Teleseismic P wave travel time residuals are used to detect lateral velocity heterogeneities in the upper mantle beneath Washington and northern Oregon. The results of an inversion for three-dimensional velocity variations resolves an east dipping high-velocity zone that we interpret as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. The plate is characterized by 3–8% higher velocities than those in the surrounding upper mantle. Inversion of the travel time data and ray trace modeling indicate that the plate extends to a depth of 200–300 km. The plate dips at a moderate angle of 45° to the east-northeast beneath the central Washington Cascade Range north of Mount Rainier, with 5% faster velocities than the surrounding upper mantle. Beneath the North Cascade Range of Washington, the plate strikes to the northwest and has 6–8% faster velocities than the upper mantle to the west. South of 47°N, beneath the Cascade Range in southern Washington and northern Oregon, the plate dips steeply to the east and has 3–4% faster velocities than the surrounding upper mantle. Based on changes in the geometry and velocity structure of the subducted Juan de Fuca plate east of about 123°W, we propose that the subducted slab is segmented into three sections beneath Washington and northern Oregon.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB091iB02p02077","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Michaelson, C.A., and Weaver, C., 1986, Upper mantle structure from teleseismic P wave arrivals in Washington and northern Oregon: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 91, no. B2, p. 2077-2094, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB02p02077.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2077","endPage":"2094","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd5ae4b08c986b328fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michaelson, C. A.","contributorId":50900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014705,"text":"70014705 - 1986 - Influences of quaternary climatic changes on processes of soil development on desert loess deposits of the Cima volcanic field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-06T18:19:50.463591","indexId":"70014705","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1198,"text":"Catena","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influences of quaternary climatic changes on processes of soil development on desert loess deposits of the Cima volcanic field, California","docAbstract":"Soils formed in loess are evidence of both relict and buried landscapes developed on Pliocene-to-latest Pleistocene basalt flows of the Cima volcanic field in the eastern Mojave Desert, California. The characteristics of these soils change systematically and as functions of the age and surface morphology of the lava flow. Four distinct phases of soil development are recognized: phase 1 - weakly developed soils on flows less than 0.18 M.y. old; phase 2 - strongly developed soils with thick argillic horizons on 0.18 - 0.7 M.y. old flows; phase 3 - strongly developed soils with truncated argillic horizons massively impregnated by carbonate on 0.7 to 1.1 M.y. old flows; and phase 4 - degraded soils with petrocalcic rubble on Pliocene flows. A critical aspect of the development of stage 1 soils is the evolution of a vesicular A horizon which profoundly affects the infiltration characteristics of the loess parent materials. Laboratory studies show that secondary gypsum and possibly other salt accumulation probably occurred during the period of phase 1 soil development. Slight reddening of the interiors of peds from vesicular-A horizons of phase 1 soils and presence of weakly developed B horizons indicates a slight degree of in situ chemical alteration. However, clay and Fe oxide contents of these soils show that these constituents, as well as carbonates and soluble salts, are incorporated as eolian dust. In contrast to phase 1 soils, chemical and mineralogical analysis of argillic horizons of phase 2 soils indicate proportionally greater degrees of in-situ chemical alteration. These data, the abundant clay films, and the strong reddening in the thick argillic horizons suggest that phase 2 and phase 3 soils formed during long periods of time and periodically were subjected to leaching regimes more intense than those that now exist. Flow-age data and soil-stratigraphic evidence also indicate that several major loess-deposition events occurred during the past ??? 