Water-resources programs and activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa consist principally of hydrologic data collection and investigative studies that address water-resource issues. The work is supported by direct Federal funding, by transfer of funds from other Federal agencies, and by joint-funding agreements with State or local agencies.
\nThe Iowa District of the Geological Survey's Water Resources Division conducts its hydrologic work through a District Office in Iowa City and Field Headquarters in Iowa City, Council Bluffs, and Fort Dodge. The projects currently being conducted, as summarized in this report, are operated under the general categories of data collection and investigative studies.
\nThis report describes: (1) the organization of the Iowa District; (2) the hydrologic data-collection programs; and (3) the local, statewide, regional, or national hydrologic investigations conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa during fiscal year 1994. The report also lists reports published or released by the Iowa District since 1984.
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The project is part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. The objectives of research at the site are to obtain an understanding of the mobilization, transport, and fate of petroleum derivatives in the shallow subsurface and to use this understanding to develop predictive models of contaminant behavior. This report presents a bibliography of scientific papers that have been published from 1984 to early 1994. Research results have been published in scientific journals, conference proceedings, U.S. Geological Survey Reports, and academic theses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr93373","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.E., and Hult, M.F., 1994, Crude-oil spill research project near Bemidji, Minnesota - Bibliography, 1984-1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-373, i, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93373.","productDescription":"i, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0373/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50543,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0373/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db6808fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. E.","contributorId":46120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21058,"text":"ofr9477 - 1994 - South Cascade Glacier, Washington; hydrologic and meteorological data, 1957-67","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:25:39","indexId":"ofr9477","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-77","title":"South Cascade Glacier, Washington; hydrologic and meteorological data, 1957-67","docAbstract":"Historic hydrologic and meteorological data are compiled for South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA, a site selected by the U.S. Geological Survey for long-term study of the response of a glacier to climate change and its effect on water resources. The data consist of stream discharge and meteorological data, including precipitation, air temperature, and instantaneous weather observations, all at various locations in the glacier basin. Data span the years 1957-67 and are presented in tables, with annual time-series graphs shown for most data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;USGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9477","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, M., 1994, South Cascade Glacier, Washington; hydrologic and meteorological data, 1957-67: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-77, v, 110 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9477.","productDescription":"v, 110 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0077/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50648,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277715,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0077/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, M.E.","contributorId":91889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21131,"text":"ofr9443 - 1994 - Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a replacement-vegetation site near Fort Defiance, Arizona, 1989-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr9443","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-43","title":"Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a replacement-vegetation site near Fort Defiance, Arizona, 1989-91","docAbstract":"The Navajo Nation Forestry Department established a growth of four species of native grasses and two species of native shrubs on formerly sagebrush- covered land about 6 miles north of Fort Defiance, Arizona. The native grasses and shrubs grew under conditions of natural precipitation and soil fertility. This provided alternate grazing areas for tribal livestock. Tribal livestock previously had been grazed on timber-producing land, killing seedlings planted for reforestation. Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a site planted with grasses and shrubs north Fort Defiance, Arizona were monitored to document hydrologic conditions during the experiment. Daily rainfall during the April through November 1989- 91 data-collection period ranged from 0 to 1.21 inches (0 to 30.7 millimeters). Evapotranspiration during the data-collection period generally ranged from about 0.5 to 2 millimeters per day (0.02 to 0.08 inch per day), increasing to 2 to 5 millimeters per day (0.08 to 0.20 inch per day) after rainfall. The total soil-water content ranged from 5.7 to 65.9 percent. Soils were wetter during the April data-collection period than during the November data-collection periods.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9443","usgsCitation":"Thomas, C.L., 1994, Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a replacement-vegetation site near Fort Defiance, Arizona, 1989-91: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-43, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9443.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50723,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, C. L.","contributorId":43802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21453,"text":"ofr9471 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program--Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr9471","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-71","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program--Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico","docAbstract":"BACKGROUND\r\n\r\nIn 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The long-term goals of the NAWQA program are to describe the status of, and trends in, the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation's surface- and ground-water resources and to identify the major natural and human factors that affect the quality of these resources. In addressing these goals, the program will produce a wealth of water-quality information that will be useful to policy makers and managers at the National, State, and local levels.\r\n\r\nThe NAWQA program emphasis is on regional water-quality problems. The program will not diminish the need for smaller studies and monitoring designed and currently being conducted by Federal, State, and local agencies to meet their individual needs. The NAWQA program, however, will provide a large-scale framework for conducting many of these activities and an understanding about National and regional water-quality conditions that cannot be acquired from individual, small-scale programs and studies.