D.L., Hofstra, A., Landis, G.P., Rowan, E., and Viets, J., 1994, Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 6, p. 1361-1383, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1361.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1361","endPage":"1383","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Ozarks","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              31.661702492806285\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2462291629069,\n              31.661702492806285\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2462291629069,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f593e4b0c8380cd4c2c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017463,"text":"70017463 - 1994 - Observations on the geology and geohydrology of the Chernobyl' nuclear accident site, Ukraine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-15T12:11:38.160115","indexId":"70017463","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on the geology and geohydrology of the Chernobyl' nuclear accident site, Ukraine","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><p class=\"first last\">The most higly contaminated surface areas from cesium-137 fallout from the April 1986 accident at the Chernobyl' nuclear power station in Ukraine occur within the 30-km radius evacuation zone set up around the station, and an 80-km lobe extending to the west-southwest. Lower levels of contamination extend 300 km to the west of the power station. The deposition of this radioactive dust on the surface and the subsequent entombment of the damaged reactor effectively result in the de facto establishment of an above-ground nuclear waste storage site. This site is located on a thick sedimentary sequence of loose, mostly clastic deposits, with a shallow (generally 3-5 m) water table. The geology, the presence of surface water, a shallow water table, and leaky aquifers at depth make this an unfavorable environment for the long-term containment and storage of the radioactive debris. An understanding of the general geology and hydrology of the area is important to assess the environmental impact of this unintended waste storage site, and to evaluate the potential for radionuclide migration through the soil and rock and into subsurface aquifers and nearby rivers.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206819409465456","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Matzko, J., Percious, D., Rachlin, J., and Marples, D., 1994, Observations on the geology and geohydrology of the Chernobyl' nuclear accident site, Ukraine: International Geology Review, v. 36, no. 2, p. 203-211, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819409465456.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228556,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ad7e4b0c8380cd7439f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matzko, J.R.","contributorId":56653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzko","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Percious, D.J.","contributorId":95067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percious","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rachlin, J.","contributorId":43929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rachlin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marples, D.R.","contributorId":80442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marples","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017473,"text":"70017473 - 1994 - Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:47:52","indexId":"70017473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides","docAbstract":"<p>The loss of the preemergent herbicide atrazine in surface runoff from experimental field plots growing corn (Zea mays L.) was significantly reduced using a starchencapsulated formulation versus a conventional powdered formulation. Field edge losses of starch-encapsulated atrazine were described as following a Rayleigh distribution totaling 1.8% of applied herbicide compared to exponential powdered atrazine losses of 2.9% applied - a 40% decrease. This has important implications for the reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water by agricultural chemicals. Unsaturated zone release of starchencapsulated atrazine was gradual, but comparable weed control was maintained. Deethylatrazine was a major dealkylated metabolite from each formulation, and deisopropylatrazine was a minor metabolite. The determination of soil partition coefficients for deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine (0.4 and 0.3, respectively), aqueous solubilities (3200 and 670 mg/L, respectively), and melting points (133 and 177 C, respectively) confirmed that the dealkylated metabolites should move more rapidly through the soil profile to groundwater than atrazine.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00050a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mills, M.S., and Thurman, E., 1994, Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 73-79, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00050a011.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e2e4b0e8fec6cdb9f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017476,"text":"70017476 - 1994 - Fluid chemistry evolution and mineral deposition in the main-stage Creede epithermal system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:11:44.49369","indexId":"70017476","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid chemistry evolution and mineral deposition in the main-stage Creede epithermal system","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper presents results of chemical speciation and reaction path calculations that model fluid chemistry evolution and ore deposition in the main-stage Creede, Colorado, epithermal system. An extensive geologic, mineralogic, and geochemical framework for mineralization has been developed by many researchers for the central and southern district vein systems (OH and P veins; central and southern Amethyst and Bulldog Mountain vein systems) and is used to constrain and guide the modeling presented in this paper. Previous studies have shown that the central base metal sulfide-rich and southern barite- and silver-rich Creede ores were deposited by hydrothermal brines with temperatures as high as 285 degrees C and salinities as high as 13 wt percent NaCl equiv. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that mixing with dilute steam-heated ground waters was the dominant ore deposition mechanism, although boiling did occur during some stages. Speciation calculations confirm that the hydrothermal fluids, due to their high salinities, were relatively acidic (pH near 5.5) and transported significant quantities of base metals (i.e., up to 10-2 m total concentrations of Zn) as chloride complexes. Reaction path calculations show that strong north-south mineralogical variations in main-stage mineralization are best accounted for by variable boiling of the hydrothermal brines, followed by lateral mixing of the brines with overlying dilute, steam-heated ground waters. The extent of boiling prior to mixing was a function of the temperature and gas contents of the hydrothermal fluids as they first entered the district ore zones from depth, and of the thickness of the steam-heated ground-water column overlying the hydrothermal fluids. The calculations indicate that limited amounts of boiling (during stages when the overlying ground-water column was relatively thick) produced a chlorite-pyrite-hematite-sphalerite-galena-chalcopyrite + or - adularia assemblage in the central district vein systems (OH and P veins; central Amethyst and Bulldog Mountain vein systems). More extensive boiling (during a stage in which the ground-water table apparently dropped considerably) deposited quartz, fluorite, adularia, and hematite with only minor sulfides in the central district veins. Boiling ceased when the saturation pressure of the hydrothermal fluids dropped below hydrostatic pressures generated by the overlying ground-water column. Following boiling, lateral mixing with overlying steam-heated ground waters initially produced sphalerite- and galena-rich assemblages in the central district vein systems. With continued mixing to the south, the hydrothermal fluids deposited abundant barite, subordinate sphalerite, galena, and quartz, and lesser native silver, acanthite, and sulfosalts in the district's southern vein systems (southern Amethyst, southern Bulldog Mountain vein systems).Modeling results for Creede and other epithermal fluid compositions show that epithermal ore grades, mineral assemblages, and mineral zoning patterns are strongly influenced by shallow hydrologic processes such as boiling and fluid mixing. As a result, epithermal mineral assemblages and zoning patterns can be used to reconstruct the paleohydrology of the hydrothermal systems from which they were deposited, and thus provide useful tools for epithermal ore exploration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1860","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., 1994, Fluid chemistry evolution and mineral deposition in the main-stage Creede epithermal system: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 1860-1882, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1860.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1860","endPage":"1882","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a126ee4b0c8380cd542ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017486,"text":"70017486 - 1994 - Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream affected by acid mine drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T12:38:26","indexId":"70017486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream affected by acid mine drainage","docAbstract":"<p>Experiments in St. Kevin Gulch, an acid mine drainage stream, examined the coupling of hydrologic transport to chemical reactions affecting metal concentrations. Injection of LiCl as a conservative tracer was used to determine discharge and residence time along a 1497-m reach. Transport of metals downstream from inflows of acidic, metal-rich water was evaluated based on synoptic samples of metal concentrations and the hydrologic characteristics of the stream. Transport of SO<sub>4</sub> and Mn was generally conservative, but in the subreaches most affected by acidic inflows, transport was reactive. Both 0.1-um filtered and particulate Fe were reactive over most of the stream reach. Filtered Al partitioned to the particulate phase in response to high instream concentrations. Simulations that accounted for the removal of SO<sub>4</sub>, Mn, Fe, and Al with first-order reactions reproduced the steady-state profiles. The calculated rate constants for net removal used in the simulations embody several processes that occur on a stream-reach scale. The comparison between rates of hydrologie transport and chemical reactions indicates that reactions are only important over short distances in the stream near the acidic inflows, where reactions occur on a comparable time scale with hydrologic transport and thus affect metal concentrations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00061a014","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., Broshears, R.E., Bencala, K., and McKnight, D.M., 1994, Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream affected by acid mine drainage: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 12, p. 2065-2073, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00061a014.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2065","endPage":"2073","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc8de4b0c8380cd4e2f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broshears, R. E.","contributorId":75552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":376629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017514,"text":"70017514 - 1994 - Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T10:07:14","indexId":"70017514","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley, California","docAbstract":"<p>Tritium records were used to study hydrologic processes associated with irrigation and drainage in the Imperial Valley, a 2000-km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>agricultural area in the southeastern California desert. Tritium was analyzed in surface water, ground water, soil-pore water and drain water, and the results were compared to the historical record of tritium in the Colorado River. The Colorado River record was reconstructed using a simple reservoir model and precipitation data in the Colorado River Basin for the period prior to 1965, and from continuous measurements in the river for 1965–1988. This historical record is especially useful in the arid Imperial Valley because recent agricultural development has been entirely dependent on irrigation water diverted from the Colorado River and local recharge is negligible.</p><p>Results indicate that it takes about 5 a for irrigation drainage to move through the soil to a depth of 2–3 m. Drainwaters have a wide range in tritium concentrations because of varying degrees of influence from ground-water intrusion, and from rapid percolation of irrigation through preferred pathways. The net result is that drainwater from about 40 fields had a range in tritium concentration similar to that of the Colorado River over the last 9 a (1980–1988), a period during which tritium concentration was declining about 15% annually in the river.