1.0 M.y. Loess events are attributed to past changes in climate, such as the Pleistocene-to-Holocene climatic change, that periodically caused regional desiccation of pluvial lakes, reduction of vegetational density, and exposure of loose, unconsolidated fine materials. During times of warmer interglacial climates, precipitation infiltrates to shallower depths than during glacial periods. Extensive, saline playas which developed in the Mojave Desert during the Holocene are a likely source of much of the carbonates and soluble salts that are accumulating at shallow depths both in phase 1 soils and in the formerly noncalcareous, nongypsiferous argillic horizons of phase 2 and 3 soils. ?? 1986.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0341-8162(86)90010-X","usgsCitation":"McFadden, L.D., Wells, S.G., and Dohrenwend, J.C., 1986, Influences of quaternary climatic changes on processes of soil development on desert loess deposits of the Cima volcanic field, California: Catena, v. 13, no. 4, p. 361-389, https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(86)90010-X.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"389","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cima volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.64751527404586,\n 35.30875004490268\n ],\n [\n -115.9171217596971,\n 35.30875004490268\n ],\n [\n -115.9171217596971,\n 35.13851834089037\n ],\n [\n -115.64751527404586,\n 35.13851834089037\n ],\n [\n -115.64751527404586,\n 35.30875004490268\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ba4e4b0c8380cd62710","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McFadden, L. D.","contributorId":15765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McFadden","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, S. G.","contributorId":81257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wells","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dohrenwend, J. C.","contributorId":40960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohrenwend","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014707,"text":"70014707 - 1986 - Crater Lake, Oregon: A restricted basin with base-of-slope aprons of nonchannelized turbidites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-26T12:12:16.016992","indexId":"70014707","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crater Lake, Oregon: A restricted basin with base-of-slope aprons of nonchannelized turbidites","docAbstract":"The basin floor of Crater Lake (10-km diameter, 600-m water depth) is covered by up to 75 m of sediment–gravity-flow deposits interbedded with mud. In the upper units (8 m (thick), sand and gravel layers with numerous wedging, strong seismic reflectors characterize the base-of-slope aprons at the basin margin. These layers evolve to turbidites of mainly thin, fine-grained, basin-plain type, characterized by numerous flat and weak seismic reflectors in the central basin floor. Many individual debris-chute sources funnel sediment to base-of-slope aprons: there, coarse-grained parts of the sediment–gravity flows deposit nonchannelized beds attributed to the F, A, B turbidite facies. While traversing the base-of-slope aprons, flows evolve to sheet-flow turbidity currents that deposit D-facies beds over the central basin floor. These processes and patterns of deposition characterize small siliciclastic basins without channelized submarine fans and are common in carbonate basins of all sizes.
Magnesioferrite grading toward magnetite has been identified as a very small but meaningful constituent of the basal iron-rich portion of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary clay at the Barranco del Gredero section, Caravaca, Spain. This spinel-type phase and others of the spinel group, found in K-T boundary clays at many widely separated sites, have been proposed as representing unaltered remnants of ejecta deposited from an earth-girdling dust cloud formed from the impact of an asteroid or other large bolide at the end of the Cretaceous period. The magnesioferrite occurs as euhedral, frequently skeletal, micron-sized octahedral crystals. The magnesioferrite contains29 ± 11 ppb Ir, which accounts for only part of the Ir anomaly at this K-T boundary layer(52 ± 1 ppb Ir). Major element analyses of the magnesioferrite show variable compositions. Some minor solid solution exists toward hercynite-spinel and chromite-magnesiochromite. A trevorite-nichromite (NiFe2O4-NiCr2O4) component is also present. The analyses are very similar to those reported for sites at Furlo and Petriccio, Umbria, Italy.