\r\n\r\nStudies of 60 hydrologic systems that include parts of most major river basins and aquifer systems (study-unit investigations) are the building blocks of the National assessment. The 60 study units range in size from 1,000 mi 2 (square miles) to more than 60,000 mi 2 and represent 60 to 70 percent of the Nation's water use and population served by public water supplies. Twenty study-unit investigations were started in 1991, 20 additional are starting in 1994, and 20 more are planned to start in 1997. The Southern High Plains study unit was selected as one of 20 study units to begin assessment activities in 1994. This study will be run from the New Mexico District office of the USGS in Albuquerque, New Mexico.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr9471","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D., and Diniz, C.G., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment Program--Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-71, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9471.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":51016,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0071/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51017,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0071/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,31.5 ], [ -104,35.5 ], [ -100,35.5 ], [ -100,31.5 ], [ -104,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698485","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, Dennis G. woody@usgs.gov","contributorId":232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Dennis G.","email":"woody@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":184454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diniz, Cecilia G.","contributorId":99577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diniz","given":"Cecilia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2439,"text":"wsp2357B - 1994 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20390,"text":"ofr88728 - 1989 - Ground-water quality assessment of the central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma - Analysis of available water-quality data through 1987","indexId":"ofr88728","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water quality assessment of the central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma - Analysis of available water-quality data through 1987"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2439,"text":"wsp2357B - 1994 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987","indexId":"wsp2357B","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-24T22:34:26.452319","indexId":"wsp2357B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2357","chapter":"B","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National water-quality assessment - Central Oklahoma aquifer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2357B","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., Christenson, S.C., and Schlottmann, J.L., 1994, Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2357, viii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2357B.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394792,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25488.htm"},{"id":28509,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2357b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2357b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.675,\n 34.9320\n ],\n [\n -96.767,\n 34.9320\n ],\n [\n -96.767,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.675,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.675,\n 34.9320\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a1f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schlottmann, Jamie L.","contributorId":8830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlottmann","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6866,"text":"fs01294 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T10:07:17","indexId":"fs01294","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"012-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began its National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA ) program to (1) document the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation's water resources; (2) define water-quality trends; and (3) identify major factors that affect water quality. In addressing these goals, the program will produce information that will be useful to water policy makers and managers at National, State, and local levels.
Studies of 60 hydrologic systems that include parts of most major river and aquifer systems form the building blocks of the NAWQA program. Study units range in size from about 1,000 mi ² (square miles) to more than 60,000 mi² and represent 60 to 70 percent of the Nation's water use and population served by public water supply. The first 20 studies were begun in 1991; 20 more were begun in 1994, and the remaining 20 are to begin in 1997.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01294","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P.E., and Ayers, M.A., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 012-94, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01294.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":898,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/0012","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_012_94.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
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Extensive flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin during summer 1993 had a significant effect on the water quality of the Mississippi River. To evaluate the change in temporal distribution and transport of dissolved constituents in the Mississippi River, six water samples were collected by a discharge-weighted method from July through September 1993 near Thebes, Illinois. Sampling at this location provided water-quality information from the upper Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Illinois River Basins.
Dissolved major constituents that were analyzed in each of the samples included bicarbonate, calcium (Ca), carbonate (C03), chloride (Cl), dissolved organic carbon, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), silica NOD, sodium (Na), and sulfate (S04). Dissolved nutrients included ammonium ion (NH4), nitrate (N03), nitrite (N02), and orthophosphate (P04) . Dissolved trace elements included aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), boron (B), beryllium (Be), bromide (Br), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt, (Co), copper (Cu), fluoride (F), iron (Fe), lead, lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), strontium (Sr), thallium, uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). Other physical properties of water that were measured included specific conductance, pH and suspended-sediment concentration (particle size, less than 63 micrometers).
Results of this study indicated that large quantities of dissolved constituents were transported through the river system. Generally, pH, alkalinity, and specific conductance and the concentrations of B, Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, K, Li, Mg, Mo, Na, S04, Sr, U, and V increased as water discharge decreased, while concentrations of F, Hg, and suspended sediment sharply decreased as water discharge decreased after the crest of the flood. Concentrations of other constituents, such as Al, As, Ba, Be, Co, Cu, Ni, N03, N02, NH4, P04, and Si02, varied with time as discharge decreased after the crest of the flood.
