For nearly 15 years, the Redwood Creek Watershed in north coastal California has been the focus of both U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and National Park Service (NPS) studies designed to document and quantify the nature of erosion, sedimentation and sediment transport processes active in the basin. While none of these studies were specifically designed to assess possible cumulative effects resulting from land use, we can demonstrate, by synthesizing a number of study findings throughout the watershed, that some land use practices do result in long-term and persistent changes to hillslopes and stream channels.
\nFor this discussion, \"Cumulative Effects\" are viewed as multiple, persistent impacts which are separated in either space or time from the original land use disturbance. Although each incremental disturbance may have an insignificant effect when viewed alone, the impacts may become cumulatively significant when seen in aggregate or when multiple erosion sources are triggered simultaneously by a large storm. For example, an undersized culvert which becomes plugged of whose capacity is exceeded by storm runoff can cause erosion at the site where it is installed as all or part of the fill crossing is washed out. In addition, streamflow can be diverted from the channel and cause considerable erosion in downslope areas where gullies will form, and in far removed fish-bearing streams where the sediment is finally deposited.
\nIn addition to being spatially displaced from its source, the effect may also be delayed in time. The undersized culvert may not plug or its capacity be exceeded for many years, and the resultant erosion and sedimentation may not occur for decades after the original disturbance. An entire road network, which is not being permanently maintained or whose culverts have been underdesigned, may not reveal significant erosional impacts from road construction until a major storm cause widespread culvert failure, stream crossing erosion and stream diversions. The effects of land use are then additive, occur essentially instantaneously over large areas, and are displaced both spatially and temporally from their source and time of initiation.
\nThe objective of this brief report is to describe how specific land use practices can cause multiple on-site and off-site geomorphic impacts which may become obvious only years following the land use disturbance. Additionally, we will briefly outline how a large percentage of these persistent effects can be avoided entirely by minor changes in road construction techniques.
","largerWorkTitle":"American Geophysical Union Meeting on Cumulative Effects","conferenceTitle":"American Geophysical Union Meeting on Cumulative Effects","language":"English","publisher":"National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement","publisherLocation":"New York, N.Y.","usgsCitation":"Hagans, D.K., Weaver, W.E., and Madej, M.A., 1986, Long-term on-site and off-site effects of logging and erosion in the Redwood Creek basin, northern California: Technical Bulletin, p. 38-66.","productDescription":"p. 38-66","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Northern California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,37.41 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -117.73,42.01 ], [ -117.73,37.41 ], [ -124.41,37.41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f5e4b07b8813a554d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagans, Danny K.","contributorId":67806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagans","given":"Danny","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, William E.","contributorId":94598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121248,"text":"70121248 - 1986 - Refuge management analyses: management enhancements at Desoto National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T12:56:43","indexId":"70121248","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T12:55:38","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"NEC-87/03","title":"Refuge management analyses: management enhancements at Desoto National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., 1986, Refuge management analyses: management enhancements at Desoto National Wildlife Refuge, 33 p.","productDescription":"33 p.","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Desoto National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.054716,41.480913 ], [ -96.054716,41.551347 ], [ -95.984961,41.551347 ], [ -95.984961,41.480913 ], [ -96.054716,41.480913 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b658e4b09d12e0e8e70a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, D. 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Aboveground activity of the male averaged 2.95 hr/night, 15% of the total time monitored. From 22 September to 5 November, aboveground activity of the female averaged 1.9 hours; 26% of the time she was stationary and 74% of the time she was moving. During August the juvenile female emerged at least once on 93% of the nights. She was least active in November. Both animals were primarily nocturnal (although daylight activity was not uncommon), and timing of nightly activity was similar, peaking from 0100 to 0359.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","usgsCitation":"Biggins, D.E., Shroeder, M.H., Forrest, S.C., and Richardson, L., 1986, Activity of radio-tagged black-footed ferrets: Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, v. 8, p. 135-140.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292564,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464c8e4b073ff773a7cd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggins, Dean E. 0000-0003-2078-671X bigginsd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-671X","contributorId":2522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"Dean","email":"bigginsd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shroeder, Max H.","contributorId":90226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroeder","given":"Max","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forrest, Steven C.","contributorId":11518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forrest","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richardson, Louise","contributorId":9181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"Louise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70121070,"text":"70121070 - 1986 - 1986 wetland plant list: Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T12:43:47","indexId":"70121070","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T12:42:43","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"1986 wetland plant list: Nebraska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Reed, P., 1986, 1986 wetland plant list: Nebraska.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292559,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.0535,39.9999 ], [ -104.0535,43.0017 ], [ -95.3083,43.0017 ], [ -95.3083,39.9999 ], [ -104.0535,39.9999 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464c1e4b073ff773a7c67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, P.B. 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Pregnant females denned in late October, and most other bears denned by mid-November. Duration of denning average 113, 132, and 170 days for males, females, and females with new cubs, respectively. Males emerged from mid-February to late March, followed by single females and females with yearlings and 2-year-olds. Females with new cubs emerged from early mid-April. Den sites were associated with moderate tree cover (26%-75% canopy cover) on 30°-60° slopes. Dens occurred on all aspects, although northerly exposures were most common. Grizzly bears usually dug new dens but occasionally used natural cavities or a den from a previous year. Males usually dug larger dens than females with young. 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