On the basis of the morphology and general composition of the magnesioferrite grains, rapid crystallization at high temperature is indicated, most likely directly from a vapor phase and in an environment of moderate oxygen fugacity. Elemental similarity with metallic alloy injected into rocks beneath two known impact craters suggests that part of the magnesioferrite may be derived from the vaporized chondritic bolide itself, or from the mantle; there is no supporting evidence for its derivation from crustal target rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(86)90100-7","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Bohor, B., Foord, E., and Ganapathy, R., 1986, Magnesioferrite from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Caravaca, Spain: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 81, no. 1, p. 57-66, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90100-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b53e4b0c8380cd6946f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohor, B.F.","contributorId":96351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ganapathy, R.","contributorId":31123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganapathy","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014493,"text":"70014493 - 1986 - Coincidence and spatial variability of geology, soils, and vegetation, Mill Run watershed, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:12:19","indexId":"70014493","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coincidence and spatial variability of geology, soils, and vegetation, Mill Run watershed, Virginia","docAbstract":"The Mill Run watershed is a structurally‐controlled synclinal basin on the eastern limb of the Massanutten Mountain complex of northwestern Virginia. Bedrock contacts are obscured by coarse sandstone debris from exposures near basin divides. Colluvium blankets more than half the basin, masking geomorphic surfaces, affecting vegetation patterns, and contributing to the convexity of the alluvial, terrace, pediment and erosion surfaces. Examination of the bedrock geology, geomorphology, soils and vegetation shows distinct distributional correspondences. Vegetation is strongly interdependent with geomorphology, bedrock geology, and soils. On convex colluvial slopes, mixed hardwood forests are most common. In concave coves and deep gorges, mixed hardwoods are replaced by conifers. In thin colluvium, in poorly developed soils, and on blockfields, chestnut oak is singularly prevalent. Conifers dominate shaley bedrock areas. Soils and surficial sediments have a major effect on near‐surface hydrology. During wet seasons, cemented horizons in the subsurface cause temporary saturation in the superjacent horizons; lateral movement of soil‐water effectively eliminates a vertical component of ground‐water recharge. Vegetation is strongly dependent on water availability and thus reflects the distribution of subsurface barriers and sediment‐soil fades changes.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00151a014","usgsCitation":"Kraemer, T.F., 1986, Radon in unconventional natural gas from Gulf Coast geopressured-geothermal reservoirs: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 20, no. 9, p. 939-942, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00151a014.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"939","endPage":"942","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225319,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Coast, Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.43934293870635,\n 26.224921208966407\n ],\n [\n -98.22840284864202,\n 25.98597854439454\n ],\n [\n -97.96672244341106,\n 26.005578981007744\n ],\n [\n -97.67233198752689,\n 25.976177100165017\n ],\n [\n -97.49787838403915,\n 25.809427727616807\n ],\n [\n -97.36703818142432,\n 25.789794681610445\n ],\n [\n -97.29071472989818,\n 25.897736153063306\n ],\n [\n -97.13806782684723,\n 25.91735128564828\n ],\n [\n -96.23308975875726,\n 25.750518837604716\n ],\n [\n -96.39664001202661,\n 26.809450380338617\n ],\n [\n -96.34212326093659,\n 27.091307894281186\n ],\n [\n -95.70972894829532,\n 27.63357793483091\n ],\n [\n -95.05552793521858,\n 27.759080954850205\n ],\n [\n -94.41223027235958,\n 27.768729052629183\n ],\n [\n -93.07111819555155,\n 27.643237134433107\n ],\n [\n -92.75492103923123,\n 27.865162952281153\n ],\n [\n -91.83903962092289,\n 27.797668212932678\n ],\n [\n -91.41380896242322,\n 27.874801630095945\n ],\n [\n -91.07580510566679,\n 27.865162952281153\n ],\n [\n -89.89824328212812,\n 28.240434163286068\n ],\n [\n -89.86553323147425,\n 28.566520723396152\n ],\n [\n -89.32036572057685,\n 28.547366972832492\n ],\n [\n -88.88423171185879,\n 28.910690752786238\n ],\n [\n -88.9060384122943,\n 29.06329043939982\n ],\n [\n -89.3857858218846,\n 30.18169971961376\n ],\n [\n -89.5166260244994,\n 30.2005484002334\n ],\n [\n -89.61475617646101,\n 30.28532279123911\n ],\n [\n -89.68017627776874,\n 30.48284486579432\n ],\n [\n -89.76740307951262,\n 30.567374818195503\n ],\n [\n -89.82191983060264,\n 30.708094473531105\n ],\n [\n -89.73469302885876,\n 30.90475750995796\n ],\n [\n -89.73469302885876,\n 31.0076106432371\n ],\n [\n -91.64277931700032,\n 30.998264935928816\n ],\n [\n -92.3078836802948,\n 30.85796949737376\n ],\n [\n -94.52126377453892,\n 30.81115864508915\n ],\n [\n -95.57888874567985,\n 30.31356466317669\n ],\n [\n -96.50944995012932,\n 29.61539056959211\n ],\n [\n -97.38171796756542,\n 28.85423636903039\n ],\n [\n -98.16675918325765,\n 27.904548462660117\n ],\n [\n -98.40663288805247,\n 27.053315374519244\n ],\n [\n -98.43934293870635,\n 26.224921208966407\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a943fe4b0c8380cd812b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraemer, T. F.","contributorId":63400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014491,"text":"70014491 - 1986 - Applications of Landsat data and