For most constituents, the load transported during floods generally is much greater than that transported during low-flow conditions. How ever, for Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, V, and Zn, loads increased substantially as water discharge decreased after the crest of the flood.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1120D","usgsCitation":"Taylor, H.E., Antweiler, R.C., Brinton, T.I., Roth, D.A., and Moody, J.A., 1994, Major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in the Mississippi River near Thebes, Illinois, July through September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, v, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120D.","productDescription":"v, 21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":538,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1120-d","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_D.bmp"}],"country":"United 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jamoody@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-364X","contributorId":771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"John","email":"jamoody@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":2051,"text":"wsp2413 - 1994 - Herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental United States, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T18:41:47.334948","indexId":"wsp2413","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2413","title":"Herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental United States, 1991","docAbstract":"The occurrence and distribution of selected herbicides, atrazine metabolites, and nitrate were determined for near-surface aquifers (within 50 feet of land surface) in the corn- and soybean-producing region of the midcontinental United States. The study region included all or parts of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Water samples were collected during the spring and summer of 1991 from 303 wells completed in near-surface unconsolidated and near-surface bedrock aquifers. At least one herbicide or atrazine metabolite was detected in 24 percent of 579 water samples analyzed for herbicides, based on a reporting limit of 0.05 microgram per liter. However, no herbicide concentration exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant levels or health advisory levels for drinking water. The most frequently detected herbicide compound was desethylatrazine, an atrazine metabolite (18.1 percent), followed by atrazine (17.4 percent); deisopropylatrazine, an atrazine metabolite (5.7 percent); prometon (5.0 percent); metolachlor (2.7 percent); alachlor (1.7 percent); simazine (1.0 percent); metribuzin (1.0 percent); and cyanazine (0.7 percent). The herbicides ametryn, prometryn, propazine, and terbutryn were not detected during this study. Nitrate concentrations equal to or greater than 3.0 milligrams per liter (excess nitrate) were detected in 29 percent of the 599 nitrate analyses, and ammonium concentrations equal to or greater than 0.01 milligram per liter were detected in 78 percent of the 584 ammonium analyses. Nitrate concentrations equal to or greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter were found in 6 percent of the samples.
\nThe frequency of herbicide detection was, in part, affected by the analytical method's reporting limit. Results from this study show that the frequency of atrazine detection increases as the reporting limit decreases. Herbicide metabolite concentrations are critical to understanding the detection of herbicide residues. The frequency of detection of atrazine residue (atrazine + desethylatrazine + deisopropylatrazine) was 22.1 percent, which was more than the frequency of detection of atrazine alone (17.4 percent).
\nPrometon was detected more frequently than every other herbicide except atrazine. The prometon appears to be derived from areas of nonagricultural land use, such as golf courses and residential areas. Herbicides and excess nitrate were both rarely detected in the eastern part of the study region, even though this is an area of intense herbicide and nitrogen-fertilizer use.
\nHydrogeologic factors, land use, agricultural practices, local features, and water chemistry were analyzed for possible relation to herbicide and excess-nitrate detections. Herbicides and excess nitrate were detected more frequently in near-surface unconsolidated aquifers than in nearsurface bedrock aquifers. The depth to the top of the aquifer was inversely related to the frequency of detection of herbicides and excess nitrate. The proximity of streams to sampled wells also affected the frequency of herbicide detection. Significant seasonal differences were determined for the frequency of herbicide detection, but not for the frequency of excess nitrate.