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90061-2","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Michel, R.L., and Schoeder, R., 1994, Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley, California: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 4, p. 387-401, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90061-2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"401","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Imperial Valley","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf39e4b08c986b329a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoeder, R.A.","contributorId":103429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoeder","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017517,"text":"70017517 - 1994 - Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:32:36","indexId":"70017517","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2","docAbstract":"Aquatic humic substances (AHS) were isolated from peatbog water by adsorption (1) on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) and (2) on Amberlite XAD-2 (XAD) to compare yields of the methods and the composition of the isolated AHS. To provide a detailed comparison, the isolates were fractionated using size-exclusion and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The fractions were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, infrared and 13C-nuclear magnetic spectroscopies and analyzed for elemental, functional-group, carbohydrate and amino acid compositions. More AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C than onto XAD-2 (94 and 74%, respectively). However, only 76% of the AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C was recovered using 0.1 M NaOH, whereas 98% of the AHS adsorbed onto XAD was released by consecutive elution with 1 M NH4OH (91%) and methanol (7%). Four main fractions of different composition were obtained from each of the alkali-desorbed AHS samples by Sephadex-gel chromatography. General agreement was found in relative amounts, spectroscopic characteristics and composition of corresponding fractions of both isolates except nitrogen content, which was significantly higher in AHS isolated with XAD, apparently due to the reaction of AHS with NH4OH used for the desorption from the resin.Aquatic humic substances (AHS) were isolated from peatbog water by adsorption (1) on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) and (2) on Amberlite XAD-2 (XAD) to compare yields of the methods and the composition of the isolated AHS. To provide a detailed comparison, the isolates were fractionated using size-exclusion and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The fractions were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, infrared and 13C-nuclear magnetic spectroscopies and analyzed for elemental, functional-group, carbohydrate and amino acid compositions. More AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C than onto XAD-2 (94 and 74%, respectively). However, only 76% of the AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C was recovered using 0.1 M NaOH, whereas 98% of the AHS adsorbed onto XAD was released by consecutive elution with 1 M NH4OH (91%) and methanol (7%). Four main fractions of different composition were obtained from each of the alkali-desorbed AHS samples by Sephadex-gel chromatography. General agreement was found in relative amounts, spectroscopic characteristics and composition of corresponding fractions of both isolates except nitrogen content, which was significantly higher in AHS isolated with XAD, apparently due to the reaction of AHS with NH4OH used for the desorption from the resin.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Hejzlar, J., Szpakowska, B., and Wershaw, R., 1994, Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2: Water Research, v. 28, no. 9, p. 1961-1970, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1961","endPage":"1970","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206139,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6"}],"volume":"28","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f869e4b0c8380cd4d0b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hejzlar, J.","contributorId":95632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hejzlar","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szpakowska, B.","contributorId":98058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szpakowska","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017524,"text":"70017524 - 1994 - Intense alpha-particle emitting crystallites in uranium mill wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:08:16","indexId":"70017524","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2905,"text":"Nuclear Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intense alpha-particle emitting crystallites in uranium mill wastes","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","issn":"09698086","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., Stieff, L.R., Germani, M., Tanner, A., and Evans, J., 1994, Intense alpha-particle emitting crystallites in uranium mill wastes: Nuclear Geophysics, v. 8, no. 5, p. 443-454.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"443","endPage":"454","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c98e4b0c8380cd62e8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stieff, L. R.","contributorId":25619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stieff","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Germani, M.S.","contributorId":49948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Germani","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tanner, A.B.","contributorId":44155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017526,"text":"70017526 - 1994 - Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediment and livers of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:10:50","indexId":"70017526","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediment and livers of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary","docAbstract":"<p>A preliminary assessment was made in 1992 of chlorinated organic compounds in sediments and in livers of striped bass from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary. Samples of sediment and striped bass livers contained DDT (ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-) and its degradation products, DDD (ethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-) and DDE (ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-); PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls); alpha and gamma chlordane, and cis and trans nonachlor. In addition, the livers of striped bass contained small concentrations of DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), a