the data base approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:38:46","indexId":"70014491","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of Landsat data and the data base approach","docAbstract":"A generalized methodology for applying digital Landsat data to resource inventory and assessment tasks is currently being used by several bureaux and agencies within the US Department of the Interior. The methodology includes definition of project objectives and output, identification of source materials, construction of the digital data base, performance of computer-assisted analyses, and generation of output. The USGS, Bureau of Land Management, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Reclamation, and National Park Service have used this generalized methodology to assemble comprehensive digital data bases for resource management. Advanced information processing techniques have been applied to these data bases for making regional environmental surveys on millions of acres of public lands at costs ranging from $0.01 to $0.08 an acre.-Author","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lauer, D.T., 1986, Applications of Landsat data and the data base approach: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 8, p. 1193-1199.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1199","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecc4e4b0c8380cd4948d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014490,"text":"70014490 - 1986 - Vegetation, climatic and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70014490","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation, climatic and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","docAbstract":"he western interior of North America has the only known non-marine sections that contain the iridium-rich clay interpreted as the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary1-7. Because vegetation and climate can be directly inferred from physiognomy of leaves8-15 and because leaf species typically represent low taxonomic categories, studies of leaf floras in these sections provide data on the effects of a terminal Cretaceous event on the land flora, vegetation and climate. A previous study based on detailed sampling of leaves and their dispersed cuticle16 in the Raton Basin provides a framework for interpretation of other leaf sequences over 20 degrees of latitude. We conclude that at the boundary there were: (1) High levels of extinction in the south and low levels in the north; (2) major ecological disruption followed by long-term vegetational changes that mimicked normal ecological succession; (3) a major increase in precipitation; and (4) a brief, low-temperature excursion, which supports models of an 'impact winter'. ?? 1986 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/324148a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, J.A., and Upchurch, G., 1986, Vegetation, climatic and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Nature, v. 324, no. 6093, p. 148-152, https://doi.org/10.1038/324148a0.","startPage":"148","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205620,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324148a0"},{"id":225317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"324","issue":"6093","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1e9e4b08c986b32a807","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, J. A.","contributorId":14026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Upchurch, G.R. Jr.","contributorId":70546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Upchurch","given":"G.R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014489,"text":"70014489 - 1986 - Preliminary measurements of leaf spectral reflectance in the 8-14 μm region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T17:27:37.780249","indexId":"70014489","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary measurements of leaf spectral reflectance in the 8-14 μm region","docAbstract":"Previous broad band measurements of the spectral reflectance of leaves indicate variations in spectral emissivity that, although small, might be detected with current airborne thermal infrared imaging systems. Preliminary high spectral resolution measurements of the spectral reflectance of leaves of four different species reported here show a different spectral response for each species. These data suggest that species discrimination using remote sensing data in the thermal infrared may be feasible, and raise the possibility that other factors that might affect leaf surface composition and spectral response, such as metal stress, might also be detected.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431168608948981","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Salisbury, J., 1986, Preliminary measurements of leaf spectral reflectance in the 8-14 μm region: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 7, no. 12, p. 1879-1886, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168608948981.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1879","endPage":"1886","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8920e4b0c8380cd7dcbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salisbury, J.W.","contributorId":78352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salisbury","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014826,"text":"70014826 - 1986 - Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70014826","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Richmond, G., and Fullerton, D.S., 1986, Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, no. C, p. 183-196.","startPage":"183","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f32e4b08c986b31e3d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, G.M.","contributorId":104066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fullerton, D. S.","contributorId":103357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014829,"text":"70014829 - 1986 - A united physicochemical description of the protonation and metal ion complexation equilibria of natural organic acids (humic and fulvic acids). 