Rock samples from about 280 podiform chromite deposits in California and Oregon were analyzed for Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ir by fire assay-atomic absorption and spectrographic techniques to estimate by-product platinum-group element potential of chromite mining. These deposits include ophiolites from the Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, Coast Ranges, and the Canyon Mountain Complex; the deposits vary from Paleozoic to Mesozoic age and vary in size, shape, texture, and degree of metamorphism. The maximum platinum-group element contents (in ppm) measured for chromitites are: Pt, 2.53; Pd, 0.2; Rh, 0.14; Ru, 4.93; and Ir, 2.93.Correlations between Pt and Rh (0.60), Rh and Ir (0.64), Rh and Ru (0.71), and Ir and Ru (0.85) are significant at the 1 percent level. Relatively small but significant differences in platinum-group element content exist between geologic terranes. Chromite production from California and Oregon amounts to about 692,000 metric tons (1914-1985); the mean contained platinum-group element amounts in troy ounces are: Pt, 850; Pd, 100; Rh, 260; Ru, 4200; and Ir, 1,700, using estimated grades. Previous investigators have suggested that relatively few samples can represent the platinum-group element content of a podiform chromite deposit; therefore, these analyses are assumed to approximate \"grades.\" Total world resources of platinum-group elements in podiform chromite deposits are estimated in troy ounces to be: Pt, 210,000; Pd, 25,000; Rh, 64,000; Ru, 1,000,000; and Ir, 420,000.
Metasomatized Tertiary lavas with anomalously high K2O and low Na2O content are distributed within the northwest-trending Miocene extensional terrane of southwestern Arizona. These rocks are common near core-complex–related detachment faults at Picacho Peak and the Harcuvar Mountains and in listric-faulted terrane at the Vulture Mountains. In addition to systematic changes in K2O and Na2O, the rocks have been enriched in Zr and depleted in MgO.
Secondary, introduced minerals include orthoclase, quartz, and calcite. Fine-grained, euhedral orthoclase (var. adularia), from 2 to 10 µm, is the dominant potassium mineral.
Metasomatic changes at Picacho Peak are spatially associated with a major detachment fault. Thus, it is interpreted that detachment provided a conduit for hydrothermal fluids that altered the initial chemical composition of the Tertiary volcanics by potassium metasomatism and charged the upper-plate rocks with mineralizing fluids that carried Zr and Ba, along with Au, Ag, and Cu, during detachment 17–18 Ma.
A suite of siltstone samples from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale from the contact zone of a 130-cm thick igneous dike near Wolcott, Colorado, U.S.A., was taken from the contact to 170 cm from the dike to study the effects of temperature on the organic matter. The sampled bedding interval was about 10 cm thick, so variation in lithology and type of organic matter is minimal. Vitrinite reflectance values (R0) increase from 0.4 far from the dike, to 3.3% near the dike contact. Geochemical measurements show systematic thermal effects analogous to those often observed for catagenesis and metagenesis in the depth range of 1–4 km within a sedimentary basin. The H/C ratio of kerogen and the hydrogen index (Rock-Eval) decrease most rapidly in the 0.6–1.7% R0 range, in which the transformation ratio (Rock-Eval) increases from 0.1 to 0.3. Based on extraction of C15+ compounds, the main increase of hydrocarbons and total extractable organic matter occurs between 0.6 and 1.0% reflectance. The saturated/aromatic hydrocarbon ratio increases almost twofold in this range of maturity. However, the pristane/phytane ratio is essentially constant through the hydrocarbon generation zone but decreases slightly at high levels of thermal alteration (R0 > 1.2%). The δ13C values for aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons are about −27 and −29‰, respectively, and are constant to about 1.0% R0, then both become heavier by about 2‰ at higher R0 values.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(86)90017-3","usgsCitation":"Clayton, J., and Bostick, N.H., 1986, Temperature effects on kerogen and on molecular and isotopic composition of organic matter in Pierre Shale near an igneous dike: Organic Geochemistry, v. 10, no. 1-3, p. 135-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(86)90017-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"143","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225842,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Wolcott","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.71817113728387,\n 39.72929240890841\n ],\n [\n -106.71817113728387,\n 39.67563893022586\n ],\n [\n -106.650746283304,\n 39.67563893022586\n ],\n [\n -106.650746283304,\n 39.72929240890841\n ],\n [\n -106.71817113728387,\n 39.72929240890841\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4c3e4b08c986b320583","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clayton, J.L.","contributorId":76767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bostick, N. H.","contributorId":67099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bostick","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014599,"text":"70014599 - 1986 - Geochemical correlation of surface and subsurface oils, western Greece","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T15:31:33.350164","indexId":"70014599","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical correlation of surface and subsurface oils, western Greece","docAbstract":"Teleseismic P wave travel time residuals are used to detect lateral velocity heterogeneities in the upper mantle beneath Washington and northern Oregon. The results of an inversion for three-dimensional velocity variations resolves an east dipping high-velocity zone that we interpret as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. The plate is characterized by 3–8% higher velocities than those in the surrounding upper mantle. Inversion of the travel time data and ray trace modeling indicate that the plate extends to a depth of 200–300 km. The plate dips at a moderate angle of 45° to the east-northeast beneath the central Washington Cascade Range north of Mount Rainier, with 5% faster velocities than the surrounding upper mantle. Beneath the North Cascade Range of Washington, the plate strikes to the northwest and has 6–8% faster velocities than the upper mantle to the west. South of 47°N, beneath the Cascade Range in southern Washington and northern Oregon, the plate dips steeply to the east and has 3–4% faster velocities than the surrounding upper mantle. Based on changes in the geometry and velocity structure of the subducted Juan de Fuca plate east of about 123°W, we propose that the subducted slab is segmented into three sections beneath Washington and northern Oregon.