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Charles A. ckaehler@usgs.gov","contributorId":210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehler","given":"Charles","email":"ckaehler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1827,"text":"wsp2381C - 1994 - Assessment of nonpoint-source contamination of the High Plains Aquifer in south-central Kansas, 1987","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19293,"text":"ofr91238 - 1992 - Assessment of nonpoint-source contamination of the High Plains Aquifer in south-central Kansas, 1987","indexId":"ofr91238","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of nonpoint-source contamination of the High Plains Aquifer in south-central Kansas, 1987"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1827,"text":"wsp2381C - 1994 - Assessment of nonpoint-source contamination of the High Plains Aquifer in south-central Kansas, 1987","indexId":"wsp2381C","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Assessment of nonpoint-source contamination of the High Plains Aquifer in south-central Kansas, 1987"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T18:36:16.248829","indexId":"wsp2381C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2381","chapter":"C","title":"Assessment of nonpoint-source contamination of the High Plains Aquifer in south-central Kansas, 1987","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality was assessed in a 5,000-square-mile area of the High Plains aquifer in south-central Kansas that is susceptible to nonpoint-source contamination from agricultural and petroleum-production activities. Of particular interest was the presence of agricultural chemicals and petroleum-derived hydrocarbons that might have been associated with brines that formerly were disposed into unlined ponds. \r\n\r\nRandom sampling of ground water was done within a framework of discrete land-use areas (irrigated cropland, petroleum-production land containing former brine-disposal ponds, and undeveloped rangeland) of 3-10 square miles. Although true baseline water-quality conditions probably are rare, in this region they are represented most closely by ground water in areas of undeveloped rangeland. The sampling design enabled statistical hypothesis testing, using nonparametric procedures, of the effects of land use, unsaturated-zone lithology, and type of well sampled. \r\n\r\nResults indicate that regional ground-water quality has been affected by prevailing land-use activities, as shown by increased concentrations of several inorganic constituents. Ground water beneath irrigated cropland was characterized by significantly larger concentrations of hardness, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, potassium, fluofide, and nitrite plus nitrate than was water beneath undeveloped rangeland. Few nondegraded pesticides were detected in the aquifer, probably because of degradation and sorption. Atrazine was the most common, but only in small concentrations. round water beneath petroleum-production land was characterized by significantly larger concentrations of hardness, alkalinity, dissolved solids, sodium, and chloride than was water beneath undeveloped rangeland. Nonpoint-source contamination by oil-derived hydrocarbons was not discernible. The occurrences of trace organic compounds were similar between petroleum-production land and undeveloped rangeland, which indicates a natural origin for these compounds. \r\n\r\nThe unsaturated zone in the study area is lithologically heterogeneous and contains substantial amounts of clay that inhibit the downward movement of water and solutes. Within the aquifer, the rate of lateral regional flow and solute transport is slow enough so that the ground-water quality reflects overlying land use in discrete areas of several square miles, but it is still sufficiently rapid so that the type of well sampled is not important in regional characterizations of water quality beneath irrigated cropland; the seasonal pumping of irrigation wells does not appear to divert regional flow enough to cause substantial local anomalies of more mineralized ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2381C","usgsCitation":"Helgesen, J.O., Stullken, L.E., and Rutledge, A.T., 1994, Assessment of nonpoint-source contamination of the High Plains Aquifer in south-central Kansas, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2381, v, 51 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2381C.","productDescription":"v, 51 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2381c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27025,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2381c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"South-central Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.700439453125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 38.8824811975508\n ],\n [\n -101.700439453125,\n 38.8824811975508\n ],\n [\n -101.700439453125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671ef9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helgesen, John O.","contributorId":101630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stullken, Lloyd E.","contributorId":60609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stullken","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rutledge, A. T.","contributorId":38532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutledge","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23963,"text":"ofr9491 - 1994 - Bibliography of publications from the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-13T13:25:17","indexId":"ofr9491","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-91","title":"Bibliography of publications from the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey began the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program in 1982 to study, in an interdisciplinary\natmosphere, the fate and effects of toxic substances in the environment. The objective of the Program\nis to provide the earth-science information needed to prevent or mitigate contamination of the Nation's ground\nand surface waters. To achieve this goal, research is conducted in four categories--focused field investigations\nof contaminated sites, additional research on toxic substances hydrology, development of methods to study or\nsample contaminated waters, and investigations of nonpoint sources of contamination. This report contains citations\nof reports on research conducted under the auspices of the Program from the beginning of the Program\nthrough the end of 1993.