pre-emergent herbicide. Agricultural run-off from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, as well as atmospheric deposition, are probably responsible for a low chronic background of DDT in sediments throughout San Francisco Bay. Larger concentrations of DDT in sediment near Richmond in the Central Bay, and Coyote Creek in the South Bay may be derived from point sources. Ratios of pentachloro isomers of PCBs to hexachloro isomers in the South Bay sediments were different from those in the Central and North Bay, suggesting either differences in microbial activity in the sediments or different source inputs of PCBs. Concentrations of alpha chlordane in livers of striped bass were greater than those of gamma chlordane, which suggests a greater environmental stability and persistence of alpha chlordane. Trans nonachlor, a minor component of technical chlorodane, was present in greater concentrations than alpha and gamma chlordane and cis nonachlor. Trans nonachlor is more resistant to metabolism than alpha and gamma chlordane and cis nonachlor, and serves as an environmentally stable marker compound of chlordane contamination in the estuary. Chlorinated organic compounds have bioaccumulated in the livers of striped bass. These compounds may contribute to the decline of the striped bass in San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-326X(94)90129-5","issn":"0025326X","usgsCitation":"Pereira, W.E., Hostettler, F., Cashman, J., and Nishioka, R.S., 1994, Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediment and livers of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 28, no. 7, p. 434-441, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)90129-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"434","endPage":"441","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206152,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)90129-5"}],"volume":"28","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b41e4b0c8380cd745d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cashman, J.R.","contributorId":89295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nishioka, R. S.","contributorId":69915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nishioka","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017530,"text":"70017530 - 1994 - Rapid geomorphic change caused by glacial outburst floods and debris flows along Tahoma Creek, Mount Rainier, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-09T15:48:46","indexId":"70017530","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid geomorphic change caused by glacial outburst floods and debris flows along Tahoma Creek, Mount Rainier, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of a hazards-assessment study, we examined the nature and rate of geomorphic change caused by outburst floods and debris flows along Tahoma Creek. Mount Rainier, since 1967. Archival aerial photographs of the area proved to be a rich source of qualitative geomorphic information. On the basis of limited direct evidence and considerations of stream hydrology, we conclude that nearly all of these debris flows began as outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier. The water floods transformed to debris flows by incorporating large masses of sediment in a 2-km-long channel reach where the stream has incised proglacial sediments and debris-rich, stagnant glacier ice. Comparison of topographic maps for 1970 and 1991 shows that the average sediment flux out of the incised reach has been about 2 to 4 × 105 m<sup>3</sup> a<sup>-1</sup> corresponding to an average denudation rate in the upper part of the Tahoma Creek drainage basin of about 20 to 40 mm a<sup>-1</sup>, a value exceeded only rarely in basins affected by debris flows. However, little of this sediment has yet passed out of the Tahoma Creek basin. Comparison of geomorphic change at Tahoma Creek to that in two other alpine basins affected by outburst floods suggests that debris-rich stagnant ice can be an important source of sediment for debris flows as long as floods are frequent or channel slope is great.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1551792","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., and Driedger, C.L., 1994, Rapid geomorphic change caused by glacial outburst floods and debris flows along Tahoma Creek, Mount Rainier, Washington, USA: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 26, no. 4, p. 319-327, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551792.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"327","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier, Tahoma Creek","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94e4e4b0c8380cd816a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driedger, C. L.","contributorId":101656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driedger","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017539,"text":"70017539 - 1994 - Peak flow rate and recession-curve characteristics of a karst spring in the Inner Bluegrass, central Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:25:49.115052","indexId":"70017539","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peak flow rate and recession-curve characteristics of a karst spring in the Inner Bluegrass, central Kentucky","docAbstract":"<p><span>The flow rate at the terminal spring of a 1929 ha karst ground-water catchment has been continuously monitored for 2 years, and 108 identifiable events were analyzed. The peak flow rates followed a beta frequency distribution with parameters&nbsp;</span><i>α</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.365 and&nbsp;</span><i>γ</i><span>&nbsp;= 1.135. Events were separated into high-flow and low-flow. High-flow events had characteristics attributable to pipe flow. Correlation and stepwise regression were used to develop peak flow rate prediction equations for the combined 108 events and for the 81 low-flow events. The portion of the recession curve identified as pipe flow was a watershed constant and time invariant. The base flow was seasonal, increasing in the winter to approximately 0.071 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;and decreasing in the summer to approximately 0.014 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90006-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Felton, G., and Currens, J., 1994, Peak flow rate and recession-curve characteristics of a karst spring in the Inner Bluegrass, central Kentucky: Journal of Hydrology, v. 162, no. 1-2, p. 99-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90006-X.