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB091iB02p02077","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Michaelson, C.A., and Weaver, C., 1986, Upper mantle structure from teleseismic P wave arrivals in Washington and northern Oregon: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 91, no. B2, p. 2077-2094, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB02p02077.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2077","endPage":"2094","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd5ae4b08c986b328fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michaelson, C. A.","contributorId":50900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014623,"text":"70014623 - 1986 - Spatial diversity index mapping of classes in grid cell maps.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:30","indexId":"70014623","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial diversity index mapping of classes in grid cell maps.","docAbstract":"The landscape diversity index indicates the number of classes of land that are in proximity to each point in a digital grid cell map. The index is D=100(i-1)/(n-1), where i = the number of landscape classes within a selected distance of each grid cell and n = the total number of mapped classes. The use of the index is illustrated by calculating the diversity index at each grid cell for each of five mapped classes and displaying the resulting diversity index map that portrays the complexity of the scene. The method is applicable to land-use planning, site selection, or description of landscape complexity.-Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robinove, C., 1986, Spatial diversity index mapping of classes in grid cell maps.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 8, p. 1171-1173.","startPage":"1171","endPage":"1173","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9474e4b08c986b31aac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinove, C.J.","contributorId":68778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014841,"text":"70014841 - 1986 - Image mapping with the Thematic Mapper.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70014841","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Image mapping with the Thematic Mapper.","docAbstract":"This paper deals principally with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image maps as published by the US Geological Survey (USGS). Landsat data have certain characteristics that make them suitable for conversion into image maps. These characteristics involve 1) spatial resolution, 2) geometric fidelity, and 3) spectral response. This paper analyzes the three mentioned characteristics and discusses the processes involved in producing TM image maps.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A., 1986, Image mapping with the Thematic Mapper.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 9, p. 1499-1505.","startPage":"1499","endPage":"1505","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3878e4b0c8380cd6159e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, A. P.","contributorId":82703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"A. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014667,"text":"70014667 - 1986 - A coefficient of agreement as a measure of thematic classification accuracy.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014667","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A coefficient of agreement as a measure of thematic classification accuracy.","docAbstract":"The classification error matrix typically contains tabulated results of accuracy evaluation for a thematic classification, such as a land-use and land-cover map. Diagonal elements of the matrix represent counts correct. The usual designation of classification accuracy has been total percent correct. Nondiagonal elements of the matrix have usually been neglected. A coefficient of agreement is determined for the interpreted map as a whole, and individually for each interpreted category. These coefficients utilize all cell values in the matrix.-from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rosenfield, G., and Fitzpatrick-Lins, K., 1986, A coefficient of agreement as a measure of thematic classification accuracy.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 2, p. 223-227.","startPage":"223","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e348e4b0c8380cd45f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenfield, G.H.","contributorId":94670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfield","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, K.","contributorId":78480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick-Lins","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014677,"text":"70014677 - 1986 - Inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T16:07:56.371743","indexId":"70014677","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2155,"text":"Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc","docAbstract":"An inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometric method is described for the determination of six elements in a variety of geological materials. Sixteen reference materials are analysed by this technique to demonstrate its use