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tallahassee, FL","doi":"10.3133/ofr9491","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Morganwalp, D.W., 1994, Bibliography of publications from the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-91, iv, 156 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9491.","productDescription":"iv, 156 p.","numberOfPages":"161","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279458,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0091/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629866","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morganwalp, David W. dwmorgan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morganwalp","given":"David","email":"dwmorgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":191050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27986,"text":"wri934187 - 1994 - Geohydrology and ground-water quality in the vicinity of a ground-water-contamination site in Rockford, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T20:38:27.710172","indexId":"wri934187","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4187","title":"Geohydrology and ground-water quality in the vicinity of a ground-water-contamination site in Rockford, Illinois","docAbstract":"A geohydrologic investigation was performed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to determine the distribution of volatile organic compounds in a fractured-rock aquifer near the Southeast Rockford Groundwater Contamination Site in Rockford, Ill. The geologic units of concern are the St. Peter Sandstone and Glenwood Formation; the dolomites of the Platteville and Galena Groups of Ordovician age; and the sands, gravels, silts, and clays of Quaternary age. The hydraulic units of concern are the unconsolidated aquifer, composed of sand and gravel; the fractured- dolomite aquifer, composed of the Galena and Platteville Groups and the dolomitic sections of the Glenwood Formation; and the sandstone aquifer, composed of the St. Peter Sandstone and the sandstone beds in the Glenwood Formation. The dolomite aquifer is well connected hydraulically to the overlying unconsolidated aquifer and the underlying sandstone aquifer. Caliper and acoustic-televiewer logs show several subhorizontal fractures in the dolomite that can be correlated throughout the study area. Comparison of televiewer and flowmeter logs indicates that most of the flow in the dolomite aquifer is through these fractures. Ground-water flow through two of the fractures can be correlated over large parts of the study area. Volatile organic compounds, in concentrations exceeding 2,000 micrograms per liter, were detected within the entire thickness of the dolomite aquifer where flow is measurable. Volatile organic compounds were detected in an area of the aquifer where they were thought to be absent in previous investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri934187","usgsCitation":"Kay, R., Prinos, S., and Paillet, F.L., 1994, Geohydrology and ground-water quality in the vicinity of a ground-water-contamination site in Rockford, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4187, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934187.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415538,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47881.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4187/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56809,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Rockford","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.1,\n 42.2417\n ],\n [\n -89.1,\n 42.225\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 42.225\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 42.2417\n ],\n [\n -89.1,\n 42.2417\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6360fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, R.T.","contributorId":72026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prinos, S. T.","contributorId":97537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinos","given":"S. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29991,"text":"wri934146 - 1994 - Hydrogeologic characterization of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T20:22:07.958157","indexId":"wri934146","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4146","title":"Hydrogeologic characterization of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a hydrogeologic study in the Piedmont physiographic province of South Carolina to obtain geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from the site of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina. The geology of the study area is typical of the Piedmont region. The unconsolidated regolith on the site is soil and saprolite, which is a product of the weathered parent rock. The soil ranges in thickness from about 5 to 20 feet. The saprolite ranges in thickness from about 5 to 134 feet. The most abundant parent rock type in the area is a biotite gneiss. Ground- and surface-water data were collected at the site. Slug tests on the saprolite indicate a mean hydraulic conductivity of 3 x 0.000003 feet per second. Transmissivity ranges from 12 to 27 cubic feet per day per feet (squared per day). The ground-water velocity for the site ranges from 3 to 6 feet per year. The closest major stream to the site is Golden Creek. Based on low-flow data for Golden Creek, the estimated minimum 7 consecutive day flow that has a recurrence interval of 10 years (7Q10) at station 02186102 is 2.4 cubic feet per second. Water samples were collected from five monitoring wells at the proposed landfill expansion site and from one stream adjacent to the expansion site. Measured pH units ranged from 5.5 to 8.1, and alkalinity concentrations ranged from 5.1 to 73 milligrams per liter as CaCO3. Other water- quality data obtained included temperature and specific conductance, and 5-day BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), bicarbonate, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate, organic carbon, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, fluoride, and selected trace metal concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934146","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, W.J., 1994, Hydrogeologic characterization of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4146, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934146.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414741,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47848.