2. Influence of polyelectrolyte properties and functional group heterogeneity on the protonation equilibria of fulvic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T16:04:52.082816","indexId":"70014829","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A united physicochemical description of the protonation and metal ion complexation equilibria of natural organic acids (humic and fulvic acids). 2. Influence of polyelectrolyte properties and functional group heterogeneity on the protonation equilibria of fulvic acid","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00146a007","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Ephraim, J., Alegret, S., Mathuthu, A., Bicking, M., Malcolm, R., and Marinsky, J., 1986, A united physicochemical description of the protonation and metal ion complexation equilibria of natural organic acids (humic and fulvic acids). 2. Influence of polyelectrolyte properties and functional group heterogeneity on the protonation equilibria of fulvic acid: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 20, no. 4, p. 354-366, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00146a007.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"354","endPage":"366","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225342,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e60ce4b0c8380cd47123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ephraim, J.","contributorId":10937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ephraim","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alegret, S.","contributorId":24104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alegret","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mathuthu, A.","contributorId":38718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathuthu","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bicking, M.","contributorId":53534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bicking","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Malcolm, Ronald L.","contributorId":46075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"Ronald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marinsky, J.A.","contributorId":42706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinsky","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70014841,"text":"70014841 - 1986 - Image mapping with the Thematic Mapper.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70014841","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Image mapping with the Thematic Mapper.","docAbstract":"This paper deals principally with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image maps as published by the US Geological Survey (USGS). Landsat data have certain characteristics that make them suitable for conversion into image maps. These characteristics involve 1) spatial resolution, 2) geometric fidelity, and 3) spectral response. This paper analyzes the three mentioned characteristics and discusses the processes involved in producing TM image maps.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A., 1986, Image mapping with the Thematic Mapper.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 9, p. 1499-1505.","startPage":"1499","endPage":"1505","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3878e4b0c8380cd6159e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, A. P.","contributorId":82703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"A. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014843,"text":"70014843 - 1986 - Contrasting magma types and steady-state, volume-predictable, basaltic volcanism along the Great Rift, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T01:21:37.912337","indexId":"70014843","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasting magma types and steady-state, volume-predictable, basaltic volcanism along the Great Rift, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Great Rift is an 85-km-long, 2- to 8-km-wide volcanic rift zone in the Snake River Plain, Idaho. Three latest Pleistocene to Holocene basaltic lava fields, Craters of the Moon, Kings Bowl, and Wapi, are located along the Great Rift. The Craters of the Moon lava field is a composite of more than 60 lava flows, 25 cinder cones, and at least 8 eruptive fissure systems. It covers 1,600 km2 and contains ∼30 km3 of lava flows and associated pyroclastic deposits. Field, radiocarbon, and paleomagnetic data show that the Craters of the Moon lava field formed in eight eruptive periods, each of which was typically several hundred years or less in duration and was separated from others before and after by intervals of several hundred to several thousand years. The first eruptive period began ∼15,000 yr B.P., and the latest eruptive period ended ∼2100 yr B.P. The small Kings Bowl lava field (3.3 km2, 0.01 km3) and the larger Wapi lava field (330 km2, 6 km3) both formed ∼2250 yr B.P.
Three magma types have fed flows along the Great Rift. The types are (1) a contaminated type that has a SiO2 range of ∼49%–64% and commonly shows petrographic evidence of contamination, (2) a fractionated type that has a SiO2 range of ∼44%–54% and shows no evidence of contamination and whose chemical and mineralogical variation can be accounted for mainly by crystal fractionation, and (3) a Snake River Plain type that has a SiO2 range of ∼45%–48%, shows little evidence of fractionation, and is represented by Kings Bowl–Wapi flows and olivine basalts of the Snake River Plain. The contaminated and fractionated magma types were erupted at the Craters of the Moon lava field, and the Snake River Plain magma type was erupted at the Kings Bowl and Wapi lava fields. These relations imply that the magma reservoirs are spatially isolated.