in geochemical exploration. Samples are decomposed with nitric, hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids, and the residue dissolved in hydrochloric acid and diluted to volume. The elements are determined in two groups based on compatibility of instrument operating conditions and consideration of crustal abundance levels. Cadmium, Cu, Pb and Zn are determined as a group in the 50-ml sample solution under one set of instrument conditions with the use of scatter correction. Limitations of the scatter correction technique used with the fluorescence instrument are discussed. Iron and Mn are determined together using another set of instrumental conditions on a 1-50 dilution of the sample solution without the use of scatter correction. The ranges of concentration (??g g-1) of these elements in the sample that can be determined are: Cd, 0.3-500; Cu, 0.4-500; Fe, 85-250 000; Mn, 45-100 000; Pb, 5-10 000; and Zn, 0.4-300. The precision of the method is usually less than 5% relative standard deviation (RSD) over a wide concentration range and acceptable accuracy is shown by the agreement between values obtained and those recommended for the reference materials.","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/JA9860100343","issn":"02679477","usgsCitation":"Sanzolone, R.F., 1986, Inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 1, no. 5, p. 343-347, https://doi.org/10.1039/JA9860100343.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226102,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ab5e4b0c8380cd61ed6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014605,"text":"70014605 - 1986 - STORM-SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING SYSTEM.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014605","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3647,"text":"Transportation Research Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"STORM-SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING SYSTEM.","docAbstract":"A comprehensive study and development of instruments and techniques for measuring all components of flow in a storm-sewer drainage system were undertaken by the U. S. Geological Survey under the sponsorship of FHWA. The study involved laboratory and field calibration and testing of measuring flumes, pipe insert meters, weirs, and electromagnetic velocity meters as well as the development and calibration of pneumatic bubbler and pressure transducer head-measuring systems. Tracer dilution and acoustic-flowmeter measurements were used in field verification tests. A single micrologger was used to record data from all the instruments and also to activate on command the electromagnetic velocity meter and tracer dilution systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transportation Research Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03611981","usgsCitation":"Kilpatrick, F.A., and Kaehrle, W.R., 1986, STORM-SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING SYSTEM.: Transportation Research Record, p. 1-9.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf91e4b0c8380cd87673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilpatrick, Frederick A.","contributorId":19306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaehrle, William R.","contributorId":68044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehrle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014585,"text":"70014585 - 1986 - Vanadium chlorite from a sandstone-hosted vanadium-uranium deposit, Henry basin, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T17:59:11","indexId":"70014585","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vanadium chlorite from a sandstone-hosted vanadium-uranium deposit, Henry basin, Utah","docAbstract":"An unusual vanadium chlorite precipitated during the formation of a vanadium-uranium ore deposit in the Henry Basin, southeastern Utah. The ore deposit formed by reduction and precipitation of U and V in the presence of organic matter at the interface between a stagnant brine and overlying, circulating meteoric water. Some samples of the vanadium chlorite (heated before analysis) contain > 10% V2O5. In fresh samples, most of the vanadium is in the trivalent oxidation state. X-ray powder diffraction data suggest that Fe and V are concentrated preferentially in the interlayer hydroxide sheets of the chlorite. A d(060) value of 1.52 Å indicates that the chlorite probably has a dioctahedral structure which is distended by the presence of octahedral Fe and V. The vanadium ore zone is flanked by peripheral zones containing perfectly ordered chlorite/smectite. This chlorite/smectite contains much less V than the pure chlorite. This chlorite may have formed by the progressive precipitation of vanadium-rich interlayer hydroxide sheets in the mixed-layer chlorite/smectite in the most reducing portion of the ore zone. The pure chlorite is a IIb polytype, which, for nonvanadiferous analogs, is ordinarily found in high-temperature environments; however, no evidence exists to show that these rocks have ever been exposed to elevated temperatures. In fact, the presence of unreacted smectite in a potassium-rich setting and the low vitrinite reflectance of coalified plant debris indicate a low-temperature history for these sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340416 ","usgsCitation":"Whitney, G., and Northrop, H.R., 1986, Vanadium chlorite from a sandstone-hosted vanadium-uranium deposit, Henry basin, Utah: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 34, no. 4, p. 488-495, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340416 .","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"488","endPage":"495","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Henry Basin","volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc112e4b08c986b32a43d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, Gene","contributorId":27049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"Gene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Northrop, H. R.","contributorId":40735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Northrop","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015024,"text":"70015024 - 1986 - Selective chemical dissolution of sulfides: An evaluation of six methods applicable to assaying sulfide-bound nickel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T08:33:13","indexId":"70015024","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selective chemical dissolution of sulfides: An evaluation of six methods applicable to assaying sulfide-bound nickel","docAbstract":"Six analytical techniques for the selective chemical dissolution of sulfides are compared with the purpose of defining the best method for accurately determining the concentration of sulfide-bound nickel. Synthesized sulfide phases of known elemental content, mixed with well-analyzed silicates, were used to determine the relative and absolute efficiency, based on Ni and Mg recovery, of the techniques. Tested leach-methods purported to dissolve sulfide from silicate phases include: brominated water, brominated water-carbon tetrachloride, nitric-hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide-ammonium citrate, bromine-methanol and hydrogen peroxide-ascorbic acid. Only the hydrogen peroxide-ammonium citrate method did not prove adequate in dissolving the sulfide phases. The remaining five methods dissolved the sulfide phases, but the indicated amount of attack on the silicate portion ranged from 3% to 100%. The bromine-methanol method is recommended for assaying sulfide-Ni deposits when Ni is also present in silicate phases. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(86)90079-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Klock, P., Czamanske, G., Foose, M., and Pesek, J., 1986, Selective chemical dissolution of sulfides: An evaluation of six methods applicable to assaying sulfide-bound nickel: Chemical Geology, v. 54, no. 1-2, p. 157-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90079-3.","startPage":"157","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266100,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90079-3"},{"id":223692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cdce4b08c986b318175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klock, P.R.","contributorId":62588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klock","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foose, M.","contributorId":78478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foose","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pesek, J.","contributorId":18116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pesek","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014593,"text":"70014593 - 1986 - MODE IDENTIFICATION OF AN ARCH DAM BY A DYNAMIC AIR-GUN TEST.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014593","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"MODE IDENTIFICATION OF AN ARCH DAM BY A DYNAMIC AIR-GUN TEST.","docAbstract":"Thirteen natural frequencies of a concrete arch dam (Monticello Dam near Sacramento, California) have been identified by using a dynamic testing method which employs an air gun firing in the reservoir as the excitation source. These vibrations modes are determined from the peak responses in the Fourier amplitude spectra of the free-vibration data recorded at three crest locations using three-component geophones. Comparisons of the first five natural frequencies with results obtained by forced vibration tests using rotating mass shakers show good agreement. The next eight higher-frequency modes, not previously identified, are determined from data of the present tests.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Inst","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA, USA","isbn":"0943198070","usgsCitation":"Liu, H., Fedock, J.J., and Fletcher, J.B., 1986, MODE IDENTIFICATION OF AN ARCH DAM BY A DYNAMIC AIR-GUN TEST., Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering., Charleston, SC, USA, p. 753-764.","startPage":"753","endPage":"764","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ad1e4b0c8380cd6908f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Hsi-Ping","contributorId":82705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Hsi-Ping","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fedock, Joseph J.","contributorId":37082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedock","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fletcher, Jon B.","contributorId":65614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014482,"text":"70014482 - 1986 - Local Magnetic Fields, Uplift, Gravity, and Dilational Strain Changes in Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T00:18:04.582818","indexId":"70014482","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local Magnetic Fields, Uplift, Gravity, and Dilational Strain Changes in Southern California","docAbstract":"Measurements of regional magnetic field during gravity, strain and leveling surveys near the San Andreas fault at Cajon, Palmdale and Tejon are strongly correlated with changes in gravity, areal strain, and uplift in these regions during the period 1977-1984. This correlation principally depends on data taken during 1978-79 and 1981-82 when episodes of the ‘Palmdale Uplift’ occurred in this general region. Because the inferred relationships between these parameters are in approximate agreement with those obtained from simple deformation models, the preferred explanation appeals to short-term strain episodes independently detected in each data set. Transfer functions from magnetic to strain, gravity, and uplift perturbations, obtained by least-square linear fits to the data, are -0.98nT/ppm, -0.03nT/μGal, and 9.1nT/m respectively. Tectonomagnetic model calculations underestimate the observed changes and those reported previously for dam loading and volcano-magnetic observations. A less likely alternative explanation of the observed data appeals to a common source of meteorologically generated crustal or instrumental noise in the strain, gravity, magnetic, and uplift data.