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58799,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123544,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4146/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Pickens County","city":"Easley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.6689,\n 34.8292\n ],\n [\n -82.6689,\n 34.8206\n ],\n [\n -82.6583,\n 34.8206\n ],\n [\n -82.6583,\n 34.8292\n ],\n [\n -82.6689,\n 34.8292\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, W. J.","contributorId":73236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44749,"text":"wri934215 - 1994 - Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Muddy Creek, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:57","indexId":"wri934215","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4215","title":"Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Muddy Creek, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations of Muddy Creek were made to determine the magnitude of the 100-year flood and the extent of flooding that would occur as the result of this flood. Forty-three cross sections were surveyed and 14 cross sections were synthesized along a 6.7-mile reach of Muddy Creek. Data from the surveys were used to calculate the water-surface flood elevation at each cross section using a computer program (WSPRO) developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The water-surface profile of the computed 100-year flood elevations was then drawn. The profile shows the streambed elevation and the location of one bridge, one culvert, and cross sections. The computed 100-year flood elevation at each cross section was used to delineate the width of the flood plain at that section. Flood boundaries between cross sections were interpolated using contour lines on topographic maps.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri934215","usgsCitation":"Omang, R.J., 1994, Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Muddy Creek, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4215, 1 map ; 60 x 18 cm., on sheet 76 x 95 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934215.","productDescription":"1 map ; 60 x 18 cm., on sheet 76 x 95 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82055,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4215/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Omang, R. J.","contributorId":31365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omang","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29256,"text":"wri914174 - 1994 - Hydrology, water quality, and potential alternatives for water-resources development in the Río Majada and Río Lapa basins near the Albergue Olimpico, southern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T22:29:22.259627","indexId":"wri914174","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4174","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and potential alternatives for water-resources development in the Río Majada and Río Lapa basins near the Albergue Olimpico, southern Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"A water-resources investigation was conducted during 1989 in the Rio Lapa mountain basins in southern Puerto Rico, to define the hydrology, water quality, and to describe alternatives for additional water- resources supply. The total water budget for both surface- and ground-water resources in the study area was estimated to be 7,530 acre-feet per year for 1989. The water budget for the ground-water system, from which water needs are supplied in the study area, was estimated to be 2,760 acre-feet per year for 1989. Concentration of dissolved solids and fecal bacteria increased during the dry season as both streamflow and ground-water levels decreased. Water samples collected at two stream sites exceeded the recommended U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fecal bacteria concentration for natural water of 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters during June to November 1989. Water samples obtained from a well in the Rio Lapa Valley exceeded the secondary drinking-water standard for dissolved solids of 500 milligrams per liter during four dry months. In addition, fecal bacteria concentrations at this water-supply well exceeded the primary fecal- bacteria drinking-water standard of 1 colony per 100 milliliter during June to October 1989. Existing water resources can probably be developed to meet additional demands of 110 acre-feet per year pro- jected for 1995. Storage of the surface-water runoff during the wet season and its gradual release to the study area could offset ground-water declines during the dry season. Ground-water withdrawals can be increased by the construction and use of low- capacity wells to reduce the amount of water lowing out of the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914174","usgsCitation":"Ramos-Gines, O., 1994, Hydrology, water quality, and potential alternatives for water-resources development in the Río Majada and Río Lapa basins near the Albergue Olimpico, southern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4174, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914174.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58105,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4174/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4174/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394078,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47564.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Albergue Olimpico, Rio Majoda and Rio Lapa basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.2667,\n 18.0083\n ],\n [\n -66.2167,\n 18.0083\n ],\n [\n -66.2167,\n 18.0542\n ],\n [\n -66.2667,\n 18.0542\n ],\n [\n -66.2667,\n 18.0083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramos-Gines, Orlando","contributorId":98358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramos-Gines","given":"Orlando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29216,"text":"wri944160 - 1994 - Estimates of percolation rates and ages of water in unsaturated sediments at two Mojave Desert sites, California-Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:32:24","indexId":"wri944160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4160","title":"Estimates of percolation rates and ages of water in unsaturated sediments at two Mojave Desert sites, California-Nevada","docAbstract":"Thick unsaturated zones in arid regions increasingly are being sought for the burial of radioactive and other hazardous wastes. Estimating percolation rates of water from precipitation at proposed burial sites is important for site assessment. Chloride profiles in unsaturated sediments are used to show differences and similarities in the rates of percolation at two sites in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada and southeastern California; the first is an existing burial site for low-level radioactive waste in the Amargosa Desert, and the second is a proposed waste-burial site in Ward Valley. The Mojave Desert is one of the most arid regions of the United States.