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"162","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a760ce4b0c8380cd77ec3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Felton, G.K.","contributorId":75706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felton","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Currens, J.C.","contributorId":72036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currens","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017542,"text":"70017542 - 1994 - Paleohydrology and paleochemistry of Lake Manitoba, Canada: the isotope and ostracode records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70017542","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleohydrology and paleochemistry of Lake Manitoba, Canada: the isotope and ostracode records","docAbstract":"Lake Manitoba, the largest lake in the Prairie region of North America, contains a fine-grained sequence of late Pleistocene and Holocene sediment that documents a complex postglacial history. This record indicates that differential isostatic rebound and changing climate have interacted with varying drainage basin size and hydrologic budget to create significant variations in lake level and limnological conditions. During the initial depositional period in the basin, the Lake Agassiz phase (???12-9 ka), ??18O of ostracodes ranged from -16??? to -5??? (PDB), implying the lake was variously dominated by cold, dilute glacial meltwater and warm to cold, slightly saline water. Candona subtriangulata, which prefers cold, dilute water, dominates the most negative ??18O intervals, when the basin was part of proglacial Lake Agassiz. At times during this early phase, the ??18O of the lake abruptly shifted to higher values; euryhaline taxa such as C. rawsoni or Limnocythere ceriotuberosa, and halobiont taxa such as L. staplini or L. sappaensis are dominant in these intervals. This positive covariance of isotope and ostracode records implies that the lake level episodically fell, isolating the Lake Manitoba basin from the main glacial lake. ??18O values from inorganic endogenic Mg-calcite in the post-Agassiz phase of Lake Manitoba trend from -4??? at 8 ka to -11??? at 4.5 ka. We interpret that this trend indicates a gradually increasing influence of isotopically low (-20??? SMOW) Paleozoic groundwater inflow, although periods of increased evaporation during this time may account for zones of less negative isotopic values. The ??18O of this inorganic calcite abruptly shifts to higher values (-6???) after ???4.5 ka due to the combined effects of increased evaporative enrichment in a closed basin lake and the increased contribution of isotopically high surface water inflow on the hydrologic budget. After ???2 ka, the ??18O of the Mg-calcite fluctuates between -13??? and -7???, implying short-term variability in the lake's hydrologic budget, with values indicating the lake varied from outflow-dominated to evaporation-dominated. The ??13C values of Mg-calcite remain nearly constant from 8 to 4.5 ka and then trend to higher values upward in the section. This pattern suggests primary productivity in the lake was initially constant but gradually increased after 4.5 ka. ?? 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00678025","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Last, W., Teller, J., and Forester, R.M., 1994, Paleohydrology and paleochemistry of Lake Manitoba, Canada: the isotope and ostracode records: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 12, no. 3, p. 269-282, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00678025.","startPage":"269","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206102,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678025"},{"id":228329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73fae4b0c8380cd7737e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Last, W.M.","contributorId":55593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Last","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Teller, J.T.","contributorId":8243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teller","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017543,"text":"70017543 - 1994 - Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:13:14.098155","indexId":"70017543","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>A subsidence research program began in 1985 to document the extent and magnitude of land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, an area of about 15 600 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>, using Global Positioning System (GPS) surveying. A brief description of GPS surveying is followed by a summary of each of four surveys between 1985 and 1989. In addition to periodic conventional spirit levelling, an examination was made of the changes in GPS-derived ellipsoidal height differences (summary differences) between pairs of adjacent bench marks in central Sacramento Valley from 1986 to 1989. The average rates of land subsidence in the southern Sacramento Valley for the past several decades were determined by comparing GPS-derived orthometric heights with historic published elevations. A maximum average rate of 0.053 m year</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;(0.90 m in 17 years) of subsidence has been measured.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626669409492765","usgsCitation":"Ikehara, M.E., 1994, Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 39, no. 5, p. 417-429, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669409492765.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a295ae4b0c8380cd5a8ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ikehara, M. E.","contributorId":40977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikehara","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017555,"text":"70017555 - 1994 - Determination of alachlor and its sulfonic acid metabolite in water by solid-phase extraction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T09:58:21","indexId":"70017555","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of alachlor and its sulfonic acid metabolite in water by solid-phase extraction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/ac00081a022","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Aga, D., Thurman, E., and Pomes, M., 1994, Determination of alachlor and its sulfonic acid metabolite in water by solid-phase extraction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Analytical Chemistry, v. 66, no. 9, p. 1495-1499, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00081a022.