The magma output rate for the Craters of the Moon segment of the Great Rift was constant at ∼1.5 km3/1,000 yr for the period from 15,000 to 7000 yr B.P. The rate increased to ∼2.8 km3/1,000 yr from 7000 to 2000 yr B.P., mainly as a result of the addition of contaminated magma to the nearly constant output rate of fractionated magma. The Craters of the Moon segment of the Great Rift has experienced quasi-steady-state, volume-predictable volcanism for the last 15,000 yr. The recurrence interval of eruptive activity for the Craters of the Moon lava field ranges from several hundred to ∼3,000 yr. Because the present interval has lasted ∼2,100 yr, another eruptive period seems likely to occur within the next 1,000 yr. The steady-state, volume-predictable relationship suggests that 5–6 km3 of lava will be erupted in the next eruptive period.
The manganese concentration in the Arundel clay formation, Prince Georges County, Maryland, was determined from a borehole by using delayed neutron activation. The neutrons were produced by a 100 mu g 252 Cf source. The 847 keV gamma ray of manganese was detected continuously, and its counting rate was measured at intervals of 15 s as the measuring sonde was moved at a rate of 0.5 cm/s. The technique measured the concentration ratio of manganese to aluminum. This ratio, when combined with an estimate of the aluminum concentration of the clay, made it possible to determine the percentage concentration of manganese without using a test-pit calibration facility. The measurements were made by using an NaI(Tl) scintillation detector and a Ge(HP) solid-state detector cooled by solid propane. A two-pass technique had to be used with the scintillation detector because Compton background from the 1 779 keV photopeak of aluminum masked the manganese line. The Compton background did not interfere when the solid-state detector was used. The borehole measurements compared favorably with a chemical core analysis and were unaffected by water in the borehole.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442075","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Mikesell, J., Senftle, F.E., Lloyd, T., Tanner, A., Merritt, C., and Force, E.R., 1986, Borehole field calibration and measurement of low-concentration manganese by decay gamma rays: Geophysics, v. 51, no. 12, p. 2219-2224, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442075.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2219","endPage":"2224","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225600,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f217e4b0c8380cd4afd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mikesell, J.L.","contributorId":46113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikesell","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lloyd, T.A.","contributorId":6600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lloyd","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tanner, A.B.","contributorId":44155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Merritt, C.T.","contributorId":63966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Force, E. R.","contributorId":28235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70014854,"text":"70014854 - 1986 - Solid and fluid inclusions in mantle xenoliths: An analytical dilemma?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-26T01:40:22.786713","indexId":"70014854","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solid and fluid inclusions in mantle xenoliths: An analytical dilemma?","docAbstract":"Two Cr-diopside Iherzolite xenoliths with kaersutite selvages, from Dish Hill, California, contain four types of solid and fluid inclusions that can be used to discriminate between actual mantle processes and processes acting upon a fragment of mantle as it is entrained and carried to the earth surface. On the basis of distribution, early formed inclusions are assigned to a process associated with emplacement of dikes in the mantle. The other types of inclusions were generated during ascent in the host basalt magma.
Solid and fluid inclusions are important sites of incompatible element concentrations in mantle xenoliths. Scientists assigning specific chemical signatures to mantle processes are confronted with an analytical dilemma: leaching of xenolith samples before analysis may destroy inclusions that are carrying intrinsic mantle components, whereas failure to leach the samples probably leaves a host-rock contaminant. Thin-section maps of these xenoliths show that the distribution and abundance of two types of solid inclusions are systematic. Through the use of these maps it is demonstrated that zones in xenoliths with the least amount of postentrainment contamination can be pinpointed, and the problems resulting from random leaching can be minimized.