Chloride concentrations in pore water of unsaturated sediments peak between depths of 2 and 3 meters at both the Amargosa Desert and Ward Valley, sites; maximum chloride concentration is 9,000 milligrams per liter at the Amargosa Desert site and 15,000 milligrams per liter at the Ward Valley, site. Below a depth of 10 meters, however, chloride concentrations at the Amargosa Desert site decrease to less than 50 milligrams per liter, whereas concentrations at the Ward Valley site are greater than 2,300 milligrams per liter. Estimated age of water at a depth of 10 meters at both sites is between 16,000 and 33,000 years. Below a depth of 10 meters, estimated age of water in the sediments at the Ward Valley site is considerably older than at the Amargosa Desert site because of the greater chloride concentrations at the Ward Valley site.
The dilute chloride concentrations in the pore water below a depth of 10 meters at the Amargosa Desert site could indicate that the sediments were flushed with water in the past. The climate in the region was wetter and cooler from about 30,000 to 18,000 years ago. Perhaps increased precipitation or more frequent flooding of the Amargosa River resulted in deep percolation at the site. Downward percolation of water since that time seems limited to the upper 10 meters.
The downward percolation rate of water below a depth of 10 meters at the Amargosa Desert site, as estimated from chloride concentrations, is 0.2 centimeters per year; however, the rate is not representative of present conditions as measured water-potential and vapor-density, gradients indicate upward water flow. The rate may be representative of a period during the Pleistocene when the climate was wetter and cooler. Estimated percolation rates below a depth of 10 meters at the Ward Valley site are on the order of 3 to 5 centimeters per 1,000 years, also reflecting flow conditions during the Pleistocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, NV","doi":"10.3133/wri944160","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., 1994, Estimates of percolation rates and ages of water in unsaturated sediments at two Mojave Desert sites, California-Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4160, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944160.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4160/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58072,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4160/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert, Mojave Desert, Ward 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fca97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28994,"text":"wri944044 - 1994 - Analysis of the results of hydraulic-fracture stimulation of two crystalline bedrock boreholes, Grand Portage, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:45:43","indexId":"wri944044","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4044","title":"Analysis of the results of hydraulic-fracture stimulation of two crystalline bedrock boreholes, Grand Portage, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Hydraulic fracture-stimulation procedures typical of those provided by contractors in the water-well industry were applied to two boreholes in basaltic and gabbroic rocks near Grand Portage, Minnesota.These boreholes were considered incapable of supplying adequate ground water for even a single household although geophysical logs showed both boreholes were intersected by many apparently permeable fractures. Tests made before and after stimulation indicated that the two boreholes would produce about 0.05 and 0.25 gallon per minute before stimulation, and about 1.5 and 1.2 gallons per minute after stimulation. These increases would be enough to obtain adequate domestic water supplies from the two boreholes but would not furnish enough water for more than a single household from either borehole. Profiles of high-resolution flow made during pumping after stimulation indicated that the stimulation enhanced previously small inflows or stimulated new inflow from seven fractures or fracture zones in one borehole and from six fractures or fracture zones in the other.Geophysical logs obtained after stimulation showed no specific changes in these 13 fractures that could be related to stimulation other than the increases in flow indicated by the flowmeter logs. The results indicate that the stimulation has increased inflow to the two boreholes by improving the connectivity of favorably orientated fractures with larger scale flow zones in the surrounding rocks. Three of four possible diagnostics related to measured pressure and flow during the stimulation treatments were weakly correlated with the increases in production associated with each treatment interval. These correlations are not statistically significant on the basis of the limited sample of 16 treatment intervals in two boreholes, but the results indicate that significant correlations might be established from a much larger data set.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944044","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Olson, J.D., 1994, Analysis of the results of hydraulic-fracture stimulation of two crystalline bedrock boreholes, Grand Portage, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4044, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944044.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95740,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4044/report.pdf","size":"4377","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4044/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Grand Portage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.62663650512694,\n 47.97084701460957\n ],\n [\n -89.51608657836914,\n 47.97084701460957\n ],\n [\n -89.51608657836914,\n 48.01978346615275\n ],\n [\n -89.62663650512694,\n 48.01978346615275\n ],\n [\n -89.62663650512694,\n 47.97084701460957\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Fredrick L.","contributorId":78780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Fredrick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, James D.","contributorId":34969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28995,"text":"wri934214 - 1994 - Application of borehole geophysics in the characterization of flow in fractured rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:40:00.241029","indexId":"wri934214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4214","title":"Application of borehole geophysics in the characterization of flow in fractured rocks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934214","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 1994, Application of borehole geophysics in the characterization of flow in fractured rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4214, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934214.