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1495","endPage":"1499","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff90e4b0c8380cd4f265","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aga, D.S.","contributorId":18521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aga","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pomes, M.L.","contributorId":84393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomes","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017570,"text":"70017570 - 1994 - Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review","docAbstract":"Hydrologic models provide a framework in which to conceptualize and investigate the relationships between climate and water resources. A review of current studies that assess the impacts of climate change using hydrologic models indicates a number of problem areas common to the variety of models applied. These problem areas include parameter estimation, scale, model validation, climate scenario generation, and data. Research needs to address these problems include development of (1) a more physically based understanding of hydrologic processes and their interactions; (2) parameter measurement and estimation techniques for application over a range of spatial and temporal scales; (3) quantitative measures of uncertainty in model parameters and model results; (4) improved methodologies of climate scenario generation; (5) detailed data sets in a variety of climatic and physiographic regions; and (6) modular modeling tools to provide a framework to facilitate interdisciplinary research. Solutions to these problems would significantly improve the capability of models to assess the effects of climate change. ?? 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01094105","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Leavesley, G., 1994, Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review: Climatic Change, v. 28, no. 1-2, p. 159-177, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01094105.","startPage":"159","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206153,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01094105"},{"id":228804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c3ee4b0c8380cd6fb2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017578,"text":"70017578 - 1994 - The feasibility of recharge rate determinations using the steady-state centrifuge method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:34:46","indexId":"70017578","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The feasibility of recharge rate determinations using the steady-state centrifuge method","docAbstract":"<p>The establishment of steady unsaturated flow in a centrifuge permits accurate measurement of small values of hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i>). This method can provide a recharge determination if it is applied to an unsaturated core sample from a depth at which gravity alone drives the flow. A<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><span>&nbsp;</span>value determined at the in situ water content indicates the long-term average recharge rate at a point. Tests of this approach have been made at two sites. Unsaturated<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values were measured easily for sandy core samples from a site in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The results indicate that a better knowledge of the matric pressure profiles is required before a recharge rate can be determined. Fine-textured cores from a site in southeastern Washington required new developments of apparatus and procedures, especially for making centrifuge measurements with minimal compaction of the samples. Measured<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values led to preliminary recharge rate determinations that are reasonable considering the known hydrology and topography of the site.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010007x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., Stonestrom, D.A., and Akstin, K., 1994, The feasibility of recharge rate determinations using the steady-state centrifuge method: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 58, no. 1, p. 49-56, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010007x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"56","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babffe4b08c986b3231e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Akstin, K.C.","contributorId":105445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akstin","given":"K.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017579,"text":"70017579 - 1994 - Ionic strength and DOC determinations from various freshwater sources to the San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T06:58:30","indexId":"70017579","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ionic strength and DOC determinations from various freshwater sources to the San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p>An exact estimation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within the salinity gradient of zinc and copper metals is significant in understanding the limit to which DOC could influence metal speciation. A low-temperature persulfate/oxygen/ultraviolet wet oxidation procedure was utilized for analyzing DOC samples adapted for ionic strength from major freshwater sources of the northern and southern regions of San Francisco Bay. The ionic strength of samples was modified with a chemically defined seawater medium up to 0.7M. Based on the results, a minimum effect of ionic strength on oxidation proficiency for DOC sources to the Bay over an ionic strength gradient of 0.0 to 0.7 M was observed. There was no major impacts of ionic strength on two Suwanee River fulvic acids. In general, the noted effects associated with ionic strength were smaller than the variances seen in the aquatic environment between high- and low-temperature methods.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00198505","issn":"00074861","usgsCitation":"Hunter, Y., and Kuwabara, J., 1994, Ionic strength and DOC determinations from various freshwater sources to the San Francisco Bay: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 52, no. 2, p. 311-318, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198505.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"318","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.0084228515625,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0084228515625,\n              38.171273439283084\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.70379638671874,\n              38.171273439283084\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.70379638671874,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0084228515625,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ed9e4b0c8380cd640b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunter, Y.R.","contributorId":31542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Y.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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