The Floridan aquifer system of the Southeastern United States is comprised of a thick sequence of carbonate rocks that are mostly of Paleocene to early Miocene age and that are hydraulically connected in varying degrees. The aquifer system consists of a single vertically continuous permeable unit updip and of two major permeable zones (the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers) separated by one of seven middle confining units downdip. Neither the boundaries of the aquifer system or of its component high- and low-permeability zones necessarily conform to either formation boundaries or time-stratigraphic breaks. The rocks that make up the Floridan aquifer system, its upper and lower confining units, and a surficial aquifer have been separated into several chronostratigraphic units. The external and internal geometry of these stratigraphic units is presented on a series of structure contour and isopach maps and by a series of geohydrologic cross sections and a fence diagram. Paleocene through middle Eocene units consist of an updip clastic facies and a downdip carbonate bank facies, that extends progressively farther north and east in progressively younger units. Upper Eocene and Oligocene strata are predominantly carbonate rocks throughout the study area. Miocene and younger strata are mostly clastic rocks. Subsurface data show that some modifications in current stratigraphic nomenclature are necessary. First, the middle Eocene Lake City Limestone cannot be distinguished lithologically or faunally from the overlying middle Eocene Avon Park 'Limestone.' Accordingly, it is proposed that the term Lake City be abandoned and the term Avon Park Formation be applied to the entire middle Eocene carbonate section of peninsular Florida and southeastern Georgia. A reference well section in Levy County, Fla., is proposed for the expanded Avon Park Formation. The Avon Park is called a 'formation' more properly than a 'limestone' because the unit contains rock types other than limestone. Second, like the Avon Park, the lower Eocene Oldsmar and Paleocene Cedar Keys 'Limestones' of peninsular Florida practically everywhere contain rock types other than limestone. It is therefore proposed that these units be referred to more accurately as Oldsmar Formation and Cedar Keys Formation. The uppermost hydrologic unit in the study area is a surficial aquifer that can be divided into (1) a fluvial sand-and-gravel aquifer in southwestern Alabama and westernmost panhandle Florida, (2) limestone and sandy limestone of the Biscayne aquifer in southeastern peninsular Florida, and (3) a thin blanket of terrace and fluvial sands elsewhere. The surficial aquifer is underlain by a thick sequence of fine clastic rocks and low-permeability carbonate rocks, most of which are part of the middle Miocene Hawthorn Formation and all of which form the upper confining unit of the Floridan aquifer system. In places, the upper confining unit has been removed by erosion or is breached by sinkholes. Water in the Floridan aquifer system thus occurs under unconfined, semiconfined, or fully confined conditions, depending upon the presence, thickness, and integrity of the upper confining unit. Within the Floridan aquifer system, seven low permeability zones of subregional extent split the aquifer system in most places into an Upper and Lower Floridan aquifer. The Upper Floridan aquifer, which consists of all or parts of rocks of Oligocene age, late Eocene age, and the upper half of rocks of middle Eocene age, is highly permeable. The middle confining units that underlie the Upper Floridan are mostly of middle Eocene age but may be as young as Oligocene or as old as early Eocene. Where no middle confining unit exists, the entire aquifer system is comprised of permeable rocks and for hydrologic discussions is treated as the Upper Floridan aquifer.
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3321 College Avenue
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A hazard assessment scheme was developed and applied to predict potential harm to aquatic biota of nearly 500 organic compounds detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in Great Lakes fish. The frequency of occurrence and estimated concentrations of compounds found in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) were compared with available manufacturing and discharge information. Bioconcentration potential of the compounds was estimated from available data or from calculations of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Investigators at the National Fisheries Research Center-Great Lakes also measured the acute toxicity (48-h EC50's) of 35 representative compounds to Daphnia pulex and compared the results with acute toxicity values generated by QSAR. The QSAR-derived toxicities for several chemicals underestimated the actual acute toxicity by one or more orders of magnitude. A multiple regression of log EC50 on log water solubility and molecular volume proved to be a useful predictive model. Additional models providing insight into toxicity incorporate solvatochromic parameters that measure dipolarity/polarizability, hydrogen bond acceptor basicity, and hydrogen bond donor acidity of the solute (toxicant).