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57862,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4214/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aae7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38343,"text":"pp1551E - 1994 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38343,"text":"pp1551E - 1994 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances","indexId":"pp1551E","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77047,"text":"pp1551 - 1992 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","indexId":"pp1551","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":77047,"text":"pp1551 - 1992 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","indexId":"pp1551","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-09T19:47:58.957446","indexId":"pp1551E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1551","chapter":"E","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances","docAbstract":"Seismic events have long been known to cause changes in the level of oceans, streams, lakes, and the water table. The great San Francisco earthquake of 1906 induced significant hydrologic changes that were qualitatively similar to those changes observed for the Loma Prieta earthquake. What is different is that the hydrologic data sets collected from the Loma Prieta event have enough detail to enable hypotheses on the causes for these changes to be tested. The papers in this chapter document changes in ocean level, stream morphology and flow, water table height, and ground-water flow rates in response to the earthquake. Although hydrologic disturbances may have occurred about 1 hour before the main shock, the papers in this chapter deal strictly with postevent hydrologic changes. The hydrologic responses reported here reflect changes that are not the result of surface rupture. They appear to be the result of landslides, the static displacements induced by the earthquake, and changes in the permeability of the near surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1551E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"1994, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1551, iii, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1551E.","productDescription":"iii, 64 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491955,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76953.htm","text":"Hydrologic changes associated with the earthquake in the San Lorenzo and Pescadero drainage basins","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":491954,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76952.htm","text":"Effects of the earthquake on surface waters in Waddell Valley [San Mateo County, California]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":491953,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76951.htm","text":"Stream-channel adjustment in Fern Canyon near Watsonville, California, after the earthquake","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3429,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1551/pp1551e/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402065,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76950.htm","text":"The origin of the tsunami excited by the earthquake -- faulting and slumping [Loma Prieta earthquake, central California coast]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124514,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1551_e.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.420654296875,\n 36.47872381162464\n ],\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 36.47872381162464\n ],\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 37.068327517596586\n ],\n [\n -122.420654296875,\n 37.068327517596586\n ],\n [\n -122.420654296875,\n 36.47872381162464\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e56da","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rojstaczer, Stuart A.","contributorId":79536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749491,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29269,"text":"wri924182 - 1994 - Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri924182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4182","title":"Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana","docAbstract":"Groundwater resources in southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas were studied to determine their potential for development as an alternative to the Mississippi River as a water-supply source for Jefferson Parish. Eight major aquifers consisting of thick sand units that underlie the study area are, in descending order: (1) shallow, (2) upper Ponchatoula, (3) lower Ponchatoula, (4) Abita, (5) Covington, (6) Tchefuncta, (7) Hammond, and (8) Amite. A fault zone, referred to as the Baton Rouge fault, crosses southern Tangipahoa Parish. Analyses of geophysical logs indicated that the deep aquifers south of the fault zone had been displaced from 350 to 400 feet, and that the deeper aquifers were not in hydraulic connection with the flow system north of the fault. The groundwater resources of southeastern Louisiana are immense and the quality of groundwater in Tangipahoa Parish is suitable for most uses. The quality of water in these aquifers generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's standards for public supply. The hydrologic system underlying Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas in 1990 supplied about 19 Mgal/d of water that was suitable for public supply. However, substantial increases in pumping from the aquifer system would result in renewed water-level declines throughout the hydrologic system until a new equilibrium is established. A test we11 in southern Tangipahoa Parish, penetrated all eight aquifers. Total thickness of freshwater sand beds penetrated by the 3003-ft test hole was more than 1900 ft. Resistivity values from an electric log of the test typically averaged 200 ohm-meters, which indicates that the water has low dissolved-solids and chloride concentrations. An analysis of the Abita aquifer at Ruddock in St. John the Baptist Parish, for two of three hypothetical well fields, indicated that for a hypothetical we11 field with a pumping rate of 112 Mgal/d, the freshwater/saltwater interface could arrive at the outer perimeter we11 in 10 to 14 years. The 1990 location of the interface in the Abita aquifer is 1.9 mi from the southernmost part of the potential location of the 112 Mgal/d well field.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924182","usgsCitation":"Rapp, T., 1994, Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4182, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924182.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58121,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, T.R.","contributorId":51784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}