The 5-22 mu m size accounted for 40-50% of annual production in each embayment, but production by phytoplanton >22 mu m ranged from 26% in the S reach to 54% of total phytoplankton production in the landward embayment of the N reach. A productivity index is derived that predicts daily productivity for each size class as a function of ambient irradiance and integrated chlorophyll a in the photic zone. For the whole phytoplankton community and for each size class, this index was constant at approx= 0.76 g C m-2 (g chlorophyll a Einstein)-1. The annual means of maximum carbon assimilation numbers were usually similar for the three size classes. Spatial and temporal variations in size-fractionated productivity are primarily due to differences in biomass rather than size-dependent carbon assimilation rates. -from Authors
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1351944","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Cole, B., Cloern, J., and Alpine, A., 1986, Biomass and productivity of three phytoplankton size classes in San Francisco Bay: Estuaries, v. 9, no. 2, p. 117-126, https://doi.org/10.2307/1351944.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f18be4b0c8380cd4acbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, B.E.","contributorId":66268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alpine, A.E.","contributorId":6063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpine","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014858,"text":"70014858 - 1986 - Danburite in evaporites of the Paradox basin, Utah.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T11:09:12.65241","indexId":"70014858","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Danburite in evaporites of the Paradox basin, Utah.","docAbstract":"Danburite (CaB 2 Si 2 O 8 ) has been found as nodules in Pennsylvanian age marine evaporites of the Paradox basin, Utah. Originally danburite had been known as a high-temperature mineral that occurs at numerous localities in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Since its discovery in water-insoluble residues from a Louisiana salt dome in 1937, it has been found in several other evaporites. The occurrence of danburite and its relation to the host rock in the Paradox basin evaporites indicates that it most likely formed by diagenetic reaction of boron-rich, high-salinity brines with constituents in the anhydrite host rock.
The Schwartzwalder uranium deposit formed at 69.3 + or - 1.1 m.y. in a complex fracture system during the inception of Laramide uplift of the Front Range in Colorado. Geologic and isotopic evidence demonstrates that the ore-forming fluids were in chemical equilibrium with the Proterozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary host-rock terrane at depth and that the metals, sulfur, and carbonate deposited in the fractures were derived from the metamorphic rocks. The data are not consistent with chemical contributions from an unrecognized magma or from the overlying Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks. The protoliths for the metamorphic rocks were submarine volcanic rocks and related volcanogenic exhalative iron-formations and chert. Water trapped along the basement faults and in the regolith between the basement and the overlying Paleozoic sedimentary rocks interacted with the metavolcanic rocks to produce isotopically heavy fluids containing high concentrations of dissolved metals and carbonate. Calculated delta 18 O values for this fluid range from 4.3 to 8.2 per mil, indicating a low water/rock ratio in the source terrane.Two stages of alteration and three stages of vein mineralization are recorded in the Schwartzwalder deposit. At the onset of Laramide faulting, fluids migrated along the fracture systems to zones of low hydraulic potential. These fluids contained CO 2 and had a metastably large K/Na ratio; they altered the gneissic wall rocks to a carbonate-sericite assemblage, adding K (super +) and CO 2 and removing SiO 2 with little or no change in volume. As the fractures continued to open, CO 2 was evolved from the fluids, increasing the pH and superimposing a hematite-adularia alteration assemblage on the earlier alteration.The veins record three stages of mineralization, the second of which generated the high-grade uranium veins. Evidence for the stage I sulfide-carbonate mineralization is poorly preserved, but isotopic and temperature data from this stage are consistent with a trend in fluid composition culminating in stage II pitchblende deposition. Sudden, large movements along the faults caused episodic evolution of CO 2 from the fluid. This loss of CO 2 decreased the solubilities of carbonates and adularia and the stabilities of sulfur species in solution. Uranyl carbonate complexes dissociated and sulfur species in solution likely reduced the uranyl ions to produce stage II pitchblende. Carbonate, adularia, and sulfides dominated the vein mineralogy after deposition of pitchblende. Progressively lower delta 18 O values in vein carbonates suggest the mixing of cooler, less evolved, perhaps meteoric, waters during the later stages of mineralization. However, the fluid pressure remained high, as indicated by explosion breccias and inward collapse features which formed as fault movements produced sudden decreases in the confining pressure. Only the stage III carbonate-iron disulfide assemblage in the major postore segment of the Illinois fault may be the product of meteoric water alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.81.4.872","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Wallace, A.R., and Whelan, J.F., 1986, The Schwarzwalder uranium deposit, III: Alteration, vein mineralization, light stable isotopes, and genesis of the deposit: Economic Geology, v. 81, no. 4, p. 872-888, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.4.872.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"872","endPage":"888","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba8dde4b08c986b321ed9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, A. R.","contributorId":59445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whelan, J. F.","contributorId":45328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}