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the technology transfer conference, part b: water quality research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Technology Transfer Conference","language":"English","publisher":"Ontario Ministry of the Environment","usgsCitation":"Passino, D.R., 1986, Predictive models in hazard assessment of Great Lakes contaminants for fish, in Proceedings of the technology transfer conference, part b: water quality research.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321639,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5746ccc0e4b07e28b662dd0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Passino, Dora R. May","contributorId":23877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"R. May","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015676,"text":"70015676 - 1986 - A paleomagnetic and stable isotope study of the pluton at Rio Hondo near Questa, New Mexico: Implications for CRM related to hydrothermal alteration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:31:27.565985","indexId":"70015676","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A paleomagnetic and stable isotope study of the pluton at Rio Hondo near Questa, New Mexico: Implications for CRM related to hydrothermal alteration","docAbstract":"Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data combined with stable isotope data from the middle Tertiary pluton along the Rio Hondo in northern New Mexico suggest that its magnetic remanence has both thermal (TRM) and high-temperature chemical (CRM) components. Oxygen isotope temperatures indicate that magnetite associated with the more rapidly cooled higher levels of the pluton, and with mafic inclusions and cogenetic rhyolitic dikes sampled at lower levels of exposure, ceased subsolidus recrystallization and isotopic exchange above its Curie temperature (580°C) in the presence of a magmatic fluid. Continued cooling imparted a TRM to these portions of the pluton. The more slowly cooled granodiorite at lower levels has quartz-magnetite isotopic temperatures that are below the Curie temperature of magnetite implying that its magnetization is high-temperature CRM. Sub-Curie isotopic temperatures for other granitic plutons in the western U.S.A. suggest that CRM may be commonly derived from subsolidus interactions between magnetite and magmatic fluids in plutonic rocks. A meteoric-hydrothermal system generated by the cooling Rio Hondo pluton, and not by younger adjacent intrusions, resulted in limited alteration along zones of high permeability near the southern margin of the Rio Hondo pluton, and in more prevasive alteration of the pluton to the north. The meteoric-hydrothermal alteration occurred at relatively high temperatures (> 350°C) and, with the exception of local chloritization, caused little visible alteration of the rocks. The isotopic ratios indicate that little of the magnetite could have grown from or exchanged with a meteoric-hydrothermal fluid.
The Carson-Iceberg and Leavitt Lake Roadless Areas (the study area) lie near the crest of the Sierra Nevada in central California. The study area encompasses approximately 219,630 acres in the Stanislaus and Toiyabe National Forests in Alpine, Mono, and Tuolumne Counties. The area is dominated by rugged topography typical of the high Sierra Nevada. Elevations range from about 4,920 feet at Donnells Reservoir, at the southwestern corner of the study area, to 11,570 feet at Leavitt Peak, along the southwest boundary of the Leavitt Lake Roadless Area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1416C","usgsCitation":"Chaffee, M., 1986, Summary geochemical maps for samples of rock, stream sediment, and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrates, Carson-Iceberg and Leavitt Lake Roadless Areas, Alpine, Mono, and Tuolumne counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1416, 2 Plates: 56.66 x 33.95 inches and 42.74 x 35.97 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1416C.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 56.66 x 33.95 inches and 42.74 x 35.97 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":357434,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1416-C/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357433,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1416-C/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182899,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1416-C/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Alpine County, Mono County, Tuolumne County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.08333333333333,38.25 ], [ -120.08333333333333,38.666666666666664 ], [ -119.5,38.666666666666664 ], [ -119.5,38.25 ], [ -120.08333333333333,38.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699594","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaffee, M.A.","contributorId":108049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015567,"text":"70015567 - 1986 - Effects of temperature and sliding rate on frictional strength of granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015567","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of temperature and sliding rate on frictional strength of granite","docAbstract":"Layers of artificial granite gouge have been deformed on saw-cut granite surfaces inclined 30?? to the sample axes. Samples were deformed at a constant confining pressure of 250 MPa and temperatures of 22 to 845??C. The velocity dependence of the steady-state coefficient of friction (??ss) was determined by comparing sliding strengths at different sliding rates. The results of these measurements are consistent with those reported by Solberg and Byerlee (1984) at room temperature and Stesky (1975) between 300 and 400??C. Stesky found that the slip-rate dependence of (??ss) increased above 400??C. In the present study, however, the velocity dependence of (??ss) was nearly independent of temperature. ?? 1986 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00877211","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., Summers, R., and Byerlee, J., 1986, Effects of temperature and sliding rate on frictional strength of granite: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 124, no. 3, p. 445-469, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00877211.","startPage":"445","endPage":"469","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205391,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877211"},{"id":223610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07f0e4b0c8380cd518e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Summers, R.","contributorId":65483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}